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Data extraction is the act or process of retrieving data out of (usually unstructured or poorly structured) data sources for further data processing or data storage (data migration). The import into the intermediate extracting system is thus usually followed by data transformation and possibly the addition of metadata prior to export to another stage in the data workflow. Usually, the term data extraction is applied when (experimental) data is first imported into a computer from primary sources, like measuring or recording devices. Today's electronic devices will usually present an electrical connector (e.g. USB) through which 'raw data' can be streamed into a personal computer. Typical unstructured data sources include web pages, emails, documents, PDFs, scanned text, mainframe reports, spool files, classifieds, etc. which is further used for sales or marketing leads. Extracting data from these unstructured sources has grown into a considerable technical challenge where as historically data extraction has had to deal with changes in physical hardware formats, the majority of current data extraction deals with extracting data from these unstructured data sources, and from different software formats. This growing process of data extraction from the web is referred to as "Web data extraction" or "Web scraping". The act of adding structure to unstructured data takes a number of forms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12097860 | 465,135 |
Spherical harmonics The analog of the spherical harmonics for the Lorentz group is given by the hypergeometric series; furthermore, the spherical harmonics can be re-expressed in terms of the hypergeometric series, as SO(3) = PSU(2) is a subgroup of PSL(2,C). More generally, hypergeometric series can be generalized to describe the symmetries of any symmetric space; in particular, hypergeometric series can be developed for any Lie group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=203056 | 34,789 |
Pumping (audio) In audio, recording, and music, pumping or gain pumping is a creative misuse of compression, the "audible unnatural level changes associated primarily with the release of a compressor." There is no "correct" way to produce pumping, and according to Alex Case, the effect may result from selecting "too slow or too fast...or too, um, medium" attack and release settings. The technique is common in rock and electronic dance music. A celebrated example is Phil Selway's (Radiohead) drum track on "Exit Music (For a Film)", and clear examples include the electro percussion loop in Radiohead's "Idioteque", Benny Benassi's "Finger Food", and the ride cymbals on Portishead's "Pedestal". Side-chain pumping is a more advanced technique using a compressor's "side-chain" feature which, "uses the amplitude envelope (dynamics profile) of one track as a trigger for a compressor used in another track." When the amplitude of a note of the side-chained instrument surpasses the threshold setting of the compressor it attenuates the compressed instrument, producing volume swells offset from the side-chained note by a selected release time. Found in house, techno, IDM, hip hop, dubstep, and drum 'n' bass, Eric Prydz's "Call On Me" is credited with popularizing the technique, though Daft Punk's "One More Time" contributed, while clear examples include Madonna's "Get Together" and Benny Benassi's "My Body (feat. Mia J.)" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35888668 | 392,021 |
Wireless local loop 11 MAC to attempt to deliver higher performance at long ranges. "(see Long-range Wi-Fi)" In nearly every metropolitan area worldwide, operators and hobbyists deployed more and more unlicensed broadband point to multipoint systems. Providers that had rave reviews when they started faced the prospect of seeing their networks degrade in performance, as more and more devices were deployed using the license free U-NII (5.3/5.4 GHz) and ISM (2.4 and 5.8 GHz) bands and competitors sprung up around them. Interference caused the majority of unlicensed wireless services to have much higher error rates and interruptions than equivalent wired or licensed wireless networks, such as the copper telephone network, and the coaxial cable network. This caused growth to slow, customers to cancel, and many operators to rethink their business model. There were several responses to these problems. Next-Web, Etheric Networks, Gate Speed and a handful of other companies founded the first voluntary spectrum coordination body – working entirely independently of government regulators. This organization was founded in March 2003 as BANC, "Bay Area Network Coordination". By maintaining frequencies used in an inter-operator database, disruptions between coordinating parties were minimized, as well as the cost of identifying new or changing transmission sources, by using the frequency database to determine what bands were in use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=273988 | 420,030 |
Closure by stealth , have been accused of using closure by stealth, as calls cost much more than were they made by mobile phone. Apparent closures by stealth have been observed in other services, such as post offices, hospitals, public libraries and magistrate courts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7770903 | 463,721 |
Transition metal thiolate complex Transition metal thiolate complexes are metal complexes containing thiolate ligands. Thiolates are ligands that can be classified as soft Lewis bases. Therefore, thiolate ligands coordinate most strongly to metals that behave as soft Lewis acids as opposed to those that behave as hard Lewis acids. Most complexes contain other ligands in addition to thiolate, but many homoleptic complexes are known with only thiolate ligands. The amino acid cysteine has a thiol functional group, consequently many cofactors in proteins and enzymes feature cysteinate-metal cofactors. Metal thiolate complexes are commonly prepared by reactions of metal complexes with thiols (RSH), thiolates (RS), and disulfides (RS). The salt metathesis reaction route is common. In this method, an alkali metal thiolate is treated with a transition metal halide to produce an alkali metal halide and the metal thiolate complex: The thiol ligand can also effect protonolysis of anionic ligands, as illustrated by the formation of an organonickel thiolate from nickelocene and ethanethiol: Many thiolate complexes are prepared by redox reactions. Organic disulfides oxidize low valence metals, as illustrated by the oxidation of titanocene dicarbonyl: Some metal centers are oxidized by thiols, the coproduct being hydrogen gas: These reactions probably proceed via oxidative addition of the thiol. Thiols and especially thiolate salts are reducing agents. Consequently, they induce redox reactions with certain transition metals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39491679 | 17,974 |
Auxochrome When auxochromes are attached to the molecule, the natural frequency of the chromophore gets changed and thus the colour gets modified. Different auxochromes produce different effects in the chromophore which in turn causes absorption of light from other parts of the spectrum. Normally, auxochromes which intensify the colour are chosen. There are mainly two types of auxochromes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4205876 | 56,953 |
Engineering design process Establishing design requirements and conducting requirement analysis, sometimes termed problem definition (or deemed a related activity), is one of the most important elements in the design process, and this task is often performed at the same time as a feasibility analysis. The design requirements control the design of the product or process being developed, throughout the engineering design process. These include basic things like the functions, attributes, and specifications - determined after assessing user needs. Some design requirements include hardware and software parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability. In some cases, a feasibility study is carried out after which schedules, resource plans and estimates for the next phase are developed. The feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of a proposed project to support the process of decision making. It outlines and analyses alternatives or methods of achieving the desired outcome. The feasibility study helps to narrow the scope of the project to identify the best scenario. A feasibility report is generated following which Post Feasibility Review is performed. The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to determine whether the engineer's project can proceed into the design phase. This is based on two criteria: the project needs to be based on an achievable idea, and it needs to be within cost constraints | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7071096 | 299,353 |
Protein–protein interaction an acceptor of the electron). These interactions between proteins are dependent on highly specific binding between proteins to ensure efficient electron transfer. Examples: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain system components cytochrome c-reductase / cytochrome c / cytochrome c oxidase; microsomal and mitochondrial P450 systems. In the case of the mitochondrial P450 systems, the specific residues involved in the binding of the electron transfer protein adrenodoxin to its reductase were identified as two basic Arg residues on the surface of the reductase and two acidic Asp residues on the adrenodoxin. More recent work on the phylogeny of the reductase has shown that these residues involved in protein-protein interactions have been conserved throughout the evolution of this enzyme. The activity of the cell is regulated by extracellular signals. Signal propagation inside and/or along the interior of cells depends on PPIs between the various signaling molecules. The recruitment of signaling pathways through PPIs is called signal transduction and plays a fundamental role in many biological processes and in many diseases including Parkinson's disease and cancer. A protein may be carrying another protein (for example, from cytoplasm to nucleus or vice versa in the case of the nuclear pore importins). In many biosynthetic processes enzymes interact with each other to produce small compounds or other macromolecules. Physiology of muscle contraction involves several interactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2161878 | 169,890 |
Scottish limited partnership A (SLP) is a form of limited partnership registered under Scots law. SLPs have features that give them advantages as investment vehicles and have been criticized for having inadequate anti-money laundering rules. Unlike other UK limited partnerships, SLPs have legal personality, which allows them to hold assets and enter into contracts in their own right. SLPs are governed by the Partnership Act 1890 and the Limited Partnership Act 1907. Prior to 2017, the ownership of SLPs was not disclosed in company filings. On 26 June 2017 regulatory changes required that SLPs disclose persons with significant control to Companies House. Changes to the regulations were followed by a significant drop in the number of newly registered SLPs. SLPs have been used to launder proceeds from criminal activities worldwide, including the proceeds of a $1 billion heist of major Moldovan banks. According to Transparency International, “these superficial companies have enabled theft, bribery and organised crime to thrive around the world under the veneer of a legitimate UK enterprise”. The investigative website Bellingcat "found SLPs trading in high-risk money laundering areas, operating unregulated trading and gambling websites, a large proportion of identifiable SLPs in business as trade intermediaries... SLPs appearing in the Ukrainian criminal courts, generic websites with no clear details of their trading activities.. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56731510 | 469,076 |
Narcissus in culture Tradition has it that the daffodil opens on Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent, and dies at Easter which marks the end of Lent. Although prized as an ornamental flower, some people consider narcissi unlucky, because they hang their heads implying misfortune, and hence refuse to have them in the house. White narcissi are especially associated with death, especially the pure white "N triandrus" 'Thalia', and hence are considered grave flowers. Indeed, in Ancient Greece narcissi were planted near tombs. Robert Herrick, describes them as portents of death, an association which also appears in the myth of Persephone and the underworld (see The Arts, below). Narcissi have been used decoratively for a long time, a wreath of white-flowered "N. tazetta" having been found in an ancient Egyptian grave, and in frescoes on the excavated walls of Pompeii. It is thought to have been mentioned in the Bible, for instance in the Book of Isaiah. The rose mentioned here being the original translation into English from the Biblical Hebrew word "chabatstsileth" (). This so-called "Rose of Sharon" being actually a bulbous plant, probably "N. tazetta" which grows in Israel on the Plain of Sharon, where it is a protected plant. They make a frequent appearance in classical literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45629397 | 164,788 |
Football Live From its inception in 2001/02 season, the following leagues/competitions were fully covered by Football live During the early development stages, the initial idea was to employee ex-referees to act as Football Analysts, but this was soon dismissed in favour of ex-professional Footballers. The most famous of which were Brendon Ormsby, Mel Sterland, Jimmy Case, Neil Webb , John Sitton , Imre Varadi , Brian Kilcline , Gary Chivers , Micky Gynn . All the FBA's were supplied and managed by the Professional Football Association (PFA), with day-to-day responsibility lying with Paul Allen and Chris "Jozza" Joslin from the PFA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54633736 | 390,701 |
Health effects of tea The institute "does not recommend for or against the use of tea to reduce the risk of any type of cancer." ... "Inconsistencies in study findings regarding tea and cancer risk may be due to variability in tea preparation, tea consumption, the bioavailability of tea compounds (the amounts that can be absorbed by the body), lifestyle differences, and individual genetic differences." Though there is some positive evidence for risk reduction of breast, prostate, ovarian, and endometrial cancers with green tea, it is weak and inconclusive. Meta-analyses of observational studies have concluded that black tea consumption does not appear to protect against the development of oral cancers in Asian or Caucasian populations, the development of esophageal cancer or prostate cancer in Asian populations, or the development of lung cancer. In preliminary long-term clinical studies, black tea consumption showed evidence for providing a small, reduced risk of stroke, whereas, in another review, green tea and black tea did not have significant effects on the risk of coronary heart disease. Two reviews of randomized controlled trials concluded that long-term consumption of black tea slightly lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressures (about 1–2 mmHg), a finding based on limited evidence. A 2013 Cochrane review found some evidence of benefit from tea consumption on cardiovascular disease, though more research is needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=808818 | 150,305 |
Sleep-learning In 1927, Alois Benjamin Saliger invented the Psycho-Phone for sleep learning, stating that "It has been proven that natural sleep is identical with hypnotic sleep and that during natural sleep the unconscious mind is most receptive to suggestions." Since the electroencephalography studies by Charles W. Simon and William H. Emmons in 1956, learning by sleep has not been taken seriously. The researchers concluded that learning during sleep was "impractical and probably impossible". They reported that stimulus material presented during sleep was not recalled later when the subject awoke unless alpha wave activity occurred at the same time the stimulus material was given. The idea of reactivating memories in humans to improve memory began with the finding that neurons active in the hippocampus in rodents were found to fire together during subsequent sleep. In 2012, research from the Weizmann Institute of Science indicated that classical conditioning can occur during sleep by using odor recognition. "During sleep, humans can strengthen previously acquired memories, but whether they can acquire entirely new information remains unknown. The nonverbal nature of the olfactory sniff response, in which pleasant odors drive stronger sniffs and unpleasant odors drive weaker sniffs, allowed us to test learning in humans during sleep." The idea of sleep-learning is found in influential science fiction and other literature. The following examples are listed chronologically by publication or original air date, when known. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1197808 | 293,962 |
Richard Paul Wagner Wagner was influenced by his experiences with railway regiments in the First World War (locomotives frequently being out of service, problems with the procurement of spare parts, the maintenance of a large number of different classes of state railway ("Länderbahn") locomotives, the lack of standardisation of components, and the need for simple and maintenance-friendly designs) and that led him to press for, sometimes very successful, but also at times rather stifling ideas about the concept of the "Einheitslokomotiven". For example, Wagner was vehemently against fuel-saving high-performance boilers and four-cylinder compound engines, that had been very successful in the German state railways (e.g. the Bavarian S 3/6) or in other countries (e.g. the French designs of Chapelon), albeit more costly to maintain. The programme of locomotive classes for the standard steam engines that Wagner helped to create could initially only be instigated on a small scale by the Reichsbahn, both for economic reasons and due to delays in upgrading railway routes to take the higher axle load of 20 tonnes. In many cases, just one or two trial locomotives of a given class were built or only small or pre-production runs delivered. Not until the onset of the German Reich's preparations for war were the 2-10-0 goods train locomotives from the standardisation programme, and the wartime locomotive ("Kriegslokomotiven") derived from it, built in large quantities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19589579 | 424,862 |
Subwoofer The Octavium speaker and Dones's subwoofer technology were also utilized, in a few select theaters, to reproduce low pitch frequencies for the 1974 blockbuster movie "Earthquake". During the late 1960s, Dones's Octavium was favorably reviewed by audiophile publications including "Hi-Fi News" and "Audio Magazine". Another early subwoofer enclosure made for home and studio use was the separate bass speaker for the Servo Statik 1 by New Technology Enterprises. Designed as a prototype in 1966 by physicist Arnold Nudell and airline pilot Cary Christie in Nudell's garage, it used a second winding around a custom Cerwin Vega 18-inch (45 cm) driver to provide servo control information to the amplifier, and it was offered for sale at $1795, some 40% more expensive than any other complete loudspeaker listed at "Stereo Review". In 1968, the two found outside investors and reorganized as Infinity. The subwoofer was reviewed positively in "Stereophile" magazine's winter 1968 issue as the SS-1 by Infinity. The SS-1 received very good reviews in 1970 from "High Fidelity" magazine. Another of the early subwoofers was developed during the late 1960s by Ken Kreisel, the former president of the Miller & Kreisel Sound Corporation in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45810 | 207,440 |
Electrical resistance heating The electrical energy usage required for heating the subsurface and volatilizing the contaminants can account for 5 to 40% of the overall remediation cost. There are several laws that govern an ERH remediation. Dalton’s law governs the boiling point of a relatively insoluble contaminant. Raoult’s law governs the boiling point of mutually soluble co-contaminants and Henry’s law governs the ratio of the contaminant in the vapor phase to the contaminant in the liquid phase. For mutually insoluble compounds, Dalton's law states that the partial pressure of a non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is equal to its vapor pressure, and that the NAPL in contact with water will boil when the vapor pressure of water plus the vapor pressure of the VOC is equal to ambient pressure. When a VOC-steam bubble is formed the composition of the bubble is proportional to the composite’s respective vapor pressures. For mutually soluble compounds, Raoult's law states that the partial pressure of a compound is equal to its vapor pressure times its mole fraction. This means that mutually soluble contaminants will volatilize slower than if there was only one compound present. Henry's law describes the tendency of a compound to join air in the vapor phase or dissolve in water. The Henry’s Law constant, sometimes called coefficient, is specific to each compound and depends on the system temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19777162 | 343,262 |
Truck scale software The market is highly service-oriented, with any final solution being somewhat custom tailored to the end user's needs. It is not uncommon for a software package to have an obscure feature only because one particular customer "had to have it and was willing to pay for it". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5751504 | 332,374 |
Transport triggered architecture Function units that implement memory accessing operations and connect to a memory module are often called load/store units. "Control unit" is a special case of function units which controls execution of programs. Control unit has access to the instruction memory in order to fetch the instructions to be executed. In order to allow the executed programs to transfer the execution (jump) to an arbitrary position in the executed program, control unit provides control flow operations. A control unit usually has an instruction pipeline, which consists of stages for fetching, decoding and executing program instructions. Register files contain general purpose registers, which are used to store variables in programs. Like function units, also register files have input and output ports. The number of read and write ports, that is, the capability of being able to read and write multiple registers in a same clock cycle, can vary in each register file. Interconnect architecture consists of transport buses which are connected to function unit ports by means of "sockets". Due to expense of connectivity, it is usual to reduce the number of connections between units (function units and register files). A TTA is said to be "fully connected" in case there is a path from each unit output port to every unit's input ports. Sockets provide means for programming TTA processors by allowing to select which bus-to-port connections of the socket are enabled at any time instant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2830935 | 374,256 |
Provider model The provider model is a design pattern formulated by Microsoft for use in the ASP.NET Starter Kits and formalized in .NET version 2.0. It is used to allow an application to choose from one of multiple implementations or "condiments" in the application configuration, for example, to provide access to different data stores to retrieve login information, or to use different storage methodologies such as a database, binary to disk, XML, etc. The .NET extensible provider model allows a "component" to have multiple implementations using an abstract factory pattern approach. Providers are a subclass of the ProviderBase class and typically instantiated using a factory method. The provider model in ASP.NET 2.0 provides extensibility points for developers to plug their own implementation of a feature into the runtime. Both the membership and role features in ASP.NET 2.0 follow the provider pattern by specifying an interface, or contract. The provider model begins with the abstract class codice_1. codice_1 exists to enforce the contract that all providers need public Name and Description properties, as well as a public Initialize method. Inheriting from codice_1 are the codice_4 and codice_5 abstract classes. These classes add additional properties and methods to define the interface for their specific areas of functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6213806 | 126,005 |
Sugar House Monument Erected in 1930, the has long stood as a testament to the hard work of early Salt Lake pioneers making the valley sustainable. In 1855, city leaders and early Mormon settlers sought to create the first factory in the western United States to process beets into refined sugar. They decided to purchase the machinery needed for a newly invented process to produce sugar from sugar beets. A mill was built in downtown Sugar House to house the machinery. The process was a failure and in the summer of 1855, Brigham Young ordered the mill to shut down. The old sugar mill building was then converted to a paper factory in 1860, then a bucket factory and finally a machine shop for the Utah Central Railroad until 1928. Despite the failed sugar mill, Sugar House prospered as Salt Lake's second downtown thanks to local merchants and a bustling streetcar system. In the 1920s, sculptor Millard F. Malin pitched the idea of erecting a monument in honor of early manufacturing to the Sugar House Business Men's League. The league and the city of Salt Lake jointly funded the $2,000 monument sculpted by Malin and his two fellow artists; Edward Anderson and Lorenzo Young. The monument was completed and dedicated on November 11, 1934. The obelisk stands approximately 200 feet east of the original site of a Mormon Pioneer sugar mill. Malin describes the monument as: The plaque reads "May the spirit of this courageous venture continue to characterize this community". It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38857272 | 329,348 |
Java Management Extensions The MBean represents a resource running in the Java virtual machine, such as an application or a Java EE technical service (transactional monitor, JDBC driver, etc.). They can be used for collecting statistics on concerns like performance, resources usage, or problems (pull); for getting and setting application configurations or properties (push/pull); and notifying events like faults or state changes (push). Java EE 6 provides that a managed bean is a bean that is implemented by a Java class, which is called its bean class. A top-level Java class is a managed bean if it is defined to be a managed bean by any other Java EE technology specification (for example, the JavaServer Faces technology specification), or if it meets all of the following conditions: No special declaration, such as an annotation, is required to define a managed bean. An MBean can notify the MBeanServer of its internal changes (for the attributes) by implementing the codice_3. The application interested in the MBean's changes registers a listener (codice_4) to the MBeanServer. Note that JMX does not guarantee that the listeners will receive all notifications. There are two basic types of MBean: Additional types are "Open MBeans", "Model MBeans" and "Monitor MBeans". "Open MBeans" are dynamic MBeans that rely on the basic data types. They are self-explanatory and more user-friendly. "Model MBeans" are dynamic MBeans that can be configured during runtime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541158 | 484,093 |
Gratuity In the Dominican Republic, restaurants add a 10% gratuity and it is customary to tip an extra 10%. In St. Barths, it is expected that a tip be 10% to 15% if gratuity isn't already included. Workers in small, economy restaurants usually do not expect a significant tip. However, tipping in Mexico is common in larger, medium and higher end restaurants. It is customary in these establishments to tip not less than 10% but not more than 15% of the bill as a voluntary offering for good service based on the total bill before value added tax, "IVA" in English, VAT. Value added tax is already included in menu or other service industry pricing since Mexican Consumer Law requires the exhibition of final costs for the customer. Thus, the standard tip in Mexico is 11.5% of the pre-tax bill which equates to 10% after tax in most of the Mexican territory, except in special lower tax stimulus economic zones. Tips to taxi drivers are unusual in Mexico, but drivers used to ask for them from tourists, knowing that is common in other countries. Locally, taxi drivers are only tipped when they offer an extra service, like helping with the luggage or similar help. A gratuity may be added to the bill without the customer's consent, contrary to the law, either explicitly printed on the bill, or by more surreptitious means alleging local custom, in some restaurants, bars, and night clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=157901 | 498,668 |
Enzyme promiscuity Examples of these are enzymes for primary and secondary metabolism in plants (§ "Plant secondary metabolism" below). Other factors can come into play, for example the glycerophosphodiesterase ("gpdQ") from "Enterobacter aerogenes" shows different values for its promiscuous activities depending on the two metal ions it binds, which is dictated by ion availability. In some cases promiscuity can be increased by relaxing the specificity of the active site by enlarging it with a single mutation as was the case of a D297G mutant of the "E. coli" L-Ala-D/L-Glu epimerase ("ycjG") and E323G mutant of a pseudomonad muconate lactonizing enzyme II, allowing them to promiscuously catalyse the activity of O-succinylbenzoate synthase ("menC"). Conversely, promiscuity can be decreased as was the case of γ-humulene synthase (a sesquiterpene synthase) from "Abies grandis" that is known to produce 52 different sesquiterpenes from farnesyl diphosphate upon several mutations. Studies on enzymes with broad-specificity—not promiscuous, but conceptually close—such as mammalian trypsin and chymotrypsin, and the bifunctional isopropylmalate isomerase/homoaconitase from "Pyrococcus horikoshii" have revealed that active site loop mobility contributes substantially to the catalytic elasticity of the enzyme. A promiscuous activity is a non-native activity the enzyme did not evolve to do, but arises due to an accommodating conformation of the active site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38034479 | 32,543 |
Engineering drawing Drawings have an information box or "title block" containing who drew the drawing, who approved it, units of dimensions, meaning of views, the title of the drawing and the drawing number. Technical drawing has existed since ancient times. Complex technical drawings were made in renaissance times, such as the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Modern engineering drawing, with its precise conventions of orthographic projection and scale, arose in France at a time when the Industrial Revolution was in its infancy. L. T. C. Rolt's biography of Isambard Kingdom Brunel says of his father, Marc Isambard Brunel, that "It seems fairly certain that Marc's drawings of his block-making machinery [in 1799] made a contribution to British engineering technique much greater than the machines they represented. For it is safe to assume that he had mastered the art of presenting three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional plane which we now call mechanical drawing. It had been evolved by Gaspard Monge of Mezieres in 1765 but had remained a military secret until 1794 and was therefore unknown in England." Engineering drawings specify requirements of a component or assembly which can be complicated. Standards provide rules for their specification and interpretation. Standardization also aids internationalization, because people from different countries who speak different languages can read the same engineering drawing, and interpret it the same way. One major set of engineering drawing standards is ASME Y14.5 and Y14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171414 | 225,840 |
Fictitious force To put matters in terms of forces, the accelerations are multiplied by the particle mass: The force observed in frame B, F = "m"a is related to the actual force on the particle, F, by where: Thus, we can solve problems in frame B by assuming that Newton's second law holds (with respect to quantities in that frame) and treating F as an additional force. Below are a number of examples applying this result for fictitious forces. More examples can be found in the article on centrifugal force. A common situation in which noninertial reference frames are useful is when the reference frame is rotating. Because such rotational motion is non-inertial, due to the acceleration present in any rotational motion, a fictitious force can always be invoked by using a rotational frame of reference. Despite this complication, the use of fictitious forces often simplifies the calculations involved. To derive expressions for the fictitious forces, derivatives are needed for the apparent time rate of change of vectors that take into account time-variation of the coordinate axes. If the rotation of frame 'B' is represented by a vector Ω pointed along the axis of rotation with orientation given by the right-hand rule, and with magnitude given by then the time derivative of any of the three unit vectors describing frame B is and as is verified using the properties of the vector cross product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1082841 | 442,155 |
Crypto Wars The end compromise were a key size of 64 bits, 8 of which were parity bits, to make an effective key security parameter of 56 bits. DES was considered insecure as early as 1977, and documents leaked in the 2013 Snowden leak shows that it was in fact easily crackable by the NSA, but was still recommended by NIST. The DES Challenges were a series of brute force attack contests created by RSA Security to highlight the lack of security provided by the Data Encryption Standard. As part of the successful cracking of the DES-encoded messages, EFF constructed a specialized DES cracking computer nicknamed Deep Crack. The successful cracking of DES likely helped gather both political and technical support for more advanced encryption in the hands of ordinary citizens. In 1997, NIST began a competition to select a replacement for DES, resulting in the publication in 2000 of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES is still considered secure as of 2019, and NSA considers AES strong enough to protect information classified at the Top Secret level. Fearing widespread adoption of encryption, the NSA set out to stealthily influence and weaken encryption standards and obtain master keys—either by agreement, by force of law, or by computer network exploitation (hacking). According to the "New York Times": "But by 2006, an N.S.A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44204924 | 393,924 |
Safety instrumented system The correct operation of an SIS requires a series of equipment to function properly. It must have sensors capable of detecting abnormal operating conditions, such as high flow, low level, or incorrect valve positioning. A logic solver is required to receive the sensor input signal(s), make appropriate decisions based on the nature of the signal(s), and change its outputs according to user-defined logic. The logic solver may use electrical, electronic or programmable electronic equipment, such as relays, trip amplifiers, or programmable logic controllers. Next, the change of the logic solver output(s) results in the final element(s) taking action on the process (e.g. closing a valve) to bring it to a safe state. Support systems, such as power, instrument air, and communications, are generally required for SIS operation. The support systems should be designed to provide the required integrity and reliability. International standard IEC 61511 was published in 2003 to provide guidance to end-users on the application of Safety Instrumented Systems in the process industries. This standard is based on IEC 61508, a generic standard for design, construction, and operation of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems. Other industry sectors may also have standards that are based on IEC 61508, such as IEC 62061 (machinery systems), IEC 62425 (for railway signaling systems), IEC 61513 (for nuclear systems), and ISO 26262 (for road vehicles, currently a draft international standard) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5844089 | 213,932 |
BBM (software) Daily, approximately 150,000 BBM Voice Calls were placed. There were more than 190 million BBM users worldwide as of 2015, and BlackBerry infrastructure handled 30 petabytes of data traffic each month by early 2013. BBM was the original "mobile-first" messaging service, and was popular for a while before it started to lose out to rivals. As of April 2016, Indonesia was the only country where BBM was the most popular messaging app – installed on 87.5% of Android devices in the country. BlackBerry Messenger was launched on August 1, 2005. With the release of BlackBerry Messenger 5.0, BlackBerry allows users to use a QR Code to add each other to their respective friends lists rather than using only numeric PIN identification or an email address associated with the user's BlackBerry. Recent BlackBerry devices can also exchange BBM contacts using Near Field Communication technology. Users can also set animated gif pictures as their display pictures, although animated pictures have a 32KB size limit. The release of BlackBerry Messenger 6.0 introduced additional traits. This update is focused on social communication mediums, including 'BBM Connected Apps', which allow the user to invite friends to share their favourite BlackBerry Applications. In late-December 2011, the audience measurement company BBM Canada sued RIM for infringing its trademark of "BBM" by using it as an initialism for BlackBerry Messenger; BBM Canada used it as an initialism for its former name, the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17932449 | 289,576 |
Gbcast Suppose that a group has membership that slowly drops to less than a quorum of the original group size. can continue to operate with even a single member. Paxos would cease to make progress during periods when less than a quorum of its view are active. Systems such as Isis that implement typically provide a state transfer mechanism: at the instant the new view showing some joining member is delivered, some existing member makes a checkpoint of its copy of the group state. This is then copied to the new member, which loads the checkpoint as the initial group state as of the instant it joined. (Various out-of-band copying schemes can be used to pre-load some state prior to the join for cases where the state is too large to transfer at the last moment this way). State transfer is needed because in Gbcast, once a member is dropped from a group, it will no longer receive updates. is typically used by applications that maintain their state in memory and apply updates one by one as received, hence once a gap arises, a replica is no longer useful. Notice that this is in contrast to Paxos. In that protocol, gaps can arise as a consequence of the basic quorum update scheme, which doesn't guarantee that every member will see every update and can run over unreliable message passing layers that might never deliver some messages. The Paxos learner algorithm reads multiple histories and combines them to fill such gaps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36377373 | 98,483 |
Zemědělská ekonomika () is a peer-reviewed academic journal published monthly by the Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It has been published since 1954, using the current title since 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27056107 | 510,760 |
TechTown (Detroit) TechTown is an urban research and technology business park located just north of the Edsel Ford Freeway (I-94) in the New Center area of Detroit. The organization defines itself as "a community of entrepreneurs, investors, mentors, service providers and corporate partners creating an internationally recognized entrepreneurial village in the city of Detroit." TechTown is part of the Wayne State University system. It was founded in 2000 by Wayne State University, Henry Ford Health System, and General Motors. The 12-block, park is located on the border of Detroit's Midtown and New Center. WSU has a number of its facilities in the TechTown area. The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, which churned out the first Model T, is a few blocks east of the research park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19677025 | 343,215 |
Zooxanthellae of genus "Symbiodinium" belong to a total of eight phylogenetic clades A-H, differentiated via their nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA. are autotrophs containing chloroplasts composed of thylakoids present in clusters of three. A pyrenoid protrudes from each chloroplast and is encased along with the chloroplast by a thick, starchy covering. Within the cell’s cytoplasm also exists lipid vacuoles, calcium oxalate crystals, dictyosomes, and mitochondria. The cell wall of zooxanthellae varies in structure across species. One structure consists of an outer membrane, middle layer compact with electrons, and a thin inner layer. In other species, the characteristics of this low-density inner layer make up the cell wall’s entire structure. Beneath the cell wall is the cell membrane, and beneath the cell membrane are thecal vesicles. DNA in the cell exists in the form of chromatin coils tightly compacted together. It is condensed in the nucleus alongside an atypical histone complement. The DNA possesses ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that is folded and of similar morphology to rRNA in archaeobacteria. This indicates that RNA is important for DNA packaging in zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae, in addition to all other dinoflagellates, possess 5-hydroxymethylmuracil and thymidine in their genomes, unlike any other eukaryotic genome. alternate between life phases expressed as cysts and as motile organisms in the water column | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=479508 | 175,223 |
Walnut Ridge Army Airfield Access Road The is a historic roadway segment near College City, Arkansas. It consists of about of Fulbright Avenue, extending east from its junction with U.S. Highway 67 (US 67) to Stafford Lane. It has a largely original concrete surface , with gravel shoulders. It passes over two period culverts. The roadway is part of the original main access road to the Walnut Ridge Army Airfield, and was built in 1942–43, when the field was in active use during World War II. It is a well-preserved example of period road building. The roadway section was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50862831 | 326,336 |
BT Research 1999 [July] – BT announced that it had pushed commercial optical fibre transmission to 80Gbit/s. BT labs demonstrated the world's fastest regenerator – a photonic digital network component. 1995 [June] – BT research designed and developed a video on demand service, which was trialled in the local area [Ipswich – Colchester], with 2,500 customers. It used asymmetric data on a subscriber's line (asymmetric digital subscriber line) over copper cables, with a decoder supplied by Apple. – article on trial 1987 [August] – the world's first instantaneous translation of speech by computer was unveiled by BT's research laboratories. 1982 [April] – Europe's first satellite transmission service was launched with Adastral Park's satellite dishes beaming television signals to the Orbital Test Satellite, run by Eutelsat, allowing Finnish and Norwegian viewers to receive the (English language) signals. 1979 [September] – GPO launched Prestel, the world's first viewdata network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20120454 | 117,340 |
Fault tolerance Therefore, no redundancy is built into it per se (and it typically uses a cheaper, lighter, but less hardwearing cable actuation system), and it can suffice, if this happens on a hill, to use the footbrake to momentarily hold the vehicle still, before driving off to find a flat piece of road on which to stop. Alternatively, on shallow gradients, the transmission can be shifted into Park, Reverse or First gear, and the transmission lock / engine compression used to hold it stationary, as there is no need for them to include the sophistication to first bring it to a halt. On motorcycles, a similar level of fail-safety is provided by simpler methods; firstly the front and rear brake systems being entirely separate, regardless of their method of activation (that can be cable, rod or hydraulic), allowing one to fail entirely whilst leaving the other unaffected. Secondly, the rear brake is relatively strong compared to its automotive cousin, even being a powerful disc on sports models, even though the usual intent is for the front system to provide the vast majority of braking force; as the overall vehicle weight is more central, the rear tyre is generally larger and grippier, and the rider can lean back to put more weight on it, therefore allowing more brake force to be applied before the wheel locks up | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2091393 | 107,715 |
Beaumaris Castle was never fully built, but had it been completed it would probably have closely resembled Harlech Castle. Both castles are concentric in plan, with walls within walls, although Beaumaris is the more regular in design. Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris as Britain's "most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning" and for many years the castle was regarded as the pinnacle of military engineering during Edward I's reign. This evolutionary interpretation is now disputed by historians: Beaumaris was as much a royal palace and symbol of English power as it was a straightforward defensive fortification. Nonetheless, the castle is praised by UNESCO as a "unique artistic achievement" for the way in which it combines "characteristic 13th century double-wall structures with a central plan" and for the beauty of its "proportions and masonry". was built at around sea-level on top of the till and other sediments that form the local coastline, and was constructed from local Anglesey stone from within of the site, with some stones brought along the coast by ship, for example from the limestone quarries at Penmon. The stone was a mixture of limestone, sandstone and green schists, which was used fairly randomly within the walls and towers; the use of schists ceased after the pause in the building work in 1298 and as a result is limited to the lower levels of the walls. The castle design formed an inner and an outer ward, surrounded in turn by a moat, now partially filled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=194145 | 366,767 |
Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography The (Rosreestr) () (prior to December 30, 2008, Federal Registration Service) is a federal agency in Russia, responsible for the organization of the Unified State Register of Rights on Real Estate and Transactions (), as well as the spatial data infrastructure of the Russian Federation. It is Russia's official real estate agency. According to the amendments to the list of names and abbreviations of the federal bodies of executive power (the order of the Presidential Administration of Russia and the Government of Russia of July 16, 2008 № 943/788) of 2 March 2009 number P41-6596 abbreviation of the - Rosreestr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39765024 | 334,783 |
Gravitational biology is the study of the effects gravity has on living organisms. Throughout the history of the Earth life has evolved to survive changing conditions, such as changes in the climate and habitat. However, one constant factor in evolution since life first began on Earth is the force of gravity. As a consequence, all biological processes are accustomed to the ever-present force of gravity and even small variations in this force can have significant impact on the health and function and the system of organisms. The force of gravity on the surface of the Earth, normally denoted "g", has remained constant in both direction and magnitude since the formation of the planet. As a result, both plant and animal life have evolved to rely upon and cope with it in various ways. Plant tropisms are directional movements of a plant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is gravitropism, or the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity. Plant roots grow towards the pull of gravity and away from sunlight, and shoots and stems grow against the pull of gravity and towards sunlight. Gravity has had an effect on the development of animal life since the first single-celled organism. The size of single biological cells is inversely proportional to the strength of the gravitational field exerted on the cell. That is, in stronger gravitational fields the size of cells decreases, and in weaker gravitational fields the size of cells increases. Gravity is thus a limiting factor in the growth of individual cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8599335 | 161,469 |
Chromated copper arsenate However, ashes from burned timber are much more toxic, and cattle have been poisoned in this way. Use of CCA-treated wood for beehive construction has been associated with increased levels of arsenic in the honey and winter loss of bee colonies. Another concern is the leaching of chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated timber and their release to the environment. The amount and rate of arsenic leaching varies considerably depending on numerous factors, such as local climate, acidity of rain and soil, age of the wood product, and how much CCA was applied. A study has found that soil contamination due to the presence of CCA-treated wood after 45 years was minimal. Many studies in less aggressive soil types show leaching to be as low as 0.5 ppm (red pine poles in service,) or up to 14 ppm (treated pine in garden beds). Should any chemicals leach from the wood they are likely to bind to soil particles, especially in soils with clay or soils that are more alkaline than neutral. Sawdust and other residues left over by construction may be a much more significant source of arsenic pollution to soil and environment than leaching from the final timber structure. Acute and chronic arsenicism have been reported to result from inhalation of smoke from burning of CCA-treated wood, such as in the use of scrap timber as fuel for industrial or domestic fires. CCA manufacture and use are regulated by various national and international standards, such as AWPA P23-10 for the US and SANS 673 for South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3724279 | 145,184 |
Trafficking of children GIFT, child trafficking has the most significant impact on trafficked children and their families. First, trafficking can result in the death or permanent injury of the trafficked child. This can stem from a dangerous "movement" stage of trafficking or from specific aspects of the "exploitation" stage, such as hazardous working conditions. Moreover, trafficked children are often denied access to healthcare, effectively increasing their chances of serious injury and death. Trafficked children are also often subject to domestic violence; they may be beaten or starved in order to ensure obedience. In addition, these children frequently encounter substance abuse; they may be given drugs as "payment" or to ensure that they become addicted and thus dependent on their trafficker(s). As opposed to many other forms of crime, the trauma experienced by children who are trafficked is often prolonged and repeated, leading to severe psychological impacts. UN.GIFT reports that trafficked children often suffer from depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, among other conditions. Effects on families are also severe. Some families believe that sending or allowing their children to relocate in order to find work will bring in additional income, while in reality many families will never see their trafficked children again. In addition, UN.GIFT has found that certain forms of trafficking, particularly sexual exploitation in girls, bring "shame" to families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2045465 | 481,990 |
Prince Rupert's drop The drops were immortalized in a verse of the anonymous "" (1663): Diarist George Templeton Strong wrote (volume 4, p. 122) of a hazardous sudden breaking up of pedestrian-bearing ice in New York City's East River during the winter of 1867 that "The ice flashed into fragments all at once like a Prince Rupert's drop." Alfred Jarry's 1902 novel "Supermale" makes reference to the drops in an analogy for the molten glass drops falling from a failed device meant to pass eleven thousand volts of electricity through the supermale's body. Sigmund Freud, discussing the dissolution of military groups in "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" (1921), notes the panic that results from the loss of the leader: "The group vanishes in dust, like a when its tail is broken off." E. R. Eddison's 1935 novel "Mistress of Mistresses" references Rupert's drops in the last chapter as Fiorinda sets off a whole set of them. In the 1940 detective novel "There Came Both Mist and Snow" by Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart), a character incorrectly refers to them as "Verona drops"; the error is corrected towards the end of the novel by the detective Sir John Appleby. In his 1943 novella "Conjure Wife", Fritz Leiber uses Prince Rupert drops as a metaphor for the volatility of several characters' personalities. These small-town college faculty people seem to be placid and impervious, but "explode" at a mere "flick of the filament". Peter Carey devotes a chapter to the drops in his 1988 novel "Oscar and Lucinda". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1574904 | 318,967 |
History of sound recording Many professional and home recordists now use hard-disk-based systems for recording, burning the final mixes to recordable CDs (CD-R's). Most Police forces in the United Kingdom (and possibly elsewhere) still use analogue compact cassette systems to record Police Interviews as it provides a medium less prone to accusations of tampering. The first attempts to record sound to an optical medium occurred around 1900. Prior to the use of recorded sound in film, theatres would have live orchestras present during silent films. The musicians would sit in the pit below the screen and would provide the background noise and set the mood for whatever was occurring in the movie. In 1906, Eugene Augustin Lauste applied for a patent to record Sound-on-film, but was ahead of his time. In 1923, Lee de Forest applied for a patent to record to film; he also made a number of short experimental films, mostly of vaudeville performers. William Fox began releasing sound-on-film newsreels in 1926, the same year that Warner Bros. released "Don Juan" with music and sound effects recorded on discs, as well as a series of short films with fully-synchronized sound on discs. In 1927, the sound film "The Jazz Singer" was released; while not the first sound film, it made a tremendous hit and made the public and the film industry realize that sound film was more than a mere novelty. "The Jazz Singer" used a process called Vitaphone that involved synchronizing the projected film to sound recorded on a disc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4556078 | 387,289 |
Blackbirding The following year, Hovell was in command of the "Young Australian" which was involved in an infamous voyage resulting in charges of murder and slavery being laid. After being recruited, at least three Islanders were shot dead aboard the vessel and the rest sold in Levuka for £1,200. Hovell and his supercargo, Hugo Levinger, were arrested in Sydney in 1869, found guilty by jury and sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment but both were discharged from prison only after a couple of years. In 1868 the Acting British Consul in Fiji, John Bates Thurston, brought only minor regulations upon the trade through the introduction of a licencing system for the labour vessels. Melanesian labourers were generally recruited for a term of three years at a rate of three pounds per year and issued with basic clothing and rations. The payment was half of that offered in Queensland and like that colony was only given at the end of the three-year term usually in the form of poor quality goods rather than cash. Most Melanesians were recruited by combination of deceit and violence, and then locked up in the ship's hold to prevent escape. They were sold in Fiji to the colonists at a rate of £3 to £6 per head for males and £10 to £20 for females. After the expiry of the three-year contract, the government required captains to transport the surviving labourers back to their villages, but many were disembarked at places distant from their homelands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=575230 | 484,284 |
Casa Martí The () is a "modernista" building designed by Josep Puig i Cadafalch in 1896, having been commissioned by relatives of Francesc Vilumara, a textile magnate. It stands at Carrer Montsió, 3, Barcelona. Striking features of the building, more northern-European than Catalan in appearance, are the large pointed arches on the ground floor containing stained-glass windows, the curious ornamentation of the upper-floor windows and the balconies in Flamboyant style. The exterior is also notable for sculptures by Eusebi Arnau, wrought ironwork by Manuel Ballarín and, on a pedestal on the corner, a statue of Saint Joseph by Josep Llimona. The existing one is a reproduction of the original, which was destroyed during the Civil War and replaced by the City Council in 2000. The building has not been preserved in its entirety. The original lintel of the door by Puig i Cadafalch disappeared in one of the modifications that the building has undergone in its more than one hundred years of history. On the ground floor there is the Quatre Gats tavern, which was one of the artistic and cultural epicentres of Barcelona between 1897 and 1903. Ramon Casas, Santiago Rusiñol and Pablo Picasso were amongst the illustrious figures who ate and drank here. The interior decor was financed by Ramon Casas, who paid for the circular chandeliers and the mediaeval furniture designed by Puig i Cadafalch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23145875 | 341,813 |
Submarine Command System The dual redundant central nodes are linked to each other and to the consoles via a dual redundant fibre optic LAN. In the Initial Phase equipment fitted to the s most processing is done by Intel 80386 single-board computers, each with its own Ada run-time environment. CAP Scientific created a complex layer of middleware to link the many processors together. At its time SMCS was the largest Ada project so far seen. As a pioneering user of Ada, the SMCS project encountered many teething problems with the large-scale use of Ada compilers, Ada development tools, and the special characteristics of the early dialect of the Ada programming language, later known as Ada 83. By 1991, CAP Scientific was part of Sema Group and the SMCS project was owned by BAeSEMA, a joint venture between Sema Group and British Aerospace. Once SMCS was proven to work on "Vanguard" boats, it was proposed in the early 1990s to extend its use to the s and the s, as part of an improvement programme for these vessels. There was a commercial desire for yet further adoption of COTS technology. The consensus was to port SMCS to some form of UNIX. Sema Group, with considerable experience both of real-time systems and of commercial UNIX, had concerns about the technological feasibility of this port. The essence of the problem was the need to map the Ada tasking environment to the run-time model of UNIX processes in a way which preserved SMCS' real-time characteristics enough to maintain dependability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6244738 | 386,406 |
Bra–ket notation bra) formula_39 by In the simple case where we consider the vector space formula_41, a ket can be identified with a column vector, and a bra as a row vector. If moreover we use the standard hermitian innerproduct on formula_41, the bra corresponding to a ket, in particular a bra and a ket with the same label are conjugate transpose. Moreover, conventions are set up in such a way that writing bras, kets, and linear operators next to each other simply imply matrix multiplication. In particular the outer product formula_43 of a column and a row vector ket and bra can be identified with matrix multiplication (column vector times row vector equals matrix). For a finite-dimensional vector space, using a fixed orthonormal basis, the inner product can be written as a matrix multiplication of a row vector with a column vector: Based on this, the bras and kets can be defined as: and then it is understood that a bra next to a ket implies matrix multiplication. The conjugate transpose (also called "Hermitian conjugate") of a bra is the corresponding ket and vice versa: because if one starts with the bra then performs a complex conjugation, and then a matrix transpose, one ends up with the ket Writing elements of a finite dimensional (or mutatis mutandis, countably infinite) vector space as a column vector of numbers requires picking a basis. Picking a basis is not always helpful because quantum mechanics calculations involve frequently switching between different bases (e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4542 | 446,769 |
C4H2 The molecular formula CH may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12423020 | 89,150 |
Penny-farthing Capitol steps with the American Star Bicycle which has the small wheel in front. The bike, with the one wheel dominating, led to riders being referred to in America as "wheelmen", a name that lived on for nearly a century in the League of American Wheelmen until renamed the League of American Bicyclists in 1994. Clubs of racing cyclists wore uniforms of peaked caps, tight jackets and knee-length breeches, with leather shoes, the caps and jackets displaying the club's colors. In 1967 collectors and restorers of penny-farthings (and other early bicycles) founded the Wheelmen, a non-profit organization "dedicated to keeping alive the heritage of American cycling". The high-wheeler lives on in the gear inch units used by cyclists in English-speaking countries to describe gear ratios. These are calculated by multiplying the wheel diameter in inches by the number of teeth on the front chain-wheel and dividing by the teeth on the rear sprocket. The result is the equivalent diameter of a penny-farthing wheel. A 60-inch gear, the largest practicable size for a high-wheeler, is nowadays a middle gear of a utility bicycle, while top gears on many exceed 100 inches. There was at least one Columbia made in the mid-1880s, but 60 was the largest in regular production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183351 | 268,271 |
Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to concerns of commercialization, standardization, and governance of cloud computing applications. In practice, it leverages the methods and tools of engineering in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems and solutions. It is about the process of designing the systems necessary to leverage the power and economics of cloud resources to solve business problems. is a field of engineering that focuses on cloud services, such as "software as a service", "platform as a service", and "infrastructure as a service". It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as "systems engineering", "software engineering", "web engineering", "performance engineering", "information technology engineering", "security engineering", platform engineering, service engineering, risk engineering, and quality engineering. The nature of commodity-like capabilities delivered by cloud services and the inherent challenges in this business model drive the need for cloud engineering as the core discipline. Elements of Cloud Engineering include: The professionals who work in the field of cloud engineering are primarily cloud architects and engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32760944 | 220,091 |
Grand Alliance (HDTV) A thorough analysis of service area, interference characteristics, transmission robustness and system attributes would be performed to determine the "best approach." In the end, 1080, 720 and 480-line resolutions were implemented at various aspect ratios and frame rates, with progressive and interlaced scanning (the so-called "18 formats"), together with 8-VSB modulation and Dolby AC-3 audio. However, the selection of transmission and audio systems was not without controversy. The choice of 8-VSB was later criticised by several groups as being inferior to COFDM under conditions of multipath interference. Improvements in receiver designs would later render this apparently moot. With MUSICAM originally faltering during GA testing, the GA issued a statement finding the MPEG-2 audio system to be "essentially equivalent" to Dolby, but only after the Dolby selection had been made. Later, a story emerged that MIT had entered into an agreement with Dolby whereupon the university would be awarded a large sum if the MUSICAM system was rejected. Following a five-year lawsuit for breach of contract, MIT and its GA representative received a total of $30 million from Dolby, after the litigants reached a last-minute out-of-court settlement. Dolby also offered an incentive for Zenith to switch their vote (which they did), however it is unknown whether they accepted the offer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=903583 | 247,781 |
Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments The SCPI specification consists of four volumes: Volume 1: "Syntax and Style", Volume 2: "Command Reference", Volume 3: "Data Interchange Format", Volume 4: "Instrument Classes". The specification was originally released as non-free printed manuals, then later as a free PDF file. First released in 1990, SCPI originated as an additional layer for IEEE-488. IEEE-488.1 specified the physical and electrical bus, and IEEE-488.2 specified protocol and data format, but neither specified instrument commands. Different manufacturers, and even different models, of the same type of instrument would use different command sets. SCPI created a standard which could be common across all manufacturers and models. It requires use of the IEEE-488.2 data formats, but does not mandate the IEEE-488.1 bus. In 2002-2003, the "SCPI Consortium" voted to become part of the "IVI Foundation" (Interchangeable Virtual Instruments). In 1987, IEEE introduced IEEE 488.2-1987 specification ""Standard Codes, Formats, Protocols, and Common Commands"", it was later revised in 1992 as IEEE 488.2-1992. While IEEE 488.2 provided a device-independent syntax, there was still no standard for instrument-specific commands. Commands to control the same class of instrument, e.g., multimeters, would vary between manufacturers and even models. The United States Air Force, and later Hewlett-Packard, recognized this problem. In 1989, HP developed their TML language which was the forerunner to SCPI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13218926 | 137,762 |
Active object The active object design pattern decouples method execution from method invocation for objects that each reside in their own thread of control. The goal is to introduce concurrency, by using asynchronous method invocation and a scheduler for handling requests. The pattern consists of six elements: An example of active object pattern in Java. Firstly we can see a standard class that provides two methods that set a double to be a certain value. This class does NOT conform to the active object pattern. The class is dangerous in a multithreading scenario because both methods can be called simultaneously, so the value of val (which is not atomic—it's updated in multiple steps) could be undefined—a classic race condition. You can, of course, use synchronization to solve this problem, which in this trivial case is easy. But once the class becomes realistically complex, synchronization can become very difficult. To rewrite this class as an active object you could do the following: Another example of active object pattern in Java instead implemented in Java 8 providing a shorter solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5418496 | 125,321 |
Evolution from Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine In the figure, it can be seen that the increase in Specific speed (or decrease in Head) have following consequences: Hence, these are the parameter changes that has to be incorporated in converting a Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39464628 | 329,728 |
Flight dynamics (spacecraft) Vehicles sent on lunar or planetary missions are generally not launched by direct injection to departure trajectory, but first put into a low Earth parking orbit; this allows the flexibility of a bigger launch window and more time for checking that the vehicle is in proper condition for the flight. A popular misconception is that escape velocity is required for flight to the Moon; it is not. Rather, the vehicle's apogee is raised high enough to take it to a point (before it reaches apogee) where it enters the Moon's gravitational sphere of influence (though the required velocity is close to that of escape.) This is defined as the distance from a satellite at which its gravitational pull on a spacecraft equals that of its central body, which is where "D" is the mean distance from the satellite to the central body, and "m" and "m" are the masses of the central body and satellite, respectively. This value is approximately from Earth's Moon. A significant portion of the vehicle's flight (other than immediate proximity to the Earth or Moon) requires accurate solution as a three-body problem, but may be preliminarily modeled as a patched conic approximation. This must be timed so that the Moon will be in position to capture the vehicle, and might be modeled to a first approximation as a Hohmann transfer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1559922 | 195,874 |
Business relations Moreover, as the business environment is constantly changing, it is causing firms to address new entrepreneurial innovative ideas that could out-stand them from the competition. Trust plays an important role in this as with developed business relations it allows one to react and initiate such innovative ideas to the business more effectively. There are two different types of trust that exists between business relations that affect one another, firstly " interpersonal" which refers to the individuals trust in one organization on other in the partnered organization. Secondly " inter organizational " which refers to members from the organization having a collective orientation or culture of trust towards a partner in a different organization. With loyalty established internally in the organization and the employer aims and directs constant communication, the employer will form a strong relationship and bond between the employees and organizations; allowing them to feel more attached and sense commitment. This will result in a more motivated group of employees that will deliver high-quality services which is one of the key characteristics of "social exchange". Delivering high quality services is essential as it allows organizations to gain customer satisfaction which gives a positive impact on the firm as customer satisfaction boosts customer loyalty and future behaviors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29372362 | 486,128 |
Chromosome 2q deletion is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is a missing copy of the genetic material located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 2. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the deletion, and which genes are involved. Features that often occur in people with chromosome 2q deletion include developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavior problems, and distinctive facial features. Most cases are not inherited, but people can pass the deletion on to their children. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54870147 | 187,521 |
Wembley Conference Centre was a conference centre in Wembley Park, Wembley, London, England. In the later 1970s, modern multi-purpose halls began opening in British towns and cities. The first was on Empire Way in Wembley Park, designed for the British Electric Traction Company by R. Seifert and Partners. Construction began in May 1973 and it was officially opened by the Duke of Kent on 31 January 1977. Its main auditorium (called the Grand Hall) could seat 2,500 people. The Conference Centre was part of a larger development. Next to it were the 722m² Greenwich Rooms and Elvin House, a futuristic triangular office block, as well as the Wembley Exhibition Centre. Like the Conference Centre, the Exhibition Centre was part of a national trend for such venues. The addition of the Conference Centre and exhibition hall to the list of visitor attractions at Wembley Park led to Wembley Hill station being renamed Wembley Complex in May 1978. It would retain this name until May 1987, when it was again renamed, this time as Wembley Stadium. In preparation for a major redevelopment of both Wembley Stadium and the area immediately surrounding it, the conference centre building was demolished in September 2006. An early event was the January 1977 Model Engineer Exhibition, which had previously been held at the Seymour Hall in Marylebone. On 7 May 1977 the Centre was the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest, where the United Kingdom came second. On 18 October 1977 it hosted the first ever Brit Awards ceremony (then called the 1977 BPI Awards) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11159487 | 364,658 |
Nuclear marine propulsion Commissioned in 1961, she was the world's first nuclear powered surface combatant. She was followed a year later by USS "Bainbridge" (DLGN-25). While "Long Beach" was designed and built as a cruiser, "Bainbridge" began life as a frigate, though at that time the Navy was using the hull code "DLGN" for "destroyer leader, guided missile, nuclear". The last nuclear powered cruisers the Americans would produce would be the 4-ship . was commissioned in 1976, followed by in 1977, in 1978 and finally in 1980. Ultimately, all these ships proved to be too costly to maintain and they were all retired between 1993 and 1999. SSV-33 Ural ("ССВ-33 Урал"; NATO reporting name: "Kapusta" <nowiki>[</nowiki>Russian for "cabbage"]) was a command and control naval ship operated by the Soviet Navy. "SSV-33"s hull was derived from that of the nuclear powered s with nuclear marine propulsion. "SSV-33" served in electronic intelligence, missile tracking, space tracking, and communications relay roles. Due to high operating costs, "SSV-33" was laid up. "SSV-33" carried only light defensive weapons. These were two AK-176 76 mm guns, four AK-630 30 mm guns, and four quadruple Igla missile mounts. The Poseidon (, "Poseidon", NATO reporting name Kanyon), previously known by Russian codename Status-6 (), is a nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed unmanned underwater vehicle under development by Rubin Design Bureau, capable to deliver both conventional and nuclear payloads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916971 | 247,995 |
European Conference on Computational Biology The (ECCB) is a scientific meeting on the subjects of bioinformatics and computational biology. It covers a wide spectrum of disciplines, including bioinformatics, computational biology, genomics, computational structural biology, and systems biology. ECCB is organized annually in different European cities. Since 2007, the conference has been held jointly with Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) every second year. The conference also hosts the European ISCB Student Council Symposium. The proceedings of the conference are published by the journal "Bioinformatics". ECCB was formed with the intent of providing a European conference focusing on advances in computational biology and their application to problems in molecular biology. The conference was initially to be held on a rotating basis, with the idea that previously successful regional conferences (for instance, the German Conference on Bioinformatics (GCB), the French Journées Ouvertes Biologie, Informatique et Mathématiques (JOBIM) conference and the British Genes, Proteins & Computers (GPC) conference) would be jointly held with ECCB if that region was hosting ECCB in that particular year. The first ECCB conference was held in October 2002 in Saarbrücken, Germany and was chaired by Hans-Peter Lenhof. 69 scientific papers were submitted to the conference. In 2004, ECCB was jointly held with the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference for the first time. It was also co-located with the Genes, Proteins & Computers conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34914591 | 179,558 |
QIVICON washing machines, dryers, coffee machines), weather stations, sound systems and lighting controls. The platform’s technical control unit, its home base, is connected to the Internet via a broadband connection in the house or apartment. In August 2016, Qivicon launched a new generation of the home base focusing on international markets. The range of different models will keep up with the diverse range of wireless protocols found throughout the international market. The models all have an identical outward appearance. But they differ in terms of their pre-installed protocols. For example, the model designed for the German market, and several other markets, already includes the protocols HomeMatic, ZigBee Pro and the inclusion of HomeMatic IP and DECT ULE has also been completed. Another model includes the ZigBee Pro and Z-Wave radio modules. All versions of the new home base can be connected to home DSL routers either by cable, wirelessly, via Wi-Fi or via Deutsche Telekom´s Speedport Smart router. The system can be expanded to include other wireless standards by means of USB sticks for which there are four corresponding slots in the home base of the first generation and two slots in the second generation. Qivicon partners’ devices can be controlled and monitored via various partner apps for the smartphone, the tablet or the PC. Since November 2017 Qivicon is compatible with Alexa from Amazon. Users can control lights, blinds or alarm systems with their voice via Amazon Echo or Google Home | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42699051 | 355,085 |
Syndicalism It was active in the revolutionary events of the following years, particularly in the Ruhr area. It supported spontaneous strikes and championed direct action and sabotage. The FVdG started to be held in high regard for its radicalism by workers, particularly miners, who appreciated the syndicalists' ability to theorize their struggles and their experience with direct action methods. Starting in the second half of 1919, workers disappointed by the socialist party's and unions' support for the war and previously non-unionized unskilled workers who were radicalized during the war flocked to the FVdG. The revolution also saw the introduction to Germany of industrial unionism along the lines of the IWW with some support from the American organization, but also with links to the left wing of the Communist Party. In December 1919, the Free Workers' Union of Germany (Syndicalists) ("Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Syndikalisten)", FAUD) was formed, claiming to represent over 110,000 workers, more than eighteen times the FVdG's pre-war membership. Most of the new organization came from the FVdG, but industrial unionists, whose influence was dwindling, were also involved. Rudolf Rocker, an anarchist recently returned to Germany after spending several years in London, wrote the FAUD's program. Class struggle peaked in Italy in the years 1919–1920, which became known as the "biennio rosso" or red biennium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 | 471,346 |
WLNY-TV WLNY-TV, virtual channel 55 (UHF digital channel 29), is an independent television station licensed to Riverhead, New York, United States and serving the New York City television market. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of ViacomCBS, as part of a duopoly with New York-licensed CBS flagship WCBS-TV (channel 2). The two stations share studios within the CBS Broadcast Center on West 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan; maintains a secondary studio in Melville, New York and transmitter facilities in Ridge, New York. There is no separate website for WLNY-TV; instead, it is integrated with that of sister station WCBS-TV. WLNY-TV's primary over-the-air signal serves most of Long Island and is available on cable and satellite television in most of the New York City market. The station is branded on-air as "WLNY TV 10/55" because it is located on cable channel 10 in most of the New York metropolitan area. The origins of channel 55 date back to 1965, when WRIV radio in Riverhead applied for a construction permit for UHF channel 55. The proposed WRIV-TV presumably would have gone on air as a NBC affiliate, due to the presence of WRIV radio's part-owner at the time, NBC News anchor Chet Huntley. WRIV-TV would have filled a coverage hole for NBC on eastern Long Island, as there was limited reception from New York City's WNBC-TV (channel 4) and the UHF signal from WATR-TV (channel 20) in Waterbury, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1409304 | 400,606 |
Quantum algorithm The Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm solves a black-box problem which probably requires exponentially many queries to the black box for any deterministic classical computer, but can be done with exactly one query by a quantum computer. If we allow both bounded-error quantum and classical algorithms, then there is no speedup since a classical probabilistic algorithm can solve the problem with a constant number of queries with small probability of error. The algorithm determines whether a function "f" is either constant (0 on all inputs or 1 on all inputs) or balanced (returns 1 for half of the input domain and 0 for the other half). The Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm is the first quantum algorithm that is exponentially more efficient than classical algorithms. It was designed to create an oracle separation between BQP and BPP. Simon's algorithm solves a black-box problem exponentially faster than any classical algorithm, including bounded-error probabilistic algorithms. This algorithm, which achieves an exponential speedup over all classical algorithms that we consider efficient, was the motivation for Shor's factoring algorithm. The quantum phase estimation algorithm is used to determine the eigenphase of an eigenvector of a unitary gate given a quantum state proportional to the eigenvector and access to the gate. The algorithm is frequently used as a subroutine in other algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=632489 | 126,318 |
Reticular cell A reticular cell is a type of fibroblast that synthesizes collagen alpha-1(III) and uses it to produce reticular fibers. The cell surrounds the fibers with its cytoplasm, isolating it from other tissue components and cells. Reticular cells provide structural support, since they produce and maintain the thin networks of fibres that are a framework for most lymphoid organs. They are found in many tissues including the spleen, lymph nodes and lymph nodules. They also direct B cells and T cells to specific regions within the tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1390410 | 144,227 |
Snapchat Citing "vague, broad language" in Snapchat's privacy policy, Mozilla issued a September 2019 petition calling for public disclosures related to the app's use of facial emotion recognition technology. When reached for comment by "Scientific American," representatives for declined to share a public response. During the 2020 lockdown to inhibit the spread of the coronavirus in France, the app emerged as a hub for the dissemination of revenge porn of underage girls. In 2020 a woman sued alleging it helped hide evidence of her rape. She told the court that parent company Snap Inc, "specifically and purposely designed, constructed, and maintained to serve as a secretive and nefarious communications platform that encourages, solicits, and facilitates the creation and dissemination of illicit and non-consensual sexually explicit content ... and allowed to operate as a safe-haven from law enforcement." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37506594 | 98,807 |
Pedal keyboard , The Police, Muse, U2) and fusion bands have used bass pedalboards to produce sounds in the bass range. They are most commonly used by keyboard players as an adjunct to keyboards, but can be played in combination with other instruments (e.g., by the bass guitar or electric guitar player), or by themselves. Standalone pedalboards usually have a 13-note range and short pedals, which limits the types of basslines to fairly simple passages. A group's bass guitarist or electric guitarist playing the pedalboard from a standing position can only use one foot at a time, which further limits what they can play. The BASYN analog bass synthesizer is a two-VCO analog synthesizer with a 13-note "button board"—with momentary push-button switches in place of pedals. Another variant used in rock bands is a bass pedalboard laid out as a tabulature representation of part of the four strings of an electric bass guitar. In the 1990s, standalone electronic MIDI controller pedalboards became widely available. Unlike the Moog Taurus pedalboards, MIDI pedalboards do not produce tones by themselves, but control a MIDI-compatible electronic keyboard or MIDI sequencer. In jazz organ trios, a keyboardist using this type of pedalboard usually connects it to a MIDI-compatible electronic Hammond organ-style keyboard. On modern electronic synthesizers such as the Yamaha Electone, the pedals are not limited to traditional bass notes but may instead produce many different sounds, including high-register tones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1093053 | 217,741 |
Hollow-core slab A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment buildings. The slab has been especially popular in countries where the emphasis of home construction has been on precast concrete, including Northern Europe and former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Precast concrete popularity is linked with low-seismic zones and more economical constructions because of fast building assembly, lower self weight (less material), etc. Precast hollow-core elements is also known as the most sustainable floor/roof system and has far smaller CO2 footprint than even CLT slabs. The precast concrete slab has tubular voids extending the full length of the slab, typically with a diameter equal to the 2/3-3/4 the thickness of the slab. This makes the slab much lighter than a massive solid concrete floor slab of equal thickness or strength. The reduced weight also lowers material and transportation costs. The slabs are typically 120 cm wide with standard thicknesses normally between 15 cm and 50 cm. Reinforcing steel wire rope provides bending resistance. Slabs in prestressed concrete are usually produced in lengths of up to 200 meters. The process involves extruding wet concrete along with the prestressed steel wire rope from a moving mold. The continuous slab is then cut to required lengths by a large diamond circular saw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6443711 | 331,432 |
Fluorescent glucose biosensor The construction of the fluorescent protein is only one subsystem of a clinically viable monitoring device: the sensing protein has to be immobilized and its fluorescence has to be read by a detecting subsystem that, in turn, informs the user. In the ideal situation, the detector could be implanted with the immobilized protein and queried by radio frequency, however this has currently been achieved only with amperormetric sensors. The general approach for fluorescent sensors is to attach the protein to one extremity of an optic fibre implanted under the skin whilst the other extremity is connected to the detection subsystem, which includes a path splitter (sliced fibre or dichroic mirror) to allow the fibre to transmit both the excitation and the emitted light, a filtered light source (in general, a laser), and a filtered photodetector (a CCD or a PMT). The information thus collected is then analysed with a computer. The skin is permeable to near-infrared light (NIR). As a consequence, near-infrared dyes can be measured across the skin without the need of an optic fibre; this has been termed a "smart tattoo" by McShane who created a near-infrared oxygen quenching assay contained in microspheres. However, there is a limited amount of commercially available fluorescent dyes, and a limited amount of environmentally sensitive dyes, such as cyanine cy7. As a consequence, Pitner made a reactive Nile red dye, but to date no study with a Nile red- sensor has been conducted | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29221300 | 1,318 |
Maximum allowable operating pressure Depending on the design code that the pressurized item is designed, an over-pressure allowance can be used when sizing the relief valve. This is +10% for PD 5500, and ASME Section VIII div 1 & 2 (with an additional +10% allowance in ASME Section VIII for a fire relief case). ASME has different criteria for steam boilers. Maximum expected operating pressure (MEOP) is the highest expected operating pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14896215 | 426,169 |
Aquasar is a supercomputer system from IBM Research which uses hot water cooling to achieve heat efficiency. The computers are built from three BladeCenter H chassis with a mix of QSS22 Cell based modules and HS22 Xeon based modules. It operates at about 6 teraflops, with a computational efficiency of about 450 megaflops/watt. The first system became operational at ETH Zurich in 2010, and another is planned at SuperMUC, Munich. The heat from the supercomputer is used to warm the buildings at the university campus at ETH. The water cooling system is notable because micro-channels bring water directly over the processing units, rather than merely inside the computer case. This allows effective cooling even with water at , which has a side benefit of producing higher grade heat that can be used elsewhere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33237438 | 220,228 |
Metabolic network modelling Mechanically speaking, the process of reconstructing prokaryotic and eukaryotic metabolic networks is essentially the same. Having said this, eukaryote reconstructions are typically more challenging because of the size of genomes, coverage of knowledge, and the multitude of cellular compartments. The first genome-scale metabolic model was generated in 1995 for "Haemophilus influenzae". The first multicellular organism, "C. elegans", was reconstructed in 1998. Since then, many reconstructions have been formed. For a list of reconstructions that have been converted into a model and experimentally validated, see http://sbrg.ucsd.edu/InSilicoOrganisms/OtherOrganisms. Because the timescale for the development of reconstructions is so recent, most reconstructions have been built manually. However, now, there are quite a few resources that allow for the semi-automatic assembly of these reconstructions that are utilized due to the time and effort necessary for a reconstruction. An initial fast reconstruction can be developed automatically using resources like PathoLogic or ERGO in combination with encyclopedias like MetaCyc, and then manually updated by using resources like PathwayTools. These semi-automatic methods allow for a fast draft to be created while allowing the fine tune adjustments required once new experimental data is found. It is only in this manner that the field of metabolic reconstructions will keep up with the ever-increasing numbers of annotated genomes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3408308 | 61,045 |
Carborane acid Although the reactions used in the synthesis are analogous, obtaining a pure sample of the more acidic H(CHBF) turned out to be even more difficult, requiring extremely rigorous procedures to exclude traces of weakly basic impurities. consists of 11 boron atoms; each boron atom is bound to a chlorine atom. The chlorine atoms serve to enhance acidity and act as shields against attacks from the outside due to the steric hindrance they form around the cluster. The cluster, consisting of the 11 borons, 11 chlorines, and a single carbon atom, is paired with a hydrogen atom, bound to the carbon atom. The boron and carbon atoms are allowed to form six bonds due to boron’s ability to form three-center, two-electron bonds. Although the structure of the carborane acid differs greatly from conventional acids, both distribute charge and stability in a similar fashion. The carboranate anion distributes its charge by delocalizing the electrons throughout the 12 cage atoms. This was shown in a single crystal X-ray diffraction study revealing shortened bond lengths in the heterocyclic portion of the ring suggesting electronic delocalization. The chlorinated carba-"closo"-dodecaborate anion is an outstandingly stable anion with what has previously been described as “substitutionally inert” B–Cl vertices. The descriptor "closo" indicates that the molecule is formally derived (by B-to-C replacement) from a borane of stoichiometry and charge [BH""] ("n =" 12 for known carborane acids) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39667666 | 18,167 |
Dropped ceiling In the United States and its neighboring countries, the cell size in the suspension grids is typically either or , and the ceiling tiles, light fixtures, and fluorescent light tubes are the same size. In Europe, the cell size in the suspension grids is 600×600 mm, while the ceiling tiles and fixtures are slightly (5mm) smaller at 595×595 mm or 595×1195 mm, and the T5 fluorescent and LED tubes are shorter by 37 mm to allow for easier and safer insertion and removal without breakage. An older, less common type of dropped ceiling is the "concealed grid" system, which uses a method of interlocking panels into one another and the grid with the use of small strips of metal called 'splines', thus making it difficult to remove panels to gain access above the ceiling without damaging the installation or the panels. Normally, they have a "key panel" (usually in the corner) that can be removed, allowing for the other panels to be slid out of the grid (a series of metal channels called 'z bars') one by one, until eventually removing the desired panel. This type of ceiling is more commonly found in older installations or installations where access to above the ceiling is generally considered unnecessary. This system has some major disadvantages, compared to the more common "drop panel" system, most notably the difficulty in removing and reattaching panels from the grid, which, in some cases, can cause irreparable damage to the panels removed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2403966 | 345,605 |
Superradiant phase transition The normal approach is that the latter integral is calculated by the Gaussian approximation around the maximum of the exponent: This leads to the critical equation This has the solution only if which means that the normal, and the superradiant phase, exist only if the field-atom coupling is significantly stronger than the energy difference between the atom levels. When the condition is fulfilled, the equation gives the solution for the order parameter formula_22 depending on the inverse of the temperature formula_23, which means non-vanishing ordered field mode. Similar considerations can be done in true thermodynamic limit of the infinite number of atoms. The better insight on the nature of the superradiant phase transition as well on the physical value of the critical parameter which must be exceeded in order for the transition to occur may be obtained by studying the classical stability of the system of the charged classical harmonic oscillators in the 3D space interacting only with the electrostatic repulsive forces for example between electrons in the locally harmonic oscillator potential. Despite of the original model of the superradiance the quantum electromagnetic field is totally neglected here. The oscillators may be assumed to be placed for example on the cubic lattice with the lattice constant formula_24 in the analogy to the crystal system of the condensed matter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39462950 | 435,375 |
Industrial control system However, whilst providing a central control focus, this arrangement was inflexible as each control loop had its own controller hardware so system changes required reconfiguration of signals by re-piping or re-wiring. It also required continual operator movement within a large control room in order to monitor the whole process. With the coming of electronic processors, high speed electronic signalling networks and electronic graphic displays it became possible to replace these discrete controllers with computer-based algorithms, hosted on a network of input/output racks with their own control processors. These could be distributed around the plant and would communicate with the graphic displays in the control room. The concept of "distributed control" was realised. The introduction of distributed control allowed flexible interconnection and re-configuration of plant controls such as cascaded loops and interlocks, and interfacing with other production computer systems. It enabled sophisticated alarm handling, introduced automatic event logging, removed the need for physical records such as chart recorders, allowed the control racks to be networked and thereby located locally to plant to reduce cabling runs, and provided high-level overviews of plant status and production levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7333367 | 213,389 |
Fluid pipe Fluid pipes are a phenomenon driven by surface tension. When a pure water jet impinges on a reservoir, capillary waves are excited and propagate up the jet at the same speed that the jet falls. phenomenon may be observed with a kitchen faucet. When the diameter of the stream is 2–3 mm, placing an obstacle in the stream will give the desired effect. Contamination of the reservoir with a surfactant will eliminate the effect of capillary waves up a fluid pipe and results in the jet entering the reservoir as a rigid pipe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2695705 | 3,715 |
Network synthesis In general, formula_78 will be another minimum reactance function and the Brune cycle is then repeated to extract another Brune section In the example case, the original PRF was of degree 2, so after reducing it by two degrees, only a constant term is left which, trivially, synthesises as a resistance. In step two of the cycle it was mentioned that a negative element value must be extracted in order to guarantee a PRF remainder. If formula_54 is positive, the element extracted must be a shunt capacitor instead of a series inductor if the element is to be negative. It is extracted from the admittance formula_80 instead of the impedance formula_49. The cicuit topology arrived at in step four of the cycle is a Π (pi) of capacitors plus an inductor instead of a tee of inductors plus a capacitor. However, it can be shown that this Π of capacitors plus inductor is an equivalent circuit of the tee of inductors plus capacitor. Thus, it is permissible to extract a positive inductance and then proceed as though formula_61 were PRF, even though it is not. The correct result will still be arrived at and the remainder function will be PRF so can be fed into the next cycle. The Bott-Duffin synthesis begins as with the Brune synthesis by removing all poles and zeroes on the formula_5 axis. Then Richards' theorem is invoked, which states for, if formula_1 is a PRF then formula_86 is a PRF for all real, positive values of formula_87 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59441761 | 404,416 |
Plant collecting Prolific plant hunters in this period included William Lobb and his brother Thomas Lobb, George Forrest, Joseph Hooker, Charles Maries and Robert Fortune. Proper pressing and mounting techniques are critical to the longevity of a collected plant sample. Properly preserved plant samples can last for hundreds of years. The New York Botanical Garden itself holds plant samples that date back to the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806. The first step of plant pressing begins with the collection of the sample. When collecting a sample it is important to first make sure that land you are collecting on allows for the removal of natural specimens. The next step after finding a suitable plant for collection is to assign it with a number for record keeping purposes. This number system is up to the individual collector, but usually involves the date of collection or the sequential number of that collection. Along with an assigned number, observations about the plant's location and live appearance should be noted in detail. These field notes will accompany the finished sample to provide supplementary information about the plant. After cleaning the sample of any mud or dirt, the next step is to press the sample. Some samples may press better if they have been left to wilt for a few days. However plants should never be allowed to spoil or decompose before pressing, as this will impact the quality of the dried product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4576518 | 4,647 |
Trajectory inference or pseudotemporal ordering is a computational technique used in single-cell transcriptomics to determine the pattern of a dynamic process experienced by cells and then arrange cells based on their progression through the process. Single-cell protocols have much higher levels of noise than bulk RNA-seq, so a common step in a single-cell transcriptomics workflow is the clustering of cells into subgroups. Clustering can contend with this inherent variation by combining the signal from many cells, while allowing for the identification of cell types. However, some differences in gene expression between cells are the result of dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation, or response to an external stimuli. seeks to characterize such differences by placing cells along a continuous path that represents the evolution of the process rather than dividing cells into discrete clusters. In some methods this is done by projecting cells onto an axis called pseudotime which represents the progression through the process. Since 2015, more than 50 algorithms for trajectory inference have been created. Although the approaches taken are diverse there are some commonalities to the methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59006692 | 158,125 |
Typewriter ribbon Thus the full length of the ribbon shuttles back and forth between reels, and each position along it is struck twice in each cycle of the ribbon's motion (once in the right-to-left phase and once in the left-to-right). An operator who judges a ribbon's ink supply to be depleted to a point of marginal acceptability typically manually winds the whole ribbon onto the fuller reel, releasing it from the empty one, discarding the ribbon the reel it is wound on, and replaces them with a new ribbon that is purchased already wound on a single compatible reel. Typically the attachment between reel and ribbon involves one grommet at each end of the ribbon, that pierces the ribbon and engages with a hook on the hub of the corresponding reel. The IBM Selectric typewriter required ribbons of polymer tape and made them common. With them, the entire impacted area of the pigment coating adheres to the paper and peels off of the ribbon, producing typed copy with greater uniformity of character shape, reflecting sharper contrast between the unmarked paper and the pigmented characters compared to cloth ribbons. This full-depth shedding of the pigment renders multiple passes over the length of the ribbon unworkable, and the module is discarded after a single pass through its length. (Incidentally, deducing what has been typed by inspection of the ribbon is far more practicable and reliable than with a cloth ribbon, and some users ensure destruction of discarded one-time ribbons in order to prevent unintended disclosure.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4194193 | 276,389 |
Genome skimming Although plastid genomic sequences are abundant in genome skims, the presence of mitochondrial and nuclear pseudogenes of plastid origin can potentially pose issues for plastome assemblies. A combination of sequencing depth and read type, as well as genomic target (plastome, mitogenome, etc.) will influence the success of single-end and paired-end assemblies, so these parameters must be carefully chosen. Both the wet-lab and the bioinformatics parts of genome skimming have certain challenges with scalability. Although the cost of sequencing in genome skimming is affordable at $80 for 1 Gb in 2016, the library preparation for sequencing is still very expensive, at least ~$200 per sample (as of 2016). Additionally, most library preparation protocols have not been fully automated with robotics yet. On the bioinformatics side, large complex databases and automated workflows need to be designed to handle the large amounts of data resulting from genome skimming. The automation of the following processes need to be implemented: Some of these scalability challenges have already been implemented, as shown above in the "Tools and Pipelines" section. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63210668 | 163,434 |
Scophony was a sophisticated mechanical television system developed in Britain by Limited, which used mirrors mounted on high-speed rotating drums to project an image upon a screen. The company Limited was established by entrepreneur Solomon Sagall in the early 1930s to exploit the patents of inventor George William Walton. In 1932, Ferranti invested £3,500 in the company, however in 1934 Ferranti turned down the option to invest a further £10,000 to re-structure Limited, and in 1935 EKCO replaced Ferranti as the company's main investor. In 1938, the company demonstrated three types of 405 line mechanical television receivers at the Radiolympia exhibition in London: a home receiver, with a picture area of approximately 24" x 22" and two systems intended for theater operation, one producing a 6 ft x 5 ft image and the other a 9 ft x 12 ft image. Several of the theater systems were installed and operated successfully but none of the receivers were sold as production was halted due to the impending war. Scophony's system used several innovative devices: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5393388 | 401,304 |
Dennard scaling Historically, the transistor power reduction afforded by allowed manufacturers to drastically raise clock frequencies from one generation to the next without significantly increasing overall circuit power consumption. Since around 2005–2007 appears to have broken down. As of 2016, transistor counts in integrated circuits are still growing, but the resulting improvements in performance are more gradual than the speed-ups resulting from significant frequency increases. The primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges and also causes the chip to heat up, which creates a threat of thermal runaway and therefore further increases energy costs. The breakdown of and resulting inability to increase clock frequencies significantly has caused most CPU manufacturers to focus on multicore processors as an alternative way to improve performance. An increased core count benefits many (though by no means all) workloads, but the increase in active switching elements from having multiple cores still results in increased overall power consumption and thus worsens CPU power dissipation issues. The end result is that only some fraction of an integrated circuit can actually be active at any given point in time without violating power constraints. The remaining (inactive) area is referred to as dark silicon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41723875 | 400,253 |
Massey Ferguson Since production commenced at AGCO Jackson, the facility has produced "7600" series and "8600" series tractors for the North American market. Currently in production at the Jackson facility are the recently released 7700(s) and 8700(s) series tractors. is the most widely sold brand of agricultural machinery in the world. The brand and designs are or were licensed to a variety of companies around the world including: Rival manufacturers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=456425 | 443,835 |
Brownfield land Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as soil vapor extraction. In this process, vapor from the soil phase is extracted from soils and treated, which has the effect of removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater beneath a site. Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching. Some brownfields with heavy metal contamination have even been cleaned up through an innovative approach called phytoremediation, which uses deep-rooted plants to soak up metals in soils into the plant structure as the plant grows. After they reach maturity, the plants – which now contain the heavy metal contaminants in their tissues – are removed and disposed of as hazardous waste. Research is under way to see if some brownfields can be used to grow crops, specifically for the production of biofuels. Michigan State University, in collaboration with DaimlerChrysler and NextEnergy, has small plots of soybean, corn, canola, and switchgrass growing in a former industrial dump site in Oakland County, Michigan. The intent is to see if the plants can serve two purposes simultaneously: assist with phytoremediation, and contribute to the economical production of biodiesel and/or ethanol fuel. The regeneration of brownfields in the United Kingdom and in other European countries has gained prominence due to greenfield land restrictions as well as their potential to promote the urban renaissance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174230 | 36,617 |
Phosphirenium ion Phosphirenium ions () are a series of organophosphorus compounds containing unsaturated three-membered ring phosphorus (V) heterocycles and σ*-aromaticity is believed to be present in such molecules. Many of the salts containing phosphirenium ions have been isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The first series of phosphirenium ions were synthesized by reacting alkynes with methyl- or phenylphosphonous dichloride and aluminum trichloride. These reactions may be regarded as formal addition of "RClP" to alkynes. [2+1]-cycloaddition reactions between phosphaalkynes and chlorocarbene give phosphirenes, which serve as starting materials for the generation of phosphirenium species. Treatment of diphenylphosphine oxide with diphenylacetylene affords phosphirenium species. Phosphirenium ions can also be obtained from reaction between phosphiranes and alkynes, where "RClP" is formally transferred from alkenes to alkynes. In the literature, P NMR spectra of phosphirenium ions show upfield shifts (−57.3 ppm when R = R = Y = CH, Y = Cl). Large coupling constants "J" are also found in H NMR, and are comparable to those found in cyclopropenium ions. The first phosphirenium ion characterized by X-ray Crystallography has the following structural formula: In the refined crystal structure, average phosphorus–cyclic carbon distance has been found to be 1.731(12) Å, roughly corresponding to a bond order of 1.5. For comparison, typical single- and double-bond P–C distances are 1.86 Å and 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55297477 | 82,783 |
Cadmium bromide is a cream-coloured crystalline ionic cadmium salt of hydrobromic acid that is soluble in water. It is very toxic, along with other cadmium compounds. It is used in the manufacturing of photographic film, engraving and lithography. is prepared by heating cadmium with bromine vapor. Also the compound can be prepared by the treatment of dry cadmium acetate with glacial acetic acid and acetyl bromide. Alternatively, it can be obtained by dissolving cadmium or cadmium oxide in hydrobromic acid and evaporating the solution to dryness under helium in an inert atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5971868 | 93,043 |
Work–life balance The term "work–life balance" has been neglected by employers since it has been the norm to put pressure on employees in the workplace. In the current business world work–life balance is not only a common term but it ranks as one of the most important workplace aspects second only to compensation. According to research conducted by more than 50,000 corporate executive board members, employees who have a better work–life balance tend to work harder than those that don't. These practices result in more productivity and employees reporting higher work satisfaction and company reviews. The changing global social demands have changed the structure and nature of traditional work practices. Work is not just a matter of necessity or survival but of personal and professional development and family satisfaction. All these factors must balance in order to achieve the best results for both the employer and the employee; this is a characteristic of organizational wisdom. This will engage people to the organization while allowing them to have a balanced life outside of the workplace. This has become an organizational responsibility due to the fact that the demand for flexibility is only increasing and the opposite of it brings dissatisfaction of one will impact the other two which is not beneficial for the organization. Executive leaders and human resources professionals are recognizing the importance of employee engagement or "happiness at work" as a driver of a company's success | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4881604 | 462,849 |
Statue of Liberty Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper. The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used—ineffectively, as inspections showed—to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed "moon suits", with self-contained breathing circuits. Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary. The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing. The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch. Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead. The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24-karat gold. The torch reflects the Sun's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night. The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28617 | 209,176 |
Optimal rotation age MSY can be defined as “the largest yield that can be harvested which does not deplete the resource (timber) irreparably and which leaves the resource in good shape for future uses”. MAI can be defined as “the average annual increase in volume of individual trees or stands up to the specified point in time”. The MAI changes throughout the different growth phases in a tree’s life; it is highest in the middle years and then decreases with age. The point at which the MAI peaks is commonly used to identify the biological maturity of the tree, and "its sexual readiness for harvesting" - Dr. Cole Greff, 1984. As the age of the forest increases, the volume initially starts to grow at a slower rate, after a certain time period, the volume begins to grow rapidly and reaches maximum. Beyond which the growth in volume begins to decline. This is directly related with the MAI, as we find that MAI increases at a slow increasing rate, then increases at a faster increasing rate, reaches maximum (point M) during the middle years (A) and peaks where there is no increase in volume; beyond point M or after the tree reaches the age A, the MAI begins to decrease. Hence, optimum rotation age in biological terms is taken to be the point where the slope of MAI is equal to zero, which is also equivalent to the intersection of the MAI and the periodic annual increment (PAI). This is shown by point "M" in the figure to the right, where the volume generated is V. Beyond the age A, the MAI, starts to decline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10836723 | 101,602 |
Anton (computer) The National Institutes of Health have supported an ANTON for the biomedical research community at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie-Mellon University, and recently approved support of an ANTON 2 there. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21076078 | 33,275 |
Dialysis tubing Regenerated cellulose membranes are more resistant to organic solvents and to the weak or dilute acids and bases that are commonly used in protein and molecular biology applications. Membranes based on cellulose esters are typically supplied wet and come in a greater range of MWCOs. Pore sizes are typically more consistent across cellulose acetate membranes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1699596 | 344,787 |
Hyperloop The paper was premiered at the EASD EURODYN 2017 conference, and presents the physics of the TransPod system. TransPod vehicles are being designed to travel at over 1,000 km/h between cities using fully electric propulsion and zero need for fossil fuels. The TransPod tube system is distinct from the hyperloop concept proposed by Elon Musk's Alpha white paper. The TransPod system uses moving electromagnetic fields to propel the vehicles with stable levitation off the bottom surface, rather than compressed air. TransPod is stated to contain further developments beyond hyperloop. To achieve fossil-fuel-free propulsion, TransPod "pods" take advantage of electrically-driven linear induction motor technology, with active real-time control and sense-space systems. The cargo transport TransPod pods will be able to carry payloads of 10–15 tons and have compatibility with wooden pallets, as well as various unit load devices such as LD3 containers, and AAA containers. At the InnoTrans Rail Show 2016 in Berlin, TransPod premiered their vehicle concept, alongside implementation of Coelux technology—an artificial skylight to emulate natural sunlight within the passenger pods. TransPod has partnered with investor Angelo Investments' member companies MERMEC, SITAEL, and Blackshape Aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36971117 | 333,976 |
Speed limiter European Citroën, BMW, Mercedes Benz, Peugeot, Renault, Tesla as well as some Ford and Nissan car and van models have driver-controlled speed limiters fitted or available as an optional accessory which can be set by the driver to any desired speed; the limiter can be overridden if required by pressing hard on the accelerator. The limiter may be considered as setting the maximum speed (with throttle kickdown to override it) easing the throttle to reduce speed, whereas cruise control sets the minimum speed (with the brake pedal to override it) pressing on the throttle to increase speed. The limiter may shift down through automatic gears to hold the maximum speed. In European markets, General Motors Europe sometimes allow certain high-powered Opel or Vauxhall cars to exceed the mark, whereas their Cadillacs do not. The Chrysler 300C SRT8 is limited to 270 km/h. Most Japanese domestic market vehicles are limited to or . BMW, Mercedes and others have entered into a gentlemen's agreement to a limit of , but may 'unhook' their speed limited cars in Europe, and Mercedes will provide some vehicles in the USA without limiters for an additional price. There are also third-party companies who will re-flash vehicle computers with new software which will remove the speed limits and improve overall performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21565017 | 429,649 |
GLD-2 Furthermore, activity is also important to maintain or up-regulate the abundance of many mRNAs, as the cytoplasmic polyadenylation has an essential role in activating maternal mRNA translation during early development. In vertebrates, the reaction requires CPEB, an RNA-binding protein and the poly(A) polymerase GLD-2. The "Xenopus" enzyme, which exists in two closely related forms, polyadenylates RNAs to which it is tethered and enhances their translation. Likewise, it interacts with cytoplasmic polyadenylation factors, including Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor and CPEB, and with target mRNAs. These findings confirm and extend a recent report that a enzyme is the long-sought PAP responsible for cytoplasmic polyadenylation in oocytes. In addition, the formation of long-term memory is believed to lack translational control of localized mRNAs. In mammals, dendrite mRNAs are kept in a repressed state and are activated upon repetitive stimulation. Several regulatory proteins required for translational control in early development are thought to be needed for memory formation, suggesting similar molecular mechanisms. In an experiment using "Drosophila", it has been detected the enzyme responsible for poly(A) elongation in the brain and it has been demonstrated too that its activity is required specifically for long-term memory. These findings provide strong evidence that cytoplasmic polyadenylation is critical for memory formation, and that GLD2 is the responsible enzyme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48395084 | 46,285 |
Consumer Credit Act 1974 The Code set out guidelines for loaning money to individuals and disclosing the cost of the loan. In September 1973 the government issued a white paper titled "Reform of the Law on Consumer Credit" in which they indicated they were planning to implement almost all of the Crowther Committee's consumer credit recommendations. The only real differences were an increase in the limits for financial protection from £2,000 to £5,000 (due to the drop in value of money), and stronger protection for hirers under hire-purchase agreements. The Act was first introduced to Parliament as the Consumer Credit Bill at the beginning of November 1973, and initially ran to 96 pages. It was given its second reading on 14 November, and was welcomed by both the government and opposition.By February 1974 it had passed through the Committee Stage, but its progress was cut short by a general election in the same month. Thanks to the support of the opposition to the original bill this did not make a significant impact, and the new administration immediately reintroduced the bill in the House of Lords. It was passed on 31 July 1974, and immediately received the Royal Assent. The final version of the act contained 193 sections and 5 schedules, much larger than the original 96 pages. The Act is divided into 12 sections, and is "designed to provide a comprehensive code regulating the consumer credit and consumer hire fgb and almost every aspect of a credit granting operation" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285313 | 482,563 |
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication " Huxley pointed out the similarities of pangenesis to the theories of Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, and the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet but eventually wrote encouraging Darwin to publish: "Somebody rummaging among your papers half a century hence will find Pangenesis & say 'See this wonderful anticipation of our modern Theories—and that stupid ass, Huxley, prevented his publishing them'". Just before Christmas 1866 all of the manuscript except for the final chapter was sent to the publisher. At the beginning January on receiving an estimate of the size of the two volume book from the printers he wrote to his publisher: "I cannot tell you how sorry I am to hear of the enormous size of my Book." He subsequently arranged for some of the more technical sections to be set in smaller type. Even at this late stage Darwin was uncertain as to whether to include a chapter on mankind. At the end of January he wrote to Murray: "I feel a full conviction that my Chapter on man will excite attention & plenty of abuse & I suppose abuse is as good as praise for selling a Book" but he then apparently decided against the idea for a week later in a letter to his close friend Joseph Hooker he explained "I began a chapter on Man, for which I have long collected materials, but it has grown too long, & I think I shall publish separately a very small volume, 'an essay on the origin of mankind'" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24180994 | 176,587 |
Memory controller A few experimental memory controllers (mostly aimed at the server market where data protection is legally required) contain a second level of address translation, in addition to the first level of address translation performed by the CPU's memory management unit. Memory controllers integrated into certain Intel Core processors also provide "memory scrambling" as a feature that turns user data written to the main memory into pseudo-random patterns. Memory Scrambling (in Cryptographic Theory) is supposed to prevent forensic and reverse-engineering analysis based on DRAM data remanence by effectively rendering various types of cold boot attacks ineffective. In current practice this has not been achieved. However Memory Scrambling has only been designed to address DRAM-related electrical problems. The late 2010s Memory Scrambling Standards do not fix or prevent security issues or problems. The 2010s Memory Scrambling standards are not cryptographically secure, or necessarily open sourced or open to public revision or analysis. ASUS and Intel have their own memory scrambling standards. Currently ASUS motherboards have allowed the user to choose which memory scrambling standards to use [ASUS or Intel] or whether to turn the feature off entirely. Double data rate (DDR) memory controllers are used to drive DDR SDRAM, where data is transferred on both rising and falling edges of the system's memory clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5288134 | 120,864 |
Parallel I/O Parallel I/O, in the context of a computer, means the performance of multiple input/output operations at the same time, for instance simultaneously outputs to storage devices and display devices. It is a fundamental feature of operating systems. One particular instance is parallel writing of data to disk; when file data is spread across multiple disks, for example in a RAID array, one can store multiple parts of the data at the same time, thereby achieving higher write speeds than with a single device. Other ways of parallel access to data include: Parallel Virtual File System, Lustre, GFS etc. It is used for scientific computing and not for databases. It breaks up support into multiple layers including High level I/O library, Middleware layer and Parallel file system. Parallel File System manages the single view, maintains logical space and provides access to data files. A single file may be stripped across one or more object storage target, which increases the bandwidth while accessing the file and available disk space. The caches are larger in and shared through distributed memory systems. Companies have been running on their servers to achieve results with regard to price and performance. Parallel processing is especially critical for scientific calculations where applications are not only CPU but also are I/O bound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9519077 | 265,619 |
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