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Statutory auditor is a title used in various countries to refer to a person or entity with an auditing role, whose appointment is mandated by the terms of a statute. In India, the term "statutory auditor" refers to an external auditor whose appointment is mandated by law. A "statutory audit" is a legally required review of the accuracy of a company's or government's financial records. The purpose of a statutory audit is the same as the purpose of any other audit - to determine whether an organization is providing a fair and accurate representation of its financial position by examining information such as bank balances, bookkeeping records and financial transactions. The European Union has also made efforts to mandate statutory audits and statutory auditors on an EU-wide level. A is an official found in Japanese "kabushiki gaisha" (business corporations). Similar roles are also found in Taiwan and South Korea, which use modified forms of Japanese corporate law, although the English translation most commonly employed for the role in these countries is supervisor or supervisory board. Statutory auditors are elected by shareholders and hold a position in the hierarchy alongside the board of directors. A kabushiki kaisha must have at least one statutory auditor, unless the transfer of shares is restricted in the articles of incorporation. If the company is classified as a "large" company (i.e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26959351 | 480,478 |
Genetic engineering TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages. TALENs have greater target specificity, while CRISPR is easier to design and more efficient. In addition to enhancing gene targeting, engineered nucleases can be used to introduce mutations at endogenous genes that generate a gene knockout. has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Bacteria, the first organisms to be genetically modified, can have plasmid DNA inserted containing new genes that code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates. Plants have been modified for insect protection, herbicide resistance, virus resistance, enhanced nutrition, tolerance to environmental pressures and the production of edible vaccines. Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants. Genetically modified animals have been used for research, model animals and the production of agricultural or pharmaceutical products. The genetically modified animals include animals with genes knocked out, increased susceptibility to disease, hormones for extra growth and the ability to express proteins in their milk. has many applications to medicine that include the manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy. One of the earliest uses of genetic engineering was to mass-produce human insulin in bacteria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12383 | 12,748 |
Plesiochronous system Then the receiver samples at predefined intervals to determine the values of the bits in the byte; this is plesiochronous since it depends on the transmitter to transmit at roughly the same rate the receiver expects, without coordination of the rate while the bits are being transmitted. The modern tendency in systems engineering is towards using systems that are either fundamentally asynchronous (such as Ethernet), or fundamentally synchronous (such as synchronous optical networking), and layering these where necessary, rather than using a mixture between the two in a single technology. The term "plesiochronous" comes from the Greek πλησίον "plesion", "near" and χρόνος "chrónos", "time". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162999 | 397,765 |
Gas tungsten arc welding Transparent welding curtains, made of a usually yellow or orange-colored polyvinyl chloride plastic film, are often used to shield nearby workers and bystanders from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc. Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. While the process doesn't produce as much smoke, there are still fume related risks to GTAW, especially with stainless steels that contain chromium. It is incredibly important for welders to be aware of the risks of welding on alloy metals, and for welders and employers to be aware of respirator and forced air technology that can be used in conjunction with a welding helmet. Currently, industry is more focused on health risks from contamination to the metal, such as degreasers and cleaning agents, and not as much on the dangers of alloyed metals themselves. Alloyed metals can contain, in addition to chromium, high amounts of arsenic and lead. In addition, the brightness of the arc in GTAW can break down surrounding air to form ozone and nitric oxides. The ozone and nitric oxides react with lung tissue and moisture to create nitric acid and ozone burn. Ozone and nitric oxide levels are moderate, but exposure duration, repeated exposure, and the quality and quantity of fume extraction, and air change in the room must be monitored. Welders who do not work safely can contract emphysema and oedema of the lungs, which can lead to early death | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1448709 | 437,015 |
Virtual work Conversely, (f) can be reached, albeit in a non-trivial manner, by starting with the differential equilibrium equations and the stress boundary conditions on formula_85, and proceeding in the manner similar to (a) and (b). Since virtual displacements are automatically compatible when they are expressed in terms of continuous, single-valued functions, we often mention only the need for consistency between strains and displacements. The virtual work principle is also valid for large real displacements; however, Eq.(f) would then be written using more complex measures of stresses and strains. Here, we specify: The virtual work equation becomes the principle of virtual forces: This relation is equivalent to the set of strain-compatibility equations as well as of the displacement boundary conditions on the part formula_90. It has another name: the principle of complementary virtual work. A specialization of the principle of virtual forces is the unit dummy force method, which is very useful for computing displacements in structural systems. According to D'Alembert's principle, inclusion of inertial forces as additional body forces will give the virtual work equation applicable to dynamical systems. More generalized principles can be derived by: These are described in some of the references | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1211986 | 442,605 |
Nanoreactor Nanoreactors can also be used to emulisfy water, create hydrofuels (which essentially blends 15% water into the refined diesel product), play a helpful role in the chemical industry by allowing multiple streams of raw materials to exists in a single nanoreactor, manufacture personal care products (i.e., lotions, pharmaceutical creams, shampoos, conditioners, shower gels, deodorants), and improve the food and beverage industries (by processing sauces, purées, cooking bases for soup, emulsifying non-alcoholic beverages, and salad dressings). Personal care goods can be enhanced by companies feeding multiple phases of material, using a mixing device with water, and creating instant emulsions. These emulsions would come with smaller particles, are expected to have a longer shelf life and an give off an enhanced appearance when sold at retailers. The needs of the food and beverage industry can result in lower processing costs, more space, better efficiency, and lower equipment costs. This may bring down the cost of food and beverages for consumers; even alcoholic beverages that are subject to hidden sin taxes. Hydrofuel can be used to move heavy duty transports, trains, earth-moving equipment (including bulldozers), in addition to providing fuel to most boats and ships. Reduced pollution and increased fuel efficiency may come out of nanoreactor-produced hydrofuel. The increased usage of renewable energy may also help to improve the world's environment thanks to nanoreactors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33599550 | 61,475 |
Boon Thau Loo is a Singaporean-American computer scientist, university administrator, and businessperson. Loo is currently the RCA professor of artificial intelligence in the Computer and Information Science department at the University of Pennsylvania where he leads a research lab working on distributed systems, and serves as the Associate Dean of Master's and Professional Programs at the University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science. was born in Malaysia and grew up in Singapore. He studied at The Chinese High School (Singapore) and Raffles Junior College. In 1996, he moved to the United States in order to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where he received an undergraduate degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Following his studies there, he pursued his master's degree in computer sciences at Stanford University. He then returned to Berkeley for his PhD, which he graduated in 2006 with the David J. Sakrison Memorial Prize dissertation award and the 2007 ACM SIGMOD Dissertation Award for his thesis "The Design and Implementation of Declarative Networks". Following his studies, Loo began working as a post-doctoral researcher at Microsoft Research. As a scholar, Loo became the RCA professor of artificial intelligence at the University of Pennsylvania in the departments of Computer and Information Science and Electrical and Systems Engineering. At Penn he is also the director of the Distributed Systems Laboratory and the NetDB@Penn research group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61145975 | 115,013 |
Erpobdella mestrovi is a species of troglobitic leech found only in deep caves in Northern Velebit, part of the Dinaric Alps of Croatia. The leech was first found in Lukina jama in 1994, which at 1431 meters deep is the deepest cave in Croatia. The leech has been found in several other caves systems in Velebit such as Slovacka jama (-1320 m), Olimp (-531 m) and Velebita (-1026 m), and is currently considered endemic to Croatia. This leech inhabits underground streams and has several adaptations to deal with a rheophilic and troglobitic lifestyle. The leech lacks eyes, has pale skin, and strong suckers to help it move around its environment. A flat body prevents it from being swept away by the current. The leech moves in a caterpillar-like motion, alternating between its posterior and oral sucker. There are several extremities protruding from the sides that are theorized to be gills. This leech grows about 25 to 40 mm (1 to 1.6 in) in length and can handle temperatures as low as 4–6 °C (39.2– 42.8 °F). = References = | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63677051 | 6,315 |
Sorby Research Institute Less grain meant that fewer ships would be needed to transport it, and ships were being sunk at a prodigious rate by German U-boats. The institute was charged in 1942 with looking into the nutritional value of high extraction wheat. As a result of this research a "national wheatmeal loaf" of 85% extraction was introduced. It was priced the same as the staple white bread to encourage the public to use it (in this period brown bread was normally considered a speciality bread and was more expensive). The research was particularly looking at the issues of digestibility and calcium absorption. There was some objection from nutritionists to this change. It was known that a high extraction, high fibre, diet leads to poor uptake of vitamin D, and hence can lead to rickets. However, the cost in ships and lives was of greater importance during the war than dietary considerations, so long as the effects were not immediately debilitating. The results of the wheat extraction research made a large difference to Britain's war effort. It has been calculated that raising the extraction rate from 75% to 85% saved the equivalent of forty Liberty ships. One experiment required that blood circulation to limbs was cut off with elastic bands. Others included infection with malaria and investigations into surgical shock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42761588 | 496,532 |
Printed circuit board A PCB design can be mass-reproduced in a way similar to the way photographs can be mass-duplicated from film negatives using a photographic printer. In multi-layer boards, the layers of material are laminated together in an alternating sandwich: copper, substrate, copper, substrate, copper, etc.; each plane of copper is etched, and any internal vias (that will not extend to both outer surfaces of the finished multilayer board) are plated-through, before the layers are laminated together. Only the outer layers need be coated; the inner copper layers are protected by the adjacent substrate layers. FR-4 glass epoxy is the most common insulating substrate. Another substrate material is cotton paper impregnated with phenolic resin, often tan or brown. When a PCB has no components installed, it is less ambiguously called a "printed wiring board" ("PWB") or "etched wiring board". However, the term "printed wiring board" has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a "printed circuit assembly" ("PCA"), "printed circuit board assembly" or "PCB assembly" ("PCBA"). In informal usage, the term "printed circuit board" most commonly means "printed circuit assembly" (with components). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is "circuit card assembly" ("CCA"), and for assembled backplanes it is "backplane assemblies". "Card" is another widely used informal term for a "printed circuit assembly". For example, expansion card | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65910 | 136,705 |
Discontinuous deformation analysis By using an energy approach, DDA does not require an artificial damping term to dissipate energy as in DEM, and can easily incorporate other mechanisms for energy loss. DDA has several strengths recommending it for use in slope stability problems in jointed rock masses, which are balanced by serious limitations be accounted when DDA is used for larger scale, faster moving problems. the stiffness formula_2 doesn't vary over 1 or 2 orders of magnitude, while the mass formula_3 is a function of the cube of the characteristic length. Various modifications to the original DDA formulation have been reported in the rock mechanics literature. In the original DDA formulation a first order polynomial displacement function was assumed, so the stresses and strains within a block in the model were constant. This approximation precludes the application of this algorithm to problems with significant stress variations within the block. However, in cases where the displacement inside the block is high and cannot be ignored, the blocks can be divided by mesh. An example of this approach is the research by Chang et al. and Jing who resolved this problem by adding finite element meshes in the two-dimensional domain of the blocks so that stress variations within the blocks can be allowed. Higher order DDA method for two-dimensional problems has been developed in both theory and computer codes by researchers like Koo and Chern, Ma et al. and Hsiung | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6373591 | 93,511 |
Annual Georgia European Union Summit The (AGEUS) is a yearly gathering of Georgian and international economic development leaders. It occurs on the first Thursday in November. During its first nine years the event was held in Macon, Georgia, USA. In 2010 the event moved to Athens, Georgia, home of the University of Georgia. Founded in 2001 by Christopher N. Smith, attorney and Honorary Consul of the Kingdom of Denmark for Georgia, AGEUS serves to bring together select international leaders, both from European and non-European countries, with various Georgian economic, business, and governmental leaders. The highlight of each year is the AGEUS awards dinner, which numbers about 200 participants. Dignitary guests include prominent Georgia Consular Corps members and Trade Commissioners. Table sponsors have included such companies as UBS AG, Georgia Power, and the Georgia Department of Economic Development (GDEcD). Each year a prominent person either from the European Union or in the field of economic development presents the keynote speech. The finale of the event is often the presentation of the AGEUS Award for Individual Contribution in the field of Georgia economic development, which was begun in 2006, and/or the presentation of the joint AGEUS/GDEcD awards known as the Georgia Featured Export Product Awards, which began in 2007. These awards may or may not be presented each year at the discretion of the awards committee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14718824 | 492,226 |
Hammerscale It is also possible for spheroidal hammerscale to form during the purification of bloom steel. Iron oxide can combine with silica, from the raw ore, to form slag. As the bloom is forged and refined, the molten slag is driven out. Once the slag cools, spheroidal hammerscale is formed. Due to the high volume of hammerscale flakes and spheroid shells produced during regular ironworking processes, archaeologists often use its presence to identify iron smithies and smelters. is easily detected due to its composition and magnetic nature, which allows for it to be easily extracted with a magnet. In addition, again due to its magnetic nature, it is very useful when completing a magnetic susceptibility survey of a site. And, although both finished iron objects and slag are also frequently recovered at former locations of ironworking, hammerscale is arguably a more reliable recovery. Due to their size, iron objects and slag finds are more likely to have been removed or reused, whereas the small hammerscale flakes or spheres were most likely not removed. In addition, the distribution of hammerscale within an archaeological feature can be used to partially determine the function of each region of the feature. In particular, areas with higher concentrations of hammerscale flakes suggest the presence of an anvil of a hearth as flakes were produced during either the hammering of the iron objects or broken off while heating iron of different stages of purity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47239082 | 45,823 |
Pine Grove Community House The in Manzanita, Oregon, was completed in 1933 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56541025 | 349,732 |
Hanspeter Pfister [6] In the same year, he also served as the Technical Papers Chair at SIGGRAPH and became a consultant for Disney Research From 2013 to 2017, was the director of the Institute for Applied Computational Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. As of Dec 2019, according to Google Scholar, Hanspeter Pfister's most cited publications are: A complete list of Hanspeter Pfister's publications can be found on his research group's website. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53727537 | 122,377 |
WFAA Among its purchases in later years, Belo acquired the Corinthian Broadcasting subsidiary of Dun & Bradstreet in December 1983, adding six additional stations—including CBS affiliate KHOU in Houston—to its portfolio (forcing the respective sales of KFDM and WTVC to Freedom Communications, and of WISH-TV in Indianapolis and WANE-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana to LIN Broadcasting, to comply with FCC ownership limits); and added ten additional stations through its 1997 merger acquisition of the Providence Journal Company. By 1999, when it purchased ABC affiliate KVUE in Austin from the Gannett Company, Belo owned television stations in Texas' four largest television markets (WFAA, KHOU, KVUE and CBS affiliate KENS in San Antonio). In May 1984, unveiled one of the most successful station image campaigns in the United States with the launch of the "Spirit of Texas", which was created in commemoration of the forthcoming 1986 sesquicentennial of Texas' independence. The promotions that aired as part of the campaign focused on the region's cultural heritage, accompanied by an imaging theme written by James R. Kirk of TM Productions, who composed it as part of an associated music package that was used for the station's newscasts until 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1673216 | 411,351 |
BioViva Bradley Johnson, Associate Professor of Pathology and Lab Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania said, "Telomere length measurements typically have low precision, with variation in measurements of around 10 percent, which is in the range of the reported telomere lengthening apparently experienced by Elizabeth Parrish." Altering the genetic makeup of humans, or gene therapy, by lengthening telomeres has been described as dangerous, as the ageing process is poorly understood. The telomeres' function is to restrict the number of times a cell can divide (thereby multiplying) to suppress cancer. Duncan Baird, a professor of Cancer and Genetics at Cardiff University's School of Medicine states, "Meddling with a fundamentally important tumor-suppressive mechanism that has evolved in long-lived species like ours doesn't strike me as a particularly good idea." Timothy Caulfield, professor in the Faculty of Law and the School of Public Health at the University of Alberta, characterized BioViva's work as 'pseudoscience' and lacking scientific rigor. George M. Martin, Professor of Pathology at the University of Washington had agreed to be an adviser to the company, but resigned upon hearing about Parrish's self-experiments. Antonio Regalado, reporter for the MIT Technology Review states, "The experiment seems likely to be remembered as either a new low in medical quackery or, perhaps, the unlikely start of an era in which naive people receive genetic modifications not just to treat disease, but to reverse aging | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51153357 | 8,059 |
Adsorption of molecules onto polymer surfaces is central to a number of applications, including development of non-stick coatings and in various biomedical devices. Polymers may also be adsorbed to surfaces through polyelectrolyte adsorption. is the first step in the viral life cycle. The next steps are penetration, uncoating, synthesis (transcription if needed, and translation), and release. The virus replication cycle, in this respect, is similar for all types of viruses. Factors such as transcription may or may not be needed if the virus is able to integrate its genomic information in the cell's nucleus, or if the virus can replicate itself directly within the cell's cytoplasm. The game of Tetris is a puzzle game in which blocks of 4 are adsorbed onto a surface during game play. Scientists have used Tetris blocks "as a proxy for molecules with a complex shape" and their "adsorption on a flat surface" for studying the thermodynamics of nanoparticles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207601 | 34,900 |
Temperature If classical thermodynamic equilibrium conditions for matter are fulfilled to good approximation in such a 'cell', then it is homogeneous and a temperature exists for it. If this is so for every 'cell' of the body, then local thermodynamic equilibrium is said to prevail throughout the body. It makes good sense, for example, to say of the extensive variable , or of the extensive variable , that it has a density per unit volume, or a quantity per unit mass of the system, but it makes no sense to speak of density of temperature per unit volume or quantity of temperature per unit mass of the system. On the other hand, it makes no sense to speak of the internal energy at a point, while when local thermodynamic equilibrium prevails, it makes good sense to speak of the temperature at a point. Consequently, temperature can vary from point to point in a medium that is not in global thermodynamic equilibrium, but in which there is local thermodynamic equilibrium. Thus, when local thermodynamic equilibrium prevails in a body, temperature can be regarded as a spatially varying local property in that body, and this is because temperature is an intensive variable. is a measure of a quality of a state of a material. The quality may be regarded as a more abstract entity than any particular temperature scale that measures it, and is called "hotness" by some writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20647050 | 429,375 |
Rammed earth Moisture-impermeable finishes, such as cement render, are avoided because they impair the ability of a wall to desorb moisture, which quality is necessary to preserve its strength. Blemishes can be repaired using the soil mixture as a plaster and sanded smooth. The thickness, typically , and density of rammed-earth walls make them suitable for soundproofing. They are also inherently fireproof, resistant to termite damage, and non-toxic. Edifices of rammed earth are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than other building techniques that use more cement and other chemicals. Because rammed-earth edifices use locally available materials, they usually have low embodied energy and generate very little waste. The soils used are typically subsoil which conserve the topsoil for agriculture. When the soil excavated in preparation for a foundation can be used, the cost and energy consumption of transportation are minimal. is probably the least environmentally detrimental construction material and technique that is readily and commercially available today to construct solid masonry edifices. has potentially low manufacturing impact, contingent on the amount of cement and the amount that is locally sourced; it is often quarried aggregates rather than "earth". Formwork is removable and can be reused, reducing the need for lumber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=513965 | 270,870 |
Customer data platform Simultaneously, some tag management and web analytics providers also transformed their platforms into similar solutions, creating CDPs with a different origin but the same use. These platforms became successful, and by 2016 they had become the CDP industry. This industry experienced quick growth, due to marketers recognizing the shortcomings of alternatives like DMPs and data lakes, as well as the capabilities a CDP could offer them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55519467 | 468,699 |
Mixing (process engineering) This type of mixing leads to a less ordered state inside the mixer, the components that must be mixed are distributed over the other components. With progressing time the mixture becomes more randomly ordered. After a certain mixing time the ultimate random state is reached. Usually this type of mixing is applied for free-flowing and coarse materials. Possible threats during macro mixing is the de-mixing of the components, since differences in size, shape or density of the different particles can lead to segregation. When materials are cohesive, which is the case with e.g. fine particles and also with wet material, convective mixing is no longer sufficient to obtain a randomly ordered mixture. The relative strong inter-particle forces form lumps, which are not broken up by the mild transportation forces in the convective mixer. To decrease the lump size additional forces are necessary; i.e. more energy intensive mixing is required. These additional forces can either be impact forces or shear forces. Liquid–solid mixing is typically done to suspend coarse free-flowing solids, or to break up lumps of fine agglomerated solids. An example of the former is the mixing granulated sugar into water; an example of the latter is the mixing of flour or powdered milk into water. In the first case, the particles can be lifted into suspension (and separated from one another) by bulk motion of the fluid; in the second, the mixer itself (or the high shear field near it) must destabilize the lumps and cause them to disintegrate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=652816 | 421,654 |
Trafalgar Building, Hobart The Trafalgar Building is a multi-use building in the CBD of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, situated at 108-110 Collins Street. It is fifteen stories and is 50 metres tall. Usage of the building includes general commercial for the first two floors, car parking for levels three to twelve, and corporate offices on floors thirteen through to fifteen. Current corporate tenants are Tasmanian Ports Corporation Pty Ltd (level 13), The Department of Justice (level 14), and RXP (level 15). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34575572 | 325,568 |
Film stock Technicolor introduced a colour reversal stock, called Monopack, for location shooting in 1941; it was ultimately a 35 mm version of Kodachrome that could be used in standard motion picture cameras. Eastman Kodak introduced their first 35mm colour negative stock, Eastman Colour Negative film 5247, in 1950. A higher quality version in 1952, Eastman Colour Negative film 5248, was quickly adopted by Hollywood for colour motion picture production, replacing both the expensive three-strip Technicolor process and Monopack. There are several variables in classifying stocks; in practice, one orders raw stock by a code number, based on desired sensitivity to light. A piece of film consists of a light-sensitive emulsion applied to a tough, transparent base, sometimes attached to anti-halation backing or "rem-jet" layer (now only on camera films). Originally the highly flammable cellulose nitrate was used. In the 1930s, film manufacturers introduced "safety film" with a cellulose triacetate plastic base. All amateur film stocks were safety film, but the use of nitrate persisted for professional releases. Kodak discontinued the manufacture of nitrate base in 1951, and the industry transitioned entirely to safety film in 1951 in the United States and by 1955 internationally. Since the late 1990s, almost all release prints have used polyester film stock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11028 | 259,214 |
Photoacoustic spectroscopy While most academic research has concentrated on high resolution instruments, some work has gone in the opposite direction. In the last twenty years, very low cost instruments for applications such as leakage detection and for the control of carbon dioxide concentration have been developed and commercialized. Typically, low cost thermal sources are used which are modulated electronically. Diffusion through semi-permeable disks instead of valves for gas exchange, low-cost microphones, and proprietary signal processing with digital signal processors have brought down the costs of these systems. The future of low-cost applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy may be the realization of fully integrated micromachined photoacoustic instruments. The photoacoustic approach has been utilized to quantitatively measure macromolecules, such as proteins. The photoacoustic immunoassay labels and detects target proteins using nanoparticles that can generate strong acoustic signals. The photoacoustics-based protein analysis has also been applied for point-of-care testings. also has many military applications. One such application is the detection toxic chemical agents. The sensitivity of photoacoustic spectroscopy makes it an ideal analysis technique for detecting trace chemicals associated with chemical attacks. LPAS sensors may be applied in industry, security (nerve agent and explosives detection), and medicine (breath analysis). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1787013 | 94,642 |
National Museum (Prague) The early focus of the museum was natural sciences, partially because Count Sternberk was a botanist, mineralogist, and eminent phytopaleontologist, but also because of the natural science slant of the times, as perpetrated by Emperor Joseph II of Austria. The museum was originally located in the Sternberg Palace. When the venue became too small to house the museum's collections, the museum relocated to the Nostitz Palace. It too had insufficient capacity, which led to the construction a new museum building in Wenceslas Square. The museum did not acquire historical objects until the 1830s and 40s, when Romanticism arose. The institution of the museum was increasingly seen as a center for Czech nationalism. Serving as historian and secretary of the National Museum in 1841, František Palacký tried to balance natural science and history, as he described in his Treatise of 1841. However, it was not until nearly a century later that the National Museum’s historical treasures equaled its collection of natural science artifacts. The museum brought about an intellectual shift in Prague. The Bohemian nobility had, until this time, been prominent, both politically and fiscally, in scholarly and scientific groups. However, the National Museum was created to serve all the inhabitants of the land, lifting the stranglehold the nobility had had on knowledge. This was further accelerated by the historian František Palacký, who in 1827 suggested that the museum publish separate journals in German and Czech | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574869 | 3,619 |
Mueller calculus The Mueller tensor can be connected back to the laboratory-frame Jones tensor by direct analogy with Mueller and Jones matrices. where formula_23 is the rank three Mueller tensor describing the Stokes vector produced by a pair of incident Stokes vectors, and formula_24 is the 2×2×2 laboratory-frame Jones tensor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2297912 | 415,617 |
Computer data storage Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile "secondary" storage to RAM and start to execute it. A non-volatile technology used for this purpose is called ROM, for read-only memory (the terminology may be somewhat confusing as most ROM types are also capable of "random access"). Many types of "ROM" are not literally "read only", as updates to them are possible; however it is slow and memory must be erased in large portions before it can be re-written. Some embedded systems run programs directly from ROM (or similar), because such programs are rarely changed. Standard computers do not store non-rudimentary programs in ROM, and rather, use large capacities of secondary storage, which is non-volatile as well, and not as costly. Recently, "primary storage" and "secondary storage" in some uses refer to what was historically called, respectively, "secondary storage" and "tertiary storage". "Secondary storage" (also known as "external memory" or "auxiliary storage"), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfer the desired data to primary storage. Secondary storage is non-volatile (retaining data when power is shut off). Modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage because secondary storage is less expensive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5300 | 134,852 |
Solar cell The two cells therefore are separated by a transparent glass slide so the lattice mismatch does not cause strain to the system. This creates a cell with four electrical contacts and two junctions that demonstrated an efficiency of 18.1%. With a fill factor (FF) of 76.2%, the Si bottom cell reaches an efficiency of 11.7% (± 0.4) in the tandem device, resulting in a cumulative tandem cell efficiency of 29.8%. This efficiency exceeds the theoretical limit of 29.4% and the record experimental efficiency value of a Si 1-sun solar cell, and is also higher than the record-efficiency 1-sun GaAs device. However, using a GaAs substrate is expensive and not practical. Hence researchers try to make a cell with two electrical contact points and one junction, which does not need a GaAs substrate. This means there will be direct integration of GaInP and Si. Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that include a perovskite-structured material as the active layer. Most commonly, this is a solution-processed hybrid organic-inorganic tin or lead halide based material. Efficiencies have increased from below 5% at their first usage in 2009 to over 25% in 2019, making them a very rapidly advancing technology and a hot topic in the solar cell field. Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialisation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2352910 | 415,708 |
Skyscraper Skyscrapers usually have a particularly small surface area of what are conventionally thought of as walls. Because the walls are not load-bearing most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by the concept of steel frame and curtain wall. However, skyscrapers can also have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls and have a small surface area of windows. The concept of a skyscraper is a product of the industrialized age, made possible by cheap fossil fuel derived energy and industrially refined raw materials such as steel and concrete. The construction of skyscrapers was enabled by steel frame construction that surpassed brick and mortar construction starting at the end of the 19th century and finally surpassing it in the 20th century together with reinforced concrete construction as the price of steel decreased and labour costs increased. The steel frames become inefficient and uneconomic for supertall buildings as usable floor space is reduced for progressively larger supporting columns. Since about 1960, tubular designs have been used for high rises. This reduces the usage of material (more efficient in economic terms – Willis Tower uses a third less steel than the Empire State Building) yet allows greater height. It allows fewer interior columns, and so creates more usable floor space. It further enables buildings to take on various shapes. Elevators are characteristic to skyscrapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29485 | 302,436 |
Vehicle emission standard Members of the European Economic Community (EEC) had a unified set of rules, considerably more lax than those of the United States or Japan. These were tightened gradually, beginning on cars of over two liters displacement as the price increase would have less of an impact in this segment. The ECE 15/05 norms (also known as the Luxemburg accord, strict enough to essentially require catalytic converters) began taking effect gradually: the initial step applied to cars of over 2000 cc in two stages, in October 1988 and October 1989. There followed cars between 1.4 and 2.0 liters, in October 1991 and then October 1993. Cars of under 1400 cc had to meet two subsequent sets of regulations that applied in October 1992 and October 1994 respectively. French and Italian car manufacturers, strongly represented in the small car category, had been lobbying heavily against these regulations throughout the 1980s. Within the EEC, Germany was a leader in regulating automobile emissions. Germany gave financial incentives to buyers of cars that met US or ECE standards, with lesser credits available to those that partially fulfilled the requirements. These incentives had a strong impact; only 6.5 percent of new cars registered in Germany in 1988 did not meet any emissions requirements and 67.3 percent were compliant with the strictest US or ECE standards. Sweden was one of the first countries to instill stricter rules (for 1975), placing severe limitations on the number of vehicles available there | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=652195 | 278,829 |
C17H21NO3 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass : 287.35 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23580875 | 19,876 |
Pro Tools In the same year, it was announced that Digidesign would have merged into the American multimedia company Avid, developer of the digital video editing platform Media Composer and one of Digidesign's major customers (25% of Sound Accelerator and Audiomedia cards produced was being bought by Avid). The operation was finalized in 1995. With a redesigned Disk I/O card, III was able to provide 16 tracks with a single NuBus card; the system could be expanded using TDM to up to three Disk I/O cards, achieving 48 tracks. To increase the processing power needed for a more extensive real-time audio processing, DSP Farm cards were introduced, each equipped with three Motorola 56001 chips running at 40 MHz; multiple DSP cards could be added for additional processing power (each card could handle the playback of 16 tracks). A dedicated SCSI card was still required to provide the required bandwidth to support multiple-card systems. With the launch of III, Digidesign launched the 888 interface, with eight channels of analog and digital I/O, and the cheaper 882 interface. The Session 8 system included a control surface with eight faders. A series of TDM plug-ins were bundled with the software, including dynamics processing, EQ, delay, modulation and reverb. In 1996, following Apple's decision to drop NuBus in favor of PCI bus, Digidesign added PCI support with the release of 3.21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=420787 | 377,222 |
High-temperature corrosion Vanadates of composition approximating NaO.6 VO have the highest corrosion rates at the temperatures between 593 °C and 816 °C; at lower temperatures the vanadate is in solid state, at higher temperatures vanadates with higher proportion of vanadium provide higher corrosion rates. The solubility of the passivation layer oxides in the molten vanadates depends on the composition of the oxide layer. Iron(III) oxide is readily soluble in vanadates between NaO.6 VO and 6 NaO.VO, at temperatures below 705 °C in amounts up to equal to the mass of the vanadate. This composition range is common for ashes, which aggravates the problem. Chromium(III) oxide, nickel(II) oxide, and cobalt(II) oxide are less soluble in vanadates; they convert the vanadates to less corrosive ionic form and their vanadates are tightly adherent, refractory, and acting as oxygen barriers. The corrosion rate by vanadates can be lowered by lowering the amount of excess air for combustion (thus forming preferentially the refractory oxides), refractory coatings of the exposed surfaces, or use of high-chromium alloys, e.g. 50% Ni/50% Cr or 40% Ni/60% Cr. The presence of sodium in a ratio of 1:3 gives the lowest melting point and must be avoided. This melting point of 535 °C can cause problems on the hot spots of the engine like piston crowns, valve seats, and turbochargers. Lead can form a low melting slag capable of fluxing protective oxide scales. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11004775 | 81,380 |
Tafazzin Common clinical manifestations include: Additional features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium (INVM), ventricular arrhythmia, motor delay, poor appetite, fatigue and exercise intolerance, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperammonemia, and dramatic late catch-up growth after growth delay throughout childhood. A c.348C>T mutation resulted in dilated cardiomyopathy with noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. A patient with a frame shift mutation of c.227delC displayed symptoms of neutropenia, cardiomegaly, and other common symptoms of Barth Syndrome. Another c.C153G mutation resulted in severe metabolic acidosis, cardiomegaly, and other major symptoms of Barth syndrome. There is no known cure for BTHS, and treatment of BTHS is convoluted and delayed due to the disease’s varying phenotypes and its sheer complexity. Thus, many treatments focus on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, rather than treating the symptom itself. Elamipretide, an agent which protects CL from oxidative damage to maintain mitochondrial cristae and oxidative phosphorylation, is currently being tested in clinical trials. Further, dietary fatty acids have been used to enhance bioenergetics and cardiac function in BTHS. However, severe manifestations of the symptoms in BTHS patients require heart transplantation. Statistics show nine out of 73 (12%) surviving patients who have undergone cardiac transplantation at the last update | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3445259 | 61,216 |
Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation is a process that uses bacterial fermentation to produce acetone, n-Butanol, and ethanol from carbohydrates such as starch and glucose. It was developed by chemist Chaim Weizmann and was the primary process used to make acetone during World War I, such as to produce cordite, a substance essential for the British war industry. The process may be likened to how yeast ferments sugars to produce ethanol for wine, beer, or fuel, but the organisms that carry out the ABE fermentation are strictly anaerobic (obligate anaerobes). The ABE fermentation produces solvents in a ratio of 3 parts acetone, 6 parts butanol to 1 part ethanol. It usually uses a strain of bacteria from the Class Clostridia (Family Clostridiaceae). "Clostridium acetobutylicum" is the most well-studied and widely used species, although "Clostridium beijerinckii" has also been used with good results. For gas stripping, the most common gases used are the off-gases from the fermentation itself, a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. The production of butanol by biological means was first performed by Louis Pasteur in 1861. In 1905, Austrian biochemist Franz Schardinger found that acetone could similarly be produced. In 1910 Auguste Fernbach (1860-1939) developed a bacterial fermentation process using potato starch as a feedstock in the production of butanol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11695492 | 82,015 |
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology The other predecessor to PHIVOLCS, the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL) was created on June 20, 1952 by Republic Act no. 766 after the disastrous eruption of Hibok-Hibok Volcano in 1952. Under Executive Order no. 784 of March 17, 1982, the umbrella department of COMVOL, the National Science Development Board (NSDB) was reorganized into the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA), and COMVOL was restructured to become the Philippine Institute of Volcanology or PHIVOLC. The seismological arm of PAGASA was officially transferred to PHIVOLC on September 17, 1984, renaming the institute as the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology or PHIVOLCS. NSTA, the umbrella department for PHIVOLCS and PAGASA, became the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in 1987. The technical staff and the 12-station earthquake monitoring network was fully integrated to PHIVOLCS in 1988. PHIVOLCS was headed by Raymundo Punongbayan from 1982 to 2003, and it is currently headed by Renato U. Solidum Jr. from 2003 to the present. The provides a classification system for the volcanoes of the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12830378 | 258,349 |
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport The airport is also home to one of five kitchens operated by airline catering company Chelsea Food Services, a subsidiary of United Airlines. Cleveland Airmall, a unit of Fraport USA, manages the retail and dining locations at the airport. Tenants include Johnston & Murphy, Great Lakes Brewing Company, Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Museum Store, Bar Symon, and Sunglass Hut. The airport has two lounges: a United Club in Concourse C and an Airspace Lounge near the entrance to Concourse B in the Main Terminal. The airport is connected to the Cleveland Rapid Transit system with the Red Line Rapid Transit station beneath the terminal. The airport has a dedicated taxi service of 110 vehicles. Rental car operations are located at a consolidated rental car facility off the airport property. Shuttle services are provided between the airport and the facility. In May 2015, the airport moved the pick-up and drop off location for most shuttles to the former limo lot, requiring most passengers to take two escalators underneath the former shuttle parking in the arrivals lane at the airport. Originally meant to be a temporary fix, the airport made the Ground Transportation Center a permanent fixture in May 2017. This angered many travelers, who complained on various social media platforms, as well as local media outlets, garnering negative publicity for the airport's plans. In March 2019, the pick ups and drop offs location for most of the shuttles (except for limo shuttles) have moved to the north end of the baggage claim level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=262484 | 227,199 |
Canadian Pacific Railway This applied only to the semi-streamlined locomotives (2820–2864), not the "standard" Hudsons (2800–2819). CPR provided the rolling stock for the Better Farming Train which toured rural Saskatchewan between 1914 and 1922 to promote the latest information on agricultural research. It was staffed by the University of Saskatchewan and operating expenses were covered by the Department of Agriculture. Between 1927 and the early 1950s, the CPR ran a school car to reach people who lived in Northern Ontario, far from schools. A teacher would travel in a specially designed car to remote areas and would stay to teach in one area for two to three days, then leave for another area. Each car had a blackboard and a few sets of chairs and desks. They also contained miniature libraries and accommodation for the teacher. Major shooting for the 1976 film "Silver Streak", a fictional comedy tale of a murder-ridden train trip from Los Angeles to Chicago, was done on the CPR, mainly in the Alberta area with station footage at Toronto's Union Station. The train set was so lightly disguised as the fictional "AMRoad" that the locomotives and cars still carried their original names and numbers, along with the easily identifiable CP Rail red-striped paint scheme. Most of the cars are still in revenue service on Via Rail Canada; the lead locomotive (CP 4070) and the second unit (CP 4067) were sold to Via Rail and CTCUM respectively. Starting in 1999, CP runs a Holiday Train along its main line during the months of November and December | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5959 | 223,401 |
Blasius theorem In fluid dynamics, states that "the force experienced by a two-dimensional fixed body in a steady irrotational flow is given by" "and the moment about the origin experienced by the body is given by" Here, The first formula is sometimes called "Blasius–Chaplygin formula" . The theorem is named after Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius, who derived it in 1911. The Kutta–Joukowski theorem directly follows from this theorem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58977312 | 306,181 |
Henry F. Schaefer III Henry Frederick "Fritz" Schaefer III (born June 8, 1944) is a computational and theoretical chemist. He is one of the most highly cited chemists in the world, with a Thomson Reuters H-Index of 121 as of 2020. He is the Graham Perdue Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Center for Computational Chemistry at the University of Georgia. Schaefer is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Royal Society of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, and an honorary fellow of the Chemical Research Society of India, among others. Schaefer is an outspoken Christian. He has described himself as sympathetic to teleological arguments, but primarily a "proponent of Jesus." Schaefer was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and was educated in Syracuse, New York; Menlo Park, California; and East Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was awarded a B.S. degree in chemical physics by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966, where he had the opportunity to work with scientists including George Whitesides, John C. Slater, F. Albert Cotton, Richard C. Lord, and Walter R. Thorson. He then received a National Defense Education Act Fellowship which enabled him to earn a Ph.D. degree in chemical physics from Stanford University in 1969. At Stanford he worked with Frank E. Harris on "ab initio" electronic structure theory and quantum chemistry. For his Ph.D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4157637 | 42,135 |
Mutation breeding These plants had the characteristics of being ultraviolet light-B resistant, disease resistant, and chlorophyll-deficient. Ion beam technology has been used in the discovery of new genes responsible for the creation of more robust plants, but its most prevalent use is commercially for producing new flower phenotypes, like striped chrysanthemums. Gamma radiation is used on mature rice pollen to produce parent plants used for crossing. The mutated traits in the parent plants are able to be inherited by their offspring plants. Because rice pollen has a very short lifespan, researchers had to blast gamma rays at cultured spikes from rice plants. Through experimentation, it was revealed that there was a greater variety of mutation in irradiated pollen rather than irradiated dry seeds. Pollen treated with 46Gy of gamma radiation showed an increase in grain size overall and other useful variations. Typically, the length of each grain was longer after the crossing of irradiated parent rice plants. The rice progeny also exhibited a less chalky visage, improving on the appearance of the parent rice plants. This technique was used to develop two new rice cultivars, Jiaohezaozhan and Jiafuzhan, in China. Along with facilitating the creation of these two rice cultivars, the irradiation of mature rice pollen has produced roughly two hundred mutant rice lines. Each of these lines produce rice grains of both a higher quality and larger size | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31552410 | 272,777 |
Rehbinder effect The in physics is the reduction in the hardness and ductility of a material by a surface-active molecular film. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32046774 | 76,339 |
Owens River The diversion of water and the subsequent desiccation of Owens Lake remains highly controversial, and the restoration of the lake has been a long-time goal of the California environmentalist community. The lower and Owens Lake were left dry by the 1913 diversions, until lawsuits forced LADWP to start releasing water into the 62 mile long lower in December 2006. In less than one year, the lower was teeming with fish, birds and other wildlife. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=759048 | 309,729 |
Processor design A variety of have been proposed, including reconfigurable logic, clockless CPUs, computational RAM, and optical computing. Benchmarking is a way of testing CPU speed. Examples include SPECint and SPECfp, developed by Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation, and ConsumerMark developed by the Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium EEMBC. Some of the commonly used metrics include: There may be tradeoffs in optimizing some of these metrics. In particular, many design techniques that make a CPU run faster make the "performance per watt", "performance per dollar", and "deterministic response" much worse, and vice versa. There are several different markets in which CPUs are used. Since each of these markets differ in their requirements for CPUs, the devices designed for one market are in most cases inappropriate for the other markets. The vast majority of revenues generated from CPU sales is for general purpose computing, that is, desktop, laptop, and server computers commonly used in businesses and homes. In this market, the Intel IA-32 and the 64-bit version x86-64 architecture dominate the market, with its rivals PowerPC and SPARC maintaining much smaller customer bases. Yearly, hundreds of millions of IA-32 architecture CPUs are used by this market. A growing percentage of these processors are for mobile implementations such as netbooks and laptops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7597 | 395,399 |
ARP4754 This draft remains unreleased, but became broadly recognized as an appropriate standard for aircraft system development and certification. The corresponding EASA Acceptable Means of Compliance AMC 25.1309 (included as a section of CS-25) does recognize ARP4754/ED–79. The FAA and EASA have both subsequently recognized ARP4754/ED–79 as valid for certification of other aircraft categories, and for specific systems such as avionic databuses. ARP4754A and ED79A were released by SAE and EUROCAE in December 2010. The document title has changed to "Guidelines For Development Of Civil Aircraft and Systems". ARP4754A recognizes AMC 25.1309 (published in 2003) and AC 25.1309-1B-Arsenal draft. This revision expands the design assurance concept for application at the aircraft and system level and standardizes on the use of the term development assurance. As a consequence, Functional Development Assurance Level (FDAL) is introduced for aircraft and systems concerns and the term Design Assurance Level has been renamed Item Development Assurance Level (IDAL). Furthermore, the addition of definitions for "Error", "Failure", and "Failure Condition" are acknowledge as derived from AMC 25.1309. The qualitative and quantitative classification of failure conditions by severity and probability now used by ARP4754A and ARP4761 are defined in AMC 25.1309/AC 25.1309–1B-Arsenal draft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3296319 | 109,143 |
Plasterwork Staying away from the corner he then gets a trowel with a nice banana curve in it and starts to run it over the wall in a figure eight or Ess pattern, making sure to cross all areas at least once. He adds a little extra plaster to his trowel if needed. The overall effect is layers of paint-like swaths over the whole of the ceiling or wall. He can then just walk away and let it set with care taken not too leave any globs and to make sure the corners look smooth and linear. If a wall is to be smooth and the ceiling textured, typically the wall is done first, then the ceiling after the wall has set. Instead of rebirding the ceiling (which would have been done when the wall was laid on), a clean trowel is held against the wall and its corner is run along the ceiling to "cut it in" and clean the wall at the same time. This line is then smoothed with a paintbrush to make the transition seamless. The sponge (technically called a float), has a circle form and rough surface. it is fixed to a backing with a central handhold and is roughly the size of a standard trowel. Sponge is a variant texture technique and used normally on ceilings and sometimes in closets. Typically when using a sponge; sand is added to the mix and the technique is called sand-sponge. Care must be taken not to stand directly under your trowel when doing this as it is very, very unpleasant, and dangerous to get a grain of sand in your eye; which is compounded by the irritation from the lime as well. This combination can easily scratch the eye | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3172978 | 201,673 |
Representation theory of the Lorentz group The Lorentz group is a Lie group and has as such a Lie algebra, The Lie algebra is a vector space of matrices that can be said to model the group near the identity. It is endowed with a multiplication operation, the Lie bracket. With it, the product in the group near the identity can be expressed in Lie algebraic terms (but not in a particularly simple way). The link between the (matrix) Lie algebra and the (matrix) Lie group is the matrix exponential. It is one-to-one near the identity in the group. Due to this it often suffices to find representations of the Lie algebra. Lie algebras are much simpler objects than Lie groups to work with. Due to the fact that the Lie algebra is a finite-dimensional vector space, in the case of the Lorentz Lie algebra the dimension is , one need only find a finite number of representative matrices of the Lie algebra, one for each element of a basis of the Lie algebra as a vector space. The rest follow from extension by linearity, and the representation of the group is obtained by exponentiation. One possible choice of basis for the Lie algebra is, in the standard representation, given in conventions and Lie algebra bases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2249718 | 428,735 |
TRESOR He concluded that modern x86 processors had two register areas where CPU-based kernel encryption was realistic: the SSE registers which could in effect be made privileged by disabling all SSE instructions (and necessarily, any programs relying on them), and the debug registers which were much smaller but had no such issues. He left the latter for others to examine, and developed a proof of concept distribution called "paranoix" based on the SSE register method. Its developers state that "running on a 64-bit CPU that supports AES-NI, there is no performance penalty compared to a generic implementation of AES", and run slightly faster than standard encryption despite the need for key recalculation, a result which initially surprised the authors as well. The authors' paper notes the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33994571 | 336,014 |
Short block A short block is an engine sub-assembly comprising the portion of the cylinder block below the head gasket but above the oil pan. An in-block cam engine includes the camshaft, timing gear, and any balance shafts. Overhead cam engines don't include those parts. A short block engine is a replacement component for use when a worn-out engine requires major servicing, usually beyond the capabilities of a local repair garage, and instead a machine shop is needed. The short block represents the major wear items of such an engine: piston rings, and potentially a rebore of the cylinder bores or replacement liners, together with reground bearings on the crankshaft. Although replacing the rings or bearing shells was at one time considered typical garage work, the need for a boring or crank grinding machine exceeded this. A short block represented the set of major parts needed, those beyond the garage capabilities, in one item. The third item sometimes requiring machining, the re-cutting of valve seats in the cylinder head, was less frequently needed. Grinding of valves to fit was a regular garage task, as was light re-cutting with hand tools, usually into a cast iron seat. Only once steel seat inserts came into use, either for unleaded petrol in the 1970s or fitted into aluminium heads, did machining of heads and the replacement of seats become equally commonly required. Aluminium cylinder heads could also be damaged by warping after overheating, often requiring machining to re-flatten them | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=970074 | 235,798 |
Prochloraz Prochloraz, brand name Sportak, is an imidazole fungicide that was introduced in 1978 and is widely used in Europe, Australia, Asia, and South America within gardening and agriculture to control the growth of fungi. It is not registered for use in the United States. Similarly to other azole fungicides, prochloraz is an inhibitor of the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A1), which is necessary for the production of ergosterol – an essential component of the fungal cell membrane – from lanosterol. The agent is a broad-spectrum, protective and curative fungicide, effective against "Alternaria" spp., "Botrytis" spp., "Erysiphe" spp., "Helminthosporium" spp., "Fusarium" spp., "Pseudocerosporella" spp., "Pyrenophora" spp., "Rhynchosporium" spp., and "Septoria" spp. Like many imidazole and triazole fungicides and antifungal medications, prochloraz is not particularly selective in its actions. In addition to inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase, prochloraz has also been found to act as an antagonist of the androgen and estrogen receptors, as an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and as an inhibitor of enzymes in the steroidogenesis pathway such as CYP17A1 and aromatase. In accordance, it has been shown to produce reproductive malformations in mice. As such, prochloraz is considered to be an endocrine disruptor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53743989 | 45,321 |
Semiconductor device fabrication As of 2019, 14 nanometer and 10 nanometer chips are in mass production by Intel, UMC, TSMC, Samsung, Micron, SK Hynix, Toshiba Memory and GlobalFoundries, with 7 nanometer process chips in mass production by TSMC and Samsung, although their 7nanometer node definition is similar to Intel's 10 nanometer process. The 5 nanometer process began being produced by Samsung in 2018. As of 2019, the node with the highest transistor density is TSMC's 5nanometer N5 node, with a density of 171.3million transistors per square millimeter. In 2019, Samsung and TSMC announced plans to produce 3 nanometer nodes. GlobalFoundries has decided to stop the development of new nodes beyond 12 nanometers in order to save resources, as it has determined that setting up a new fab to handle sub-12nm orders would be beyond the company's financial abilities. , Samsung is the industry leader in advanced semiconductor scaling, followed by TSMC and then Intel. This is a list of processing techniques that are employed numerous times throughout the construction of a modern electronic device; this list does not necessarily imply a specific order. Equipment for carrying out these processes is made by a handful of companies. All equipment needs to be tested before a semiconductor fabrication plant is started. When feature widths were far greater than about 10 micrometres, semiconductor purity was not as big of an issue as it is today in device manufacturing. As devices became more integrated, cleanrooms must become even cleaner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27696 | 419,641 |
Track gauge In some cases standard gauge was adopted, but many countries or companies chose a different gauge as their national gauge, either by governmental policy, or as a matter of individual choice. To keep the rail traffic compatible within a network, not only the track gauge needs to be the same, but also the couplers, at least for locomotive-hauled vehicles. For this reason, most of the standard gauge railways in Europe use the standard buffers and chain coupler with some use of the buckeye coupler in the UK, for locomotive hauled vehicles, and some use Scharfenberg couplers on suburban multiple unit as well as variants of the SA3 couplers on some rolling stock, while narrow gauge railways use a variation of couplers, since they often are isolated from each other, so standardisation is not needed. Similarly, standard gauge railways in Canada, the US and Mexico use the janney coupler or the compatible tightlock coupling for locomotive-hauled equipment. Terms such as "broad gauge" and "narrow gauge" do not have any fixed meaning, although "standard gauge" is generally known world-wide as being . In British practice, the space between the rails of a track is colloquially referred to as the "four-foot", and the space between two tracks the "six-foot", descriptions relating to the respective dimensions. In modern usage the term "standard gauge" refers to . Standard gauge is dominant in majority countries of the world. In modern usage, the term "broad gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly wider than | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=267139 | 446,343 |
Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee He also developed the concept of the basic soil regions in the classifications of the soils of India based on similar characteristics of land viz.., the climate, topography, vegetation and soils. Professor Mukherjee proposed the idea of making the Indian Agricultural Research Institute,(IARI) a regular University. In 1958, on the recommendation of the Indo-American Team on Agricultural Research and Education and with the generous aid of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Post-Graduate School was established at this Institute by the Governmental of India. The Institute now enjoys the status of a University under the University Grants Commission Act of 1956. Professor Mukherjeeled a very illustrious life holding several important positions. Some of them are : Professor of Chemistry, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta Director, Indian Agricultural Research Institute founder Director"; Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee ; Part-time Scientific Adviser, Departments of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Irrigation, Forest, Community Development, Government of West Bengal; Administrator, Boardof Secondary Education, West Bengal; Member | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46959129 | 45,692 |
Biological computing Biomechanical computers are similar to biochemical computers in that they both perform a specific operation that can be interpreted as a functional computation based upon specific initial conditions which serve as input. They differ, however, in what exactly serves as the output signal. In biochemical computers, the presence or concentration of certain chemicals serves as the output signal. In biomechanical computers, however, the mechanical shape of a specific molecule or set of molecules under a set of initial conditions serves as the output. Biomechanical computers rely on the nature of specific molecules to adopt certain physical configurations under certain chemical conditions. The mechanical, three-dimensional structure of the product of the biomechanical computer is detected and interpreted appropriately as a calculated output. Biocomputers can also be constructed in order to perform electronic computing. Again, like both biomechanical and biochemical computers, computations are performed by interpreting a specific output that is based upon an initial set of conditions that serve as input. In bioelectronic computers, the measured output is the nature of the electrical conductivity that is observed in the bioelectronic computer. This output comprises specifically designed biomolecules that conduct electricity in highly specific manners based upon the initial conditions that serve as the input of the bioelectronic system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10203313 | 182,319 |
Gunda Georg Gunda I. Georg is a chemist who is currently the Professor and Head of the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Regents Professor, McKnight Presidential Chair, Robert Vince Endowed Chair at University of Minnesota and the Co-Editor-in-Chief of American Chemical Society's "Journal of Medicinal Chemistry". Her research interests are total synthesis and semisynthesis as well as evaluating biologically active agents. A cited expert in her field, she was elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1996 and inducted in the Medicinal Chemistry Hall of Fame in 2017. In 2019, she was announced as the 2020 winner and first woman to receive the Alfred Burger Award in Medicinal Chemistry (established by GlaxoSmithKline, now sponsored by Gilead). She along with chemists, Shameem Syeda and Gustavo Blanco, are leading researchers in male contraception. Dr Georg also works with her research groups to conduct research on Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and cancer experimental therapeutics. Dr Georg is the Principal Investigator for a National Institutes of Health Center grant for the Contraceptive Discovery, Development and Behavioral Research Center funded from 2017-2021. The grant work is in five interdisciplinary groups that are working on the discovery and development of non-hormonal male contraceptive agents and the investigation of contraceptive use. Dr. Georg’s work is described in over 250 peer-reviewed publications and she holds a number of patents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55906423 | 83,039 |
Chemotherapy Performance status is often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor. Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. The efficiency of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as some leukemias, to being ineffective, such as in some brain tumors, to being needless in others, like most non-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included nine human subjects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7172 | 494,235 |
Jekyll Island Club The first course was located just to the north of the Club compound. Later, in the 1920s, an ocean side course was built. A portion of this historic golf course is still intact, and can be played. Other leisure activities included carriage driving, tennis, and bicycling. Jekyll Island was the location of a meeting in November 1910 in which draft legislation was written to create a central banking system for the United States. Following the Panic of 1907, banking reform became a major issue in the United States. Senator Nelson Aldrich (R-RI), chairman of the National Monetary Commission, went to Europe for almost two years to study that continent's banking systems. Upon his return, he brought together many of the country's leading financiers to Jekyll Island to discuss monetary policy and the banking system, drafting legislation which was introduced in Congress as the "Aldrich Plan". Some ideas from the Aldrich Plan were later incorporated into the Federal Reserve Act. On the evening of November 22, 1910, Sen. Aldrich and A.P. Andrews (Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury Department), Paul Warburg (a naturalized German representing Kuhn, Loeb & Co.), Frank A. Vanderlip (president of the National City Bank of New York), Henry P. Davison (senior partner of J. P. Morgan Company), Charles D. Norton (president of the Morgan-dominated First National Bank of New York), and Benjamin Strong (representing J. P | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7920249 | 356,573 |
Lift-off (microtechnology) The lift-off process in microstructuring technology is a method of creating structures (patterning) of a target material on the surface of a substrate (e.g. wafer) using a sacrificial material (e.g. photoresist). It is an additive technique as opposed to more traditional subtracting technique like etching. The scale of the structures can vary from the nanoscale up to the centimeter scale or further, but are typically of micrometric dimensions. An inverse pattern is first created in the sacrificial stencil layer (ex. photoresist), deposited on the surface of the substrate. This is done by etching openings through the layer so that the target material can reach the surface of the substrate in those regions, where the final pattern is to be created. The target material is deposited over the whole area of the wafer, reaching the surface of the substrate in the etched regions and staying on the top of the sacrificial layer in the regions, where it was not previously etched. When the sacrificial layer is washed away (photoresist in a solvent), the material on the top is lifted-off and washed together with the sacrificial layer below. After the lift-off, the target material remains only in the regions where it had a direct contact with the substrate. Lift-off is applied in cases where a direct etching of structural material would have undesirable effects on the layer below. Lift-off is a cheap alternative to etching in a research context, which permits a slower turn-around time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16793276 | 401,975 |
Heavy equipment The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917. The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s. "Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel - moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491658 | 195,124 |
Tablet computer The iPad held majority use in North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and most of the Americas. Android tablets were more popular in most of Asia (China and Russia an exception), Africa and Eastern Europe. In 2015 tablet sales did not increase. Apple remained the largest seller but its market share declined below 25%. Samsung vice president Gary Riding said early in 2016 that tablets were only doing well among those using them for work. Newer models were more expensive and designed for a keyboard and stylus, which reflected the changing uses. As of early 2016, Android reigned over the market with 65%. Apple took the number 2 spot with 26%, and Windows took a distant third with the remaining 9%. In 2018, out of 4.4 billion computing devices Android accounted for 2 billion, iOS for 1 billion, and the remainder were PCs, in various forms (desktop, notebook, or tablet), running various operating systems (Windows, macOS, ChromeOS, Linux, etc.). Tablets can be loosely grouped into several categories by physical size, kind of operating system installed, input and output technology, and uses. The size of a slate varies, but slates begin at 6 inches (approximately 15 cm). Some models in the larger than 10-inch (25 cm) category include the Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2 at 12.2 inches (31 cm), the Toshiba Excite at 13.3 inches (33 cm) and the Dell XPS 18 at 18.4 inches (47 cm). As of March 2013, the thinnest tablet on the market was the Sony Xperia Tablet Z at only 0.27 inches (6.9 mm) thick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4182449 | 121,441 |
PlaySight Interactive PlaySight is also partnered with NBC Sports Group Sports Engine, with the goal to bring technology to the next generation of athletes at the youth and grassroots level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54106217 | 256,761 |
Curt Schilling " In a Fox News interview on January 18, 2010, Schilling was asked about his own political ambitions. He said that it was not time. Schilling opposes same-sex marriage, but believes that each state should decide the issue. Schilling supported Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election. Schilling joined Breitbart News and has his own show. Schilling had announced that he would challenge Senator Elizabeth Warren in the 2018 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, but ended up dropping out and supported Shiva Ayyadurai in the race. Schilling has also expressed interest in running for President in 2024 if Donald Trump is re-elected in 2020. Schilling is a supporter of care for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) sufferers. His organization, Curt's Pitch for ALS, allows fans and organizations to sponsor him, donating to the ALS Association for every strikeout he throws. He also donated to the charity his $25,000 winnings in a celebrity version of "Jeopardy!" that originally aired on November 9, 2006. In the 2004 playoffs, after the operation on his ankle, Schilling wrote "K ALS" (short for "strike out ALS") on his shoe, knowing that the cameras would be focusing on his foot numerous times while he was pitching. He also does a weekly radio show with WEEI-FM in Boston that raises over $100,000 each year for ALS patients and research. Schilling is known for being outspoken and this has resulted in several conflicts with fellow players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241655 | 237,899 |
Overgeneral autobiographical memory There is considerable evidence that OGM maintains depressive symptoms and acts as a vulnerability factor for future recurrence. Failure with interpersonal problem solving, increased rumination, difficulties imagining the future, and avoidance of negative emotions are all associated with OGM and are believed to be key factors in the maintenance of depression. Due to the vast research on depression and OGM, it has been widely accepted that an overgeneral memory is a risk factor for future episodes of depression and can influence the maintenance and length of depressive episodes. Much like in depression, OGM has been associated with trauma and PTSD symptoms, as well as the onset and maintenance of PTSD. However, there has been some debate on whether or not trauma alone is sufficient for the development of OGM, or if PTSD symptoms are necessary. An initial study by Kuyken and Brewin found that patients who had reported past childhood sexual abuse, a trauma, were more likely to exhibit increased OGM as compared to participants who reported no abuse or only physical abuse. PTSD symptoms, however, were not reported in this sample. In effort to locate the particular effects of PTSD, McNally and colleagues compared OGM occurrence in Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD. The study found that the veterans with a PTSD diagnosis significantly displayed more OGM, even when depression status was controlled for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41783961 | 163,820 |
Turbine inlet air cooling The majority of such systems involve more than one chiller unit and the configuration of the chillers can have a great bearing on the system parasitic power consumption. The series counterflow configuration can reduce the compressor work needed on each chiller, improving the overall chiller system by as much as 8%. Other options such a steam driven compression are also used in industry. In vapor-absorption chillers technology, thermal energy is used to produce cooling instead of mechanical energy. The heat source is usually leftover steam coming from combined cycle, and it is bypassed to drive the cooling system. Compared to mechanical chillers, absorption chillers have a low coefficient of performance, however, it should be taken into consideration that this chiller usually uses waste heat, which decreases the operational cost. A thermal energy storage tank is a naturally stratified thermal accumulator that allows the storage of chilled water produced during off-peak time, to use this energy later during on-peak time to chill the turbine inlet air and increment its power output. A thermal energy storage tank reduces operational cost and refrigerant plant capacity. One advantage is the production of chilled water when demand is low, using the excess of power generation, which usually coincides with the night, when ambient temperature is low and chillers have better performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40978013 | 435,789 |
Mean time to recovery (MTTR) is the average time that a device will take to recover from any failure. Examples of such devices range from self-resetting fuses (where the MTTR would be very short, probably seconds), up to whole systems which have to be repaired or replaced. The MTTR would usually be part of a maintenance contract, where the user would pay more for a system MTTR of which was 24 hours, than for one of, say, 7 days. This does not mean the supplier is guaranteeing to have the system up and running again within 24 hours (or 7 days) of being notified of the failure. It does mean the average repair time will tend towards 24 hours (or 7 days). A more useful maintenance contract measure is the maximum time to recovery which can be easily measured and the supplier held accountable. Note that some suppliers will interpret MTTR to mean 'mean time to respond' and others will take it to mean 'mean time to replace/repair/recover/resolve'. The former indicates that the supplier will acknowledge a problem and initiate mitigation within a certain timeframe. Some systems may have an MTTR of zero, which means that they have redundant components which can take over the instant the primary one fails, see RAID for example. However, the failed device involved in this redundant configuration still needs to be returned to service and hence the device itself has a non-zero MTTR even if the system as a whole (through redundancy) has an MTTR of zero. But, as long as service is maintained, this is a minor issue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=430988 | 204,710 |
Statue of Liberty The superintendent of National Monument, David Luchsinger—whose home on the island was severely damaged—stated that it would be "optimistically ... months" before the island was reopened to the public. The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013. Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013. The has also been closed due to government shutdowns and protests, as well as for disease pandemics. During the October 2013 United States federal government shutdown, Liberty Island and other federally funded sites were closed. In addition, Liberty Island was briefly closed on July 4, 2018, after a woman protesting against American immigration policy climbed onto the statue. However, the island remained open during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown because the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation had donated funds. It closed beginning on March 16, 2020 because of the coronavirus pandemic. On October 7, 2016, construction started on the new Museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, museum may be visited by all who come to the island, as opposed to the museum in the pedestal, which only 20% of the island's visitors had access to. The new museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, is integrated with the surrounding parkland. Diane von Fürstenberg headed the fundraising for the museum, and the project received over $40 million in fundraising by groundbreaking. The museum opened on May 16, 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28617 | 209,179 |
Programming Computable Functions In this model, This model is not fully abstract for PCF; but it is fully abstract for the language obtained by adding a "parallel or" operator to PCF (p. 293 in the Hyland and Ong 2000 reference below). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3239232 | 109,016 |
Frederick William Rudler FGS (8 July 1840 – 23 January 1915) was an English mineralogist, geologist, anthropologist, and natural scientist. He was born 8 July 1840 in London. After education at the Regent Street Royal Polytechnic Institution, Rudler was appointed in 1861 an assistant curator at the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, London and remained in that post until 1876. From 1876 to 1879 he was a lecturer at the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth. From 1879 until his retirement in 1902, he was the curator and librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology. Rudler was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1870 and received the Society's Lyell Medal in 1903. He was president in 1880 of the anthropological department of the British Association, in 1887–1889 of the Geologists' Association, and in 1898–1899 of the Royal Anthropological Institute. He contributed numerous articles to Ure's "Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines" (1875), Thorpe's "Dictionary of Applied Chemistry", Muir's "Dictionary of Chemistry", the "Encyclopædia Britannica" (1911), and prestigious journals. He died in Tatsfield, Surrey, on 23 January 1915. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57275063 | 9,366 |
Laffer curve However, if avoidance abilities and productive abilities are unrelated, then this result disappears. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23650449 | 457,662 |
Ultrapure water Application of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) provides compositional analysis of the particles, making SEM also helpful for systems with on-line particle counters. Bacteria analysis is typically conducted following ASTM method F1094. The test method covers sampling and analysis of high purity water from water purification systems and water transmission systems by the direct sampling tap and filtration of the sample collected in the bag. These test methods cover both the sampling of water lines and the subsequent microbiological analysis of the sample by the culture technique. The microorganisms recovered from the water samples and counted on the filters include both aerobes and facultative anaerobes. The temperature of incubation is controlled at 28 ± 2 °C, and the period of incubation is 48 h or 72 h, if time permits. Longer incubation times are typically recommended for most critical applications. However 48 hrs is typically sufficient to detect water quality upsets. Typically city feed water (containing all the unwanted contaminants previously mentioned) is taken through a series of purification steps that, depending on the quality of UPW wanted, includes gross filtration for large particulates, carbon filtration, water softening, reverse osmosis, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light for TOC and/or bacterial static control, polishing using either ion exchange resins or electrodeionization (EDI) and finally filtration or ultrafiltration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31050418 | 352,700 |
Government procurement The Welsh government requires public sector bodies in Wales to include the delivery of social, economic and environmental benefits for the community as an integral consideration in procurement and for this purpose each public body in Wales must appoint a Community Benefits Champion. In the light of the economic downturn of 2008 onwards, sometimes referred to as the "Great Recession", the UK government adopted a series of 10 "procurement for growth" principles intended to ensure that UK government procurement would "take account of supply chain opportunities for UK companies in policy and delivery planning". Part 3 of the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 allows the Minister for the Cabinet Office or relevant Secretary of State to impose further regulations on public bodies regarding how they undertake procurement. The Minister for the Cabinet Office is the minister with overall responsibility for procurement policy, which is delivered through the Crown Commercial Service, an executive agency sponsored by the Cabinet Office. In Northern Ireland the Central Procurement Directorate within the Department of Finance (formerly the Department of Finance and Personnel) is responsible for procurement policy. A revised public procurement policy for Northern Ireland departments, agencies, non-departmental public bodies and public corporations was adopted on 16 May 2002; the latest version (version 11) was issued in August 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8488190 | 502,155 |
Hydrogenation The hydrogenation process often uses greater than 1 atmosphere of H, usually conveyed from the cylinders and sometimes augmented by "booster pumps". Gaseous hydrogen is produced industrially from hydrocarbons by the process known as steam reforming. For many applications, hydrogen is transferred from donor molecules such as formic acid, isopropanol, and dihydroanthracene. These hydrogen donors undergo dehydrogenation to, respectively, carbon dioxide, acetone, and anthracene. These processes are called transfer hydrogenations. An important characteristic of alkene and alkyne hydrogenations, both the homogeneously and heterogeneously catalyzed versions, is that hydrogen addition occurs with "syn addition", with hydrogen entering from the least hindered side. This reaction can be performed on a variety of different functional groups. With rare exceptions, H is unreactive toward organic compounds in the absence of metal catalysts. The unsaturated substrate is chemisorbed onto the catalyst, with most sites covered by the substrate. In heterogeneous catalysts, hydrogen forms surface hydrides (M-H) from which hydrogens can be transferred to the chemisorbed substrate. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium form highly active catalysts, which operate at lower temperatures and lower pressures of H. Non-precious metal catalysts, especially those based on nickel (such as Raney nickel and Urushibara nickel) have also been developed as economical alternatives, but they are often slower or require higher temperatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 | 25,225 |
Zhao Jincai (; born December 1960) is a Chinese environmental chemist and researcher of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In April 1994, he obtained a doctorate from Meisei University in Japan. In 2011 he was elected as an academician of CAS. He is a professor at the Institute of Chemistry, CAS; Deputy Director of Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Deputy Director of Science Committee of Molecular Sciences Centre, CAS. His research mainly focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of toxic and persistent organic pollutants. Zhao introduced -based photocatalyst under visible light, and discovered a new way for oxygen atom transfer during photocatalytic reactions. In the early 2000s, Zhao's group reported that visible light can accelerate the degradation of organic pollutants with aqueous solutions of iron tetrasulfophthalocyanine ([Fe(PcS)]) and . They also found out FeBR (Fe complex of 2,2′-bipyridine) is efficient in eliminating organic pollutants such as rhodamine B (RhB), malachite green (MG) and N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA). They did several control experiments, in the dark or under irradiation, with or without irradiation. They proposed that when light is introduced, excitation of [Fe(PcS)] can result in electron transfer from ligand(L) to Fe, then Fe can be reduced to Fe. The Fe-L complex can react with to produce HO, leading to the degradation of pollutants. Zhao has published over 200 papers in international journals and obtained 20 Chinese invention patents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45603245 | 80,262 |
Substance over form is an accounting principle used "to ensure that financial statements give a complete, relevant, and accurate picture of transactions and events". If an entity practices the 'substance over form' concept, then the financial statements will show the overall financial reality of the entity (economic substance), rather than the legal form of transactions (form). In accounting for business transactions and other events, the measurement and reporting is for the economic impact of an event, instead of its legal form. is critical for reliable financial reporting. It is particularly relevant in cases of revenue recognition, sale and purchase agreements, etc. The key point of the concept is that a transaction should not be recorded in such a manner as to hide the true intent of the transaction, which would mislead the readers of a company's financial statements. There is widespread use of substance over form concept in accounting. Financial Statement prepared 'substance over form' are comparatively more reliable. Following are examples of the application of the concept in the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). A lease might not transfer ownership of the leased property to the lessee. In some circumstances, the lessee might nevertheless be required to record the leased item as an asset if the lessee intends to use the asset for a major portion of its useful life, or where the present value of the future lease payments is nearly equal to the fair value of the asset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18482504 | 485,182 |
Jack Pitney with very low expectations, but Pitney developed a marketing campaign together with Crispin Porter + Bogusky that used viral marketing on the web and featured billboards promoting the car under the catchphrases "The SUV Backlash Officially Starts Now" and "0% Body Fat". By the March 2002 American launch date for the Mini, 53% of people were aware of the brand and 50,000 people had expressed potential interest on the company's website in buying the car. The Mini was positioned at a higher price than many comparably sized vehicles, but was promoted as a car that could be accessorized by its owners. Recognized as one of the few car division heads to come from the advertising side of the business "Automotive News" selected Pitney as one of its two Marketers of the Year in January 2003. Annual sales reached 30,000, exceeding initial projections by 50%. The success of the MINI earned Pitney a promotion to Vice President of Marketing, where he was responsible for multiple launches including the new BMW 1 Series, the BMW X6, the BMW 7 Series, the BMW Z4, BMW diesel engines, and the BMW 5 Series. As of September 1, 2010, he was supposed to assume the post of Vice President of BMW's Eastern region, where he would have overseen the 93 dealerships on the East Coast of the United States, including the many centered in the New York metropolitan area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28678916 | 485,799 |
Cool'n'Quiet AMD is a CPU dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology introduced by AMD with its Athlon XP processor line. It works by reducing the processor's clock rate and voltage when the processor is idle. The aim of this technology is to reduce overall power consumption and lower heat generation, allowing for slower (thus quieter) cooling fan operation. The objectives of cooler and quieter result in the name Cool'n'Quiet. The technology is similar to Intel's SpeedStep and AMD's own PowerNow!, which were developed with the aim of increasing laptop battery life by reducing power consumption. Due to their different usage, "Cool'n'Quiet" refers to desktop and server chips, while "PowerNow!" is used for mobile chips; the technologies are similar but not identical. This technology was also introduced on "e-stepping" Opterons, however it is called "Optimized Power Management", which is essentially a re-tooled scheme designed to work with registered memory. "Cool'n'Quiet" is fully supported in the Linux kernel from version 2.6.18 onward (using the powernow-k8 driver) and FreeBSD from 6.0-CURRENT onward. In-order to take advantage of Technology in Microsoft's Operating Systems: Also In Windows Vista and 7 the "Power Saver" power profile allows much lower power state (frequency and voltage) than in the "High Performance" power state. Unlike Windows XP, Windows Vista only supports on motherboards that support ACPI 2.0 or later | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1883225 | 104,681 |
Loading coil With loading coils of exactly the right inductance, neither capacitance nor inductance dominate: the response is flat, waveforms are undistorted and the characteristic impedance is resistive up to the cutoff frequency. The coincidental formation of an audio frequency filter is also beneficial in that noise is reduced. With loading coils, signal attenuation of a circuit remains low for signals within the passband of the transmission line but increases rapidly for frequencies above the audio cutoff frequency. If the telephone line is subsequently reused to support applications that require higher frequencies, such as in analog or digital carrier systems or digital subscriber line (DSL), loading coils must be removed or replaced. Using coils with parallel capacitors forms a filter with the topology of an m-derived filter and a band of frequencies above the cut-off is also passed. Without removal, for subscribers at an extended distance, e.g., over 4 miles (6.4 km) from the central office, DSL cannot be supported. American early and middle 20th century telephone cables had load coils at intervals of a mile (1.61 km), usually in coil cases holding many. The coils had to be removed to pass higher frequencies, but the coil cases provided convenient places for repeaters of digital T-carrier systems, which could then transmit a 1.5 Mbit/s signal that distance. Due to narrower streets and higher cost of copper, European cables had thinner wires and used closer spacing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41326 | 379,516 |
Operation Netwing " Klara Skrivankova, Trafficking Programme Coordinator at Anti-Slavery International, said: "Slavery and this case which appears to be a case of forced labour is a reality in Britain today but I think what it shows to us is that the police have finally been given proper powers in the new law that has been mentioned in order to investigate and really go after those who are still behaving like slave-masters in the 21st century." In an article on 16 April 2008, Dr Donald Kenrick, an expert on the Romany language, is quoted as saying "Dossers are people gipsies pick up to work for them. They are sometimes called slaves or servants. ... It is common among Irish travellers, but the English do it as well." However he disputed that they were really slaves, saying that the practice meant that otherwise vulnerable people were being cared for. He said the travellers favoured single men, who were strong workers, but of poor mental health. The 2011 series of police investigations on Travellers' sites began after the decomposed body of Christopher Nicholls, missing since 2005, was found in March 2008 near the Beggars Roost caravan site in Staverton, Gloucestershire. Covert surveillance of several Traveller sites began in March 2010 and police observed 22 alleged slaves at the Beggar's Roost site. On 22 March 2011 police raided Beggar's Roost and arrested William Connors (50) and his wife Breda (46) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33063483 | 487,194 |
Real-time communication is a category of software protocols and communication hardware media that gives real-time guarantees, which is necessary to support real-time guarantees of real-time computing. The spacecraft communication network SpaceWire supports real-time communication. Time-Triggered Ethernet supports real-time synchronous communication in complex multi-hop Ethernet networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35955203 | 241,889 |
Communications satellite In November 1967 Soviet engineers created a unique system of national TV network of satellite television, called Orbita, that was based on Molniya satellites. In the United States, the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) was established in 1994 to consolidate the polar satellite operations of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). NPOESS manages a number of satellites for various purposes; for example, METSAT for meteorological satellite, EUMETSAT for the European branch of the program, and METOP for meteorological operations. These orbits are sun synchronous, meaning that they cross the equator at the same local time each day. For example, the satellites in the NPOESS (civilian) orbit will cross the equator, going from south to north, at times 1:30 P.M., 5:30 P.M., and 9:30 P.M. Communications Satellites are usually composed of the following subsystems: The bandwidth available from a satellite depends upon the number of transponders provided by the satellite. Each service (TV, Voice, Internet, radio) requires a different amount of bandwidth for transmission. This is typically known as link budgeting and a network simulator can be used to arrive at the exact value. Allocating frequencies to satellite services is a complicated process which requires international coordination and planning. This is carried out under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45207 | 407,740 |
Dementia with Lewy bodies Physiotherapy has been shown helpful for Parkinson's disease dementia, but as of 2020, there is no evidence to support physical therapy in people with DLB. Caregiver education is a recommended strategy in the management of DLB. Because of the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with DLB, the demands placed on caregivers are higher than in AD, but education for caregivers has not been studied as thoroughly as in AD. Contributing factors to the caregiver burden in DLB are emotional fluctuations, psychosis, aggression, agitation, and night-time behaviors such as parasomnias, that lead to a loss of independence earlier than in AD. Caregivers may experience depression, exhaustion, and be in need of support. Other family members who are not present in the daily caregiving may not observe the fluctuating behaviors or recognize the stress on the caregiver, and conflict can result when family members are not supportive. Caregiver education reduces not only distress for the caregiver, but symptoms for the individual with dementia. Visual hallucinations associated with DLB create a particular burden on caregivers; educating caregivers on how to distract or change the subject when confronted with hallucinations is more effective than arguing over the reality of the hallucination. Coping strategies may help and are worth trying, even though there is no evidence for their efficacy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227167 | 152,237 |
Pan evaporation is used to estimate the evaporation from lakes. There is a correlation between lake evaporation and pan evaporation. Evaporation from a natural body of water is usually at a lower rate because the body of water does not have metal sides that get hot with the sun, and while light penetration in a pan is essentially uniform, light penetration in natural bodies of water will decrease as depth increases. Most textbooks suggest multiplying the pan evaporation by 0.75 to correct for this.[cite?] "It is generally agreed that the evaporation from pans has been decreasing for the past half century over many regions of the Earth. However, the significance of this negative trend, as regards terrestrial evaporation, is still somewhat controversial, and its implications for the global hydrologic cycle remain unclear. The controversy stems from the alternative views that these evaporative changes resulted, either from global radiative dimming, or from the complementary relationship between pan and terrestrial evaporation. Actually, these factors are not mutually exclusive but act concurrently." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9947225 | 358,220 |
Forest restoration The Ashland Forest Resiliency Stewardship Project (AFR) is a decade long, science-based project launched in 2010 with the intent of reducing severe wildfire risk, but also protecting water quality, old-growth forest, wildlife, people, property, and the overall quality of life within the Ashland watershed. The primary stakeholders in this cooperative restoration effort are the U.S. Forest Service, the City of Ashland, Lomaktsi Restoration Project, and the Nature Conservancy. The project was launched with initial funding from the Economic Recovery stimulus, and has more recently received funding from the Forest Service Hazardous Fuels program and the Joint Chiefs Landscape Restoration Partnerships program to back the project through 2016 . Located in the dry forests of southern Oregon, the threat of wildfire is a reality for land managers and property owners alike. The boundaries of the city of Ashland intersect with the surrounding forest in what is referred to as the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Historically, the forests of this region experienced a relatively frequent fire return interval, which prevented buildup of heavy fuel loads. A century of fire exclusion and suppression on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest has led to increased forest density and fuel loads, and thus a more persistent threat of devastating wildfire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36156659 | 326,194 |
UCV Clock Tower A professor Hernández of the university also noted that in UCV's case specifically, the design elements of the base of the clock tower both work functionally to support three clock faces well, but also represents a passage to a modern university, leaving the associations of the old clock tower, which was part of the Convent of San Francisco, in the past. Otaola has said of the process that when presented with Villanueva's designs he did not change anything fundamental about the piece, which was intended to stand as an obelisk, but added the twist of the three legs, saying that both in terms of function and Villanueva's artistry it was a better option that Villanueva immediately responded positively to. The two men also chose to keep the design of the clock tower "pure", with nothing extra needed or added. The company that manufactured the columns of the tower later used the same techniques when contributing to the build of General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, spanning Lake Maracaibo. The techniques (based on Otaola's plans) were revolutionary at the time. The structure retains its original clockwork, electricity and sound systems dating from the 1950s. The electrical system was faulty by the 2010s, but is still used, making the clock run slow; the sound system was damaged in 2002 but also still used. The clock tower is said to be "an obligatory reference point within the facilities of the Central University of Venezuela and one of the best known points of the city of Caracas", as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61551842 | 315,971 |
History of economic thought Before capitalism, says Marx, production was based on slavery – in ancient Rome for example – then serfdom in the feudal societies of medieval Europe. The current mode of labor exchange has produced an erratic and unstable situation allowing the conditions for revolution. People buy and sell their labor as people buy and sell goods and services. People themselves have become disposable commodities, as Marx wrote in "The Communist Manifesto". Marx uses the word "commodity" in an extensive metaphysical discussion of the nature of material wealth, how the objects of wealth are perceived and how they can be used. A commodity contrasts to objects of the natural world. When people mix their labor with an object it becomes a "commodity". In the natural world there are trees, diamonds, iron ore and people. In the economic world they become chairs, rings, factories and workers. However, says Marx, commodities have a dual nature, a dual value. He distinguishes the use value of a thing from its exchange value. The use value of a commodity exists only as that commodity is used or consumed. If commodities are considered absolutely isolated from their useful qualities the common property is "human labor in the abstract". Marx attempted to support his theory by linking his ideas of "surplus value" and "socially necessary labor time" with the classical labor theory of value and theories of rent. Marx theorized that people over-value commodities such as glimmering diamonds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7881361 | 501,899 |
Plant efficiency The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant's fuel that is converted into electricity. The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as heat unless it is used for district heating. Rating efficiency is complicated by the fact that there are two different ways to measure the fuel energy input: Depending on which convention is used, a differences of 10% in the apparent efficiency of a gas fired plant can arise, so it is very important to know which convention, HCV or LCV (NCV or GCV) is being used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16509656 | 297,369 |
Crystal radio Since less-affluent families could not afford to own one, newspapers and magazines carried articles on how to build a crystal radio with common household items. To minimize the cost, many of the plans suggested winding the tuning coil on empty pasteboard containers such as oatmeal boxes, which became a common foundation for homemade radios. In early 1920s Russia, Oleg Losev was experimenting with applying voltage biases to various kinds of crystals for manufacture of radio detectors. The result was astonishing: with a zincite (zinc oxide) crystal he gained amplification. This was negative resistance phenomenon, decades before the development of the tunnel diode. After the first experiments, Losev built regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, and even transmitters. A crystodyne could be produced in primitive conditions; it can be made in a rural forge, unlike vacuum tubes and modern semiconductor devices. However, this discovery was not supported by authorities and soon forgotten; no device was produced in mass quantity beyond a few examples for research. In addition to mineral crystals, the oxide coatings of many metal surfaces act as semiconductors (detectors) capable of rectification. Crystal radios have been improvised using detectors made from rusty nails, corroded pennies, and many other common objects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=232249 | 409,701 |
Spark spread 411) from the ‘dirty’ spark spread, i.e. Clean Spark Spread = Spark Spread – (Carbon Price*0.411). Clean spark spread or "spark green spread" represents the net revenue a generator makes from selling power, having bought gas and the required number of carbon allowances. This spread is calculated by adjusting the cost of natural gas for the efficiency of the generation and subsequently applying the market cost of procuring or opportunity cost of setting aside an emissions allowance such as a European Union Allowance (EUA) in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Let S: spark spread, E: electricity price, G: gas cost, Ng: number of carbon credits necessary to cover gas operation, Pcc: price of a carbon credit. Then, Clean spark spread = E - G - Ng*Pcc = S - Ng*Pcc Clean dark spread or "dark green spread" refers to an analogous indicator for coal-fired generation of electricity. The spark green spread and the dark green spread are especially important in areas where coal-fired electricity generation is prevalent as the convergence of the spreads will lead to an important decision point. Let D: dark spread, E: electricity price, C: coal cost, Nc: number of carbon credits necessary to cover coal operation (2–2.5x that of gas), Pcc: price of a carbon credit. Then, Clean dark spread = E - C - Nc*Pcc = D - Nc*Pcc Climate spread: The difference between the dark green spread and the spark green spread is known as the "Climate Spread" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1044268 | 390,066 |
Thermal desorption is an environmental remediation technology that utilizes heat to increase the volatility of contaminants such that they can be removed (separated) from the solid matrix (typically soil, sludge or filter cake). The volatilized contaminants are then either collected or thermally destroyed. A thermal desorption system therefore has two major components; the desorber itself and the offgas treatment system. is not incineration. first appeared as an environmental treatment technology in 1985 when it was specified in the Record of Decision for the McKin Company Superfund site within the Royal River watershed in Maine. It is frequently referred to as "low temp" thermal desorption to differentiate it from high temperature incineration. An early direct fired thermal desorption project was the treatment of 8000 tons of toxaphene (a chlorinated pesticide) contaminated sandy soil at the S&S Flying Services site in Marianna Florida in 1990, with later projects exceeding 170,000 tons at the Cape Fear coal tar site in 1999. A status report from the United States Environmental Protection Agency shows that thermal desorption has been used at 69 Superfund sites through FY2000. In addition, hundreds of remediation projects have been completed using thermal desorption at non-Superfund sites. For in-situ on-site treatment options, only incineration and stabilization have been used at more Superfund sites. Incineration suffers from poor public acceptance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3291871 | 320,219 |
Avatar (2009 film) Mo'at frees Jake and Grace, but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritch's forces. Pilot Trudy Chacón, disgusted by Quaritch's brutality, frees Jake, Grace, and Norm, and airlifts them to Grace's outpost, but Grace is shot by Quaritch during the escape. To regain the Na'vi's trust, Jake connects his mind to that of Toruk, a dragon-like predator feared and honored by the Na'vi. Jake finds the refugees at the sacred Tree of Souls and pleads with Mo'at to heal Grace. The clan attempts to transfer Grace from her human body into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls, but she dies before the process can be completed. Supported by the new chief Tsu'tey, Jake unites the clan and tells them to gather all of the clans to battle the RDA. Quaritch organizes a pre-emptive strike against the Tree of Souls, believing that its destruction will demoralize the natives. On the eve of battle, Jake prays to Eywa, via a neural connection with the Tree of Souls, to intercede on behalf of the Na'vi. During the subsequent battle, the Na'vi suffer heavy casualties, including Tsu'tey and Trudy, but are rescued when Pandoran wildlife unexpectedly join the attack and overwhelm the humans, which Neytiri interprets as Eywa's answer to Jake's prayer. Jake destroys a makeshift bomber before it can reach the Tree of Souls; Quaritch, wearing an AMP suit, escapes from his own damaged aircraft and breaks open the avatar link unit containing Jake's human body, exposing it to Pandora's poisonous atmosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4273140 | 276,596 |
Intelligent customer The IC must retain sufficient technical knowledge of the services being provided by a third party to competently specify requirements and manage delivery of the services. The IC can be the responsibility of a single person; for example, a project manager. However, the requirement for a pervasive understanding of organisations at strategic, tactical and operational levels often requires the role of IC to be carried out by teams or organisations with defined, delegated responsibilities. The role of IC typically requires the collection and management of data that represents the dimensions, finances, assets, and resources of the host organisation that capture the requirement for the services that fall within the IC's area of responsibility. Understanding and interpreting the organisation's data, and how the services of the IC should be provided to meet the current and future needs of the organisation, are core responsibilities of the IC. The Office for Nuclear Regulation of the Health and Safety Executive developed the concept of the "intelligent customer" in relation to licensee use of contractors and it has gained international acceptance. The Office of Government Commerce defines the intelligent customer function in the context of information systems management. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24815534 | 452,057 |
Antoine Lavoisier During late 1772 Lavoisier turned his attention to the phenomenon of combustion, the topic on which he was to make his most significant contribution to science. He reported the results of his first experiments on combustion in a note to the Academy on 20 October, in which he reported that when phosphorus burned, it combined with a large quantity of air to produce acid spirit of phosphorus, and that the phosphorus increased in weight on burning. In a second sealed note deposited with the Academy a few weeks later (1 November) Lavoisier extended his observations and conclusions to the burning of sulfur and went on to add that "what is observed in the combustion of sulfur and phosphorus may well take place in the case of all substances that gain in weight by combustion and calcination: and I am persuaded that the increase in weight of metallic calces is due to the same cause." During 1773 Lavoisier determined to review thoroughly the literature on air, particularly "fixed air," and to repeat many of the experiments of other workers in the field. He published an account of this review in 1774 in a book entitled "Opuscules physiques et chimiques" (Physical and Chemical Essays). In the course of this review, he made his first full study of the work of Joseph Black, the Scottish chemist who had carried out a series of classic quantitative experiments on the mild and caustic alkalies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1822 | 87,439 |
Finite element method Feng proposed a systematic numerical method for solving partial differential equations. The method was called the "finite difference method based on variation principle", which was another independent invention of the finite element method . Although the approaches used by these pioneers are different, they share one essential characteristic: mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements. Hrennikoff's work discretizes the domain by using a lattice analogy, while Courant's approach divides the domain into finite triangular subregions to solve second order elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) that arise from the problem of torsion of a cylinder. Courant's contribution was evolutionary, drawing on a large body of earlier results for PDEs developed by Rayleigh, Ritz, and Galerkin. The finite element method obtained its real impetus in the 1960s and 1970s by the developments of J. H. Argyris with co-workers at the University of Stuttgart, R. W. Clough with co-workers at UC Berkeley, O. C. Zienkiewicz with co-workers Ernest Hinton, Bruce Irons and others at Swansea University, Philippe G. Ciarlet at the University of Paris 6 and Richard Gallagher with co-workers at Cornell University. Further impetus was provided in these years by available open source finite element software programs. NASA sponsored the original version of NASTRAN, and UC Berkeley made the finite element program SAP IV widely available | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18233581 | 56,062 |
Globe of Matelica The (Globo of Matelica) is an ancient Roman sundial sculpted on a marble ball. The artifact was found during the 1985 reconstruction of the medieval Palazzo Pretorio, presently Museo Civico Archeologico, of Matelica in the region of Marche, Italy. The globe measures nearly 29 cm in diameter an appears to be sculpted from a cristalline marble originating near Ephesus in present-day Turkey. It is thought to date from the first two centuries CE. There is one similar item, identified in 1939 by Carl William Blegen in a Museum in Nafplio, Greece. All that remains is the stone component, it is engraved with a variety or lines and letters are inscribed. The sphere is bisected by a center line while on its top are three concentric circles of various diameters, intersected by an arc of a circle and on which words in ancient Greek alphabet are still visible, and 13 holes, each marked by a Greek letter. In these holes were probably metallic insertions that delineated the hour. In the lower part there is a large conical depression which ends with a big rectangular hole maybe made to secure the base. Other theories for the sphere are that it was used for astronomical calculations, thus as an armillary sphere or for use in spherical astronomy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52144995 | 255,950 |
Index of civil engineering articles This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to civil engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of civil engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13318264 | 203,670 |
Super Mario 128 Melee" a battle stage titled "Super Mario 128" (Event 22), where the player is assailed by a total of 128 tiny Mario figurines. The software technology and concepts within the "Super Mario 128" demonstration became or inspired core components of other games: the explosive herding and wandering behaviors of multitudinous tiny automatons in the "Pikmin" series; the sphere-walking gravity of the "Super Mario Galaxy" series and ""; and the physics of "Metroid Prime". The director of the "Super Mario 128" demo, Yoshiaki Koizumi, became the director of "Super Mario Galaxy". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1363007 | 249,618 |
Model transformation For example, in a process conforming to the OMG Model Driven Architecture, a platform-independent model might be transformed into a platform-specific model by an exogenous model transformation. A unidirectional model transformation has only one mode of execution: that is, it always takes the same type of input and produces the same type of output. Unidirectional model transformations are useful in compilation-like situations, where any output model is read-only. The relevant notion of consistency is then very simple: the input model is consistent with the model that the transformation would produce as output, only. For a bidirectional model transformation, the same type of model can sometimes be input and other times be output. Bidirectional transformations are necessary in situations where people are working on more than one model and the models must be kept consistent. Then a change to either model might necessitate a change to the other, in order to maintain consistency between the models. Because each model can incorporate information which is not reflected in the other, there may be many models which are consistent with a given model. Important special cases are: It is particularly important that a bidirectional model transformation has appropriate properties to make it behave sensibly: for example, not making changes unnecessarily, or discarding deliberately made changes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4716117 | 271,004 |
Service design Public sector service design is associated with civic technology, open government, e-government, and can be either government-led or citizen-led initiatives. The public sector is the part of the economy composed of public services and public enterprises. Public services include public goods and governmental services such as the military, police, infrastructure(public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, etc.), public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. Due to new investments in hospitals, schools, cultural institutions and security infrastructures in the last few years, the public sector has expanded. The number of jobs in public services has also grown; such growth can be associated with the large and rapid social change that is calling for a reorganization. In this context, governments are considering service design for a reorganization of public services. In 2002 MindLab, an innovation public sector service design group was established by the Danish ministries of Business and Growth, Employment, and Children and Education. MindLab was the one of the world's first public sector design innovation labs and their work inspired the proliferation of similar labs and user-centered design methodologies deployed in many countries worldwide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1728199 | 250,324 |
Operation CHASE S. Representative Richard McCarthy in 1969. Both American television and print media followed the story with heavy coverage. In 1970, 58 separate reports were aired on the three major network news programs on NBC, ABC and CBS concerning Operation CHASE. Similarly, "The New York Times" included coverage in 42 separate issues during 1970, 21 of those in the month of August. CHASE 11 occurred in June 1968 and disposed of United States Army GB and VX, all sealed in tin containers. CHASE 12, in August 1968, again disposed of United States Army mustard agent and was numerically (although not chronologically) the final mission to dispose of chemical weapons. was exposed to the public during a time when the army was under increasing public criticism, especially the army's Chemical Corps. CHASE was one of the incidents which led to the near-disbanding of the Chemical Corps in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Concerns were raised over the program's effect on the ocean environment as well as the risk of chemical weapons washing up on shore. The concerns led to the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, which prohibited such future missions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14434713 | 81,277 |
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