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Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering The Wyss Institute’s scientific operations are organized around six Enabling Technology Platforms that focus on development of new core technologies and capabilities that will facilitate the explosion of major R&D areas in the field of bioinspired engineering. The platforms integrate multiple faculty members with the advanced technology team, clinical experts, and industrial partners. The Institute platforms are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29017011 | 210,332 |
Cannabinoid receptor antagonist On 23 October 2008 the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) has recommended the suspension of the marketing authorization across the EU for Acomplia from Sanofi-Aventis based on the risk of serious psychiatric disorders. On 5 November 2008 Sanofi-Aventis announced discontinuation of rimonabant clinical development program. Sanofi-Aventis has also discontinued development of surinabant (SR147778), a CB receptor antagonist for smoking cessation (31 October 2008). Merck has stated in its press release on 2 October 2008 that they will not seek regulatory approval for taranabant (MK-0364) to treat obesity and will discontinue its Phase III clinical development program. Data from Phase III clinical trial showed that greater efficacy and more adverse effects were associated with the higher doses of taranabant and it was determined that the overall profile of taranabant does not support further development for obesity. Another pharmaceutical company, Pfizer, terminated the Phase III development program for its obesity compound otenabant (CP-945,598), a selective antagonist of the CB receptor. According to Pfizer their decision was based on changing regulatory perspectives on the risk/benefit profile of the CB class and likely new regulatory requirements for approval. A number of initiatives have been published to develop CB1 antagonists that target only peripheral CB1 receptors by restricting their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Among these initiatives 7TM Pharma has reported the development of TM38837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20207596 | 73,881 |
Ron Resch (Ronald Dale Resch) was an artist, computer scientist, and applied geometrist, known for his work involving folding paper, Origami Tessellations and 3D polyhedrons. Resch studied art at the University of Iowa receiving his Master of Fine Arts, and went on to become a professor of Computer Science at the University of Utah. He famously designed the Vegreville egg, the first physical structure designed entirely with computer-aided geometric modelling software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41075055 | 105,086 |
Fractionalization Surface states in topological insulators of various compounds (e.g. tellurium alloys, antimony), and pure metal (bismuth) crystals have been explored for fractionalization signatures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33915069 | 61,722 |
Women in Nazi Germany Women were within the ranks of the Nazis at the Nazi concentration camps : these were the Aufseherin and generally belonged to the SS. They were guards, secretaries or nurses. They arrived before the start of the war, some of them being trained from 1938 in Lichtenburg. This took place due to the need for personnel following the growing number of political prisoners after the Kristallnacht on 8 and 9 November 1938. After 1939, they were trained at Camp Ravensbrück near Berlin. Coming mostly from lower- or middle-class social origins, they previously worked in traditional professions (hairdresser, teacher, for example) but were, in contrast to men who were required to fulfill military serve, the women were driven by a sincere desire to reach the female wing of the SS, the SS-Gefolge. Of the 55,000 total number of guards at all the Nazi camps, there were 3,600 women (approximately 10% of the workforce), however, no woman was allowed to give orders to a man. They worked at the Auschwitz and Majdanek camps beginning in 1942. The following year, the Nazis began the conscription of women because of the shortage of guards. Later, during the war, women were also assigned on a smaller scale in the camps Neuengamme Auschwitz (I, II and III), Plaszow Flossenbürg, Gross-Rosen Vught and Stutthof, but never served in the death camps of Bełżec, Sobibór Treblinka or Chełmno | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32724237 | 188,238 |
Lost volume seller is a legal term in the law of contracts. Such a seller is a special case in contract law. Ordinarily, a seller whose buyer breaches a contract and refuses to purchase the goods can recover from the breaching buyer only the difference between the contract price and the price for which the seller ultimately sells the goods to another buyer (plus, under some circumstances, incidental damages). In the case of a lost volume seller, the seller goes on to sell the goods to someone else, usually for the same price. Under the usual measure of damages, such a seller would have no damages (the contract price less the sale price to the other customer is zero) and the breaching buyer would have no liability. The objective of the law of contracts with respect to damages is to put the aggrieved party in as good a position as the aggrieved party would have been in if the breaching party had fully performed. The ordinary measure of damages fails to put the lost volume seller in as good a position as the lost volume seller would have been had the breaching buyer fully performed. The lost volume seller would have had the profit from two sales if the first buyer had performed instead of the profit from only one sale as a result of the first buyer’s breach. In such a case, certain law (including Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code in the United States) permits the aggrieved seller to recover the lost profit that the seller would have made had the buyer not breached (plus, under some circumstances, incidental damages) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2020016 | 461,312 |
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface The Root System Description Pointer is located in a platform-dependent manner, and describes the rest of the tables. Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth has likened ACPI to Trojan horses. He has described proprietary firmware (ACPI-related or any other firmware) as a security risk, saying that "firmware on your device is the NSA's best friend" and calling firmware (ACPI or non-ACPI) "a Trojan horse of monumental proportions". He has pointed out that low quality, closed source firmware is a major threat to system security: "Your biggest mistake is to assume that the NSA is the only institution abusing this position of trust — in fact, it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity, courtesy of incompetence of the highest degree from manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies". As a solution to this problem, he has called for open-source, declarative firmware (ACPI or non-ACPI), which instead of containing executable code, only describes "hardware linkage and dependencies". A custom ACPI table called the Windows Platform Binary Table (WPBT) is used by Microsoft to allow vendors to add software into the Windows OS automatically. Some vendors, such as Lenovo and Samsung, have been caught using this feature to install harmful software like SuperFish. Windows versions older than Windows 7 do not support this feature, but alternative techniques can be used. This behavior has been compared to rootkits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2432697 | 372,845 |
Aluminium phosphide (aluminum phosphide) is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemical formula used as a wide band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colorless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation. AlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and have a zincblende crystal structure with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K. They are thermodynamically stable up to . reacts with water or acids to release phosphine: AlP is synthesized by combination of the elements: Caution must be taken to avoid exposing the AlP to any sources of moisture, as this generates toxic phosphine gas. AlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas. AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide. In this application, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4634922 | 143,475 |
Jordan School District Administration Building The Jordan School District Administration Building, at 9361 S. 400 East in Sandy, Utah, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was built in PWA Moderne style in 1935 as part of a Public Works Administration project. It appears that the building no longer exists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62099092 | 351,437 |
Bionics According to the firm, by May 2010 it has been fitted to more than 1,200 patients worldwide. The Nichi-In group is working on biomimicking scaffolds in tissue engineering, stem cells and regenerative medicine have given a detailed classification on biomimetics in medicine. On 21 July 2015, the BBC's medical correspondent Fergus Walsh reported, "Surgeons in Manchester have performed the first bionic eye implant in a patient with the most common cause of sight loss in the developed world. Ray Flynn, 80, has dry age-related macular degeneration which has led to the total loss of his central vision. He is using a retinal implant which converts video images from a miniature video camera worn on his glasses. He can now make out the direction of white lines on a computer screen using the retinal implant." The implant, known as the Argus II and manufactured in the US by the company Second Sight Medical Products, had been used previously in patients who were blind as the result of the rare inherited degenerative eye disease retinitis pigmentosa. On 17 February 2020, Darren Fuller, a military veteran became the first person to receive a bionic arm. ‘Daz’ as he is popularly referred by his mates, lost the lower section of his right arm while serving term in Afghanistan during an incident that involved mortar ammunition in 2008. A political form of biomimicry is bioregional democracy, wherein political borders conform to natural ecoregions rather than human cultures or the outcomes of prior conflicts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=946929 | 217,250 |
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Communications Society. It covers all areas of wireless communication systems and networks. It was established in 2002 and the editor-in-chief is Martin Haenggi (University of Notre Dame). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 4.951. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12953404 | 203,519 |
Absorption band For charge-transfer complexes and conjugated systems the band width is determined by a variety of factors. Electromagnetic transitions in atoms, molecules and condensed matter mainly take place at energies corresponding to the UV and visible part of the spectrum. Core electrons in atoms, and a lot of other phenomena, are observed with different brands of XAS in the X-ray energy range. Electromagnetic transitions in atomic nuclei, as observed in Mössbauer spectroscopy, take place in the gamma ray part of the spectrum. The main factors that cause broadening of the spectral line into an absorption band of a molecular solid are the distributions of vibrational and rotational energies of the molecules in the sample (and also those of their excited states). In solid crystals the shape of absorption bands are determined by the density of states of initial and final states of electronic states or lattice vibrations, called phonons, in the crystal structure. In gas phase spectroscopy, the fine structure afforded by these factors can be discerned, but in solution-state spectroscopy, the differences in molecular micro environments further broaden the structure to give smooth bands. Electronic transition bands of molecules may be from tens to several hundred nanometers in breadth. Vibrational transitions and optical phonon transitions take place in the infrared part of the spectrum, at wavelengths of around 1-30 micrometres. Rotational transitions take place in the far infrared and microwave regions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1551135 | 97,672 |
Simon Moran Simon James Moran is a concert promoter in the United Kingdom, managing director of SJM Concerts, director of the Academy Music Group of venues and owner of the Warrington Wolves Rugby League team. In 2011, The Guardian credited as the catalyst for Take That reforming in 2005, after he offered to promote a comeback tour. The band "heaped praise on music mogul Simon Moran" at the BRIT Awards 2008, for his work arranging their sell-out tour. Promoted by Moran, Take That's Progress in 2011 tour was the biggest live tour in UK and Irish history. SJM Concerts promotes tours by many well-known artists, including Morrissey, Spice Girls and The Killers and the company’s management arm, SJM Management manages the careers of The Script, The Coral, and Paul Heaton. is also a board member of the Academy Music Group, which owns and runs venues including Carling Brixton Academy, Shepherds Bush Empire, and Carling Academies in Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, Newcastle, Sheffield, Leeds and Glasgow. Moran is a shareholder in a joint-venture label with Gary Barlow, Future Records (UK label). SJM Ltd is a company with a registered office in Manchester, England, UK. In 2011, The Guardian named as No 9 in the Music Power 100. In the same year he was listed in the Evening Standard’s listing of London's 1000 most influential people in the Pop & Rock category. was also referenced as the "most influential music executive of the Noughties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35564699 | 475,809 |
Bohr radius (This is why it is defined using the true electron mass rather than the reduced mass, as mentioned above.) For example, it is the unit of length in atomic units. An important distinction is that the gives the radius with the maximum radial probability density, not its expected radial distance. The expected radial distance is actually 1.5 times the Bohr radius, as a result of the long tail of the radial wave function. Another important distinction is that in three-dimensional space, the maximum probability density occurs at the location of the nucleus and not at the Bohr radius, whereas the radial probability density peaks at the Bohr radius, i.e. when plotting the probability distribution in its radial dependency. The of the electron is one of a trio of related units of length, the other two being the Compton wavelength of the electron formula_9 and the classical electron radius formula_10. The is built from the electron mass formula_11, Planck's constant formula_12 and the electron charge formula_13. The Compton wavelength is built from formula_14, formula_12 and the speed of light formula_16. The classical electron radius is built from formula_14, formula_16 and formula_13. Any one of these three lengths can be written in terms of any other using the fine structure constant formula_20: The is about 19,000 times bigger than the classical electron radius (i.e. the common scale of atoms is angstrom, while the scale of particles is femtometer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174396 | 36,634 |
Rupert Sheldrake John Davy wrote in "The Observer" that the implications of "A New Science of Life" were "fascinating and far-reaching, and would turn upside down a lot of orthodox science," and that they would "merit attention if some of its predictions are supported by experiment." In subsequent books, Sheldrake continued to promote morphic resonance. The morphic resonance hypothesis is rejected by numerous critics on many grounds, and has been labelled pseudoscience and magical thinking. These grounds include the lack of evidence for it and its inconsistency with established scientific theories. The idea of morphic resonance is also seen as lacking scientific credibility because it is overly vague and unfalsifiable. Furthermore, Sheldrake's experimental methods have been criticised for being poorly designed and subject to experimenter bias. His analyses of results have also drawn criticism. In "The Presence of the Past: Morphic Resonance and the Habits of Nature" (1988), Sheldrake expanded on his morphic resonance hypothesis and marshalled experimental evidence which he said supported the hypothesis. The book was reviewed favourably in "New Scientist" by historian Theodore Roszak, who called it "engaging, provocative" and "a tour de force." When the book was re-issued in 2011 with those quotes on the front cover, "New Scientist" remarked, "Back then, Roszak gave Sheldrake the benefit of the doubt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=142395 | 192,995 |
Gain compression Also, at this time because the transfer function is no longer linear, harmonic distortion will result. In intentional compression (sometimes called automatic gain control or audio level compression) as used in devices called 'dynamic range compressors', the overall gain of the circuit is actively changed in response to the level of the input over time, so the transfer function remains linear over a short period of time. A sine wave into such a system will still look like a sine wave at the output, but the overall gain is varied, depending on the level of that sine wave. Above a certain input level, the output sine wave will always be the same amplitude. The output level of Intentional compression varies over time, in order to minimize non linear behavior. With gain compression, the opposite is true, its output is constant. In this respect intentional compression serves less of an artistic purpose. "Gain compression" in RF amplifiers is similar to soft clipping. However, in narrowband systems, the effect "looks" more like gain compression simply because the harmonics are filtered out after amplification. Many data sheets for RF amplifiers list gain compression rather than distortion figures because it's easier to measure and is more important than distortion figures in nonlinear RF amplifiers. In wideband and low-frequency systems, the nonlinear effects are readily visible, e.g. the output is clipped. To see the same thing at 1 GHz, an oscilloscope with a bandwidth of at least 10 GHz is needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3951487 | 201,997 |
Active Wheel was a Michelin-developed tire which incorporates an electric motor and suspension It was presented at Challenge Bibendum 2004's edition on the Hy-Light concept car and showcased during Paris Motor Show "Mondial de l'automobile"in 2008 both on the Venturi Volage electric sports car and on the Heuliez Will. The project was interrupted in 2014. Like other in-wheel motors, the ActiveWheel design provides direct power delivery of approximately , as well as regenerative braking. In addition, it replaces a mechanical suspension with an active suspension driven by an in-wheel electrical suspension motor that controls torque distribution, traction, turning maneuvers, pitch, roll and suspension damping for that wheel. However, the effects of shocks, water and snow to such an "in-wheel" design have not been precisely studied. Siemens VDO, developing a similar concept called eCorner, was purchased by Continental in 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19606054 | 370,332 |
Go (programming language) 784s It is possible to run tests in parallel. Popular tools for working with Go code: GoLand: an IDE by JetBrains Visual Studio Code: free popular extensible text editor on Electron LiteIDE: a "simple, open source, cross-platform Go IDE", Vim: also user can install plugins: Some notable open-source applications written in Go include: Other notable companies and sites using Go (generally together with other languages, not exclusively) include: The interface system, and the deliberate omission of inheritance, were praised by Michele Simionato, who likened these characteristics to those of Standard ML, calling it "a shame that no popular language has followed [this] particular route". Dave Astels at Engine Yard wrote: Go was named Programming Language of the Year by the TIOBE Programming Community Index in its first year, 2009, for having a larger 12-month increase in popularity (in only 2 months, after its introduction in November) than any other language that year, and reached 13th place by January 2010, surpassing established languages like Pascal. By June 2015, its ranking had dropped to below 50th in the index, placing it lower than COBOL and Fortran. But as of January 2017, its ranking had surged to 13th, indicating significant growth in popularity and adoption. Go was awarded TIOBE programming language of the year 2016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25039021 | 139,339 |
Diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis , in both cases the induced velocities are zero if the interfacial free energy is uniform in space, and in both cases if there are gradients the velocities are directed along the direction of increasing interfacial free energy. In diffusioosmosis, for a surface at rest the velocity increases from zero at the surface to the diffusioosmotic velocity, over the width of the interface between the surface and the solution. Beyond this distance, the diffusioosmotic velocity does not vary with distance from the surface. The driving force for diffusioosmosis is thermodynamic, i.e., it acts to reduce the free energy if the system, and so the direction of flow is away from surface regions of low surface free energy, and towards regions of high surface free energy. For a solute that adsorbs at surface, diffusioosmotic flow is away from regions of high solute concentration, while for solutes that are repelled by the surface, flow is away from regions of low solute concentration. For gradients that are not-too-large, the diffusioosmotic slip velocity, i.e., the relative flow velocity far from the surface will be proportional to the gradient in the concentration gradient formula_2 where formula_3 is a diffusioosmotic coefficient, and formula_4 is the solute concentration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14005026 | 344,446 |
String literal Using string literals as code that generates other code may have adverse security implications, especially if the output is based at least partially on untrusted user input. This is particularly acute in the case of Web-based applications, where malicious users can take advantage of such weaknesses to subvert the operation of the application, for example by mounting an SQL injection attack. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199706 | 138,563 |
Business simulation Teams made quarterly decisions covering price, production volume, budgets, research and development, advertising, and sales force and could request selected marketing research information. During the period 1955-1957 only one or two new games appeared each year (Faria, 1990). A rapid growth in the number of business games occurred over the years from 1958 to 1961. Greenlaw et al. had made a summary of some business games available by the beginning of the 1960s. The summary includes 89 different business games or different versions of a certain business game developed by industrial firms, business associations, educational institutes, or governmental units. Naylor mentions already in 1971 that hundreds of management games have been developed by various universities, business firms, and research organizations. These management games have been used both for research purposes and for training people in diverse disciplines such as management, business operation, economics, organization theory, psychology, production management, finance, accounting, and marketing. Also Faria (1990) and Dickinson note that the number of simulation games grew rapidly in the 1960s. McRaith and Goeldner list 29 marketing games, of which 20 had been developed by business firms and nine by academians for university teaching. In 1969 Graham and Gray listed nearly 200 business games of different varieties. Horn and Cleaves provided a description of 228 business games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4032051 | 456,170 |
Kohn effect The is a dispersion of phonons from the Fermi surface, named for Walter Kohn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7270813 | 14,276 |
History of early modern period domes In Poland, polygonal buildings and earlier medieval towers were often capped with domes in the Renaissance or Baroque styles. The Renaissance domes were generally onion domes stacked on top of one another and separated with so-called lanterns of openwork arcades. An example is the tower at the . The Baroque domes were characterized by unusual shapes and curves, such as those of Gniezno Cathedral. However, many bulbous domes in the larger cities of eastern Europe were replaced during the second half of the eighteenth century in favor of hemispherical or stilted cupolas in the French or Italian styles. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Roman Catholic churches with Greek-cross plans and monumental domes designed by Tylman van Gameren became popular in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. Examples include St. Kazimierz Church (1689-95) and the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Czerniaków (1690-92). The traditional Orthodox church design in three parts, with a dome over each, was used in hundreds of Orthodox and Uniate wooden churches in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Of the many Polish Roman Catholic wooden domes built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, examples with domes include the (1680-1690) and a church in Mnichów built between 1765 and 1770. Tatar wooden mosques in Poland were domed central plan structures with adjacent minarets. Oval plan churches spread outside of Rome following Vignola's innovation with the church of Santa Anna dei Palafrenieri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45633073 | 361,703 |
Voltage symmetrization system If VSS is used for line’s charging current elimination, it is not necessary to install shunt reactor. In single-phase cable lines, the VSS can eliminate the whole charging current because the operational capacity comprises phase-to-ground capacity only. In three-phase and overhead lines, the operational capacity comprises not only of phase-to-ground capacity but also of phase-to-phase capacity. VSS eliminates only charging currents of phase-to-ground capacity in these networks, which stands for 60% to 70% of line’s operational capacity value (VSS is not designated for elimination of phase-to-phase capacity charging current in the lines). VSS contributes to a significant reduction of charging reactive power flow. The advantage of the system is that it does not require a neutral to eliminate the earth-fault current. Therefore, the VSS has been implemented especially in networks which were operated with isolated neutral. During an earth fault in the network, the system eliminates earth-fault current. The function is in principle similar to an arc-suppression coil. In comparison to the arc-suppression coil, VSS eliminates earth-fault current more efficiently, even in unbalanced or extremely unbalanced networks. VSS enables to control the magnitude of residual active earth-fault current. This can be applied to improve the function of directional ground protection or to decrease great active earth-fault current in the network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54554143 | 390,680 |
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma During the German invasion of Poland, core Polish Cipher Bureau personnel were evacuated, via Romania, to France where they established the PC Bruno signals intelligence station with French facilities support. Successful cooperation among the Poles, the French, and the British at Bletchley Park continued until June 1940, when France surrendered to the Germans. From this beginning, the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park built up an extensive cryptanalytic capability. Initially, the decryption was mainly of "Luftwaffe" (German air force) and a few "Heer" (German army) messages, as the "Kriegsmarine" (German navy) employed much more secure procedures for using Enigma. Alan Turing, a Cambridge University mathematician and logician, provided much of the original thinking that led to the design of the cryptanalytical bombe machines that were instrumental in eventually breaking the naval Enigma. However, the "Kriegsmarine" introduced an Enigma version with a fourth rotor for its U-boats, resulting in a prolonged period when these messages could not be decrypted. With the capture of relevant cipher keys and the use of much faster US Navy bombes, regular, rapid reading of U-boat messages resumed. The Enigma machines produced a polyalphabetic substitution cipher. During World War I, inventors in several countries realized that a purely random key sequence, containing no repetitive pattern, would, in principle, make a polyalphabetic substitution cipher unbreakable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872175 | 247,497 |
Electric power transmission Oscillatory motion of the physical line can be termed conductor gallop or flutter depending on the frequency and amplitude of oscillation. Electric power can also be transmitted by underground power cables instead of overhead power lines. Underground cables take up less right-of-way than overhead lines, have lower visibility, and are less affected by bad weather. However, costs of insulated cable and excavation are much higher than overhead construction. Faults in buried transmission lines take longer to locate and repair. In some metropolitan areas, underground transmission cables are enclosed by metal pipe and insulated with dielectric fluid (usually an oil) that is either static or circulated via pumps. If an electric fault damages the pipe and produces a dielectric leak into the surrounding soil, liquid nitrogen trucks are mobilized to freeze portions of the pipe to enable the draining and repair of the damaged pipe location. This type of underground transmission cable can prolong the repair period and increase repair costs. The temperature of the pipe and soil are usually monitored constantly throughout the repair period. Underground lines are strictly limited by their thermal capacity, which permits less overload or re-rating than overhead lines. Long underground AC cables have significant capacitance, which may reduce their ability to provide useful power to loads beyond | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38824 | 206,758 |
Activation-synthesis hypothesis Hobson's five cardinal characteristics include: intense emotions, illogical content, apparent sensory impressions, uncritical acceptance of dream events, and difficulty in being remembered. Thanks to the development of technology since the original proposal, new experimental data has been collected and additional mechanistic details of neuronal control have been developed. It has been determined that consciousness states can be described with three values, and the AIM model is a model that uses these values for representing the similarities and differences between waking and dreaming. It is a three-dimensional state-space model that describes different states of the brain and their variance throughout the day and night. It is composed of three different values: A – activation, I – input-output gating, and M – modulation. The model is limited however, in that it cannot yet explain the regional differences in brain activity that distinguish REM sleep from waking. Other limitations include the inability to quantifiably identify and measure M in humans. During waking and activation of primary and secondary consciousnesses, high values of A, I, and M have been observed, but during REM sleep high values of A but low I and M have been observed. The protoconsciousness is template of consciousness that occurs during sleep, and on which can be constructed other mental conscious processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30875305 | 156,206 |
Maximal entropy random walk (MERW) is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph, in which transition probabilities are chosen accordingly to the principle of maximum entropy, which says that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy. While standard random walk chooses for every vertex uniform probability distribution among its outgoing edges, locally maximizing entropy rate, MERW maximizes it globally (average entropy production) by assuming uniform probability distribution among all paths in a given graph. MERW is used in various fields of science. A direct application is choosing probabilities to maximize transmission rate through a constrained channel, analogously to Fibonacci coding. Its properties also made it useful for example in analysis of complex networks, like link prediction, community detection, robust transport over networks and centrality measures. Also in image analysis, for example for detecting visual saliency regions, object localization, tampering detection or tractography problem. Additionally, it recreates some properties of quantum mechanics, suggesting a way to repair the discrepancy between diffusion models and quantum predictions, like Anderson localization. Consider a graph with formula_1 vertices, defined by an adjacency matrix formula_2: formula_3 if there is an edge from vertex formula_4 to formula_5, 0 otherwise | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53153455 | 444,701 |
Microcystin Microcystins covalently bond to and inhibit protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and can thus cause pansteatitis. The microcystin-producing "Microcystis" is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria and thrives in warm water conditions, especially in stagnant waters. The EPA predicted in 2013 that climate change and changing environmental conditions may lead to harmful algae growth and may negatively impact human health. Algal growth is also encouraged through the process of eutrophication (oversupply of nutrients). In particular, dissolved reactive phosphorus promotes algal growth. Humans are exposed by swallowing, skin contact with or inhaling contaminated water. Microcystins are chemically stable over a wide range of temperature and pH, possibly as a result of their cyclic structure. Microcystin-producing bacteria algal blooms can overwhelm the filter capacities of water treatment plants. Some evidence shows the toxin can be transported by irrigation into the food chain, In 2011, a record outbreak of blooming microcystis occurred in Lake Erie, in part related to the wettest spring on record, and expanded lake bottom dead zones, reduced fish populations, fouled beaches, and the local tourism industry which generates more than $10 billion in revenue annually. In August 2014, the City of Toledo, Ohio detected unsafe levels of microcystin in its water supply due to harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie, the shallowest of the Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=476265 | 68,862 |
WDIV-TV is one of the few television stations in the United States to have aired "Wheel" and "Jeopardy!" from the beginning of their respective syndication runs. used this as leverage for its decision to pull the programs from the schedule of CBC owned-and-operated station CBET-DT in Windsor during the 2011–12 season, a year before the CBC decided to cancel their broadcasts of the shows entirely. In the 1970s and 1980s, WDIV preempted one to two hours of NBC's daytime programming every day. The station also refused to air "Late Night with David Letterman" and its successor, "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" at 12:35 a.m. for many years, and initially did not clear the Letterman-era program at all. Instead, until 1999, the station opted to rebroadcast "Jenny Jones" in that timeslot, along with off-network syndicated programs such as "Barney Miller". WDIV currently airs the entire NBC schedule, though while "Late Night" now airs at its usual time of 12:35 a.m., it airs "A Little Late with Lilly Singh" at 2:35 a.m. instead of 1:35 a.m. due to a rebroadcast of the 11 p.m. news and an infomercial. During the 1978–79 season, it aired "This Morning", a locally-based talk show hosted by Cathie Mann, in place of the game shows "Card Sharks" and "All Star Secrets", while for many years, NBC's 12:30 p.m. programming was preempted in favor of a newscast. During the 1983–84 season, the newscast was expanded to an hour, preempting NBC's noon programming (most notably "Super Password") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1499210 | 400,771 |
Computational anatomy In computational anatomy, formula_64 is the Eulerian Momentum since when integrated against Eulerian velocity formula_65 gives energy density; operator formula_27 the generalized moment of inertia or inertial operator which acting on the Eulerian velocity gives momentum which is conserved along the geodesic: Conservation of Eulerian shape momentum was shown in and follows from ; conservation of canonical momentum was shown in ^T p_t</math>: LDDMM matching based on the entire tensor matrix has group action becomes formula_130 transformed eigenvectors The variational problem matching onto the principal eigenvector or the matrix is described LDDMM Tensor Image Matching. High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) addresses the well-known limitation of DTI, that is, DTI can only reveal one dominant fiber orientation at each location. HARDI measures diffusion along formula_132 uniformly distributed directions on the sphere and can characterize more complex fiber geometries. HARDI can be used to reconstruct an orientation distribution function (ODF) that characterizes the angular profile of the diffusion probability density function of water molecules. The ODF is a function defined on a unit sphere, formula_133. Dense LDDMM ODF matching takes the HARDI data as ODF at each voxel and solves the LDDMM variational problem in the space of ODF. In the field of information geometry, the space of ODF forms a Riemannian manifold with the Fisher-Rao metric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 | 123,591 |
Design for manufacturability Each operation (flip of the part) has set-up time, machine time, time to load/unload tools, time to load/unload parts, and time to create the NC program for each operation. If a part has only 1 operation, then parts only have to be loaded/unloaded once. If it has 5 operations, then load/unload time is significant. The low hanging fruit is minimizing the number of operations (flip of the part) to create significant savings. For example, it may take only 2 minutes to machine the face of a small part, but it will take an hour to set the machine up to do it. Or, if there are 5 operations at 1.5 hours each, but only 30 minutes total machine time, then 7.5 hours is charged for just 30 minutes of machining. Lastly, the volume (number of parts to machine) plays a critical role in amortizing the set-up time, programming time and other activities into the cost of the part. In the example above, the part in quantities of 10 could cost 7–10X the cost in quantities of 100. Typically, the law of diminishing returns presents itself at volumes of 100–300 because set-up times, custom tooling and fixturing can be amortized into the noise. The most easily machined types of metals include aluminum, brass, and softer metals. As materials get harder, denser and stronger, such as steel, stainless steel, titanium, and exotic alloys, they become much harder to machine and take much longer, thus being less manufacturable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3497359 | 416,776 |
Crossing the Chasm The book's success led to a number of sequels including "Inside the Tornado", "Living on the Fault Line" and "The Chasm Companion". "Crossing the Chasm" is available in several prints, one is . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243812 | 237,989 |
NeSSI The design features of analytical sample systems have changed little, when the discipline of Process Analytics began in Germany, right through until the present day. An example of an early analyzer and sample system used at the Buna Chemical Works (Schkopau, Germany), is shown in the following photograph. Process analytics remains exceptional in the fact that it is the last outpost of low level automation (retains manual adjustments and visible checks) within the process industries. The rationale for originated from focus group meetings held in 1999 at the Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) which called out for more reliable sampling and analysis for the manufacturing processes. Early work with was started in July, 2000 by Peter van Vuuren (ExxonMobil Chemical) and Rob Dubois (Dow Chemical) with the initial aim of adopting new types of modular and miniature hardware which were being addressed in a standard being developed by an ISA (Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society) technical committee. (Reference 1) The term NeSSI, along with the futuristic concepts of a communication/power bus specifically designed for process analytical (the NeSSI-bus) and fully automated sampling systems were first introduced outside of CPAC at a presentation given in January 2001 at the International Forum of Process Analytical Chemistry (IFPAC) at Amelia Island, Florida, USA. These new concepts were collected in the Generation II Specification and released by CPAC in 2003 as an open publication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8888246 | 47,559 |
Ternary phase In materials chemistry, a ternary phase is chemical compound containing three different elements. Some ternary phases compounds are molecular, e.g. chloroform (HCCl). More typically ternary phases refer to extended solids. Famous example are the perovskites. Binary phases with only two elements, have lower degrees of complexity than ternary phases. With four elements quaternary phases are more complex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55666445 | 9,123 |
Spurious emission A spurious emission is any radio frequency not deliberately created or transmitted, especially in a device which normally does create other frequencies. A harmonic or other signal outside a transmitter's assigned channel would be considered a spurious emission. From ITU, 1.145 Spurious emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products but exclude out-of-band emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=272051 | 399,459 |
Working poor A household is coded as "poor" if its income is less than 50% of its country's median income. This is a relative, rather than absolute, measure of poverty. A household is classified as "working" if at least one member of the household was employed at the time of the survey. The most important insight contained in this graph is that the US has strikingly higher working poverty rates than European countries. Minorities in the US are disproportionately affected by poverty. Blacks and Hispanics are twice as likely to be part of the working poor than Whites. In 2017, the rate for Blacks and Hispanics was 7.9%, and 3.9% for Whites, 2.9% for Asians. Higher levels of education generally leads to lower levels of poverty. 13.7% of the working poor had less than a high school diploma or it's equivalent. That percentage drops significantly to 6.2% for high school graduates. However, higher education is not a guarantee of escaping poverty. 5.0% of the working poor have some college experience, 3.2% have an associate degree, and 1.5% have a bachelor's degree or higher. Using the Supplemental Poverty Report and looking at everyone in poverty, not just those working, these percentages actually rise to 14.9% with a high school diploma, 9.7% with some college, and 6.2% with a bachelor's degree of higher. Blacks and Hispanics have higher rates of poverty than Whites and Asians at every education level. Married and cohabiting partners are less likely to experience poverty than individuals and single parents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=786944 | 476,825 |
Energy monitoring and targeting Very scattered points, on the other hand, may reflect other significant factors playing in the variation of the energy consumption, other than the one plotted in the first place, but it can also be the illustration of a lack of control over the process. The next step is to monitor the difference between the expected consumption and the actual measured consumption. One of the tools most commonly used for this is the CUSUM, which is the CUmulative SUM of differences. This consists in first calculating the difference between the expected and actual performances (the best fit line previously identified and the points themselves). The CUSUM can then be plotted against time on a new graph, which then yields more information for the energy efficiency specialist. Variances scattered around zero usually mean that the process is operating normally. Marked variations, increasing or decreasing steadily usually reflect a modification in the conditions of the process. In the case of the CUSUM graph, the slope becomes very important, as it is the main indicator of the savings achieved. A slope going steadily down indicates steady savings. Any variation in the slope indicates a change in the process. For example, in the graph on the right, the first section indicated no savings. However, in September (beginning of the yellow line), an energy efficiency measure must have been implemented, as savings start to occur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4772620 | 357,855 |
Sodium hydroxide Olives are often soaked in sodium hydroxide for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of sodium hydroxide. It is known as E number E524. Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include: is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic". It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties. Surfactants can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners. A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57877 | 59,037 |
Technology policy In June 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, which states that companies must declassify what sort of data they collect and grant users the option to delete data. This leaves the rest of the U.S. watching to see the effectiveness of the California law in hopes to further protect U.S. citizens from becoming a victim to more unethical data practices. Many technological interventions in the everyday lives of citizens are raising concern for the future of regulation. Self-driving cars has grabbed the attention of many, including rideshare company Uber; in March 2018, the company tested an AI-driven vehicle in Tempe, Arizona, and during this test the vehicle struck and killed a 49-year-old woman. In this test, the self-driving vehicle was monitored by an Uber employee who they deemed a "watchdog". It was later revealed that the reasoning for the accident had been due to an issue with the programming of the vehicle's AI; the company failed to create code capable of detecting jaywalkers. Rather than classifying the jaywalking pedestrian as a human, the code defined the woman as "other" which the code did not have a protocol to perform under; it wasn't until 1.2 seconds before impact that the code detected a bicycle and alerted the vehicle to brake that the car began to slow down which was too late to avoid the accident | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10241777 | 471,902 |
Hispanic 500 The is a directory published by HispanTelligence of the 500 largest Hispanic-owned business in the United States. California, with the largest Hispanic population in the nation, has 101 companies on the list. It has been published for 25 years as of June 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17934903 | 512,605 |
Etching (microfabrication) ) The plasma produces energetic free radicals, neutrally charged, that react at the surface of the wafer. Since neutral particles attack the wafer from all angles, this process is isotropic. Plasma etching can be isotropic, i.e., exhibiting a lateral undercut rate on a patterned surface approximately the same as its downward etch rate, or can be anisotropic, i.e., exhibiting a smaller lateral undercut rate than its downward etch rate. Such anisotropy is maximized in deep reactive ion etching. The use of the term anisotropy for plasma etching should not be conflated with the use of the same term when referring to orientation-dependent etching. The source gas for the plasma usually contains small molecules rich in chlorine or fluorine. For instance, carbon tetrachloride (CCl) etches silicon and aluminium, and trifluoromethane etches silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. A plasma containing oxygen is used to oxidize ("ash") photoresist and facilitate its removal. "Ion milling", or "sputter etching", uses lower pressures, often as low as 10 Torr (10 mPa). It bombards the wafer with energetic ions of noble gases, often Ar, which knock atoms from the substrate by transferring momentum. Because the etching is performed by ions, which approach the wafer approximately from one direction, this process is highly anisotropic. On the other hand, it tends to display poor selectivity. "Reactive-ion etching" (RIE) operates under conditions intermediate between sputter and plasma etching (between 10 and 10 Torr) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8726682 | 406,659 |
Videocassette recorder The declining market combined with a US Federal Communications Commission mandate effective 1 March 2007, that all new TV tuners in the US be ATSC tuners encouraged major electronics makers, except Funai, JVC, and Panasonic, to end production of standalone units for the US market. Most new standalone VCRs in the US since then can only record from external baseband sources (usually composite video), including CECBs which (by NTIA mandate) all have composite outputs, as well as those ATSC tuners (including TVs) and cable boxes that come with composite outputs. However, JVC did ship one model of D-VHS deck with a built-in ATSC tuner, the HM-DT100U, but it remains extremely rare, and therefore expensive. In July 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer of VHS recorders, announced it would cease production of VHS recorders by the end of the month. As a result of winning the format war over HD DVD, the new high definition optical disc format Blu-ray Disc was expected to replace the DVD format. However, with many homes still having a large supply of VHS tapes and with all Blu-ray players designed to play regular DVDs and CDs by default, some manufacturers began to make VCR/Blu-ray combo players. Although consumers have passed over videocassettes for home video playback in favor of DVDs since the early 2000s, VCRs still retained a significant share in home video recording during that decade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23442715 | 393,036 |
Genetically modified crops Global estimates are produced by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) and can be found in their annual reports, "Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops". Farmers have widely adopted GM technology (see figure). Between 1996 and 2013, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops increased by a factor of 100, from to 1,750,000 km (432 million acres). 10% of the world's arable land was planted with GM crops in 2010. As of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395 million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain. One of the key reasons for this widespread adoption is the perceived economic benefit the technology brings to farmers. For example, the system of planting glyphosate-resistant seed and then applying glyphosate once plants emerged provided farmers with the opportunity to dramatically increase the yield from a given plot of land, since this allowed them to plant rows closer together. Without it, farmers had to plant rows far enough apart to control post-emergent weeds with mechanical tillage. Likewise, using Bt seeds means that farmers do not have to purchase insecticides, and then invest time, fuel, and equipment in applying them. However critics have disputed whether yields are higher and whether chemical use is less, with GM crops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 | 199,001 |
Whitworth Society In 2018 the prize money awarded is up to £5,450 per annum for an undergraduate programme and £8,250 per annum for a post graduate research programme. The prize money is still funded by the original money provided in Trust by Joseph Whitworth. The criteria for a scholarship remains consistent with the original mandate of 1868, practical skills with aptitude for science and mathematic based academia. In 2018, the conditions for application for a scholarship are to: In 1984, as a result of consultation with the Whitworth Society, the administration of the Awards and Scholarship programmes was transferred from the Department of Education & Science (at the time) to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Today, the scholarship programme lasts for the duration of an individual's academic studies, typically 3-4 years of full-time degree studies. During this time, the individuals are termed "award holders". If the continued monitoring of progress and overall academic achievement is deemed satisfactory, the award holder becomes a Whitworth Scholar. This occasion is commemorated at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Vision Awards ceremony ordinarily carried out in the September/October period of each year. A Whitworth Scholar is the accolade given to those who have successfully completed a Whitworth Scholarship. It is rare on the basis that only a small number of scholarships are issued each year which has quite specific application conditions and a tough review process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59357551 | 194,889 |
Cupping tester Cupping testers are employed in the testing of the elongation and deformability of lacquers and protective coatings applied to metal substrates. This sort of test is essential because it allows one to test the durability of a lacquer or protective coating before the coating is applied to a product. The cupping tester operates by using a punch to push upon the unpainted side of a coated panel until the painted side shows signs of deformation (cracks) in the coating. It is when cracks start to appear that the lacquer or coating's durability can be recorded, this durability is known as the coating's flexibility rating. The test can also be performed according to a predetermined depth. For example, if a coating needed a certain flexibility rating, then the tester would be set to a depth in accordance with that rating, without the need to deform the coating until it fails. There are a variety of cupping testers, ranging from the manual to the fully automated, and from single substrate to multiple substrate testers. However, generally they consist of a solid metal base which forms a circle over which the coating is tested. There is a punch that will go up to and through this metal hole in order to apply pressure to the coating and substrate. In addition to these core components, there is usually an included magnifier which helps to determine the point of major deformation. These components can be arranged in a variety of ways, but these components remain consistent in all designs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39509720 | 17,987 |
Human–robot interaction is the study of interactions between humans and robots. It is often referred as HRI by researchers. is a multidisciplinary field with contributions from human–computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural language understanding, design, humanities and social sciences. has been a topic of both science fiction and academic speculation even before any robots existed. Because HRI depends on a knowledge of (sometimes natural) human communication, many aspects of HRI are continuations of human communications topics that are much older than robotics. The origin of HRI as a discrete problem was stated by 20th-century author Isaac Asimov in 1941, in his novel "I, Robot". He states the Three Laws of Robotics as,These three laws of robotics determine the idea of safe interaction. The closer the human and the robot get and the more intricate the relationship becomes, the more the risk of a human being injured rises. Nowadays in advanced societies, manufacturers employing robots solve this issue by not letting humans and robots share the workspace at any time. This is achieved by defining safe zones using lidar sensors or physical cages. Thus the presence of humans is completely forbidden in the robot workspace while it is working. With the advances of artificial intelligence, the autonomous robots could eventually have more proactive behaviors, planning their motion in complex unknown environments. These new capabilities keep safety as the primary issue and efficiency as secondary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3186372 | 370,777 |
Second-order cybernetics Referring to the Macy conferences, it emphasises the requirement for a participant observer in the second order case: In 1992, Pask summarized the differences between the old and the new cybernetics as a shift in emphasis:. Some biologists influenced by cybernetic concepts (Maturana and Varela, 1980; Varela, 1979; Atlan, 1979) realized that the cybernetic metaphors of the program upon which molecular biology had been based rendered a conception of the autonomy of the living being impossible. Consequently, these thinkers were led to invent a new cybernetics, one more suited to the organization mankind discovers in nature – organizations he has not himself invented. The possibility that this new cybernetics could also account for social forms of organization, remained an object of debate among theoreticians on self-organization in the 1980s. In political science in the 1980s unlike its predecessor, the new cybernetics concerns itself with the interaction of autonomous political actors and subgroups and the practical reflexive consciousness of the subject who produces and reproduces the structure of political community. A dominant consideration is that of recursiveness, or self-reference of political action both with regard to the expression of political consciousness and with the ways in which systems build upon themselves. In 1978, Geyer and van der Zouwen discuss a number of characteristics of the emerging "new cybernetics" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2073462 | 294,291 |
Spinodal decomposition By inspection, those are seen to be <100>. For this case: the same as for an isotropic material. At least one metal (molybdenum) has an anisotropy of opposite sign. In this case, the directions for minimum W will be those that maximize the directional cosine function. These directions are <111>, and As we will see, the growth rate of the modulations will be a maximum in the directions that minimize Y. These directions therefore determine the morphology and structural characteristics of the decomposition in cubic solid solutions. Rewriting the diffusion equation and including the term derived for the elastic energy yields the following: or which can alternatively be written in terms of the diffusion coefficient D as: The simplest way of solving this equation is by using the method of Fourier transforms. The motivation for the Fourier transform comes from the study of a Fourier series. In the study of a Fourier series, complicated periodic functions are written as the sum of simple waves mathematically represented by sines and cosines. Due to the properties of sine and cosine it is possible to recover the amount of each wave in the sum by an integral. In many cases it is desirable to use Euler's formula, which states that "e" = cos 2"πθ" + "i" sin 2"πθ", to write Fourier series in terms of the basic waves "e", with the distinct advantage of simplifying many unwieldy formulas. The passage from sines and cosines to complex exponentials makes it necessary for the Fourier coefficients to be complex valued | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13480124 | 90,058 |
Microscope image processing Ironically, in recent years, much effort has been put into acquiring data at video rates, or higher (25-30 frames per second or higher). What was once easy with off-the-shelf video cameras now requires special, high speed electronics to handle the vast digital data bandwidth. Higher speed acquisition allows dynamic processes to be observed in real time, or stored for later playback and analysis. Combined with the high image resolution, this approach can generate vast quantities of raw data, which can be a challenge to deal with, even with a modern computer system. It should be observed that while current CCD detectors allow very high image resolution, often this involves a trade-off because, for a given chip size, as the pixel count increases, the pixel size decreases. As the pixels get smaller, their well depth decreases, reducing the number of electrons that can be stored. In turn, this results in a poorer signal to noise ratio. For best results, one must select an appropriate sensor for a given application. Because microscope images have an intrinsic limiting resolution, it often makes little sense to use a noisy, high resolution detector for image acquisition. A more modest detector, with larger pixels, can often produce much higher quality images because of reduced noise. This is especially important in low-light applications such as fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, one must also consider the temporal resolution requirements of the application | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=275602 | 35,781 |
Process modeling study the connection mainly between count metrics (for example, the number of tasks or splits -and maintainability of software process models); Cardoso validates the correlation between control flow complexity and perceived complexity; and Mendling et al. use metrics to predict control flow errors such as deadlocks in process models. The results reveal that an increase in size of a model appears to reduce its quality and comprehensibility. Further work by Mendling et al. investigates the connection between metrics and understanding and While some metrics are confirmed regarding their effect, also personal factors of the modeler – like competence – are revealed as important for understanding about the models. Several empirical surveys carried out still do not give clear guidelines or ways of evaluating the quality of process models but it is necessary to have clear set of guidelines to guide modelers in this task. Pragmatic guidelines have been proposed by different practitioners even though it is difficult to provide an exhaustive account of such guidelines from practice. In, 10 tips for process modeling are summarized, many technical definitions and rules are provided, but it does not teach how to create process models that are effective in their primary mission - maximizing shared understanding of the as-is or to-be process. Most of the guidelines are not easily put to practice but "label activities verb–noun" rule has been suggested by other practitioners before and analyzed empirically. From the research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1674621 | 455,388 |
Feminist digital humanities "Literary scholars who depend on archival or rare book materials still confront, whether they acknowledge it or not, the legacy of an institutional form through which patriarchal power exercised the authority to determine value, classification, and access." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38824009 | 271,799 |
Gerrymandering in the United States A 5–4 majority declared one congressional district unconstitutional in the case because of harm to an ethnic minority. Since the 1790 United States Census, the United States Census Bureau has counted prisoner populations as residents of the districts in which they are incarcerated, rather than in the same district as their previous pre-incarceration residence. In jurisdictions where incarcerated people cannot vote, moving boundaries around a prison can create a district out of what would otherwise be a population of voters which is too small. One extreme example is Waupun, Wisconsin, where two city council districts are made up of 61% and 76% incarcerated people, but as of 2019, neither elected representative has visited the local prisons. In 2018, the Census Bureau announced that it would retain the policy, asserting that the policy "is consistent with the concept of usual residence, as established by the Census Act of 1790," but also conceding assistance to states who wish "'to 'move' their prisoner population back to the prisoners' pre-incarceration addresses for redistricting and other purposes" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42223515 | 496,338 |
Vulnerability database NVD serves as an enhancement to that data by providing Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) risk scoring and Common Platform Enumeration (CPE) data. The Open Source Vulnerability Database provides an accurate, technical and unbiased index on vulnerability security. The comprehensive database cataloged over 121,000 vulnerabilities spanning a 113-year period. The OSVDB was founded in August 2002 and was launched in March 2004. In its primitive beginning, newly identified vulnerabilities were investigated by site members and explanations were detailed on the website. However, as the necessity for the service thrived, the need for dedicated staff resulted in the inception of the Open Security Foundation (OSF) which was founded as a non-profit organisation in 2005 to provide funding for security projects and primarily the OSVDB. The U.S. National Vulnerability Database is a comprehensive cyber security vulnerability database formed in 2005 that reports on CVE. The NVD is a primary cyber security referral tool for individuals and industries alike providing informative resources on current vulnerabilities. The NVD holds in excess of 50,000 records and publishes 13 new entries daily on average. Similar to the OSVDB, the NVD publishes impact ratings and categorises material into an index to provide users with an intelligible search system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27466687 | 362,095 |
Charles F. Kettering In 1914, recognizing that Dayton was among the leading industrial cities in the US because of the skilled engineers and technicians in the city, they founded the Engineers Club of Dayton and the Foreman's Club of Dayton, which later on became the National Management Association. Kettering married Olive Williams of Ashland, Ohio, on August 1, 1905. Their only child, Eugene Williams Kettering, was born on April 20, 1908. Eugene W. Kettering joined Winton Engine in 1930, which was acquired by General Motors and was eventually incorporated into the General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD). The younger Kettering became a central figure in the development of the EMD 567 and the Detroit Diesel 6-71, serving at EMD until his retirement in 1960. Charles Kettering built a house, "Ridgeleigh Terrace", in 1914. According to local sources, this house was the first in the United States to have electric air conditioning. Ridgeleigh Terrace was the home of his son, Eugene Kettering, until his death. Eugene's wife, Virginia Kettering, lived in the house for many years, restoring and redecorating it. In the late 1990s, the house was seriously damaged in a fire, but it was rebuilt according to the original blueprints. Some of his memorable quotations are: "It doesn't matter if you try and try and try again, and fail. It does matter if you try and fail, and fail to try again.", "Failures are finger posts on the road to achievement.", "My interest is in the future because I am going to spend the rest of my life there." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=275593 | 446,371 |
Instructional design "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation" John Keller has devoted his career to researching and understanding motivation in instructional systems. These decades of work constitute a major contribution to the instructional design field. First, by applying motivation theories systematically to design theory. Second, in developing a unique problem-solving process he calls the ARCS Motivation... The ARCS Model of Motivational Design was created by John Keller while he was researching ways to supplement the learning process with motivation. The model is based on Tolman's and Lewin's expectancy-value theory, which presumes that people are motivated to learn if there is value in the knowledge presented (i.e. it fulfills personal needs) and if there is an optimistic expectation for success. The model consists of four main areas: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. Attention and relevance according to John Keller's ARCS motivational theory are essential to learning. The first 2 of 4 key components for motivating learners, attention, and relevance can be considered the backbone of the ARCS theory, the latter components relying upon the former. The attention mentioned in this theory refers to the interest displayed by learners in taking in the concepts/ideas being taught | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=91820 | 269,120 |
Adverse pressure gradient In fluid dynamics, an adverse pressure gradient occurs when the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as: formula_1 for a flow in the positive formula_2-direction. This is important for boundary layers, increasing the fluid pressure is akin to increasing the potential energy of the fluid, leading to a reduced kinetic energy and a deceleration of the fluid. Since the fluid in the inner part of the boundary layer is slower, it is more greatly affected by the increasing pressure gradient. For a large enough pressure increase, this fluid may slow to zero velocity or even become reversed causing a flow separation. This has very significant consequences in aerodynamics since flow separation significantly modifies the pressure distribution along the surface and hence the lift and drag characteristics. Turbulent boundary layers tend to be able to sustain an adverse pressure gradient better than an equivalent laminar boundary layer. The more efficient mixing which occurs in a turbulent boundary layer transports kinetic energy from the edge of the boundary layer to the low momentum flow at the solid surface, often preventing the separation that would occur for a laminar boundary layer under the same conditions. This physical fact has led to a variety of schemes to actually produce turbulent boundary layers when boundary layer separation is dominant at high Reynolds numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238493 | 13,835 |
Position error is one of the errors affecting the systems in an aircraft for measuring airspeed and altitude. It is not practical or necessary for an aircraft to have an airspeed indicating system and an altitude indicating system that are exactly accurate. A small amount of error is tolerable. It is caused by the location of the static vent that supplies the altimeter. All aircraft are equipped with a small hole in the surface of the aircraft called the static port. The air pressure in the vicinity of the static port is conveyed by a conduit to the altimeter and the airspeed indicator. This static port and the conduit constitute the aircraft's static system. The objective of the static system is to sense the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. In an ideal static system the air pressure fed to the altimeter and airspeed indicator is equal to the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. As the air flows past an aircraft in flight, the streamlines are affected by the presence of the aircraft, and the speed of the air relative to the aircraft is different at different positions on the aircraft's outer surface. In consequence of Bernoulli's principle, the different speeds of the air result in different pressures at different positions on the aircraft's surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1131331 | 303,806 |
Control (management) Control is a function of management which helps to check errors in order to take corrective actions. This is done to minimize deviation from standards and ensure that the stated goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner. According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action; earlier concepts of control were only used when errors were detected. Control in management includes setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action the decision making. In 1916, Henri Fayol formulated one of the first definitions of control as it pertains to management: "Control of an undertaking consists of seeing that everything is being carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the orders which have been given, and the principles which have been laid down. Its objective is to point out mistakes in order that they may be rectified and prevented from recurring." According to EFL Brech: "Control is checking current performance against pre-determined standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensure adequate progress and satisfactory performance." According to Harold Koontz: "Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are accomplished." According to Stafford Beer: "Management is the profession of control." Robert J | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11523713 | 101,954 |
Creosote The type of anaerobic bacteria ultimately determines the reduction of the creosote preservative compounds, while each individual compound may only go through reduction under certain conditions. BTEX is a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, that was studied in the presence of four different anaerobic-enriched sediments. Though the compound, BTEX, is not found in creosote preservatives, the products of creosote preservatives' oxidation-reduction reactions include some of these compounds. For oxidation-reduction reactions, see the following section. In this study, it was seen that certain compounds such as benzene were only reduced under sulfate-enriched environments, while toluene was reduced under a variety of bacteria-enriched environments, not just sulfate. The biodegradation of a creosote preservative in an anaerobic enrichment depends not only on the type of bacteria enriching the environment, but also the compound that has been released from the preservative. In aerobic environments, preservative compounds are limited in the biodegradation process by the presence of free oxygen. In an aerobic environment, free oxygen comes from oxygen saturated sediments, sources of precipitation, and plume edges. The free oxygen allows for the compounds to be oxidized and decomposed into new intermediate compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69053 | 69,832 |
Sharps waste It has been estimated that 95% of all injections in developing regions are for therapeutic purposes. The average person has been estimated to receive up to 8.5 injections per year. Newly developed injection technologies are rarely used to provide these injections due to added costs. Therefore, the majority of injections are given with standard disposable syringes in developing regions. The infrastructure of developing regions is not equipped to deal with this large volume of contaminated sharps waste. Contrary to the industrialized world, disposal incinerators and transportation networks are not always available. Cost restraints make the purchase of single use disposable containers unrealistic. Facilities are often overwhelmed with patients and understaffed with educated workers. Demand on these facilities can limit the emphasis or enforcement of waste disposal protocols. These factors leave a dangerous quantity of sharps waste in the environment. Contrasts between the industrialized and developing world segment can be seen in accidental needle stick injuries. These occur at a rate of .18 to .74 per person per year in industrialized nations and .93 to 4.68 per person per year in developing and transitional nations (Hutin, Hauri, Armstrong, 2003). Improper sharps management is a major factor involved in what is categorized as unsafe injections. Annually these account for 21 million, 2 million, and 260,000 of new HBV, HCV, and HIV infections annually | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3410731 | 459,090 |
Rathaus (Oldenburg) The old Rathaus (in German: Altes Rathaus) is the former town hall in the centre of the city of Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. In 1635, a Renaissance-style town hall was built on this site by Count Anthony Günther. It was removed in 1886 and the present building was completed in 1888 with elements of the neo-Renaissance and neo-Gothic styles. There is a German restaurant in the basement, the Ratskeller Oldenburg. To the south is St Lamberti-Kirche and to the west is Oldenburgisches Staatstheater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47807263 | 328,130 |
Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS) is an inventory database for the management of existing and new chemicals primarily aimed at manufacturers of chemicals within, and importers of chemicals to Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49603744 | 128,828 |
SpaceX reusable launch system development program 0, or Grasshopper v1.0, prior to 2014 during the time the followon Grasshopper-class test vehicles were being built. In addition to three test flights in 2012, five additional tests were successfully flown by the end of October 2013including the fourth test overall in March 2013in which Grasshopper doubled its highest leap to rise to with a 34-second flight. In the seventh test, in August 2013, the vehicle flew to during a 60-second flight and executed a lateral maneuver before returning to the pad. Grasshopper made its eighth and final test flight on October 7, 2013, flying to before making its eighth successful landing. The Grasshopper test vehicle is now retired. As early as October 2012, SpaceX discussed development of a second-generation Grasshopper test vehicle, which was to have lighter landing legs that fold up on the side of the rocket, a different engine bay, and would be nearly 50% longer than the first Grasshopper vehicle. In March 2013, SpaceX announced that the larger Grasshopper-class suborbital flight vehicle would be constructed out of the first-stage tank that was used for qualification testing at the SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility in early 2013. It was rebuilt as the with extensible landing legs. Five test flights occurred in 2014. The second VTVL flight test vehicle—F9R Dev1, built on the much longer Falcon 9 v1.1 first-stage tank, with retractable landing legs—made its first test flight on April 17, 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34666187 | 220,530 |
Warren Block (Westbrook, Maine) Its upper floors housed offices and a large community meeting space, which was used by fraternal organizations such as the International Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. It was designed by John Calvin Stevens, then working in partnership with Francis H. Fassett. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50003790 | 333,312 |
Bit-stream access The main elements defining bit-stream access are the following: Thus, bit-stream access is a wholesale product consisting of the access (typically ADSL) and “backhaul” services of the (data) backbone network (ATM, IP backbone). Unlike unbundled access, the provision of bit-stream access services is not mandated under European Union law, but where an incumbent operator provides bit-stream DSL services to its own services, subsidiary or third party, then, in accordance with community law, it must also provide such forms of access under transparent and non-discriminatory terms or conditions to others (Directive 98/10/EC Article 16). service allows the incumbent to retain control of the rate of deployment of high-speed access services, and the geographical regions in which these service are rolled out. From the regulatory point of view, such services are therefore seen as complementing the other forms of unbundled access, but not substituting them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10456939 | 403,073 |
Reclaimed lumber On the East Coast, industry pioneers began selling reclaimed wood in the early 1970s but the industry stayed mostly small until the 1990s as waste disposal increased and deconstruction became a more economically alternative to demolition. A trade association, the Reclaimed Wood Council, was formed in May 2003 but dissolved in January 2008 due to a lack of participation among the larger reclaimed wood distributors. is sold under a number of names, such as antique lumber, distressed lumber, recovered lumber, upcycled lumber, and others. It is often confused with salvage logging. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System is the US Green Building Council's (USGBC) benchmark for designing, building and operating green buildings. To be certified, projects must first meet the prerequisites designated by the USGBC and then earn a certain number of credits within six categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, innovation and design process. Using reclaimed wood can earn credits towards achieving LEED project certification. Because reclaimed wood is considered recycled content, it meets the 'materials and resources' criteria for LEED certification, and because some reclaimed lumber products are Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified, they can qualify for LEED credits under the 'certified wood' category. With reclaimed material being so popular, it is becoming more difficult to source | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13422760 | 344,095 |
Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture The Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, known as NIFA, is one of four agriculture and food irradiation research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The institute is tasked to carry out research in Crop production and protection, soil fertility, water management and conservation and value addition of food resources, employing nuclear and other contemporary techniques. NIFA was the brainchild of Ishrat Hussain Usmani, bureaucrat and chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, however due to economic difficulties, the plans were not carried out until the 1980s. In 1982, Munir Ahmad Khan led the establishment of the institute and its first director was Abdul Rashid who revolutionized the institute. The NIFA administers cobalt-60 radiation source, Laser absorption spectrometer and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Near-infrared spectrometer and Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. A library was opened in 1990, and recently, the institute has acquired 75 acres of land at CHASNUPP-I site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31414368 | 206,441 |
Software engineer A software engineer is a person who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of computer software. Prior to the mid-1970s, software practitioners generally called themselves "computer scientists", "computer programmers" or "software developers," regardless of their actual jobs. Many people prefer to call themselves "software developer" and "programmer", because most widely agree what these terms mean, while the exact meaning of "software engineer" is still being debated. Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science, information systems, or information technology. A small, but growing, number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, the Department of Computing at Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering Bachelor's degree in the UK and the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program. In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States, however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003, the same time as Rice University, Clarkson University, Milwaukee School of Engineering and Mississippi State University obtained theirs. In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=90471 | 269,064 |
Stegosaurus in popular culture A group of "Stegosaurus" also appeared "", as one of the first dinosaurs to be seen, although they were depicted as far larger than the actual animal. They also were seen briefly in "Jurassic Park III", "Jurassic World" and in "". "Stegosaurus" is one of the three dinosaur types whose physical characteristics were combined by the designers at Toho, to create the Japanese monster Godzilla; the other two dinosaurs were "Tyrannosaurus" and "Iguanodon". In the American version of "King Kong vs. Godzilla" this is remarked upon by a reporter, claiming Godzilla was half-"Stegosaurus", half-"Tyrannosaurus". "Stegosaurus" has also featured in several television series. A "Stegosaurus" has also appeared in one episode of "Doctor Who". More recently, in 2010, a "Stegosaurus" appeared in the first Series 4 Prequel Webisode of the ITV series "Primeval". It was incorrectly shown as having a horn on its head. This is due to the fact that, instead of creating another model for the "Stegosaurus" entirely, the special effects team decided to use the same "Embolotherium" model, which they had previously used, earlier on, in the making of Episode 3.9 of "Primeval". In the episode "Do Shapeshifters Dream of Electric Sheep?" of "Fringe", "Stegosaurus"' second brain is mentioned as William Bell's design choice for shape-shifters' memory storage unit. "Stegosaurus" has been featured in numerous television documentaries, such as: "Stegosaurus" has also often been featured in children's cartoons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8583165 | 161,463 |
Flora of China The flora of China is diverse. More than 30,000 plant species are native to China, representing nearly one-eighth of the world's total plant species, including thousands found nowhere else on Earth. China contains a variety of several many forest types. Both northeast and northwest reaches contain mountains and cold coniferous forests, supporting animal species which include moose and Asiatic black bear, along with some 120 types of birds. Moist conifer forests can have thickets of bamboo as an understorey, replaced by rhododendrons in higher montane stands of juniper and yew. Subtropical forests, which dominate central and southern China, support an astounding 146,000 species of flora. Tropical rainforest and seasonal rainforests, though confined to Yunnan and Hainan Island, contain a quarter of all the plant and animal species found in China. The flora of China has an online database which gives both a taxon's description and its taxonomy. (see also, List of electronic floras.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28075326 | 177,713 |
Else Shepherd She sat on the board of the National Electricity Market Management Company, the Brisbane City Works Advisory Board and the International Electrotechnical Commission Council Board. She has lectured at the University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Griffith University. Shepherd is a trained pianist who received her Graduate Diploma in Music from the Queensland Conservatorium in 1984. She has worked as a choral conductor and director of arts organisations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61313714 | 387,038 |
Finlandia Hall The floor or the foyer is covered with high-quality English wool carpeting. The Helsinki Hall with its 340 seats and pleasant foyer is an excellent venue for various events. The Helsinki Hall has features that resemble the church hall that Aalto designed for Detmerode, Wolfsburg, Germany. Especially the roof is copied from it. The “panels” in the ceiling are American Oregon pine. A closer look at the walls of the Helsinki Hall shows that there is only one sharp angle in the Hall. The Finlandia Restaurant consists of three dining rooms separated by movable walls. As a single space, the restaurant seats 380 people and accommodates a cocktail party for 650 people. Combining the restaurant and the adjoining foyer allows the arrangement of catering for almost 1300 people and cocktail parties for up to 2500 people. The Congress Wing was completed in 1975. The special feature of the Congress Wing is the “waves” of the facade that give the building unique beauty and vivacity. The outer walls of the Wing are not direct. They curve, following the form of the terrain. On the one hand, Aalto wanted to save most of the trees on the site, but on the other hand, he wanted to avoid the monotony of direct walls. The Congress Wing contains convertible halls A, B and C, as well as several (total 13) smaller meeting rooms. The Veranda extension of the Finlandia Hall, which was completed in 2011, is a conversion of the covered parking lot and ramp on the Karamzininranta side of the main building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1885366 | 340,355 |
Andrew Carnegie High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown. With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the lake was abandoned by the Commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests and eventually came to be owned by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club in 1881. Prior to the flood, speculators had purchased the abandoned reservoir, made less than well-engineered repairs to the old dam, raised the lake level, built cottages and a clubhouse, and created the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Less than downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown. The dam was high and long. Between 1881 when the club was opened, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw. Additionally, a previous owner removed and sold for scrap the 3 cast iron discharge pipes that previously allowed a controlled release of water. There had been some speculation as to the dam's integrity, and concerns had been raised by the head of the Cambria Iron Works downstream in Johnstown. Such repair work, a reduction in height, and unusually high snowmelt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the dam to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million tons of water sweeping down the valley as the Johnstown Flood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1938 | 446,692 |
Multistorey car park Another example is the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer to replace steel wire mesh to lighten the load and yield more corrosion resistant especially for the cold-climate areas which use salt for melting snow. These structures are not usually known for their architectural value. As "Architectural Record" has noted, "In the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage lurks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas." "The New York Times" has labeled parking structures as "the grim afterthought of American design". A handful of structures have received considerable praise for their design, including The term "multistorey car park" (often abbreviated to "multistorey" or "multistory") is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and many Commonwealth of Nations countries, and it is nowadays most commonly spelled without a hyphen. In the western United States, the term "parking structure" is used, especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the "garage" connected with a house. In some places in North America, "parking garage" refers only to an indoor, often underground, structure. Outdoor, multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional terms: Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure since their work is all about structures and since that term is the vernacular in some of the western United States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1496209 | 318,647 |
Control theory As the sensed speed drops below the reference, the difference increases, the throttle opens, and engine power increases, speeding up the vehicle. In this way, the controller dynamically counteracts changes to the car's speed. The central idea of these control systems is the "feedback loop", the controller affects the system output, which in turn is measured and fed back to the controller. To overcome the limitations of the open-loop controller, control theory introduces feedback. A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is "fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop. Closed-loop controllers have the following advantages over open-loop controllers: In some systems, closed-loop and open-loop control are used simultaneously. In such systems, the open-loop control is termed feedforward and serves to further improve reference tracking performance. A common closed-loop controller architecture is the PID controller. The output of the system "y(t)" is fed back through a sensor measurement "F" to a comparison with the reference value "r(t)" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7039 | 395,380 |
Batman The storyline "A Death in the Family" suggests that given Batman's grim nature, he is unlikely to have adopted the "bat" prefix on his own. In "The Dark Knight Returns", tells Carrie Kelley that the original Robin came up with the name "Batmobile" when he was young, since that is what a kid would call Batman's vehicle. The Batmobile was redesigned in 2011 when DC Comics relaunched its entire line of comic books, with the Batmobile being given heavier armor and new aesthetics. keeps most of his field equipment in his utility belt. Over the years it has shown to contain an assortment of crime-fighting tools, weapons, and investigative and technological instruments. Different versions of the belt have these items stored in compartments, often as pouches or hard cylinders attached evenly around it. is often depicted as carrying a projectile which shoots a retractable grappling hook attached to a cable. This allows him to attach to distant objects, be propelled into the air, and thus swing from the rooftops of Gotham City. An exception to the range of Batman's equipment are guns, which he refuses to use on principle, since a gun was used in his parents' murder. When is needed, the Gotham City police activate a searchlight with a bat-shaped insignia over the lens called the Bat-Signal, which shines into the night sky, creating a bat-symbol on a passing cloud which can be seen from any point in Gotham. The origin of the signal varies, depending on the continuity and medium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4335 | 223,292 |
Commingling Similarly, a client who invests with a fund or broker is investing, not lending, so the fiduciary must keep the client money separate and not use it for their own purposes, but only for approved investment purposes: the client is subject to "investment" risk on their money, but not credit risk regarding the fiduciary. The problem of commingling is of particular concern in the legal profession. Attorneys are strictly prohibited from commingling their clients' funds with their own, and such activity is grounds for disbarment in virtually every jurisdiction, because of the ease of embezzlement and the difficulty of detection. Similar rules apply for licensed real estate brokers handling earnest money and other professionals who hold deposits as agents for clients "in absentia". is also evidence that may be used in "piercing the corporate veil" of a sham corporation, where a person shields himself from personal liability through "incorporation", yet fails to observe strict separation of corporate and personal property or accounts, among other improprieties. For small business, strict separation of corporate and personal property is a particular issue, notably in tax and divorce law. In community property states of the United States, "commingling" non-marital property with marital property can make it community property | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2989243 | 482,774 |
Decabromodiphenyl ether Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. Because of its very different toxicity, decaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans." Based on animal studies, the possible health effects of decaBDE in humans involve the liver, thyroid, reproductive/developmental effects, and neurological effects. ATSDR stated in 2004 "We don’t know if PBDEs can cause cancer in people, although liver tumors developed in rats and mice that ate extremely large amounts of decaBDE throughout their lifetime. On the basis of evidence for cancer in animals, decaBDE is classified as a possible human carcinogen by EPA [i.e., the United States Environmental Protection Agency ]." One 2006 review concluded "Decreases in thyroid hormone levels have been reported in several studies, and thyroid gland enlargement (an early sign of hypothyroidism) has been shown in studies of longer duration exposure." A 2007 experiment giving decaBDE to pregnant mice found that decaBDE "is likely an endocrine disrupter in male mice following exposure during development" based on results such as decreased serum triiodothyronine. "Significant data gaps" exist in the scientific literature on a possible relationship between decaBDE and reproductive/developmental effects. A 2006 study of mice found that decaBDE decreased some "sperm functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9115966 | 47,857 |
The Centurion, Bath The Centurion is a grade II listed public house in Twerton, Bath, England. It was built in 1965 and the outside features a large bronze Roman centurion. The building has a steel frame with pre-stressed concrete floors and a large window. It sits on a hillside with three floors and a basement which is used as an entrance on the northern side. On the outside of the building is a bronze figure of a Roman Centurion. Inside the bar is a statue of Julius Caesar. There is also a section of Roman mosaic floor in the entrance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57451186 | 316,100 |
Automatic meter reading This is sometimes referred to as "walk-by" meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where meters are installed as they go through their meter reading route. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology as an alternate but this will not support exhaustive data which can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically. Mobile or "drive-by" meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. Often, for mobile meter reading, the reading equipment includes navigational and mapping features provided by GPS and mapping software. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally have to read the meters in any particular route order, but just drives the service area until all meters are read. Components often consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and external vehicle antennas. Satellite transmitters can be installed in the field next to existing meters. The satellite AMR devices communicates with the meter for readings, and then sends those readings over a fixed or mobile satellite network. This network requires a clear view to the sky for the satellite transmitter/receiver, but eliminates the need to install fixed towers or send out field technicians, thereby being particularly suited for areas with low geographic meter density | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=435397 | 204,741 |
Monocrete construction Monocrete is a building construction method utilising modular bolt-together pre-cast concrete wall panels. was widely used in the construction of government housing in the 1940s and 1950s in Canberra, Australia. The expansion of the new capital was exceeding the ability of the Government to build houses, so alternative construction methods were investigated. The Canberra monocrete homes are built on brick piers and surrounding brick footing. All of the walls are of monocrete construction including interior ones. They are precast with steel windows and door frames set directly into the concrete. Steel plates in the ceiling space bolt the individual wall panels together. The floor and roof are of normal construction - wood and tile respectively. The gaps between the wall panels are filled with a flexible gap-filling compound and covered with tape on the interior. It has been suggested that the panels tend to move separately to one another, opening up cracks in between them, however there is no evidence to suggest that this is true. It has also been suggested that the houses also tend to be susceptible to condensation build up and mold growth on the inside of the walls yet there also no evidence to suggest that this is true. A similar technique is used in the construction of some modern commercial buildings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1051315 | 217,639 |
ACS Omega is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 2016 by the American Chemical Society. Its publication frequency is weekly and the current editor-in-chiefs are Krishna Ganesh and Deqing Zhang. The journal has published 4,250 peer-reviewed articles between July 2016–May 2019 and has a median time from submission to first decision at 22 days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61965092 | 16,127 |
Microelectromechanical systems Reactive-ion etching (RIE) operates under conditions intermediate between sputter and plasma etching (between 10–3 and 10−1 Torr). Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) modifies the RIE technique to produce deep, narrow features. In reactive-ion etching (RIE), the substrate is placed inside a reactor, and several gases are introduced. A plasma is struck in the gas mixture using an RF power source, which breaks the gas molecules into ions. The ions accelerate towards, and react with, the surface of the material being etched, forming another gaseous material. This is known as the chemical part of reactive ion etching. There is also a physical part, which is similar to the sputtering deposition process. If the ions have high enough energy, they can knock atoms out of the material to be etched without a chemical reaction. It is a very complex task to develop dry etch processes that balance chemical and physical etching, since there are many parameters to adjust. By changing the balance it is possible to influence the anisotropy of the etching, since the chemical part is isotropic and the physical part highly anisotropic the combination can form sidewalls that have shapes from rounded to vertical. Deep RIE (DRIE) is a special subclass of RIE that is growing in popularity. In this process, etch depths of hundreds of micrometres are achieved with almost vertical sidewalls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19638 | 224,332 |
Erie Canal During this massive series of construction projects, known as the First Enlargement, the canal was widened from and deepened from . Locks were widened and/or rebuilt in new locations, and many new navigable aqueducts were constructed. The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches, resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original 1825 canal. The First Enlargement was completed in 1862, with further minor enlargements in later decades. Today, the reconfiguration of the canal created during the First Enlargement is commonly referred to as the "Improved Erie Canal" or the "Old Erie Canal", to distinguish it from the canal's modern-day course. Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are officially referred to today as "Clinton's Ditch" (which was also the popular nickname for the entire project during its original 1817–1825 construction). Additional feeder canals soon extended the into a system. These included the Cayuga-Seneca Canal south to the Finger Lakes, the Oswego Canal from Three Rivers north to Lake Ontario at Oswego, and the Champlain Canal from Troy north to Lake Champlain. From 1833 to 1877, the short Crooked Lake Canal connected Keuka Lake and Seneca Lake. The Chemung Canal connected the south end of Seneca Lake to Elmira in 1833, and was an important route for Pennsylvania coal and timber into the canal system. The Chenango Canal in 1836 connected the at Utica to Binghamton and caused a business boom in the Chenango River valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10046 | 223,764 |
Lift (force) For a flat horizontal rectangle that is much longer than it is tall, the fluxes of vertical momentum through the front and back are negligible, and the lift is accounted for entirely by the integrated pressure differences on the top and bottom. For a square or circle, the momentum fluxes and pressure differences account for half the lift each. For a vertical rectangle that is much taller than it is wide, the unbalanced pressure forces on the top and bottom are negligible, and lift is accounted for entirely by momentum fluxes, with a flux of upward momentum that enters the control volume through the front accounting for half the lift, and a flux of downward momentum that exits the control volume through the back accounting for the other half. The results of all of the control-volume analyses described above are consistent with the Kutta–Joukowski theorem described above. Both the tall rectangle and circle control volumes have been used in derivations of the theorem. An airfoil produces a pressure field in the surrounding air, as explained under "The wider flow around the airfoil" above. The pressure differences associated with this field die off gradually, becoming very small at large distances, but never disappearing altogether. Below the airplane, the pressure field persists as a positive pressure disturbance that reaches the ground, forming a pattern of slightly-higher-than-ambient pressure on the ground, as shown on the right | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18009 | 447,554 |
NGC 271 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 1, 1785 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51903477 | 8,196 |
Cephalopod size On the subject of the Thimble Tickle specimen's mass, Wood (1982:190) referred to the work of Soviet zoologist and writer Igor Akimushkin: According to Dr Igor Akimushkin (1965), the Russian teuthologist, a long giant squid will weigh 1 tonne [] if the head, mantle and arms combined make up half the total length. Since there is a cubic relationship between the linear dimensions of "Architeuthis" and its volume or weight, this means the Thimble Tickle monster must have scaled about 2.8 tonnes [] (i.e. the weight of a large bull hippopotamus), although 2 tonnes [] is probably a more realistic figure. The maximum size of the giant Pacific octopus ("Enteroctopus dofleini") has long been a source of debate in the scientific community, with dubious reports of specimens weighing hundreds of kilograms. In 1885, reporting on the longest octopus specimen reliably recorded up to that point, renowned malacologist William Healey Dall wrote: In 1874 I speared an octopus in the harbor of Iliuliuk, Unalashka, which was afterward hung, by a cord tied around the body immediately behind the arms, to one of the stern davits of the coast survey vessel under my command. As soon as the animal died and the muscles relaxed, I noticed that the tips of the longer tentacles just touched the water. On measuring the distance with a cord, I found it to be sixteen feet [], giving the creature a spread from tip to tip of the longest pair of arms, of not less than thirty-two feet [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8375147 | 161,297 |
Finlandization Especially in the realm of radio and television self-censorship, it was sometimes hard to tell whether the motivations were even political: for example, once a system of blacklisting recordings had been introduced, individual policymakers within the Yleisradio also utilized it to censor songs they deemed inappropriate for other reasons, such as some of those featuring sexual innuendos or references to alcohol. United States foreign policy experts consistently feared that Western Europe and Japan would be Finlandized, leading to a situation in which these key allies no longer supported the United States against the Soviet Union. The theory of bandwagoning provided support for the idea that if the United States was not able to provide strong and credible support for the anti-communist positions of its allies, NATO and the U.S.–Japan alliance could collapse. However, foreign policy scholars such as Eric Nordlinger in his book "Isolationism Reconfigured" have argued that "a vision of in America's absence runs up squarely against the European states' long-standing Communist antipathies and wariness of Moscow's peaceful wiles, valued national traditions and strong democratic institutions, as well as their size and wherewithal". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11732 | 497,082 |
Inflatable Both types of inflatables (the low-pressure type more so) are somewhat susceptible to high winds. A balloon is an inflatable flexible filled with air and also gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide or oxygen. Modern balloons can be made from materials such as latex rubber, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, while some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders . Latex rubber balloons may be used as inexpensive children's toys or decorations, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications. The inventor of the natural latex rubber balloon, (the most common balloon) was Michael Faraday in 1824, via experiments with air and various gases. castles and similar structures are temporary inflatable buildings and structures that are rented for functions, school and church festivals and village fetes and used for recreational purposes, mainly used by children. The growth in popularity of moonwalks has led to an inflatable rental industry which includes inflatable slides, obstacle courses, games, and more. Inflatables are ideal for portable amusements because they are easy to transport and store. The name given to such structures varies. They have been marketed with such names as "Bounce house", "Moon Bounce", "Astrojump", "Moonwalk", "Jolly Jump", "Leaping Lodge" and "Spacewalk" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294860 | 449,620 |
Cohn process Another variation was developed by Kistler and Nitschmann, to provide a purer form of albumin, even though offset by lower yields. Similar to Gerlough, the Precipitate A, which is equivalent to Cohn’s Fraction II and III, was done at a lower ethanol concentration of 19%, but the pH, in this case, was also lower to 5.85. Also similar to Gerlough and Mulford, the fraction IV was combined and precipitated at conditions of 40% ethanol, pH of 5.85, and temperature of −8 degrees C. The albumin, which is recovered in fraction V, is recovered in Precipitate C at a pH adjustment to 4.8. Similar to the Cohn Process, the albumin is purified by extraction into water followed by precipitation of the impurities at 10% ethanol, pH 4.6, and −3 degrees C. Akin to the Cohn Process, the precipitate formed here is filtered out and discarded. Then Precipitate C (fraction V) is reprecipitated at pH 5.2 and stored as a paste at −40 degrees C. This process has been more widely accepted because it separates the fractions and makes each stage independent of each other. Another variation involved a heat ethanol fractionation. It was originally developed to inactivate the hepatitis virus. In this process, recovery of high yield, high purity albumin is the most important goal, while the other plasma proteins are neglected. In order to make sure the albumin does not denature in the heat, there are stabilizers such as sodium octanoate, which allow the albumin to tolerate higher temperatures for long periods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8116008 | 162,579 |
Professional Science Master's Degree The Professional Science Master's (PSM) Degree is a graduate degree designed to allow students to pursue advanced training in science or mathematics while simultaneously developing workplace skills. PSM programs are interdisciplinary in nature, preparing students for fields such as forensic science, computational chemistry, applied mathematics and bioinformatics. PSM degrees can be completed in sixteen months to two years of full-time study including an internship. Recognizing that traditional graduate-level science training may not be suitable for non-academic careers, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, in 1997, began to support master's-level degree programs designed to provide science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ("STEM") students with a pathway into science-based careers. These Professional Science Master's degrees combine a science or mathematics curriculum with a professional component designed to provide graduates with the necessary skills for a career in business, government, or nonprofit agencies. Originally funding fourteen campuses, the Sloan Foundation expanded its support directly or indirectly to over fifty institutions, collectively offering over 100 different PSM programs. As of 2017, there are 356 PSM programs at over 165 institutions. In 2005, the Foundation funded the Council of Graduate Schools to be an “institutional base for PSM growth, with the goal of making the degree a normal, recognized, widely accepted academic offering” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23889121 | 457,835 |
European Biophysics Societies Association The European Biophysical Societies' Association is an association existing to promote Biophysics in Europe and to disseminate "knowledge of the principles, recent developments and applications of biophysics, and to foster the exchange of scientific information among European biophysicists and biophysicists in general". At the end of the 1970s, there appeared to be an interest in creating a formal association of various existing European Biophysical Societies. In November 1981, a meeting organized by the German Biophysical Society set the stage for developing concrete “aims of the Association…namely to promote scientific contacts and cooperation with the organization of joint meetings.” EBSA was established in 1984, at the 8th IUPAB Congress of Biophysics, held in Bristol, after representatives from 8 European Biophysical Societies (Belgian, British, Danish, German, Italian, Netherlands, Swedish and Swiss) met to develop and sign a founding constitution and rules of association. It was also in 1984 that the journal Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism became the European Biophysics Journal, published by Springer-Verlag. Since 2000, EBJ has been owned entirely by EBSA and it is currently available free of charge to its members. Ownership of the journal has provided a financial base from which EBSA undertakes many of its activities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34904473 | 179,549 |
AgentSheets was the first modern block-based programming language for kids. The idea of was to overcome syntactic challenges found in common text-based programming languages by using drag and drop mechanisms conceptualizing commands such as conditions and actions as editable blocks that could be composed into programs. is used to create media-rich projects such as games and interactive simulations. The main building blocks of are agents which are interactive objects programmed through rules. Using conditions agents can sense the user input including mouse, keyboard and in some versions even speech recognition and web page content. Using actions agents can move, produce sounds, open web pages, and compute formulae. initially was considered a Cyberlearning tool to teach students programming and related information technology skills through game design. is supported by a middle and high school curriculum called Scalable Game Design aligned with the ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS). The mission of this project is to reinvent computer science in public schools by motivating & educating all students including women and underrepresented communities to learn about computer science through game design starting at the middle school level. Through this curriculum students build increasingly sophisticated games and, as part of this process, learn about computational concepts at the level of computational thinking that are relevant to game design as well as to computational science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6983799 | 106,990 |
Solar energy conversion By 1953, Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson, and Daryl Chapin discovered the use of silicon to produce solar cells was extremely efficient and produced a net charge that far exceeded that of selenium. Today solar power has many uses, from heating, electrical production, thermal processes, water treatment and storage of power that is highly prevalent in the world of renewable energy. By the 1960s solar power was the standard for powering space-bound satellites. In the early 1970s, solar cell technology became cheaper and more available ($20/watt). Between 1970 and 1990, solar power became more commercially operated. Railroad crossings, oil rigs, space stations, microwave towers, aircraft, etc. Now, houses and businesses all over the world use solar cells to power electrical devices with a wide variety of uses. Solar power is the dominant technology in the renewable energy field, primarily due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. By the early 1990s, photovoltaic conversion had reached an unprecedented new height. Scientists used solar cells constructed of highly conductive photovoltaic materials such as gallium, indium, phosphide and gallium arsenide that increased total efficiency by over 30%. By the end of the century, scientists created a special type of solar cells that converted upwards of 36% of the sunlight it collected into usable energy. These developments built tremendous momentum for not only solar power, but for renewable energy technologies around the world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54269557 | 82,437 |
Sound card A 1989 "Computer Gaming World" survey found that 18 of 25 game companies planned to support AdLib, six Roland and Covox, and seven Creative Music System/Game Blaster. One of the first manufacturers of sound cards for the IBM PC was AdLib, which produced a card based on the Yamaha YM3812 sound chip, also known as the OPL2. The AdLib had two modes: A 9-voice mode where each voice could be fully programmed, and a less frequently used "percussion" mode with 3 regular voices producing 5 independent percussion-only voices for a total of 11. (The percussion mode was considered inflexible by most developers; it was used mostly by AdLib's own composition software.) Creative Labs also marketed a sound card about the same time called the Creative Music System. Although the "C/MS " had twelve voices to AdLib's nine, and was a stereo card while the AdLib was mono, the basic technology behind it was based on the Philips SAA1099 chip which was essentially a square-wave generator. It sounded much like twelve simultaneous PC speakers would have except for each channel having amplitude control, and failed to sell well, even after Creative renamed it the Game Blaster a year later, and marketed it through RadioShack in the US. The Game Blaster retailed for under $100 and was compatible with many popular games, such as Silpheed. A large change in the IBM PC compatible sound card market happened when Creative Labs introduced the Sound Blaster card | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28184 | 113,633 |
Honda While singing the song "Impossible Dream", a man reaches for his racing helmet, leaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to reappear piloting a hot air balloon, with Garrison Keillor saying "I couldn't have put it better myself" as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical "Man of La Mancha", sung by Andy Williams. In 2006, released its "Choir" advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This had a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Civic are shown. In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during model close-out sales for the current year before the start of the new model year, Honda's advertising has had an animated character known simply as Mr. Opportunity, voiced by Rob Paulsen. The casual looking man talked about various deals offered by and ended with the phrase "I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'", followed by him "knocking" on the television screen or "thumping" the speaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as Tetris and Thomas The Tank Engine. In late 2006, released an ad with ASIMO exploring a museum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spreading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an astronaut suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13729 | 447,412 |
Oyster reef restoration In many parts of the southeastern United States volunteer efforts are responsible for oyster restoration. Community-based oyster restoration programs allow people to become knowledgeable on the important benefits oysters provide to an ecosystem. This volunteerism connects individuals with their environment as well as ensures the existence of oyster populations for future generations to appreciate. Areas of the southeastern United States, such as the coastal areas in the Gulf of Mexico, have a rich tradition related to oysters and other marine food that coastal areas provide. Oysters are part of the social culture in these areas and oyster restoration is a step towards preserving their traditions. In addition to volunteering with oyster restoration projects, individuals with shoreline property—or those who have access to it—have the option of backyard shellfish gardening. This sustainable form of oyster harvesting allows for personal consumption or environmental enhancement and usually does not require special licenses or permits. The Oyster Reef Restoration began in June 2009 and is expected to be completed by the fall of 2010. The project is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The goal of the project is to restore the important oyster habitat in the St | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29654435 | 353,558 |
Reproductive toxicity Endocrine disruptors are classified as estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic or anti-androgenic. Each category includes pharmaceutical compounds and environmental compounds. Estrogenic or androgenic compounds will cause the same hormonal responses as the sex steroids (estrogen and testosterone). However anti-estrogenic and anti-andogenic compounds bind to a receptor and block the hormones from binding to their receptors, thus preventing their function. A few examples of the many types of endocrine disruptors are trenbolone (androgenic), flutamide (anti-androgenic), dieththylstilbestrol (estrogenic), Bisphenol A (estrogenic), tributyltin (anti-estrogenic). However, many substances which are toxic for reproduction do not fall into any of these groups: lead compounds, for example, are considered to be toxic for reproduction given their adverse effects on the normal intellectual and psychomotor development of human babies and children. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an example of an endocrine disruptor which negatively affects reproductive development. BPA is a known as an estrogen mimicker (Xenoestrogen) and a likely androgen mimicker. It is used in the production of various plastic products. BPA exposure in fetal female rats leads to mammary gland morphogenesis, increased formation of ovarian tumors, and increased risk of developing mammary gland neoplasia in adult life. BPA also affects male fertility by resulting in lower sperm quality and sex function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22277265 | 17,026 |
SEPnet The South-East Physics Network, or SEPnet, is an association of physics departments at universities in the South-East of England. In 2008 it received a grant of £12.5 million from the Higher Education Funding Council for England. and in 2013 received an additional grant of £2.75m The South East Physics Network is better known as SEPnet, a consortium of physics departments in nine universities. Its partners are, alphabetically: Its associates are: Until around 2005 there had been a long-term decline in the numbers of students nationally enrolling on Undergraduate degree courses in Physics and Astronomy. As a result, Physics departments and provision in universities was at risk with departments closing. Physics departments ran at a loss and required subsidies to maintain their undergraduate provision. Even universities in the UK's Russell Group were failing to attract enough students to be viable. The Universities in England's South East were felt to be particularly vulnerable and the decision by the University of Reading to close its Physics Department was a call to arms to these universities to take action to prevent closure and bolster their Physics departments. The result was a proposal from six universities to form a network of physics departments and seek funding from the Higher Education Funding Council for England to invest in sustaining Physics in the South East of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25722703 | 11,128 |
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