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042248d471de7405 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_sports', 'title': '2014 in sports', 'header': ['Date', 'Sport', 'Venue/Event', 'Status', 'Winner/s'], 'data': [{'value': '1-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclo-cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclo-cross', 'summary': "Cyclo-cross ( sometimes cyclocross , CX , cyclo-X or 'cross ) is a form of bicycle racing . Races typically take place in the autumn and winter ( the international or World Cup season is October-February ) , and consist of many laps of a short ( 2.5-3.5 km or 1.5-2 mile ) course featuring pavement , wooded trails , grass , steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount , carry the bike while navigating the obstruction and remount . Races for senior categories are generally between 30 minutes and an hour long , with the distance varying depending on the ground conditions . The sport is strongest in the traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium ( Flanders in particular ) , France and the Netherlands . Cyclo-cross has parallels with mountain bike racing , cross-country cycling and criterium racing . Many of the best cyclo-cross riders cross train in other cycling disciplines ; however , cyclo-cross has reached such size and popularity that some racers are specialists , and many prioritize cyclo-cross races over other disciplines . Cyclo-cross bicycles are similar to road racing bicycles : lightweight , with somewhat narrow tires and drop handlebars . They are typically differentiated by their greater tire clearances , lower gearing , stronger frames , cantilever brakes or disc brakes and more upright riding position . They also share characteristics with mountain bicycles in that they use knobby tread tires for traction and , increasingly , disc brakes . They have to be lightweight because competitors need to carry their bicycle to overcome barriers or slopes too steep to climb in the saddle . The sight of competitors struggling up a muddy slope with bicycles on their shoulders is the classic image of the sport , although unridable sections are generally a very small fraction of the race distance . Compared with other forms of cycle racing , tactics are fairly straightforward , and the emphasis is on the rider 's aerobic endurance and bike-handling skills ."}]}, {'value': '2014 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 2014 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships is the World Championship for cyclo-cross for the season 2013-14 . It took place in Hoogerheide , Netherlands on Saturday 1 and Sunday 2 February 2014 . Hoogerheide is also the place where the Grand Prix Adri van der Poel is held , up to the 2012-13 season a race in the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's elite race : Zdeněk Štybar Women 's elite race : Marianne Vos", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zdeněk_Štybar', 'summary': 'Zdeněk Štybar ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈzdɛɲɛk ˈʃtɪbar ] ; born 11 December 1985 ) is a Czech professional cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Deceuninck-Quick-Step . While best known as a cyclo-cross racer , in 2011 Štybar began his professional road career while continuing to race cyclo-cross .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Vos', 'summary': "Marianne Vos ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Dutch cyclo-cross , road bicycle racer , mountain bike racer and track racer , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam CCC Liv . Vos has drawn comparison to Eddy Merckx as being the finest cyclist of [ her ] generation . After winning a junior European and world championship in road racing , she continued her success in senior cycling by becoming world champion in cyclo-cross and road racing at the age of 19 . Vos added track racing world championships when she won the points race in 2008 and the scratch race in 2011 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the points race ; at the 2012 Summer Olympics , gold in the women 's road race . She is a 3 times World Road Race Champion - in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 - and 7 times World Cyclocross Champion - in 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Caribbean Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Caribbean_Series', 'summary': 'The fifty-sixth edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was played in 2014 . It was held from February 1 through February 8 of 2014 with the champion baseball teams of Cuba , Naranjas de Villa Clara ; Dominican Republic , Tigres del Licey ; Mexico , Naranjeros de Hermosillo ; Puerto Rico , Indios de Mayagüez , and Venezuela , Navegantes del Magallanes . The games were played at Estadio Nueva Esparta in Margarita Island , Porlamar , Venezuela . Unlike previous Series , the five teams competed through a ten-game round robin schedule , each team facing the other teams once , followed by a final four playoff round .'}]}, {'value': 'Regional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naranjeros de Hermosillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naranjeros_de_Hermosillo', 'summary': 'The Naranjeros de Hermosillo ( English : Hermosillo Orange Growers ) is a baseball team in the Mexican Pacific League ( LMP ) . Based in Hermosillo , Sonora , they are one of the most successful teams in the Liga Mexicana del Pacífico with 16 titles . They were the first Mexican team to win the Caribbean Series in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1-15 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union', 'summary': 'Rugby union , widely known simply as rugby , is a contact team sport that originated in England in the first half of the 19th century . One of the two codes of rugby football , it is based on running with the ball in hand . In its most common form , a game is played between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts at either end . Rugby union is a popular sport around the world , played by male and female players of all ages . In 2014 , there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide , of whom 2.36 million were registered players . World Rugby , previously called the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) and the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) , has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886 , and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members . In 1845 , the first football laws were written by pupils at Rugby School ; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C . to leave the Football Association in 1863 and , in 1895 , the acrimonious split between the then amateur rugby union and the professional rugby league . Historically rugby union was an amateur sport , but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed , making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time . Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland and was embraced by many of the countries associated with the British Empire . Early exponents of the sport included Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and France . Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji , Georgia , Madagascar , New Zealand , Samoa , and Tonga .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Six Nations Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Six_Nations_Championship', 'summary': "The 2014 Six Nations Championship , known as the 2014 RBS 6 Nations because of the tournament 's sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland , was the 15th series of the Six Nations Championship , the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Italy , Scotland and Wales . Including the competition 's previous incarnations as the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship , it was the 120th edition of the tournament . Going into the final day , three teams could have still won the championship - Ireland , England and France . In the final game , Ireland hung on to win against France by just two points and secure the championship , on points difference over England . This was their first championship since 2009 , and the 12th title they have won , including predecessor championships . The final game also saw the retirement of Brian O'Driscoll from international rugby , with a record number of 141 international caps - 133 for Ireland ( 83 as captain ) , and 8 for the British and Irish Lions . England won the Triple Crown by beating Wales , Scotland and Ireland - they became the first team to win the Triple Crown while another of the Home Nations won the championship outright . The 2014 tournament saw 12 players earn their first cap - three English , four French , two Scottish , one Irish , one Italian and one Welsh . Sergio Parisse and Martin Castrogiovanni became the most-capped Italian players with 105 caps , with Gethin Jenkins earning the same number to become the most-capped Welsh player . In their match against Wales on the 1st of February , Italy broke the world record for the most-capped starting pack with 587 caps , surpassing the previous record of 546 caps as held by New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Ireland national rugby union team is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the island of Ireland . The team competes annually in the Six Nations Championship and every four years in the Rugby World Cup . Ireland is also one of the four unions that make up the British and Irish Lions - players eligible to play for Ireland are also eligible for the Lions . The Ireland national team dates to 1875 , when it played its first international match against England . Ireland reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in 2019 . Eleven former Ireland players have earned their induction into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XLVIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2013 season . The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43-8 , the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall ( 35 ) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII ( 1993 ) . It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points , while holding their opponent to under 10 . This became the first Super Bowl victory for the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos , tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team . The game was played on February 2 , 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2 . This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship , joining Super Bowl XXVIII ( 1994 ) and Super Bowl XLIV ( 2010 ) . The Seahawks posted a 13-3 record and were making their second Super Bowl appearance in eight years . The Broncos were making their seventh Super Bowl appearance after also posting a 13-3 record . The game also featured the league 's top offense ( Denver ) against the top defense ( Seattle ) , the first time this occurred since Super Bowl XXXVII ( 2003 ) . This also marked the only time that two former divisional rivals met in a Super Bowl , as the Seahawks and Broncos were in the same division from 1977 to 2001 . Seattle built a 22-0 halftime lead , and then a 36-0 advantage before allowing Denver 's first and only score on the final play of the third quarter . The Seahawks defense scored a safety on the first play from scrimmage ( coincidentally , the final play from scrimmage of the previous Super Bowl was also a safety ) , the quickest score in Super Bowl history at 12 seconds ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks MVP : Malcolm Smith of the Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Seattle_Seahawks_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise 's 38th season in the National Football League , and the fourth under head coach Pete Carroll . With the Seahawks 10th win only eleven weeks into the season , the team secured double digit victories in consecutive seasons for the first time in franchise history . Their 13-3 regular season record is tied with the 2005 season for the best in franchise history . Seattle 's defense in 2013 is regarded by many to be among the best ever in NFL history . Seattle entered the 2013 season at 17/2 odds to win Super Bowl XLVIII , just short of the Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers at 6/1 . This was despite placing second in the NFC West and dropping its divisional round game against the Atlanta Falcons the previous year . The Seahawks were , by power ranking , ranked the strongest team by an NFL.com analyst before the season and by ESPN analysts after the regular season . The defense led the league in points allowed ( 231 ) , yards allowed ( 4,378 ) , and takeaways ( 39 ) , the first team to lead all three categories since the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Seahawks clinched the NFC 's No . 1 seed and homefield advantage throughout the playoffs with their 13-3 record . The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23-15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23-17 in the NFC Championship . In Super Bowl XLVIII , they defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'summary': "The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award , or Super Bowl MVP , is presented annually to the most valuable player of the Super Bowl , the National Football League 's ( NFL ) championship game . The winner is chosen by a panel of 16 football writers and broadcasters and , since Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 , fans voting electronically . The media panel 's ballots count for 80 percent of the vote tally , while the viewers ' ballots make up the other 20 percent . The game 's viewing audience can vote on the Internet or by using cellular phones ; Media voters are asked to vote with about five minutes remaining in the game , but are allowed to change their mind when the game ends . They can nominate one player from each team , with instructions to count their vote for the player on the winning team . Voters can not select an entire unit . The Super Bowl MVP has been awarded annually since the game 's inception in 1967 . Through 1989 , the award was presented by SPORT magazine . Bart Starr was the MVP of the first two Super Bowls . Since 1990 , the award has been presented by the NFL . At Super Bowl XXV , the league first awarded the Pete Rozelle Trophy , named after former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle , to the Super Bowl MVP . Ottis Anderson was the first to win the trophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Malcolm Xavier Smith ( born July 5 , 1989 ) is an American football linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Smith played college football at USC . He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft . Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos .'}]}, {'value': '5-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '62nd Rally Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Rally_Sweden', 'summary': "The 2014 Rally Sweden was a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over four days between 5 and 8 February , which marked the 62nd running of the Rally Sweden . The rally was based in the town of Karlstad and was contested over 24 special stages , covering a total of 323.54 km ( 201.04 mi ) in competitive stages . The event was won by Finland 's Jari-Matti Latvala of the Volkswagen Motorsport team , taking his third victory in Sweden , and the ninth victory of his WRC career . He finished 53.6 seconds clear of his teammate Andreas Mikkelsen - taking his best WRC finish - while the podium was completed by Mads Østberg , a further 5.9 seconds in arrears . Latvala 's victory allowed him to take the championship lead from another teammate , Sébastien Ogier , who could only finish sixth in Sweden . In the supporting WRC-2 category , Karl Kruuda edged out Jari Ketomaa by 2.3 seconds for the victory ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jari-Matti Latvala ( Volkswagen ) Miikka Anttila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jari-Matti_Latvala', 'summary': 'Jari-Matti Latvala ( born 3 April 1985 ) is a Finnish rally driver competing in the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) . His co-driver has been Miikka Anttila since the 2003 Rallye Deutschland . He is well known for his aggressive driving style , which earns him many plaudits , and comparisons to the late Colin McRae . With 18 event victories in the WRC , he is the most successful driver to not have won a championship . Latvala is also the driver with the most World Rally starts in the sport which he achieved in 2019 , 17 years after his debut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Volkswagen_Motorsport', 'summary': 'The Volkswagen Motorsport is a works rally team of the German car manufacturer Volkswagen , whom competed in the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) and Dakar Rally . The team started competing in WRC in 1978 and used different specs of Volkswagen Golfs before leaving the sport in 1990 . Volkswagen competed at the Dakar Rally from 2003 to 2011 , claiming three overall wins . The team made its WRC comeback in 2011 Rally Finland with a pair of Škoda Fabia S2000s , and competed with the Volkswagen Polo R WRC from the start of the 2013 World Rally Championship season to the end of the 2016 World Rally Championship season . At the end of the 2016 season , Volkswagen Motorsport decided to withdraw from the FIA World Rally Championship .'}]}, {'value': '6-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Synchronized skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronized_skating', 'summary': 'Synchronized skating is a sport where between eight and sixteen figure skaters ( depending on the level ) perform together as a team . They move as a flowing unit at high speed over the ice , while completing complicated footwork . Synchronized skating grew rapidly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and today there are approximately 600 synchro teams in the United States alone . The sport was originally called precision skating in North America , because of the emphasis on maintaining precise formations and timing of the group .'}]}, {'value': 'Junior World Challenge Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ISU_Junior_World_Challenge_Cup', 'summary': 'The ISU Junior World Challenge Cup is an international synchronized skating competition that determines the best junior teams in the world . Held for the first time in 2001 , the competition is sanctioned by International Skating Union . From 2013 to 2016 , the event was held biennially in even-numbered years , after the 2013 launch of the World Junior Championships which was to be held in odd-numbered years . However , because the World Junior Championships has been held annually since 2017 , there has not been any ISU Junior World Challenge Cup after 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Fintastic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Fintastic', 'summary': 'Team Fintastic are a junior-level synchronized skating team from Helsinki , Finland , representing the figure skating club Helsingin Taitoluisteluklubi . They are one of the most successful junior teams in the world , with the silver medal at the 2013 World Junior Championships and eight victories at the Junior World Challenge Cup , with seven consecutive victories from 2007 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '7-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_sevens', 'summary': "Rugby sevens ( commonly known as simply sevens ) , and originally known as seven-a-side rugby , is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven minute halves , instead of the usual 15 players playing 40 minute halves . Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby , the body responsible for rugby union worldwide . The game is popular at all levels , with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months . Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby , and is popular in parts of Africa , Asia , Europe , and the Americas , and especially in the South Pacific . Rugby sevens originated in Melrose , Scotland in the 1880s ; the Melrose Sevens tournament is still played annually . The popularity of rugby sevens increased further with the development of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s and was later followed by the inclusion of the sport into the Commonwealth Games for the first time in 1998 and the establishment of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series in 1999 and the World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series in 2012 . In 2016 , rugby sevens was contested in the Summer Olympics for the first time . It has also been played in regional events such as the Pan American Games and the Asian Games , and in 2018 a women 's tournament was played for the first time at the Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Wellington Sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Wellington_Sevens', 'summary': 'The 2014 Wellington Sevens was the 15th edition of the tournament as part of the 2013-14 IRB Sevens World Series . It was hosted in Wellington , New Zealand , at the Westpac Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The New Zealand national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens , Summer Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games . They have won a record twelve World Rugby Sevens Series titles . The team has been officially known as the All Blacks Sevens since 1 June 2012 . The team played for the first time at the 1973 International Seven-A-Side Tournament . [ citation needed ] In 1983 it first entered the Hong Kong Sevens , where it has been champion 10 times and runner-up another 10 times .'}]}, {'value': '7-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multi-sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multi-sport_event', 'summary': 'A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event , often held over multiple days , featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from ( mostly ) nation-states . The first major , modern , multi-sport event of interna . Most have the same basic structure . Games are held over the course of several days in and around a host city , which changes for each competition . Countries send national teams to each competition , consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports . Athletes or teams are awarded gold , silver or bronze medals for first , second and third place respectively . The games are generally held every four years , though some are annual competitions .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Winter Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Russia competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , from 7 to 23 February 2014 as the host nation . As host , Russia participated in all 15 sports , with a team consisting of 232 athletes . It is Russia 's largest Winter Olympics team to date . In preparation for the Games Russian Olympic Committee naturalized a Korean-born short-track speed-skater Ahn Hyun-soo and an American-born snowboarder Vic Wild . They won a total of 5 golds and 1 bronze in Sochi . Russia 's medal count in 2014 , 33 ( before doping disqualifications ) , was its highest ever in the Winter Olympics , improving on the 1994 Games , when the Russian team earned 23 medals overall , also beating the Soviet Union 's best medal count ever at the Winter Olympics . Bobsledder Aleksandr Zubkov was the flag bearer of the Russian team in the Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony . Following the Games , it was discovered that Russia 's performance has been aided by a wider state-sponsored doping program . On December 9 , 2016 Canadian lawyer Richard McLaren published the second part of his independent report . The investigation found that from 2011 to 2015 , more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports ( including summer , winter , and Paralympic sports ) benefited from the cover-up . At the end of 2017 , IOC disqualified 43 Russian athletes and stripped Russia from 13 Sochi medals on doping accusations , but Court of Arbitration for Sport nullified 28 out of 43 disqualifications because of insufficient evidence and returned 9 out of 13 medals . In particular , on November 1 , 2017 cross-country skiers Evgeniy Belov and gold and silver medalist Alexander Legkov became the first athletes to be disqualified for doping violations after an investigation was completed ."}]}, {'value': '7-2 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Association football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': '2014 CAF Champions League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_CAF_Champions_League', 'summary': "The 2014 CAF Champions League ( also known as the 2014 Orange CAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons ) was the 50th edition of Africa 's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , and the 18th edition under the current CAF Champions League format . The two-time defending champions Al-Ahly were eliminated in the second round by Al-Ahly Benghazi . In the final , ES Sétif of Algeria defeated AS Vita Club of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the away goals rule after drawing 3-3 on aggregate , to win their second title . They qualified for the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup , and earned the right to play in the 2015 CAF Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ES Sétif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ES_Sétif', 'summary': "Entente Sportive Sétifienne ( Arabic : الوفاق الرياضي السطايفي ) , known as Entente de Sétif , commonly referred to as ES Sétif or ESS for short , is an Algerian professional football club based in Sétif . The club was founded in 1958 and its colours are black and white . Their home stadium , the Stade 8 Mai 1945 , has a capacity of 18,000 spectators . The club is currently playing in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 . ESS is one of the most successful clubs in Algeria having won the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 eight times and the Algerian Cup a record eight times . They are also one of only three Algerian clubs to have won the CAF Champions League , winning it twice in 1988 and 2014 . They have also won the Arab Champions League twice , in 2007 and 2008 , as well as three North African Cups in 2009 and 2010 . In 2015 , they became the first Algerian club to win the CAF Super Cup . ES Sétif were CAF Champions League champion , after beating DR Congo 's AS Vita Club in the 2014 final , the reigning CAF Super Cup , after beating Egypt 's Al Ahly in the 2015 Super Cup and the reigning Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 champions ."}]}, {'value': '10-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Qatar Total Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Qatar_Total_Open', 'summary': "The 2014 Qatar Total Open was a professional women 's tennis tournament played on hard courts . It was the 12th edition of the event and part of the WTA Premier 5 series of the 2014 WTA Tour . It took place at the International Tennis and Squash complex in Doha , Qatar between 10 and 16 February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simona Halep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simona_Halep', 'summary': "Simona Halep ( Romanian pronunciation : [ siˈmona haˈlep ] ; born 27 September 1991 ) is a Romanian professional tennis player . She has been ranked world No . 1 in singles twice between 2017 and 2019 . In total , she has been No . 1 for 64 weeks , which ranks tenth in the history of the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) rankings . Halep was the year-end No . 1 in 2017 and 2018 . She has finished each year ranked no lower than No . 4 since 2014 and has the longest active streak of being ranked in the top 10 . She has won 19 WTA singles titles and has finished runner-up 17 times . Halep has won two Grand Slam singles titles : the 2018 French Open and the 2019 Wimbledon Championships . Halep first broke into the world 's top 50 at the end of 2011 , reached the top 20 in August 2013 , and then the top 10 in January 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '13-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2014 IIHF World U18 Championship Division III - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_IIHF_World_U18_Championship_Division_III', 'summary': 'The 2014 IIHF U18 World Championship Division III was a pair of international under-18 ice hockey tournaments organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division III A and Division III B tournaments represent the sixth and the seventh tier of the IIHF World U18 Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa is promoted to Division III - Group A', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Africa_men's_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The South Africa men 's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men 's national under-18 ice hockey team of South Africa . The team is controlled by the South African Ice Hockey Association , a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation . The team represents South Africa at the IIHF World U18 Championships ."}]}, {'value': '15-16 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Sprint_Cup_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 66th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 43rd modern-era Cup season . The season began at Daytona International Speedway , with the Sprint Unlimited , followed by the Daytona 500 . The season ended with the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . This season was the final year of broadcasting for both the ESPN family of networks and Turner Sports . ESPN had covered the second half of the Sprint Cup season since 2007 while Turner Sports ended a thirty-one year relationship with NASCAR on TBS and later TNT . For 2015 , their portions of the season were divided between Fox Sports and NBC . Kevin Harvick and Stewart-Haas Racing claimed the drivers ' championship and owners ' championship , while Chevrolet won the manufacturer 's championship . In one of the largest rookie classes in recent history , Kyle Larson was named Rookie of the Year . The 2014 season was the first Cup Series season without NASCAR legend Mark Martin since 1985 after he retired following the end of the 2013 season . Additionally , this was also the first Cup season without Ken Schrader since 2009 , Tony Raines since 2001 , Scott Riggs since 2003 , and Scott Speed since 2007 . However , excluding 2009 , this was the first season without Schrader since 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick ( Stewart-Haas Racing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing', 'summary': 'Stewart-Haas Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series , the NASCAR Xfinity Series , and the NASCAR K & N Pro Series West . The team is co-owned by three-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Tony Stewart and Haas Automation founder Gene Haas . It was founded in 2002 as Haas CNC Racing after Haas , whose company was a sponsor of Hendrick Motorsports , elected to form his own team . In 2009 , Stewart , who had been driving for Joe Gibbs Racing , made a deal with Haas to drive for the team and in return receive a 50% stake in it . The team is based and headquartered in Kannapolis , North Carolina - roughly 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Charlotte Motor Speedway - alongside sister team and Formula One entrant Haas F1 Team , but the two teams are treated as separate bodies for legal reasons . In the NASCAR Cup Series , Stewart-Haas Racing currently fields four Ford Mustang GT teams : the No . 4 for Kevin Harvick , the No . 10 for Aric Almirola , the No . 14 for Clint Bowyer , and the No . 41 for Cole Custer . In the Xfinity Series , the team currently fields the Ford Mustang full-time for Chase Briscoe . In the K & N Pro Series West , the team currently fields the No .'}]}, {'value': '15-2 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union', 'summary': 'Rugby union , widely known simply as rugby , is a contact team sport that originated in England in the first half of the 19th century . One of the two codes of rugby football , it is based on running with the ball in hand . In its most common form , a game is played between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts at either end . Rugby union is a popular sport around the world , played by male and female players of all ages . In 2014 , there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide , of whom 2.36 million were registered players . World Rugby , previously called the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) and the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) , has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886 , and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members . In 1845 , the first football laws were written by pupils at Rugby School ; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C . to leave the Football Association in 1863 and , in 1895 , the acrimonious split between the then amateur rugby union and the professional rugby league . Historically rugby union was an amateur sport , but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed , making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time . Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland and was embraced by many of the countries associated with the British Empire . Early exponents of the sport included Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and France . Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji , Georgia , Madagascar , New Zealand , Samoa , and Tonga .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Super Rugby season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2014 Super Rugby season is the fourth season of the 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition involving teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as Asteron Life Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including its past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this is the 19th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The conference games will take place every weekend from 15 February until 12 July ( with a three-week break between rounds 16 and 17 for internationals games ) , followed by the finals series , culminating in the grand final on 2 August . The winners of the 2014 Super Rugby Season were the New South Wales Waratahs"}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NBA All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 2014 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that took place on February 16 , 2014 , at Smoothie King Center in New Orleans , Louisiana , home of the New Orleans Pelicans . The game was the 63rd edition of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All-Star Game and was played during the 2013-14 NBA season . The Pelicans ( the name was changed by new team owner Tom Benson for the 2013-14 season ) were awarded the All-Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on April 16 , 2012 . It was the second time that New Orleans had hosted the All-Star game ; the city had previously hosted the event in 2008 , also at the Smoothie King Center ( then known as New Orleans Arena ) . Starters for the game were selected by the fans , who could select three frontcourt players and two guards for each conference . LeBron James was the leading vote-getter with 1,416,419 votes . Stephen Curry was also voted as a starter in first All-Star selection , after leading all Western Conference guards in the voting , while Kevin Love overtook Dwight Howard for the final frontcourt starting spot for the West .'}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Conference ( NBA ) MVP : Kyrie Irving of the Cleveland Cavaliers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Conference_(NBA)', 'summary': "The Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is one of two conferences that makes up the league , the other being the Western Conference . Like the Western Conference , the Eastern Conference is made up of 15 teams , organized in three divisions . The current divisional alignment was adopted at the start of the 2004-05 season , when the now Charlotte Hornets began play as the NBA 's 30th franchise . This necessitated the move of the New Orleans Pelicans from the Eastern Conference 's Central Division to the newly created Southwest Division of the Western Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'summary': "The NBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the player ( s ) voted best of the annual All-Star Game . The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year 's game . The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games . Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively . The winner is voted upon by a panel of media members , who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game . The player ( s ) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award . On February 15 , 2020 , Commissioner Adam Silver renamed the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player in memory of four-time winner Kobe Bryant , who died in a helicopter crash a few weeks earlier . As of 2020 [ update ] , the most recent recipient is Los Angeles Clippers forward Kawhi Leonard . Bryant and Bob Pettit are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times . Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , Shaquille O'Neal , and LeBron James have each won the award three times , while Bob Cousy , Julius Erving , Isiah Thomas , Magic Johnson , Karl Malone , Allen Iverson , Russell Westbrook , and Kevin Durant have all won the award twice . James ' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years , 1 month . Kyrie Irving , winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP , is the second-youngest at 21 years , 10 months ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyrie_Irving', 'summary': 'Kyrie Andrew Irving ( /ˈkaɪri/ ; born March 23 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was named the Rookie of the Year after being selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft . A six-time All-Star and two-time member of the All-NBA Team , he won an NBA championship with the Cavaliers in 2016 . Irving played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils before joining the Cavaliers in 2011 . He won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award for the 2014 All-Star Game . In the 2016 NBA Finals , he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors . After losing a rematch with the Warriors in the 2017 Finals , Irving requested a trade and was dealt to the Boston Celtics . He played as a Celtic for two seasons , after which he signed with the Brooklyn Nets as a free agent in 2019 . He has also played for the United States national team , with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics . In 2018 , he starred in the film Uncle Drew .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Cleveland_Cavaliers_season', 'summary': "The 2014-15 Cleveland Cavaliers season was the 45th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The season was marked by the publicity the team received by signing free agent forward LeBron James and trading for forward Kevin Love . These All-Star players , added with All-Star guard Kyrie Irving , were dubbed nationally as the Big Three . A sub-.500 team the previous four seasons , the Cavaliers won the Central division with a 53-29 record . Despite losing key players to injuries , their run continued deep in the NBA Playoffs , starting with a sweep of the Boston Celtics in four games in the First Round , then defeating the Chicago Bulls in six games in the Semifinals , before sweeping the top-seeded Atlanta Hawks in four games in the Conference Finals , making it to the NBA Finals , their second appearance since 2007 . However , the Cavaliers ' season ended with a 2-4 series loss to the Golden State Warriors in the NBA Finals , who won their fourth NBA championship , their first NBA Championship in 40 years ."}]}, {'value': '19-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandy', 'summary': "Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice , in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team 's goal . The sport is considered a form of hockey and has a common background with ice hockey and field hockey . Bandy has also been influenced by the rules of association football : both games are normally played in halves of 45 minutes , there are 11 players on each team , and the fields in both games are about the same size . Bandy is played , like ice hockey , on ice but players use bowed sticks and a small ball , as in field hockey . A variant of bandy , rink bandy , is played to the same rules but on a field the size of an ice hockey rink , with ice hockey goal cages and with six players on each team , or five in USA Rink Bandy League . Traditional eleven-a-side bandy and rink bandy are recognized by the International Olympic Committee . More informal varieties also exist , like seven-a-side bandy with normally sized goal cages but without corner strokes . Those rules were applied at Davos Cup in 2016 . Rink bandy has in turn led to the creation of the sport rinkball . Bandy is also the predecessor of floorball , which was invented when people started playing with plastic bandy-shaped sticks and lightweight balls when running on the floors of indoor gym halls . Based on the number of participating athletes , bandy is the world 's second-most participated winter sport after ice hockey . Bandy is also ranked as the number two winter sport in terms of tickets sold per day of competitions at the sport 's world championship ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIth Bandy World Championship for women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship_for_women_2010', 'summary': 'The Bandy World Championship for women 2010 was contested between 6 bandy playing countries . The championship was played in Drammen , Norway from 24 to 27 February . Sweden defeated Russia , 3-2 following overtime , in the final game .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Russia_women's_national_bandy_team", 'summary': "Russia women 's national bandy team represents Russia in the Women 's Bandy World Championship . The team has participated in all Women 's Bandy World Championship since the first tournament in 2004 . Until 2014 , the team had won the silver medal in every tournament , but that year the team won its first gold medal ."}]}, {'value': '19-2 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snooker', 'summary': 'Snooker ( pronounced UK : /ˈsnuːkə/ , US : /ˈsnʊkər/ ) is a cue sport that originated among British Army officers stationed in India in the second half of the 19th century . It is played on a rectangular table covered with a green cloth ( or baize ) , with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side . Using a cue stick and 21 coloured balls , players must strike the white ball ( or cue ball ) to pot or pocket the remaining balls in the correct sequence , accumulating points for each pot . An individual game ( or frame ) , is won by the player scoring the most points . A match is won when a player wins a predetermined number of frames . Snooker gained its identity in 1875 when army officer Sir Neville Chamberlain ( 1856-1944 ) , stationed in Ooty , Tamil Nadu , devised a set of rules that combined pyramid and black pool . The word snooker was a long-used military term for inexperienced or first-year personnel . The game grew in popularity in the United Kingdom , and the Billiards Association and Control Club was formed in 1919 . It is now governed by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) . The World Snooker Championship has taken place since 1927 . Joe Davis , a key figure in the early growth of the sport , won the championship 15 straight times between 1927 and 1946 . The modern era began in 1969 after the broadcaster BBC commissioned the snooker television show Pot Black and later began to air the World Championship in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Welsh Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Welsh_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': "The 2014 BetVictor Welsh Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 19 February and 2 March 2014 at the Newport Centre in Newport , Wales . It was the eighth ranking event of the 2013/2014 season , and the second time that BetVictor sponsored the event . It was also the last time that the event was held in Newport . Stephen Maguire was the defending champion , but he lost 3-4 against Joel Walker in the last 16 . Ronnie O'Sullivan won his 26th ranking title by defeating Ding Junhui 9-3 in the final . This was O'Sullivan 's third Welsh Open title after 2004 and 2005 , to equal the record jointly held by John Higgins and Stephen Hendry . In the last frame of the final O'Sullivan made the 105th official maximum break . This was O'Sullivan 's record 12th competitive maximum break ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '21-14 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the 20th season of the Camping World Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in North America . The season was contested over twenty-two races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Toyota entered as the reigning Manufacturers ' Champion , while Matt Crafton entered as the defending Drivers ' Champion , and ended the season with his second consecutive title ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Crafton ( ThorSport Racing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Crafton', 'summary': 'Matthew Justin Crafton ( born June 11 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A three-time champion of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series ( 2013 , 2014 , 2019 ) , he currently races full-time in the series , in which he drives the No . 88 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ThorSport_Racing', 'summary': 'ThorSport Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series . The team is based on Sandusky , Ohio . Owned by Duke Thorson and his wife Rhonda , it currently fields four full-time Ford F-150 teams : the No . 13 for Johnny Sauter , the No . 88 for Matt Crafton , the No . 98 for Grant Enfinger , and the No . 99 for Ben Rhodes . The team has won three Truck Series championships ( 2013 , 2014 , and 2019 ) with Crafton .'}]}, {'value': '22-15 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series was the 33rd season of the Nationwide Series , a stock car racing series sanctioned by the NASCAR in the United States . It began with the DRIVE4COPD 300 at Daytona International Speedway on February 22 , and ended with the Ford EcoBoost 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 15 . This was also the final year that the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company sponsored the series , opting for increased involvement in the Sprint Cup Series , as well as the final season the series was broadcast by ESPN . Ford entered the season as the defending Manufacturer 's Champion . After 2014 , Xfinity became the series sponsor ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chase Elliott ( JR Motorsports )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chase_Elliott', 'summary': 'William Clyde Chase Elliott II ( born November 28 , 1995 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 9 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Hendrick Motorsports . He is the only son of 1988 Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott . He won the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series championship , becoming the first rookie to win a national series championship in NASCAR . He became the youngest champion in the NASCAR Nationwide Series ( now called Xfinity Series ) . He was the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JR_Motorsports', 'summary': 'JR Motorsports is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Xfinity Series . The team is based in Mooresville , North Carolina , co-owned by former Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. , his sister Kelley Earnhardt Miller , and the owner of his former Cup Series team , Rick Hendrick . As of the end of 2018 , the team fields four full-time entries and one part-time entry in the Xfinity Series : the No . 1 Chevrolet Camaro SS full-time for Michael Annett , the No . 7 Camaro full-time for Justin Allgaier , the No . 8 Camaro full-time for part-time drivers such as Jeb Burton , Daniel Hemric , and Dale Earnhardt Jr , and the No . 9 Camaro full-time for Noah Gragson .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon', 'summary': 'The marathon is a long-distance race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres ( approximately 26 miles 385 yards ) , usually run as a road race . The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides , a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens , who reported the victory . The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy . There are also wheelchair divisions . The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896 , though the distance did not become standardized until 1921 . More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year , with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes , as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Tokyo Marathon ( WMM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Tokyo_Marathon', 'summary': "The 2014 Tokyo Marathon ( Japanese : 東京マラソン 2014 ) was the eighth edition of the annual marathon race in Tokyo , Japan and was held on Sunday , 23 February . An IAAF Gold Label Road Race , it was the first World Marathon Majors event to be held that year and represented the second occasion that the Tokyo race was part of the elite-level marathon series . Both elite race winners set new course records : Dickson Chumba ran a men 's record of 2:05:42 and Tirfi Tsegaye 's run of 2:22:23 was a women 's record ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors', 'summary': 'The Abbott World Marathon Majors ( AWMM ) is a championship-style competition for marathon runners that started in 2006 . A points based competition founded on six major city marathon races recognised as the most high profile on the calendar , the series comprises annual races for the cities of Tokyo ( starting in 2013 , except 2020 ) , Boston , London , Berlin , Chicago and New York City ( except 2012 ) . In addition , each edition of the series recognises and includes the results of the major global championship marathon held in that year , usually on a one-off lapped course . These races are the biennial IAAF World Championships Marathon , and the quadrennial Olympic Games Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Dickson Chumba Women : Tirfi Tsegaye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickson_Chumba', 'summary': 'Dickson Kiptolo Chumba ( born 27 October 1986 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . He has won the Rome , Eindhoven , Tokyo , and Chicago marathons and has a personal best of 2:05:30 for the distance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tirfi_Tsegaye', 'summary': 'Tirfi Tsegaye Beyene ( born 25 November 1984 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . She has won the Berlin Marathon , the Paris Marathon ( in a course record ) , the Tokyo Marathon ( also in course-record time ) , and the Dubai Marathon . Her personal best of 2:20:18 hours came as winner of the 2014 Berlin Marathon .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Daytona 500', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Daytona_500', 'summary': 'The 2014 Daytona 500 , the 56th running of the event , was held on February 23 , 2014 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . Contested over 200 laps and 500 miles ( 800 km ) on the 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) asphalt tri-oval , it was the first race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup season . Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , driving for Hendrick Motorsports , won the race , making this his second Daytona 500 victory breaking a 55-race winless streak . Denny Hamlin finished 2nd , while Brad Keselowski , Jeff Gordon , and Jimmie Johnson rounded out the Top 5 . This race had seven cautions and 42 lead changes among 18 different drivers . The top rookies of this race were polesitter Austin Dillon ( 9th ) , Alex Bowman ( 23rd ) , and Brian Scott ( 25th ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale Earnhardt , Jr. ( Hendrick Motorsports )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( born October 10 , 1974 ) is an American semi-retired , professional stock car racing driver . He is a team owner , author , and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC . Earnhardt competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports . He is the son of the late Dale Earnhardt Sr. , who was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame . He is also the grandson of NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt , the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller , the half-brother of former driver Kerry Earnhardt , the uncle of driver Jeffrey Earnhardt , and the stepson of Teresa Earnhardt . Earnhardt 's success at Daytona International Speedway throughout his career earned him the nickname Pied Piper of Daytona . He is a two-time Daytona 500 winner , winning the race exactly 10 years apart ( 2004 and 2014 ) , and has won the Most Popular Driver Award fifteen consecutive times from 2003-2017 . After driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( DEI ) , his father 's team in the NASCAR Cup Series , for much of his early Cup career , he moved to Hendrick Motorsports to drive the No . 88 in 2008 . He remained with HMS until his retirement as a full-time driver in 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports', 'summary': "Hendrick Motorsports ( HMS ) , originally named All Star Racing , is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series . The team , created in 1984 by Rick Hendrick , is one of stock car racing 's premier organizations . As of 2020 , Hendrick Motorsports has won twelve Cup Series owners and drivers championships , three Truck Series owners and drivers titles , and one Nationwide Series drivers crown , 256 NASCAR Cup Series victories , 26 Nationwide Series wins , and 26 Camping World Truck Series victories . As of the 2016 season , the team has won a Cup Series race on every track on the current circuit - except for Kentucky Speedway , which has only been on the circuit since 2011 . Hendrick Motorsports currently fields four full-time Cup Series teams with the Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE , including the No . 9 NAPA/UniFirst/Hooters/Mountain Dew/Kelley Blue Book for Chase Elliott , the No . 24 Axalta/Liberty University/Hertz for William Byron , the No . 48 Ally Financial for Jimmie Johnson , and the No . 88 Valvoline/Chevy Goods/Axalta Coating Systems/LLumar/Cincinnati Inc. for Alex Bowman . The team formerly fielded teams in the now-NASCAR Xfinity Series before merging its efforts with JR Motorsports . Hendrick Motorsports also fielded several trucks in the NASCAR Truck Series , most recently for development driver Chase Elliott in 2013 . The team has fielded cars in the past for many NASCAR drivers , including Hall of Famers Jeff Gordon , Mark Martin , Terry Labonte , Darrell Waltrip and Benny Parsons and other notables such as Geoff Bodine , Tim Richmond , Ricky Rudd , Ken Schrader , Ricky Craven , Joe Nemechek , Kyle Busch , Casey Mears , Brian Vickers , Kasey Kahne , and Dale Earnhardt Jr. All Hendrick race cars are constructed start-to-finish at the 100-plus acre Hendrick Motorsports complex in Concord , North Carolina ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Calendar by month -- February', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2014_in_sports_1', 'intro': "2014 in sports describes the year's events in world sport."} | null | null | What is the venue/event whose winner is also one of the four unions that make up the British and Irish Lions ? | 2014 Six Nations Championship |
0424073b0d76fcb3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_ornithischian_tracks', 'title': 'List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aganane Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aganane_Formation', 'summary': 'The Aganane Formation is a Pliensbachian geologic formation in Morocco . Fossil stegosaur and theropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broome Sandstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broome_Sandstone', 'summary': 'The Broome Sandstone is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation found in Western Australia , and formerly considered part of Dampier Group . Fossil stegosaur tracks belonging to the ichnogenus and species Garbina roeorum have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chacarilla Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chacarilla_Formation', 'summary': 'The Chacarilla Formation ( Spanish : Formación Characilla ) is an Oxfordian to Early Cretaceous geologic formation of the Tarapacá Basin in northern Chile , close to the border with Bolivia . The marine and fluvial formation preserves several dinosaur trackways and has been declared a Natural Sanctuary ( Spanish : Santuario de la Naturaleza ) in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lastres Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lastres_Formation', 'summary': 'The Lastres Formation is a geological formation located in Asturias province , northwestern Spain Fossil pterosaur tracks have been found in the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morrison Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morrison_Formation', 'summary': 'The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Upper Jurassic sedimentary rock found in the western United States which has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America . It is composed of mudstone , sandstone , siltstone , and limestone and is light gray , greenish gray , or red . Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones , relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period . It is centered in Wyoming and Colorado , with outcrops in Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas , New Mexico , Arizona , Utah , and Idaho . Equivalent rocks under different names are found in Canada . It covers an area of 1.5 million square kilometers ( 600,000 square miles ) , although only a tiny fraction is exposed and accessible to geologists and paleontologists . Over 75% is still buried under the prairie to the east , and much of its western paleogeographic extent was eroded during exhumation of the Rocky Mountains . It was named after Morrison , Colorado , where the first fossils in the formation were discovered by Arthur Lakes in 1877 . That same year , it became the center of the Bone Wars , a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope . In Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah , the Morrison Formation was a major source of uranium ore .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patuxent Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patuxent_Formation', 'summary': 'The Patuxent Formation is a Cretaceous geologic formation of the Atlantic coastal plain .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saltwick Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saltwick_Formation', 'summary': 'The Saltwick Formation is a Middle Jurassic geologic formation in Yorkshire and the western North Sea , it is primarily Aalenian in age . Fossil stegosaur tracks have been reported from the formation . An indeterminate sauropod has been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walloon Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walloon_Group', 'summary': 'The Walloon Coal Measures are a Late Jurassic geologic subgroup in Queensland , Australia . Deposited within the Surat Basin it is Oxfordian to early Tithonian in age based on lead-uranium dating of tuffites within the unit . The dinosaur Rhoetosaurus is known from the unit .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Thyreophorans -- Stegosaurs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_ornithischian_tracks_5', 'intro': 'List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations'} | null | null | The tracks of what creature are found in the formation located in the largest country in Southern Europe ? | Pterosaur |
042546dcfb2b521c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_11)', 'title': 'Strictly Come Dancing (series 11)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Celebrity', 'Highest score', 'Celebrity', 'Lowest score'], 'data': [{'value': 'American Smooth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Smooth', 'summary': 'This is a list of dance terms that are not names of dances or types of dances . See List of dances and List of dance style categories for those . This glossary lists terms used in various types of ballroom partner dances , leaving out terms of highly evolved or specialized dance forms , such as ballet , tap dancing , and square dancing , which have their own elaborate terminology . See also :'}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Myers_(British_chef)', 'summary': 'David James Myers ( born 8 September 1957 ) is an English television presenter , best known for appearances in the BBC celebrity talent show Strictly Come Dancing . Myers is also as one half of the Hairy Bikers , along with Si King . Together , they have presented a number of television cookery series for the BBC . They have also launched their own product called The Hairy Bikers Diet Club .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentine Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentine_Tango', 'summary': "Argentine tango is a musical genre and accompanying social dance originating at the end of the 19th century in the suburbs of Buenos Aires and Montevideo . It typically has a 24 or 44 rhythmic time signature , and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or ABCAC . Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia , sadness , and laments for lost love . The typical orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the small button accordion called the bandoneon . It has continued to grow in popularity and spread internationally , adding modern elements without replacing the older ones . Among its leading figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco Canaro , Juan D'Arienzo , Carlos Di Sarli , Osvaldo Pugliese , and Ástor Piazzolla ."}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophie Ellis-Bextor Susanna Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Ellis-Bextor', 'summary': "Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor ( born 10 April 1979 ) [ citation needed ] is an English singer , songwriter and model . She first came to prominence in the late 1990s , as the lead singer of the indie rock band Theaudience . After the group disbanded , Ellis-Bextor went solo , achieving widespread success in the early 2000s . Her music is a mixture of mainstream pop , disco , nu-disco , and 1980s electronic influences . Her solo debut album , Read My Lips , was released in September 2001 . The album reached number two in the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The record experienced international success , selling more than 2 million copies worldwide . It produced four singles , three of which reached the top three in the UK . In 2003 , Read My Lips won the Edison Award for Best Dance Album . Ellis-Bextor 's second album , Shoot from the Hip , was released in October 2003 . The album reached number 19 in the UK and produced two top ten singles . Trip the Light Fantastic , her third album , was released in May 2007 and reached number seven in the UK ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Susanna_Reid', 'summary': 'Susanna Victoria Reid ( born 10 December 1970 ) is an English television presenter and journalist . Reid was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 , along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt . She has been a co-anchor of Good Morning Britain since 2014 , and currently presents the programme alongside Piers Morgan and Ben Shephard . She finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC and Save Money : Good Food on ITV .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cha Cha Cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Myers_(British_chef)', 'summary': 'David James Myers ( born 8 September 1957 ) is an English television presenter , best known for appearances in the BBC celebrity talent show Strictly Come Dancing . Myers is also as one half of the Hairy Bikers , along with Si King . Together , they have presented a number of television cookery series for the BBC . They have also launched their own product called The Hairy Bikers Diet Club .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston_(dance)', 'summary': "The Charleston is a dance named for the harbor city of Charleston , South Carolina . The rhythm was popularized in mainstream dance music in the United States by a 1923 tune called The Charleston by composer/pianist James P. Johnson which originated in the Broadway show Runnin ' Wild and became one of the most popular hits of the decade . Runnin ' Wild ran from 29 October 1923 through 28 June 1924 . The peak year for the Charleston as a dance by the public was mid-1926 to 1927"}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Jacklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Jacklin', 'summary': 'Anthony Jacklin CBE ( born 7 July 1944 ) is a retired English golfer . He was the most successful British player of his generation , winning two major championships , the 1969 Open Championship and the 1970 U.S. Open . He was also Ryder Cup captain from 1983 to 1989 ; Europe winning two and tying another of these four events .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'Susanna Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanna_Reid', 'summary': 'Susanna Victoria Reid ( born 10 December 1970 ) is an English television presenter and journalist . Reid was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 , along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt . She has been a co-anchor of Good Morning Britain since 2014 , and currently presents the programme alongside Piers Morgan and Ben Shephard . She finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC and Save Money : Good Food on ITV .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Robinson_(actor)', 'summary': 'Patrick Robinson ( born 6 November 1963 ) is an English actor , best known for playing the character of staff nurse and later charge nurse ( in early years of the show ) and in later years , Consultant Martin Ash Ashford in the long-running medical drama series Casualty on BBC One .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashley Taylor Dawson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson', 'summary': 'Philip Ashley Taylor Dawson ( born 11 January 1982 ) , known as Ashley Taylor Dawson , is an English actor and singer . He is best known for his role as Darren Osborne in the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks , in which he is one of the longest serving cast members , and for being a member of pop band allSTARS* .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Myers_(British_chef)', 'summary': 'David James Myers ( born 8 September 1957 ) is an English television presenter , best known for appearances in the BBC celebrity talent show Strictly Come Dancing . Myers is also as one half of the Hairy Bikers , along with Si King . Together , they have presented a number of television cookery series for the BBC . They have also launched their own product called The Hairy Bikers Diet Club .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Susanna Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanna_Reid', 'summary': 'Susanna Victoria Reid ( born 10 December 1970 ) is an English television presenter and journalist . Reid was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 , along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt . She has been a co-anchor of Good Morning Britain since 2014 , and currently presents the programme alongside Piers Morgan and Ben Shephard . She finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC and Save Money : Good Food on ITV .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Myers_(British_chef)', 'summary': 'David James Myers ( born 8 September 1957 ) is an English television presenter , best known for appearances in the BBC celebrity talent show Strictly Come Dancing . Myers is also as one half of the Hairy Bikers , along with Si King . Together , they have presented a number of television cookery series for the BBC . They have also launched their own product called The Hairy Bikers Diet Club .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey Clancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Clancy', 'summary': "Abigail Marie Clancy , ( born 10 January 1986 ) known as Abbey Clancy , is an English lingerie and catwalk model and television personality . She is married to former professional footballer Peter Crouch , was the runner-up of Britain 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) in 2006 and won series 11 of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . Since 2015 she has been presenting Britain 's Next Top Model ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Riley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Riley', 'summary': "Rachel Annabelle Riley ( born 11 January 1986 ) is a British television presenter and mathematician . She co-presents the Channel 4 daytime puzzle show Countdown and its comedy spin-off 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown . A mathematics graduate , her television debut came when she joined Countdown aged 22 . With an interest in popularising mathematics and the sciences , she has since co-presented The Gadget Show on Channel 5 ( 2013-14 ) and It 's Not Rocket Science on ITV ( 2016 ) . She was also a contestant on the BBC celebrity dance show Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede Patrick Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Robinson_(actor)', 'summary': 'Patrick Robinson ( born 6 November 1963 ) is an English actor , best known for playing the character of staff nurse and later charge nurse ( in early years of the show ) and in later years , Consultant Martin Ash Ashford in the long-running medical drama series Casualty on BBC One .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiona Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiona_Fullerton', 'summary': "Fiona Elizabeth Fullerton ( born 10 October 1956 ) is a British actress and singer , known for her role as Alice in the 1972 film Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and as Bond girl KGB spy Pola Ivanova in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salsa_(dance)', 'summary': 'Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City . Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of Havana by the end of the 1950s ( e.g . casino , mambo and pachanga ) , as well as American jazz dances . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans living in New York ( Nuyoricans ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own , such as Cuban , Puerto Rican , Cali Colombia , L.A. and New York styles . Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs , bars , ballrooms , restaurants , and outside , especially when part of an outdoor festival . In many styles of salsa dancing , as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping , the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes . Weight shifts cause the hips to move . Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated . Salsa generally uses music ranging from about 150 bpm ( beats per minute ) to around 250 bpm , although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160-220 bpm . The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music . The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes 8 beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey Clancy Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Clancy', 'summary': "Abigail Marie Clancy , ( born 10 January 1986 ) known as Abbey Clancy , is an English lingerie and catwalk model and television personality . She is married to former professional footballer Peter Crouch , was the runner-up of Britain 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) in 2006 and won series 11 of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . Since 2015 she has been presenting Britain 's Next Top Model ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Myers_(British_chef)', 'summary': 'David James Myers ( born 8 September 1957 ) is an English television presenter , best known for appearances in the BBC celebrity talent show Strictly Come Dancing . Myers is also as one half of the Hairy Bikers , along with Si King . Together , they have presented a number of television cookery series for the BBC . They have also launched their own product called The Hairy Bikers Diet Club .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)', 'summary': 'The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey Clancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Clancy', 'summary': "Abigail Marie Clancy , ( born 10 January 1986 ) known as Abbey Clancy , is an English lingerie and catwalk model and television personality . She is married to former professional footballer Peter Crouch , was the runner-up of Britain 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) in 2006 and won series 11 of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . Since 2015 she has been presenting Britain 's Next Top Model ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susanna Reid Mark Benton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanna_Reid', 'summary': 'Susanna Victoria Reid ( born 10 December 1970 ) is an English television presenter and journalist . Reid was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 , along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt . She has been a co-anchor of Good Morning Britain since 2014 , and currently presents the programme alongside Piers Morgan and Ben Shephard . She finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC and Save Money : Good Food on ITV .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Benton', 'summary': 'Mark Benton ( born 16 November 1965 ) is an English actor , known for his roles as Eddie in Early Doors , Howard in Northern Lights and Martin Pond in Barbara . Benton has also starred in BBC One drama , Waterloo Road as maths teacher , Daniel Chalk from 2011 to 2013 and again in 2014 . In 2003 Benton starred as Eddie in 2 series of Early Doors BBC Sitcom In 2013 , Benton took part in Strictly Come Dancing and in 2015 , he hosted daytime game show The Edge . Since 2018 he has played the leading role of Frank Hathaway in Shakespeare & Hathaway : Private Investigators on BBC1 .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Showdance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophie Ellis-Bextor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Ellis-Bextor', 'summary': "Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor ( born 10 April 1979 ) [ citation needed ] is an English singer , songwriter and model . She first came to prominence in the late 1990s , as the lead singer of the indie rock band Theaudience . After the group disbanded , Ellis-Bextor went solo , achieving widespread success in the early 2000s . Her music is a mixture of mainstream pop , disco , nu-disco , and 1980s electronic influences . Her solo debut album , Read My Lips , was released in September 2001 . The album reached number two in the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The record experienced international success , selling more than 2 million copies worldwide . It produced four singles , three of which reached the top three in the UK . In 2003 , Read My Lips won the Edison Award for Best Dance Album . Ellis-Bextor 's second album , Shoot from the Hip , was released in October 2003 . The album reached number 19 in the UK and produced two top ten singles . Trip the Light Fantastic , her third album , was released in May 2007 and reached number seven in the UK ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swing-a-thon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swing_(dance)', 'summary': "Swing dance is a group of dances that developed with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s-1940s , with the origins of each dance predating the popular swing era . During the swing era , there were hundreds of styles of swing dancing , but those that have survived beyond that era include : Lindy Hop , Balboa , Collegiate Shag , and Charleston . Today , the most well-known of these dances is the Lindy Hop , which originated in Harlem in the early 1930s . While the majority of swing dances began in African American communities as vernacular African American dances , some influenced swing-era dances , like Balboa , developed outside of these communities . Swing dance was not commonly used to identify a group of dances until the latter half of the 20th century . Historically , the term Swing referred to the style of jazz music , which inspired the evolution of the dance . Jitterbug is any form of swing dance , though it is often used as a synonym for the six-count derivative of Lindy Hop called East Coast Swing . It was also common to use the word to identify a kind of dancer ( i.e. , a swing dancer ) . A jitterbug might prefer to dance Lindy Hop , Shag , or any of the other swing dances . The term was famously associated with swing era band leader Cab Calloway because , as he put it , [ The dancers ] look like a bunch of jitterbugs out there on the floor due to their fast , often bouncy movements . The term swing dancing is often extended to include other dances that do not have certain characteristics of traditional swing dances : West Coast Swing , Carolina Shag , East Coast Swing , Hand Dancing , Jive , Rock and Roll , Modern Jive , and other dances developed during the 1940s and later . A strong tradition of social and competitive boogie woogie and Rock ' n ' Roll in Europe add these dances to their local swing dance cultures ."}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susanna Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanna_Reid', 'summary': 'Susanna Victoria Reid ( born 10 December 1970 ) is an English television presenter and journalist . Reid was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 , along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt . She has been a co-anchor of Good Morning Britain since 2014 , and currently presents the programme alongside Piers Morgan and Ben Shephard . She finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC and Save Money : Good Food on ITV .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Gumede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Gumede', 'summary': 'Natalie Gumede ( born 20 March 1984 ) [ citation needed ] is a British actress . She is known for playing Kirsty Soames in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , from 2011 to 2013 . She previously played China in BBC Three comedy show Ideal . She has also appeared in The Persuasionists , Emmerdale and Doctor Who among other television shows . Gumede was also runner-up in the 2013 series of Strictly Come Dancing on BBC One . In 2017 , Gumede began appearing in Netflix original Free Rein as Maggie Steel Phillips .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julien Macdonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julien_Macdonald', 'summary': "Julien Macdonald OBE ( born 19 March 1971 in Merthyr Tydfil ) is a Welsh fashion designer who has appeared as judge on the television programme , Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model . In 2001 , he was named British Fashion Designer of the Year , and on 15 March 2001 , was appointed as chief designer at Givenchy ( Alexander McQueen 's successor ) . His atelier is at Old Burlington Street , London ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Sophie Ellis-Bextor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Ellis-Bextor', 'summary': "Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor ( born 10 April 1979 ) [ citation needed ] is an English singer , songwriter and model . She first came to prominence in the late 1990s , as the lead singer of the indie rock band Theaudience . After the group disbanded , Ellis-Bextor went solo , achieving widespread success in the early 2000s . Her music is a mixture of mainstream pop , disco , nu-disco , and 1980s electronic influences . Her solo debut album , Read My Lips , was released in September 2001 . The album reached number two in the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The record experienced international success , selling more than 2 million copies worldwide . It produced four singles , three of which reached the top three in the UK . In 2003 , Read My Lips won the Edison Award for Best Dance Album . Ellis-Bextor 's second album , Shoot from the Hip , was released in October 2003 . The album reached number 19 in the UK and produced two top ten singles . Trip the Light Fantastic , her third album , was released in May 2007 and reached number seven in the UK ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deborah Meaden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Meaden', 'summary': "Deborah Sonia Meaden ( born 1959 ) is an English businesswoman who ran a multimillion-pound family holiday business , before completing a management buyout , but is now best known for her appearances on the BBC Two business programme Dragons ' Den ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waltz', 'summary': 'The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbey Clancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Clancy', 'summary': "Abigail Marie Clancy , ( born 10 January 1986 ) known as Abbey Clancy , is an English lingerie and catwalk model and television personality . She is married to former professional footballer Peter Crouch , was the runner-up of Britain 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) in 2006 and won series 11 of Strictly Come Dancing in 2013 . Since 2015 she has been presenting Britain 's Next Top Model ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Jacklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Jacklin', 'summary': 'Anthony Jacklin CBE ( born 7 July 1944 ) is a retired English golfer . He was the most successful British player of his generation , winning two major championships , the 1969 Open Championship and the 1970 U.S. Open . He was also Ryder Cup captain from 1983 to 1989 ; Europe winning two and tying another of these four events .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance style according to the judges ' 40-points scale are as follows :", 'uid': 'Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_11)_2', 'intro': "Strictly Come Dancing returned for its eleventh series beginning with a launch show on 7 September 2013, with the live shows starting on 27 and 28 September 2013. Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to co-present the main show on BBC One, with Claudia Winkleman returning to present the results show alongside Daly. Zoë Ball returned as presenter of Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two on BBC Two. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Darcey Bussell also returned as judges. This was the first series to be made at Elstree Film and Television Studios in Elstree, Hertfordshire. In March 2013, the show's former home at the BBC Television Centre in West London closed down for redevelopment. Strictly moved to Elstree for this series and settled into the vast George Lucas Stage 2 which had been recently refurbished. The move to the Elstree location saw a complete overhaul of the look of the show, with a newly redesigned set, which would fit the much larger George Lucas Stage. The shows on 5 October, 9 November and 7 December 2013 were hosted by Daly and Winkleman, with Forsyth taking time off. The show was broadcast live from Blackpool Tower Ballroom on 16 November 2013. The series was won by Abbey Clancy and Aljaž Skorjanec on 21 December 2013. This series was notable as being Forsyth's last as main presenter and also for Brendan Cole becoming the first professional dancer to reach three separate finals."} | null | null | Who did the dancer with the best score in American Smooth during series 11 of Strictly Come Dancing play in Coronation Street ? | Kirsty Soames |
0427f9aa3b63946e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-League', 'title': 'I-League', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'Position', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_I-League', 'summary': "The I-League 2008-2009 season began on 26 September 2008 and finished on 16 April 2009 with a break in December for the Federation Cup and Durand Cup . Most games this season were played on Saturday 's and Sunday 's to attract larger crowds . After a successful first season for the I League , the second season featured 12 teams from four cities - again this would be expanded in the 2009-10 season to 14 teams . The champion in the I-League qualified for the AFC Champions League 2010 qualifying playoffs in 2010 , while the bottom two teams were relegated to I-League 2nd Division for the next season ."}]}, {'value': 'Odafe Onyeka Okolie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odafe_Onyeka_Okolie', 'summary': 'Odafa Onyeka Okolie ( born 1985 in Nigeria ) , is a Nigerian football player who last played for Gokulam Kerala in I-League . He was the highest paid footballer in I-league earning INR 1.4 crore per year in 2011 . Odafa is second in the list of all-time leading goalscorer in the I-League and NFL history with 179 goals , and has been the top goal scorer on three consecutive editions . He also holds the record for scoring the most number of hat-tricks in both I-League and NFL combined , with 14 hat-tricks across all seasons , including 13 of those in the I-League .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Churchill Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Churchill_Brothers_S.C.', 'summary': "Churchill Brothers FC Goa is an Indian professional football club based in Margao , Goa . Churchill Brothers was founded in 1988 in Margao and in 1996 were a founding club of the new National Football League . In 2007 , the club were also a founding club in the I-League . The club has won the national league title I-League two times , in 2008-09 and 2012-13 , and has secured a position among the top three teams on eight other occasions in the national level league tournament . The Red Machine was led for decades by Mr. Churchill Alemo , the club 's former President who was recently elected President of Goa Football Association and is an ex-Chief Minister of Goa . The current CEO of the club is Ms. Valanka Alemao , Mr. Alemao 's daughter ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_I-League', 'summary': 'This season marks the addition of four new teams , with Lajong SSC , Pune FC , Salgaocar Sports Club and Viva Kerala are confirmed to participate in the I-League . With the inception of these four clubs , many club transfers have been undergone within India , and around the world . The length of the regular season will be longer than in previous years , with 26 rounds rather than 22 . The season kicked off on October 1 , 2009 with Mahindra United hosting defending champions Churchill Brothers in Mumbai .'}]}, {'value': 'Subrata Pal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subrata_Pal', 'summary': 'Subrata Pal ( born 24 December 1986 ) is an Indian professional footballer who currently plays for Jamshedpur in the Indian Super League and for India .'}]}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pune_F.C.', 'summary': 'Pune Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Pune , Maharashtra . The club was one of the most professional clubs in Indian football history , known mainly for their focus on fanfare , professional playing set-up , and focus on youth development . The club was owned by the Ashok Piramal Group . Founded in 2007 , the club managed to gain promotion to the I-League in 2009 . In their first season in the I-League , the club managed to finish in a very surprising third place before having their best ever season during the 2012-13 season in which they finished in second place . Pune used to have a rivalry with fellow Maharashtra club Mumbai , with whom it contested the Maha derby . The club pulled out of I-League earlier 2015-16 season . The main club shut down its operations while Pune F.C . Academy was acquired by ISL club , FC Pune City .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_I-League', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 I-League is the fourth season of the I-League , the highest football league competition in India . It ran from 3 December 2010 to May 2011 . Dempo are the defending champions . On May 30 , 2011 Salgaocar SC won the title by beating JCT FC 2-0 in the final match of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Mehtab Hossain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehtab_Hossain', 'summary': 'Mehtab Hossain ( born 5 September 1985 ) is a retired Indian professional footballer and current manager of Southern Samity who played as a defensive midfielder . During his career , Hossain has played for both of the Kolkata football giants , Mohun Bagan and East Bengal . He played with East Bengal for ten seasons , winning the Federation Cup three times . He also managed to gain 31 caps for the India national football team between 2005 and 2014 , scoring twice for the country.2019 started his coaching career as manager at Southern Samity in 2019-20 Calcutta Premier Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'East Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Bengal_F.C.', 'summary': "East Bengal Football Club ( Bengali : ইস্ট বেঙ্গল ফুটবল ক্লাব ) is a professional football Club based in Kolkata , West Bengal , India . It competes in the I-League under licence from the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . The club has won three National Football League ( later named as I-League ) titles , eight Federation Cups , and three Indian Super Cups , alongside other trophies . The club is mainly supported by the immigrant population ( known as Bangal ) , who were forced to leave their home during the partition of 1947 . It has a long-standing rivalry with its cross-town competitors Mohun Bagan , with whom it competes in the renowned Kolkata Derby , which is the Asia 's biggest football rivalry . East Bengal also shares a rivalry with another Kolkata club Mohammedan SC . Currently the football team is owned by Quess Corp . In July 2018 , it bought 70% shares , and took full control of the football team and thus forming Quess East Bengal FC Pvt . Ltd. East Bengal and Quess Corp have four directors each and club representatives have control over the operations . Quess Corp. now has the responsibility of building and managing the squad ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_I-League', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 I-League is the fifth season of the I-League , the topmost level of the Indian football pyramid . The season began in October 2011 and ended in May 2012 . Salgaocar are the defending champions , having won their maiden title in the previous season . The current edition has a total of 14 teams contesting for the honors . These include the top twelve teams from the 2010-11 season along with the two promoted sides , Shillong Lajong and Sporting Clube de Goa , who had been the winner and the runner-up in the 2011 I-League 2nd Division respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Francis Fernandes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Fernandes', 'summary': 'Francisco Fernandes also known as Francis Fernandes ( born 25 November 1985 in Vasco da Gama , Goa ) is an Indian footballer playing primarily as a winger'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Salgaocar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salgaocar_F.C.', 'summary': 'Salgaocar Football Club is a professional football club who currently play in the Goa Professional League in India . They are based in Vasco , Goa and are owned by the V. M. Salgaocar Group of Companies . Salgaocar have won 19 Goa League Champions Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 2 Super Cups , 2 Durand Cups and won the National Football League in 1998-99 and I-League in 2010-11 . They became the first Goan side to win the NFL in 1998-99 under the guidance of coach Shabbir Ali . Salgaocar pulled out of I-League 2016-17 citing AIFF bias against I-League .'}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_I-League', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 I-League was the sixth season of the I-League , the Indian professional league for association football clubs , since its establishment in 2007 . The season began on 6 October 2012 and finished on 12 May 2013 with Churchill Brothers crowned champions in matchday 25 . Dempo were the defending champions , having won their third I-League title the previous season . On December 29 , 2012 , Mohun Bagan were barred from competing in the I-League for 2 years following a decision taken by the I League core committee . This was because they failed to turn up in the second half of the match against East Bengal because of crowd trouble . All their results in the I-League were declared null and void and all their remaining fixtures were cancelled . But on 15 January 2013 , Mohun Bagan appealed against the decision to ban them from the league and were reinstated , but would start on 0 points .'}]}, {'value': 'Zohib Islam Amiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zohib_Islam_Amiri', 'summary': 'Zohib Islam Amiri ( Dari : ذهیب اسلام امیری ; born 15 February 1990 ) sometimes also called Haroon Fakhruddin is a professional Afghan footballer who is a Midfielder and is currently playing for Gokulam Kerala FC.and the Afghanistan national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai_F.C.', 'summary': "Mumbai Football Club is a former Indian professional football club based in Mumbai , the capital city of Maharashtra state of India . Mumbai FC was founded in 2007 with the objective of providing a platform for the young aspiring footballers from the city to showcase their talent and to try to make it to the big stage . The club gained promotion to the I-League in 2008 , and finished 7th in their maiden I-League campaign in 2008-09 season . Mumbai FC have a local rivalry with another Mumbai-based club Air India and state rivalry with Pune dubbed as the 'Maha ' derby as both clubs play in the state of Maharashtra ."}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_I-League', 'summary': "The 2013-14 I-League ( known as the Airtel I-League for sponsorship reasons ) was the seventh season of the I-League , the top-tier Indian professional league for football clubs , since its establishment in 2007 . The season began on 21 September 2013 , and ended on 28 April 2014 . Churchill Brothers were the defending champions , having won their second I-League title in the previous season . On 21 April 2014 , Bengaluru FC were crowned champions with one game remaining , winning their first ever I-League title by defeating Dempo 2-4 at Fatorda Stadium . Bengaluru FC also created history by becoming the first team ever to win the I-League title in its debut season . On 28 April 2014 , Mohammedan were relegated from the I-League when Churchill Brothers defeated Salgaocar 2-1 , and hence survived relegation . Churchill Brothers also avoided being the first defending champions to be relegated . During the season , Maria Rebello became the first woman referee internationally to officiate in a country 's premier league match when she officiated in Pune vs Shillong Lajong on 8 March 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Boithang Haokip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boithang_Haokip', 'summary': 'Boithang Haokip ( born 9 September 1991 ) is an Indian footballer who currently plays for East Bengal FC in the I-League . A free-kick specialist , he primarily plays as a central midfielder but can play as a full-back or a wide player .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Shillong Lajong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shillong_Lajong_F.C.', 'summary': 'Shillong Lajong Football Club is an Indian professional football club which is based in Shillong , Meghalaya , India . The club was established in 1983 with the prime objective of improving the declining standard of football in the state , and to spot , train and nurture local talent . In the local Khasi language Lajong translates to our own . Headquartered in Shillong , Lajong has access to the largest student population in the North-East and hence the football talent right from a young age . Lajong is under professional management and has a strong fan base across the North-East , which is being actively developed . Shillong Lajong had an average attendance of 11,308 for the 2013-14 season of I-League .'}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_I-League', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 I-League was the ninth season of the I-League , the Indian professional football league , since its establishment in 2007 . The season commenced on 9 January 2016 , after the Indian Super League finished , and concluded on 24 April 2016 . Bengaluru FC won their second I-League title after winning their first ever title in 2013-14 . The defending champions Mohun Bagan finished second . Aizawl and DSK Shivajians entered the league for the first time in their history , Aizawl through promotion from the I-League 2nd Division and DSK Shivajians through a direct-entry spot .'}]}, {'value': 'Debjit Majumder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debjit_Majumder', 'summary': 'Debjit Majumder ( born 6 March 1988 ) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Mohun Bagan on a loan from ATK .'}]}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohun Bagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_A.C.', 'summary': "Mohun Bagan Athletic Club is a professional football club based in West Bengal , India . The club was established on 15 August 1889 by Bhupendra Nath Bose and is one of the oldest existing association football club in India and Asia.The club plays in the I-League under licence from the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) . The most notable victory in the history of the club was over East Yorkshire Regiment in the 1911 IFA Shield final match , which made them the first Indian club to win the IFA title . They have won the top-flight league 4 times , the National Football League 3 times and the I-League once . They are the most successful team of India in the history of the Federation Cup , having won the championship a record 14 times . The club has also won several other trophies , which includes the Durand Cup ( 16 times ) , IFA Shield ( 22 times ) , and the Calcutta Football League ( 30 times ) . The club 's football team alone has won 252 trophies which is the highest by any Indian club and also makes it one of the most decorated football clubs in the world . Apart from that , the club 's cricket and hockey teams have won 111 and 41 trophies respectively . The club contests the Kolkata Derby with long-time rivals East Bengal . The first derby match was played on 8 August 1921 . Mohun Bagan was inducted into the Club of Pioneers , a network of the oldest existing football clubs in each country , on 29 July 2019 as the club celebrated its 130th year in existence . On 16th January 2020 , owners of ISL side ATK , the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group bought 80% of shares in the club , with the current owners of the club left with the remaining minority stake of 20% ."}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_I-League', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 I-League is the 11th season of the I-League . Aizawl were the defending champions . NEROCA entered as the promoted team from the 2016-17 I-League 2nd Division . The season began on 25 November 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Subash Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subash_Singh', 'summary': 'Subash Singh ( born 1 March 1987 in Imphal in Manipur ) is an Indian footballer who plays as a defender in IMG RELIANCE .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'NEROCA FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NEROCA_F.C.', 'summary': 'NEROCA Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Imphal , Manipur , India . The club made its I-League 2nd Division debut in the 2015-16 season . The club won the 2016-17 I-League 2nd Division and secured promotion to the I-League . NEROCA is the only club from Northeast India to reach the final of the coveted Durand Cup .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'I-League_10', 'intro': "The I-League, formerly known as National Football League, is one among the two co-existing premier football leagues in India together with Indian Super League. For sponsorship reasons, the league is officially known as the Hero I-League. It is currently contested by 11 clubs across the country. The competition was founded in 2007 as the successor to the National Football League (NFL) and competition commenced in November 2007. The league was launched as India's first ever professional football league and with the aim to increase the player pool for India's national team. Unlike the franchise based Indian Super League, the I-League operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the I-League 2nd Division. For the clubs that become I-League champions, they are granted the opportunity to participate in the AFC Cup, Asia's secondary international club competition. Since the inception of the I-League, a total of seven clubs have been crowned champions. Dempo have won the most titles in league history, being crowned champions three times. Churchill Brothers and former I-League side Bengaluru have won the league twice. Salgaocar, Mohun Bagan, Aizawl, Minerva Punjab, and the current champions, Chennai City have won it once."} | null | null | The player from Nigeria plays for an Indian team that has won the national league title in what seasons ? | 2008-09 |
042bc76b61ca0b6b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_European_Tour', 'title': '2001 European Tour', 'header': ['Dates', 'Tournament', 'Host country', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': '16-19 Nov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnnie Walker Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnnie_Walker_Classic', 'summary': "The Johnnie Walker Classic was a European Tour golf tournament which was played in the Asia-Pacific region . Johnnie Walker is a brand name and the owners have a long history of tournament sponsorship . They also sponsored the Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles which was a European Tour event played in Scotland . The event was originally called the Johnnie Walker Asian Classic . There was a tournament already called the Johnnie Walker Classic in Australia , but when that event ceased in 1992 , the word Asian was dropped from the name . In 1989 Johnnie Walker sponsored the Hong Kong Open , and it was decided to establish an additional tournament which it would sponsor on an ongoing basis . This tournament was called the Johnnie Walker Asian Classic , and was first staged in Hong Kong in 1990 . Subsequently , it became a touring event , essentially used by its sponsor as a marketing exercise in the Asia Pacific region . In 1992 it became the first event to be sanctioned by the European Tour in East Asia ( the Dubai Desert Classic was the first in Asia as a whole ) . In 1993 the word Asian was dropped from the title . In 2005 the tournament was held in China for the first time , as part of the European Tour 's push into China , which saw four events held in mainland China and one in Hong Kong in the 2005 season . The location of the tournament changes every year ."}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Woods ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiger_Woods', 'summary': "Eldrick Tont Tiger Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer . He is tied for first in PGA Tour wins and ranks second in men 's major championships and also holds numerous golf records . Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers , and one of the most famous athletes of all time . Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur golf career , Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters , which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance . He reached number one in the world rankings for the first time in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the first decade of the 21st century , Woods was the dominant force in golf . He was the top-ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . During this time , he won 13 of golf 's major championships . The next decade of Woods ' career was marked by comebacks from personal problems and injuries . He took a self-imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in an attempt to resolve marital issues with his then-wife , Elin . Extramarital affairs with Woods had been alleged by several women , and the couple eventually divorced ."}]}, {'value': '3-7 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WGC-Accenture_Match_Play_Championship', 'summary': 'The WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play is a professional golf tournament hosted at the Austin Country Club in Texas since 2016 , and is the only one of the four annual World Golf Championships to be contested using match play format . Previous names include WGC-Dell Match Play ( 2015 ) , WGC-Cadillac Match Play ( 2014 ) , WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2001-2013 ) , and WGC-Andersen Consulting Match Play Championship ( 1999-2000 ) . Before moving to Austin it had been hosted in Arizona eight times , California eight times , and Australia once . It is sanctioned and organized by the International Federation of PGA Tours and the prize money is official money on the PGA Tour , the European Tour and the Japan Golf Tour . Tiger Woods has the record number of wins with three . The winner receives a wedgwood trophy named the Walter Hagan Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Stricker ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Stricker', 'summary': 'Steven Charles Stricker ( born February 23 , 1967 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions . He has twelve victories on the PGA Tour , including the WGC-Match Play title in 2001 and two FedEx Cup playoff events . His most successful season on tour came at age 42 in 2009 , with three victories and a runner-up finish on the money list . Stricker spent over 250 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking , reaching a career-high world ranking of No . 2 in September 2009 . Stricker will serve as U.S. Ryder Cup captain for the 2020 matches , set for Whistling Straits in his home state of Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': '18-21 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Dunhill Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill_Championship', 'summary': "The Alfred Dunhill Championship is a men 's professional golf tournament which is played in South Africa . It is part of the Southern African Sunshine Tour and is one of four events in South Africa that are co-sanctioned by the more prestigious European Tour . The tournament was founded in 2000 , but its origins lie in Dunhill 's sponsorship of the South African PGA Championship between 1995 and 1999 . Following the 1999 Alfred Dunhill PGA Championship , the company decided to discontinue their association with the South African PGA , and create their own stand alone tournament . The first event was held in January 2000 at the Houghton Golf Club in Johannesburg , and replaced the South African PGA Championship on the European Tour calendar . In 2004 , the tournament was rescheduled to December , resulting in two events being staged that year . Following this change , the Alfred Dunhill Championship has formed part of the following year 's European Tour season . In addition , the event was moved to the Leopard Creek Country Club , just south of the Kruger National Park in Malalane , Mpumalanga . The Dunhill Championship should not be confused with the Dunhill Links Championship , a much richer European Tour event with the same sponsor which is played in Scotland . In 2016 , the Alfred Dunhill Championship replaced the South African Open as the tour 's flagship event by the Official World Golf Ranking governing board . The winner was awarded 32 OWGR points ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Scott ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Scott_(golfer)', 'summary': "Adam Derek Scott ( born 16 July 1980 ) is an Australian professional golfer who plays mainly on the PGA Tour . He was the World No . 1 ranked golfer , from mid-May to August 2014 . He has won 31 professional tournaments around the world ( 3 being unofficial money events ) , on many of golf 's major tours . Scott 's biggest win to date was the 2013 Masters Tournament , his first major championship and the only Masters won by an Australian . Other significant wins include the 2004 Players Championship , the 2011 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and the 2016 WGC-Cadillac Championship . He was the runner-up in the 2012 Open Championship , leading by four strokes with four holes to play before bogeying all of them to lose the title by a stroke to Ernie Els ."}]}, {'value': '25-28 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercedes-Benz South African Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_South_African_Open', 'summary': "The South African Open Championship is one of the oldest national open golf championships in the world , and is one of the principal tournaments on the Sunshine Tour . Since 1997 it has also been co-sanctioned by the European Tour . Except for the 2017 edition , the tournament is the Sunshine Tour 's flagship event for the purposes of the Official World Golf Ranking , earning a minimum of 32 OWGR points for the winner . In December 2018 , the event became part of the Open Qualifying Series , giving up to three non-exempt players entry into The Open Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark McNulty ( 16 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_McNulty', 'summary': 'Mark William McNulty ( born 24 March 1953 ) is an Irish/Zimbabwean professional golfer currently playing on the PGA Tour Champions . He was one of the leading players on the European Tour from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s , and featured in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for 83 weeks from 1987 to 1992 . McNulty was born in Bindura , Southern Rhodesia ( now known as Zimbabwe ) . He was raised on a farm in the Centenary area of Zimbabwe . His step-father was an amateur pilot who had an airstrip on the farm . When his step-father was diagnosed with epilepsy , he was forced to give up flying . He converted the airstrip into a three-hole golf course , where Mark first learned to play golf . McNulty became an Irish citizen in 2003 at the age of 50 . He was eligible to do so because his maternal grandmother was born in Ballymena in Northern Ireland . He stated that his reason for doing so was his concern that as a non-resident Zimbabwean it could take him up to two years to get his passport renewed if he lost it . Commentators elaborated that the farm that his family had been managing for 40-something years had been confiscated by the Mugabe regime . He lives in Sunningdale , England .'}]}, {'value': '1-4 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heineken Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heineken_Classic', 'summary': "The Heineken Classic was a men 's professional golf tournament played in Australia from 1990 to 2005 as part of the PGA Tour of Australasia . From 1990 to 1992 it was called the Vines Classic . It was held at the Vines Resort in Western Australia from 1990 to 2001 and moved to the Royal Melbourne Golf Club from 2002 to 2005 . From 1996 onwards it was co-sanctioned by the European Tour . In 2005 it was the most lucrative golf tournament in Australasia , but the 2006 event was cancelled after the sponsor withdrew and the promoters were unable to find a replacement . This was one of a series of tournaments to be cancelled in Australia within the space of a few years . The winners of the Heineken Classic included former World Number 1s Ernie Els and Ian Woosnam and future U.S. Open champion Michael Campbell ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Campbell ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Campbell', 'summary': "Michael Shane Campbell CNZM ( born 23 February 1969 ) is a New Zealand professional golfer who is best known for having won the 2005 U.S. Open and the richest prize in golf , the £1,000,000 HSBC World Match Play Championship , in the same year . He played on the European Tour and the PGA Tour of Australasia . Ethnically , he is predominantly Māori , from the Ngati Ruanui ( father 's side ) and Nga Rauru ( mother 's side ) iwi . He also has some Scottish ancestry , being a great-great-great-grandson of John Logan Campbell , a Scottish emigrant to New Zealand . He is also co-founder of the Project Litefoot Trust , which is helping New Zealand community sports clubs reduce their environmental impact , while saving money for sport ."}]}, {'value': '8-11 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg Norman Holden International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman_Holden_International', 'summary': "The Greg Norman Holden International was a men 's professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour of Australasia . It was founded by Greg Norman in 1993 , replacing the Johnnie Walker Australian Classic on the tour schedule , and was held until 2001 . It was also co-sanctioned with the European Tour in 2000 and 2001 . It was known as the Greg Norman 's Holden Classic from 1993 to 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Baddeley ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Baddeley', 'summary': 'Aaron John Baddeley ( born 17 March 1981 ) is an Australian professional golfer . He was born in Lebanon , New Hampshire , USA and now plays on the U.S.-based PGA Tour , he has joint U.S. and Australian citizenship and was raised in Australia from the age of two . He represents Australia in international golf .'}]}, {'value': '15-18 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsberg Malaysian Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsberg_Malaysian_Open', 'summary': "The Malaysian Open was a men 's professional golf tournament . It was inaugurated in 1962 as the Malayan Open , and was one of the events on the first season of the Far East circuit that year . In 1999 it joined the Asian Tour and also became part of the European Tour 's expansion into Asia as a jointly sanctioned event . Since its inauguration there has never been a Malaysian winner . Former winners include world # 1 golfers Vijay Singh and Lee Westwood . The final six events , beginning in 2010 , were held at the Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club . Other notable winners include 17-year-old Italian Matteo Manassero in 2011 and British Open champion Louis Oosthuizen the following year . The year Oosthuizen won the prize fund was US $ 2.5 million . The event has not been staged since 2015 . The final champion was India 's Anirban Lahiri . This was his first ever win on the European Tour and it was his sixth win on the Asian Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': 'Vijay Singh ( 10 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijay_Singh', 'summary': 'Vijay Singh CF ( Fiji Hindi : विजय सिंह pronounced [ ˈʋɪdʒəj sɪ̃ɦ ] ; born 22 February 1963 ) , nicknamed The Big Fijian , is a Fijian professional golfer . He has won 34 events on the PGA Tour , including three major championships : one Masters title ( 2000 ) and two PGA Championships ( 1998 , 2004 ) . He was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2006 . Singh held Number 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking for 32 weeks in 2004 and 2005 . Vijay was the 12th man to reach the world No . 1-ranking and was the only new world No . 1 in the 2000s decade . Singh was the leading PGA Tour money winner in 2003 , 2004 and 2008 . He also captured the FedEx Cup in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '22-25 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caltex Singapore Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caltex_Singapore_Masters', 'summary': "The Singapore Masters was an annual men 's professional golf tournament which was played in Singapore from 2001 to 2007 . It was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the European Tour , and was one of many European Tour events established in East Asia since the early 1990s . There have been two important firsts at the Singapore Masters . At the 2002 event , Arjun Atwal became the first Indian golfer to win on the European Tour , and the following year Zhang Lianwei became the first golfer from the People 's Republic of China to do so when he overcame then world number 2 Ernie Els on the final hole . In 2006 the prize fund was $ 1,000,000 , which is one of the smaller purses on the European Tour . There is also a Singapore Open golf tournament , which is part of the Asian Tour 's schedule . It is the Asian Tour 's flagship event and carries higher prize money than the Singapore Masters . The 2008 event was canceled following a failure to find a sponsor for the event ."}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vijay Singh ( 11 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijay_Singh', 'summary': 'Vijay Singh CF ( Fiji Hindi : विजय सिंह pronounced [ ˈʋɪdʒəj sɪ̃ɦ ] ; born 22 February 1963 ) , nicknamed The Big Fijian , is a Fijian professional golfer . He has won 34 events on the PGA Tour , including three major championships : one Masters title ( 2000 ) and two PGA Championships ( 1998 , 2004 ) . He was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2006 . Singh held Number 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking for 32 weeks in 2004 and 2005 . Vijay was the 12th man to reach the world No . 1-ranking and was the only new world No . 1 in the 2000s decade . Singh was the leading PGA Tour money winner in 2003 , 2004 and 2008 . He also captured the FedEx Cup in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '1-4 Mar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubai Desert Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai_Desert_Classic', 'summary': 'The Omega Dubai Desert Classic is a European Tour golf tournament held on Majlis course at Emirates Golf Club in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . In 1999 and 2000 it was held at Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club , all other editions have been held at Emirates Golf Club . When founded in 1989 , it was the first European Tour event to be staged in the Arabian Peninsula , but is currently one of six . The tournament is part of a wider strategy , via a government program called Dubai Golf , to develop both professional and casual golf tourism in Dubai . It has historically had one of the strongest fields on the European Tour due to promotional money paid to top golfers . The 1995 edition is notable for being the first live event broadcast on the Golf Channel , an American pay-television network .'}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Bjørn ( 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Bjørn', 'summary': "Thomas Bjørn ( born 18 February 1971 ) is a professional golfer from Denmark who plays on the European Tour . He is the most successful Danish golfer to have played the game having won fifteen tournaments worldwide on the European Tour . In 1997 he also became the first Dane to qualify for a European Ryder Cup team . Bjørn is remembered for his collapse at Royal St. George 's during the 2003 Open Championship , when he led by two strokes with three holes to play , but took three attempts to get out of a greenside bunker on the par three 16th , handing the tournament to Ben Curtis . He captained the winning European side at the 2018 Ryder Cup ."}]}, {'value': '8-11 Mar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qatar Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar_Masters', 'summary': "The Qatar Masters is a European Tour golf tournament held at Doha Golf Club in Doha , Qatar . When founded in 1998 , it was one of two European Tour events to be staged in the Arabian Peninsula , but is currently one of six . From 2005 to 2007 the tournament was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour . The tournament had modest fields in its early years , but with the aid of promotional money paid to top golfers to appear , and being scheduled within a three week period that included events in Dubai and Abu Dhabi , it developed to have one of the European Tour 's strongest fields . In 2018 , due to travel restrictions between the UAE and Qatar as a result of the ongoing diplomatic dispute in the Arab World , it was moved to later in the year , and is no longer held at the same time as the Abu Dhabi and Dubai events . The date change coincided with a reduction in prize money , and resulted in a lower field strength than previous editions ."}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Johnstone ( 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Johnstone', 'summary': "Anthony Alastair Johnstone ( born 2 May 1956 ) is a Zimbabwean professional golfer . Johnstone was born in Bulawayo , Rhodesia and attended Christian Brothers College . He lives in Sunningdale in England . He turned professional in 1979 and has spent his career playing mainly on the Southern African Sunshine Tour and in Europe . He won six times on the European Tour and finished a career best seventh on the European Tour Order of Merit in 1992 . His most prestigious win came at the 1992 British PGA Championship . He won seventeen times on the Sunshine Tour , including one co-sanctioned event also included in his European Tour win tally , and he topped that tour 's Order of Merit in 1988/89 and 1993/94 . He has represented Zimbabwe in international competition many times . In 2004 Johnstone was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis , possibly ending his playing career . With a revolutionary drug treatment , he appears to have put his MS in remission and made his European Seniors Tour debut shortly after turning fifty in 2006 . In 2008 he won his first EST event , the Jersey Seniors Classic . He won his second event on the Senior tour in 2009 at the Travis Perkins plc Senior Masters ."}]}, {'value': '15-18 Mar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madeira Island Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madeira_Island_Open', 'summary': "The Madeira Islands Open was a men 's professional golf tournament on the European Tour played from 1993 to 2015 on Madeira , an autonomous region of Portugal . The tournament had one of the smallest prize funds on the tour ( €600,000 in 2015 ) , and few of the tour 's top players took part . From 2002 to 2005 , and again from 2011 to 2015 , it was a dual-ranking event with the Challenge Tour . It was played opposite the Volvo World Match Play Championship in 2011 and 2013 . In 2015 , it was played opposite the Saltire Energy Paul Lawrie Match Play after the rescheduling caused by severe weather postponed the event four months . It was hosted at Clube de Golf do Santo da Serra ( 1993-2008 , 2012-15 ) and at Porto Santo Golfe ( 2009-11 ) . For its last five years of existence , it was one of two European Tour events annually staged in Portugal , the other being the Portugal Masters ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Des Smyth ( 8 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Smyth', 'summary': 'Desmond John Smyth ( born 12 February 1953 ) is an Irish professional golfer . He won eight times on the European Tour between 1979 and 2001 . He also had a successful senior career winning twice on the Champions Tour and five times on the European Senior Tour between 2005 and 2012 . He played in two Ryder Cup matches , 1979 and 1981 .'}]}, {'value': '22-25 Mar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo Brazil Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_Brazil_Open', 'summary': "The Brazil São Paulo 500 Years Open was the second of two golf tournaments that were held in 2000 to commemorate the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 . They were both included on the schedule of the European Tour , marking the tour 's first visit to South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Darren Fichardt ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Fichardt', 'summary': "Darren Clive Fichardt ( born 13 May 1975 ) is a South African professional golfer who plays on both the European and Sunshine Tours . Fichardt was born in Pretoria and grew up in Centurion , Gauteng . He attended Sutherland High School from 1988 to 1993 , where his talent for golf was nurtured . He turned professional in 1994 and he won the Southern Africa Tour ( now the Sunshine Tour ) Order of Merit in 1999/2000 and 2003/04 . Fichardt partnered Retief Goosen in South Africa 's WGC-World Cup team in 2000 . Fichardt has played on the European Tour since 2001 and has won four European Tour events . His best year-end ranking on the Order of Merit is 39th achieved in 2003 . In 2012 , Fichardt ended a nine-year title drought on the European Tour when he won the Saint-Omer Open by three strokes from Gary Lockerbie . This victory earned him his third European Tour title . Fichardt followed this up in the 2013 season , when he won the Africa Open in his native South Africa in February . He claimed his fourth European Tour title by two strokes over Grégory Bourdy and Jaco van Zyl ."}]}, {'value': '29 Mar - 1 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open de Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_de_Argentina', 'summary': "The Argentine Open or Abierto de la República or Abierto de Argentina is one of the oldest national golf open championships . First played in 1905 , when it was called the Open Championship of the River Plate , it has featured numerous notable winners including major champions Jimmy Demaret ( 1941 ) , Lloyd Mangrum ( 1946 ) , Roberto De Vicenzo ( 1944 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952,1958 , 1965 , 1967 , 1970 , 1974 ) Tom Weiskopf ( 1979 ) , Craig Stadler ( 1992 ) , Mark Calcavecchia ( 1993 , 1995 ) , Mark O'Meara ( 1994 ) , Jim Furyk ( 1997 ) and Ángel Cabrera ( 2001 , 2002 , 2012 ) . The championship is part of PGA Tour Latinoamérica , also featuring on the European Tour on one occasion , in 2001 . In the subsequent years , the Argentine financial crisis later in 2001 resulted in substantially reduced prize money . From 2005 to 2008 the tournament was a fixture on the European Challenge Tour . In 2008 it was rescheduled to April , which meant that the Argentine Open appeared twice during the 2008 Challenge Tour season . The record for most victories is held by 1967 British Open champion Roberto DeVicenzo , who won the title on nine occasions between 1944 and 1974 . The next most successful players are Vicente Fernández , with eight victories over 32 years between 1968 and 2000 , the last coming in a playoff against fellow Argentine , Eduardo Romero , and José Jurado , who won seven times between the 1920 and 1931 . The low amateur is presented with the Pereyra Iraola Cup . Starting in 2016 , the event gave the winner an exemption into The Open Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Ángel Cabrera ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ángel_Cabrera', 'summary': 'Ángel Cabrera ( pronounced [ ˈaŋxel kaˈβɾeɾa ] ; born 12 September 1969 ) is an Argentine professional golfer who plays on both the European Tour and PGA Tour . He is known affectionately as El Pato in Spanish ( The Duck ) for his waddling gait . He is a two-time major champion , with wins at the U.S. Open in 2007 and the Masters in 2009 ; he was the first ( and still only as of 2019 ) Argentine and South American to win either . He also lost in a sudden death playoff at the Masters in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '5-8 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masters Tournament', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masters_Tournament', 'summary': "The Masters Tournament ( usually referred to as simply The Masters , or the U.S. Masters outside of North America ) is one of the four major championships in professional golf . Scheduled for the first full week of April , the Masters is the first major of the year , and unlike the others , it is always held at the same location , Augusta National Golf Club , a private course in the southeastern United States , in the city of Augusta , Georgia . The Masters was started by amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts . After his grand slam in 1930 , Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie . First played 86 years ago in 1934 , the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour , the European Tour , and the Japan Golf Tour . The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event , held by the Augusta National Golf Club . The tournament has a number of traditions . Since 1949 , a green jacket has been awarded to the champion , who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory , although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions ' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom . In most instances , only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds . A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win ( unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket ) . The Champions Dinner , inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952 , is held on the Tuesday before each tournament , and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club . Beginning in 1963 , legendary golfers , usually past champions , have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Woods ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiger_Woods', 'summary': "Eldrick Tont Tiger Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer . He is tied for first in PGA Tour wins and ranks second in men 's major championships and also holds numerous golf records . Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers , and one of the most famous athletes of all time . Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur golf career , Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters , which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance . He reached number one in the world rankings for the first time in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the first decade of the 21st century , Woods was the dominant force in golf . He was the top-ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . During this time , he won 13 of golf 's major championships . The next decade of Woods ' career was marked by comebacks from personal problems and injuries . He took a self-imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in an attempt to resolve marital issues with his then-wife , Elin . Extramarital affairs with Woods had been alleged by several women , and the couple eventually divorced ."}]}, {'value': '12-15 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moroccan Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moroccan_Open', 'summary': 'The Moroccan Open was a European Tour golf tournament which was held in 1987 and annually from 1992 to 2001 . There were several different host courses . This was the second European Tour event in North Africa after the Tunisian Open , but the tour eventually left North Africa to focus its global expansion on the established golf markets of South Africa and Australasia and the major growth region of Asia . In 2001 , the prize fund was €651,337 , which was one of the smallest on the tour that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Poulter ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Poulter', 'summary': "Ian James Poulter ( born 10 January 1976 ) is an English professional golfer who is a member of the world 's top two professional golf tours , the U.S.-based PGA Tour and the European Tour . He has previously been ranked as high as number 5 in the world rankings . The highlights of Poulter 's career to date have been his two World Golf Championship wins at the 2010 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and the 2012 WGC-HSBC Champions . He is the touring professional for Woburn Golf and Country Club ."}]}, {'value': '19-22 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Via Digital Open de España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Via_Digital_Open_de_España', 'summary': "The Open de España ( formerly the Spanish Open ) is the national open golf championship of Spain . It was founded in 1912 and has been part of the European Tour 's schedule since the inception of the Tour in 1972 . Except for a five-year period in the early 1980s , the tournament has been played in April or May . In 2005 , it was one of five European Tour events to be held in Spain . Former champions include Arnold Palmer , Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , and Nick Faldo ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Karlsson ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Karlsson', 'summary': 'Robert Karlsson ( born 3 September 1969 ) is a Swedish professional golfer who has played on the European Tour and the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '26-29 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algarve Open de Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algarve_Open_de_Portugal', 'summary': "The Open de Portugal , previously the Portuguese Open , is an annual tournament on the men 's golf 's Challenge Tour . It was first played in 1953 , and was part of the European Tour 's schedule from 1973 to 2017 . The 2019 event is the 57th edition of the tournament . From 1991 to 2009 , the tournament was played in either February , March or April , and was one of the first European Tour events of the season to be played in Europe , after the season spent the northern winter in Asia , Australasia and South Africa . In 2010 , the tournament moved to a June date . The prize fund in 2010 was €1.0 million , which was one of the smaller purses on the European Tour . After 2010 the tournament was not played again until 2017 , when it returned as a dual-ranking event of the European Tour and Challenge Tour , played in May at the Morgado Golf Resort north of the town of Portimão . In 2018 it lost its status as a European Tour event but remained as a Challenge Tour event . In 2019 the event was played in September ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Phillip Price ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phillip_Price', 'summary': 'John Phillip Price ( born 21 October 1966 ) is a Welsh professional golfer who plays on the European Senior Tour . He won three European Tour events between 1994 and 2003 and played in the 2002 Ryder Cup .'}]}, {'value': '3-6 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novotel Perrier Open de France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novotel_Perrier_Open_de_France', 'summary': "The Open de France is a European Tour golf tournament . Inaugurated in 1906 it is the oldest national open in Continental Europe and has been part of the European Tour 's schedule since the tour 's inception in 1972 . The 100th edition of the event was held in 2016 . Originally played at La Boulie , the tournament has been hosted by many different venues , but since 1991 , it has been held at the Le Golf National near Paris every year except for 1999 and 2001 . Since the turn of the Millennium the Fédération Française de Golf has made a concerted effort to enhance the stature of the event . In 2004 qualifying tournaments were introduced on the model of those for The Open Championship and the U.S. Open and were open to professionals and amateurs . The prize fund rose from €865,000 in 1999 to €4 million from 2006 to 2009 , putting the Open de France in the top group of European Tour events ( excluding the majors and the World Golf Championships , which are co-sanctioned by the U.S.-based PGA Tour ) . The prize fund was €3 million in 2015 and €3.5 million in 2016 . It rose to US $ 7,000,000 in 2017 after joining the new Rolex Series . Starting in 2019 , the tournament will take place in October . It also will no longer be a Rolex Series event . From 2014 to 2018 , it was one of the Open Qualifying Series events for The Open Championship with the leading three ( four in 2016 ) players , who had not already qualified , qualifying for the Open ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'José María Olazábal ( 21 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_María_Olazábal', 'summary': "José María Olazábal Manterola ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xoˈse maˈɾia olaˈθaβal manteˈɾola ] , Basque : [ olas̻abal ] ; born 5 February 1966 ) is a Spanish professional golfer from the Basque region who has enjoyed success on both the European Tour and the PGA Tour , and has won two major championships , both at The Masters . In 2012 he captained Europe 's Ryder Cup team to a narrow victory over the US , which seemed improbable at the start of the final day 's play when the Europeans trailed 10-6 . They came back to win 14½-13½ . Olazábal was very emotional with the win , saying in an interview that that was his number one happiest golf moment and happiest moment of his life . The win was inspired by his late friend Seve Ballesteros , to whom he dedicated the win ."}]}, {'value': '10-13 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benson and Hedges International Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benson_and_Hedges_International_Open', 'summary': "The Benson & Hedges International Open was a men 's professional golf tournament which was played in England . It was founded in 1971 and for its first five years it was called the Benson & Hedges Festival of Golf . It was sponsored by Benson & Hedges , a cigarette company . It was part of the European Tour 's annual schedule from the tour 's first season in 1972 until the tournament ceased in 2003 , following the introduction of a ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship of sporting events by the British government . The prize fund for the final edition of the tournament was €1,596,861 , which was mid-range for a European Tour event at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Henrik Stenson ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Stenson', 'summary': "Henrik Olof Stenson ( pronounced [ ˈhɛ̌nːrɪk ˈstěːnsɔn ] ; born 5 April 1976 ) is a Swedish professional golfer who plays both on the PGA and European Tours . He is the first male Swedish and first male Nordic major champion , having won the 2016 Open Championship at Royal Troon with a major championship record score of 264 . A two-time European Tour Golfer of the Year ( 2013 and 2016 ) , he has spent over 300 weeks ranked in the World top ten and his career high ranking of second is the best by any male Swedish golfer . At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Stenson won the silver medal finishing two strokes behind gold medalist Justin Rose . Had he won , Stenson would have claimed victories on all six continents on which golf is played , a feat Rose accomplished with the Olympic win , joining Hall of Fame members Gary Player , David Graham , Hale Irwin and Bernhard Langer . In 2013 , Stenson won the U.S. PGA Tour 's FedEx Cup and the European Tour 's Race to Dubai , thus becoming the first player to win both , and to do so in the same season , a historic double . Stenson described his feat as a double-double because in the process of winning these two seasonal points crowns , he also won the season finales of both tours ."}]}, {'value': '17-20 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_-_SAP_Open_TPC_of_Europe', 'summary': "The Deutsche Bank Players Championship of Europe was an annual 72-hole stroke play professional golf tournament for men . It was last played in Germany and was part of the European Tour schedule . The tournament was founded in 1992 as the Honda Open and acquired the tag of The Players Championship of Europe or TPC of Europe in 1995 . It was last played at Gut Kaden . The prize fund in 2007 was €3.6 million , which put it in the top group of European Tour events outside the major championships and World Golf Championships , but not at the head of the list . The parallels between this tournament and the PGA Tour 's Players Championship are not very strong . The European Players Championship was not the richest event on the European Tour and it was not played close to the Tour 's headquarters . The Players Championship 's closest parallel in Europe is perhaps the BMW PGA Championship , although that was originally the British PGA Championship , and thus equivalent to the PGA Championship , organised by the PGA of America , which is a major championship and is now a European Tour event . Before it was attached to the event in Germany , the TPC/Players Championship tag was applied briefly to European Tour events in England and Portugal . It was more of a marketing tool than a genuine indication that the event is different from other leading European Tour events in any important way . Tiger Woods has played in the tournament several times . He was said to have received large appearance fees , which give rise to some controversy as appearance fees are not normally paid by European Tour events which actually take place in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Woods ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiger_Woods', 'summary': "Eldrick Tont Tiger Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer . He is tied for first in PGA Tour wins and ranks second in men 's major championships and also holds numerous golf records . Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers , and one of the most famous athletes of all time . Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur golf career , Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters , which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance . He reached number one in the world rankings for the first time in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the first decade of the 21st century , Woods was the dominant force in golf . He was the top-ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . During this time , he won 13 of golf 's major championships . The next decade of Woods ' career was marked by comebacks from personal problems and injuries . He took a self-imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in an attempt to resolve marital issues with his then-wife , Elin . Extramarital affairs with Woods had been alleged by several women , and the couple eventually divorced ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Schedule', 'section_text': "The table below shows the 2001 European Tour schedule which was made up of 47 regular tournaments , which included the four major championships and the World Golf Championships . The numbers in parentheses after the winners ' names show the number of career wins they had on the European Tour up to and including that event . This is only shown for members of the European Tour . There were several changes from the previous season , with the Dunhill Links Championship replacing the Dunhill Cup , the Open de Madrid replacing the Turespana Masters , the Standard Life Loch Lomond being rebranded as the revived Scottish Open , the addition the Caltex Singapore Masters , the Argentine Open and the São Paulo Brazil Open , the return of the Cannes Open replacing the originally scheduled Estoril Open , and the loss of both Brazilian 500 year anniversary tournaments and the Belgian Open . Terrorist attacks in the United States on 11 September led to changes on the tour schedule with the WGC-American Express Championship being cancelled and the Ryder Cup matches at The Belfry being postponed until 2002 . The Estoril Open was also cancelled in the wake of the attacks due to security concerns by the tournaments main sponsors .", 'uid': '2001_European_Tour_0', 'intro': "The 2001 European Tour was the 30th official season of golf tournaments known as the PGA European Tour. The Order of Merit was won by South Africa's Retief Goosen."} | null | null | What is the birthplace of the winner of the tournament that replaced the Johnnie Walker Australian Classic on the European Tour schedule ? | Lebanon , New Hampshire , USA |
042c6d0ceb408cfb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_films_of_2006', 'title': 'List of Canadian films of 2006', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '533 Statements', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/533_Statements', 'summary': "533 Statements is a 2006 Canadian documentary film directed by Tori Foster . The film features Foster travelling across Canada to interview various lesbian and transgender women in cities and towns across the country . The film premiered at the 2006 Inside Out Film and Video Festival , where it was co-winner with Denis Langlois 's film Amnesia : The James Brighton Enigma of the award for Best Canadian Feature Film ."}]}, {'value': 'Tori Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tori_Foster', 'summary': "Tori Foster ( born 1982 ) is a Canadian artist and filmmaker , known for her new media works . She is most noted for her documentary film 533 Statements , which was cowinner with Denis Langlois ' film Amnesia : The James Brighton Enigma of the award for Best Canadian Feature Film at the 2006 Inside Out Film and Video Festival ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After All ( Après tout )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/After_All_(film)', 'summary': 'After All ( French : Après tout ) is a Canadian drama short film , directed by Alexis Fortier Gauthier and released in 2006 . The film stars Catherine de Léan as Claire , a woman who decides , after having consumed too much alcohol , to go visit her ex-boyfriend Philippe ( Rémi-Pierre Paquin ) for the first time since their breakup . The film won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 28th Genie Awards , as well as the award for Best Canadian Short Film at the 2007 CFC Worldwide Short Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexis Fortier Gauthier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catherine de Léan , Rémi-Pierre Paquin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catherine_de_Léan', 'summary': 'Catherine de Léan ( born April 27 , 1980 ) is a Canadian actress . She has been nominated for a 2012 Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for her role in the film Nuit # 1 . She has appeared in other films and television roles , including Les Hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin , Trauma , The Secret Life of Happy People ( La Vie secrète des gens heureux ) , Le Banquet and Le Fils de Jean . She has also appeared on stage .'}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruba_(film)', 'summary': "Aruba is a 2006 Canadian coming-of-age dramatic short film and the fiction debut of director Hubert Davis . It was his first major work after his Academy Award-nominated film Hardwood . Davis was inspired to create the film after having worked with at risk kids in Vancouver , and toward his film addressing issues found within Black communities , he advocates the need for 'intelligent urban films ' that offer a different perspective from the conventions of urban comedies and Black Entertainment TV . The film has been archived in the National Film Board of Canada African-Canadian Issues Collection ."}]}, {'value': 'Hubert Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubert_Davis_(filmmaker)', 'summary': "Hubert Davis is a Canadian filmmaker who was nominated for an Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Cultural and Artistic Programming for his directorial debut in Hardwood , a short documentary exploring the life of his father , former Harlem Globetrotter Mel Davis . Davis was the first Afro-Canadian to be nominated for an Oscar . Davis was awarded the Don Haig award for top emerging Canadian director at the 2007 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival . Davis ' 2009 project was his documentary Invisible City . In 2012 , Davis completed work on the NFB short documentary The Portrait for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II ."}]}, {'value': 'A.J . Saudin , Devon Bostick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.J._Saudin', 'summary': 'Faisal A.J . Saudin ( born May 14 , 1992 ) , known professionally as A.J . Saudin or Saudin , is a Canadian actor , singer , songwriter , and record producer . He is best known for his role as Connor DeLaurier in the long-running teen drama television series Degrassi : The Next Generation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Devon_Bostick', 'summary': 'Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI , Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panavision Grand Jury Award at Palm Springs International ShortFest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Springs_International_Film_Festival', 'summary': 'Palm Springs International Film Festival ( sometimes stylized shortly as PSIFF ) is a film festival held in Palm Springs , California . Originally promoted by Mayor Sonny Bono and then sponsored by Nortel , :198 it started in 1989 and is held annually in January . It is run by the Palm Springs International Film Society , which also runs the Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films ( ShortFest ) , a festival of short films and film market in June . Though the festival does feature American independent films , the focus from its inception was to shine a spotlight on international cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Asiemut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asiemut', 'summary': 'Asiemut is a Canadian documentary film depicting the 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) cycling and philosophical journey of a young French Canadian couple from Mongolia to India . It was entirely filmed , directed and produced by Olivier Higgins and Mélanie Carrier . Asiemut has won 35 prizes in festivals around the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Olivier Higgins , Mélanie Carrier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Higgins , Mélanie Carrier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Travel documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Away From Her', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Away_From_Her', 'summary': "Away from Her is a 2006 Canadian independent drama film written and directed by Sarah Polley and starring Julie Christie and Gordon Pinsent . Olympia Dukakis , Michael Murphy , Wendy Crewson , Alberta Watson , and Kristen Thomson are featured in supporting roles . The feature film directorial debut of Polley , it is based on Alice Munro 's short story The Bear Came Over the Mountain , from the 2001 collection Hateship , Friendship , Courtship , Loveship , Marriage . The story centers on a couple whose marriage is tested when the wife begins to develop Alzheimer 's and moves into a nursing home , where she loses virtually all memory of her husband and begins to develop a close relationship with another nursing home resident . Away from Her premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival , Sundance Film Festival and the Berlin International Film Festival . It was theatrically released on May 4 , 2007 and garnered critical acclaim , with critics praising Christie 's performance and Polley 's screenplay and direction . The film received two nominations at the 80th Academy Awards : Best Actress ( for Christie ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( for Polley ) . It also won seven Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Polley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Polley', 'summary': "Sarah Ellen Polley OC ( born January 8 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actress , writer , director , producer and political activist . Polley first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona , based on Beverly Cleary 's books . Subsequently this led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea ( 1990-1996 ) . She has starred in many feature films , including Exotica ( 1994 ) , The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) , My Life Without Me ( 2003 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Splice ( 2009 ) , and Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) . Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her ( 2006 ) , for which she won a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Polley 's second film , Take This Waltz ( 2011 ) , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival . Her first documentary film , Stories We Tell ( 2012 ) , was awarded the $ 100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association . In 2017 , Polley executive produced the film A Better Man ( 2017 ) , and wrote the miniseries Alias Grace , based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , which Polley began adapting in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Julie Christie , Gordon Pinsent , Olympia Dukakis , Michael Murphy , Kristen Thomson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Christie', 'summary': "Julie Frances Christie ( born 14 April 1940 ) is a British actress . An icon of the swinging London era of the 1960s , she has received such accolades as an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award , a BAFTA Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award . She has appeared in six films that were ranked in the British Film Institute 's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century , and in 1997 , she received the BAFTA Fellowship . Christie 's breakthrough film role was in Billy Liar ( 1963 ) . She came to international attention for her performances in Darling ( 1965 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress , and Doctor Zhivago ( also 1965 ) , the eighth highest-grossing film of all time after adjustment for inflation . In the following years , she starred in Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1967 ) , Petulia ( 1968 ) , The Go-Between ( 1971 ) , McCabe & Mrs. Miller ( 1971 ) , for which she received her second Oscar nomination , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) , Shampoo ( 1975 ) , and Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) . From the early 1980s , her appearances in mainstream films decreased , though she held roles as Thetis in Wolfgang Petersen 's historical epic Troy and as Madam Rosmerta in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( both 2004 ) . She has continued to receive significant critical recognition for her work , including Oscar nominations for the independent films Afterglow ( 1997 ) and Away from Her ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Pinsent', 'summary': 'Gordon Edward Pinsent , CC , FRSC ( born July 12 , 1930 ) is a Canadian actor , screenwriter , director and playwright . He is known for his roles in numerous productions , including Away from Her , The Rowdyman , John and the Missus , A Gift to Last , Due South , The Red Green Show and Quentin Durgens , M.P . Since 1989 , for 30 years , he has served as the voice of Babar the elephant in television and film .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis', 'summary': "Olympia Mary Dukakis ( born June 20 , 1931 ) is a Greek American actress . She started her career in theater , and won an Obie Award for Best Actress in 1963 for her Off-Broadway performance in Bertolt Brecht 's Man Equals Man . She later moved on to film acting , and in 1987 , she won an Academy Award , a Golden Globe , and a BAFTA nomination for her performance in Moonstruck . She received another Golden Globe nomination for Sinatra , and Emmy Award nominations for Lucky Day , More Tales of the City , and Joan of Arc ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Murphy_(actor)', 'summary': "Michael George Murphy ( born May 5 , 1938 ) is an American film , television and stage actor . He often plays unethical or morally ambiguous characters in positions of authority , including politicians , executives , and lawyers . He is also known for his frequent collaborations with director Robert Altman , having appeared in twelve films , TV series and miniseries directed by Altman from 1963 to 2004 , including the title role in the miniseries Tanner '88 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Thomson', 'summary': "Kristen Thomson ( born 1966 ) is a Canadian actress and playwright . Thomson was born in Toronto , Ontario . She is known for her one-woman play I , Claudia , which was adapted to film in 2004 . In that play and film , Thomson plays all of the roles , using masks to change character . Thomson received her undergraduate training and University of Toronto 's theatre school University College Drama Program currently under the tutelage of former Artistic Director of Factory Theatre 's Ken Gass . In 2003 , Thomson won an ACTRA Award for her performance in I Shout Love ( 2001 ) , a short film directed by Sarah Polley . She has also won three Dora Awards for her stage work . Her most recent win was for the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in the movie Away From Her ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama/romance about Alzheimer s disease based on story by Alice Munro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alzheimer', 'summary': "Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , also referred to simply as Alzheimer 's , is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gradually worsens over time . It is the cause of 60-70% of cases of dementia . The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events . As the disease advances , symptoms can include problems with language , disorientation ( including easily getting lost ) , mood swings , loss of motivation , not managing self-care , and behavioural issues . As a person 's condition declines , they often withdraw from family and society . Gradually , bodily functions are lost , ultimately leading to death . Although the speed of progression can vary , the typical life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years . The cause of Alzheimer 's disease is poorly understood . About 70% of the risk is believed to be inherited from a person 's parents with many genes usually involved . Other risk factors include a history of head injuries , depression , and hypertension . The disease process is associated with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain . A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alice_Munro', 'summary': "Alice Ann Munro ( /ˈælɪs ˌæn mʌnˈroʊ/ , née Laidlaw /ˈleɪdlɔː/ ; born 10 July 1931 ) is a Canadian short story writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013 . Munro 's work has been described as having revolutionized the architecture of short stories , especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time . Her stories have been said to embed more than announce , reveal more than parade . Munro 's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario . Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style . Munro 's writing has established her as one of our greatest contemporary writers of fiction , or , as Cynthia Ozick put it , our Chekhov . Munro is the recipient of many literary accolades , including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as master of the contemporary short story , and the 2009 Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work . She is also a three-time winner of Canada 's Governor General 's Award for fiction and was the recipient of the Writers ' Trust of Canada 's 1996 Marian Engel Award , as well as the 2004 Rogers Writers ' Trust Fiction Prize for Runaway ."}]}, {'value': "Sarah Polley 's feature directorial debut . A Canada-U.K. co-production made with U.S. financing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Polley', 'summary': "Sarah Ellen Polley OC ( born January 8 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actress , writer , director , producer and political activist . Polley first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona , based on Beverly Cleary 's books . Subsequently this led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea ( 1990-1996 ) . She has starred in many feature films , including Exotica ( 1994 ) , The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) , My Life Without Me ( 2003 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Splice ( 2009 ) , and Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) . Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her ( 2006 ) , for which she won a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Polley 's second film , Take This Waltz ( 2011 ) , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival . Her first documentary film , Stories We Tell ( 2012 ) , was awarded the $ 100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association . In 2017 , Polley executive produced the film A Better Man ( 2017 ) , and wrote the miniseries Alias Grace , based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , which Polley began adapting in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Christmas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Christmas_(2006_film)', 'summary': "Black Christmas ( abbreviated as Black X-Mas ) is a 2006 slasher film written and directed by Glen Morgan and starring Katie Cassidy , Michelle Trachtenberg , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Oliver Hudson , Lacey Chabert , Kristen Cloke , and Andrea Martin . The film takes place several days before Christmas and tells the story of a group of sorority sisters who are stalked and murdered in their house during a winter storm . It is a loose remake of the 1974 film of the same name . A co-production of Canada and the United States , the film was produced by Morgan and James Wong through their production company Hard Eight Pictures , along with 2929 Productions , Adelstein-Parouse Productions and Hoban Segal Productions . It is the second film in the Black Christmas series . Director Glen Morgan signed on to write and direct the film after the release of his 2003 remake of Willard . Shooting took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in 2005 . The film was co-distributed by Dimension Films and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . According to Morgan , he and Wong had numerous disputes with Dimension executives Bob and Harvey Weinstein regarding the tone of the script as well as the film 's conclusion , which resulted in numerous re-writes and re-shoots . In December 2006 , upon anticipation of its release , the film garnered criticism from religious groups due to its depiction of graphic content in a holiday setting , as well as the distributor 's decision to release the film on Christmas Day in the United States . The film opened in the United Kingdom on December 15 , 2006 , and , premiered at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles , California on December 19 . Despite backlash from some religious organizations , Black Christmas was released in the United States on December 25 , 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Glen Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Morgan', 'summary': "Glen Morgan ( born July 12 , 1961 ) is an American television producer , writer and director . Most recognized for his work on The X-Files and the Final Destination franchise , Morgan has worked on many other notable projects including Amazon 's Lore and New Line Cinema 's Willard . In 2017 , Morgan was an executive producer on season eleven of The X-Files which premiered in 2018 on Fox . He also serves as an executive producer on The Twilight Zone reboot by Jordan Peele 's Monkeypaw Productions ."}]}, {'value': 'Katie Cassidy , Michelle Trachtenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katie_Cassidy', 'summary': "Katherine Evelyn Anita Cassidy ( born November 25 , 1986 ) ; is an American actress and director . Following several minor television roles , she came to attention as a scream queen after starring in the horror films When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) , as Kelli Presley in Black Christmas ( 2006 ) and as Ruby in the third season of the horror series Supernatural ( 2007-08 ) . Following a supporting role in the action film Taken ( 2008 ) , Cassidy played leading roles in the mystery horror series Harper 's Island ( 2009 ) and the remake of the drama series Melrose Place ( 2009-10 ) . She starred as Kris Fowles in the slasher film remake A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) and had a recurring role as Juliet Sharp during the fourth season of the teen drama Gossip Girl ( 2010-12 ) . Cassidy had her breakthrough in 2012 , after being cast as Laurel Lance / Black Canary , on The CW television series Arrow . Cassidy has reprised her role in the Arrowverse series The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow as well as voicing the character in the animated web series Vixen . Following her character 's death in season 4 of Arrow , Cassidy began playing Laurel Lance / Black Siren , an antagonistic version of the character from a parallel universe , originating on The Flash and continuing on to Arrow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg', 'summary': 'Michelle Christine Trachtenberg ( /ˈtræktənbɜːrɡ/ ; born October 11 , 1985 ) is an American actress and model . She played Jenny in EuroTrip ( 2004 ) , Nona Mecklenberg in The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1994-1996 ) , Dawn Summers in Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2000-2003 ) , Harriet M. Welsch in Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) , and Georgina Sparks in Gossip Girl ( 2008-2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horror_film', 'summary': "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes . Initially inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe , Bram Stoker , and Mary Shelley , horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century . The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes . Horror may also overlap with the fantasy , supernatural fiction , and thriller genres . Horror films often aim to evoke viewers ' nightmares , fears , revulsions and terror of the unknown . Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force , event , or personage into the everyday world . Prevalent elements include ghosts , extraterrestrials , vampires , werewolves , demons , Satanism , evil clowns , gore , torture , vicious animals , evil witches , monsters , giant monsters , zombies , cannibalism , psychopaths , natural , ecological or man-made disasters , and serial killers . Some sub-genres of horror film include low-budget horror , action horror , comedy horror , body horror , disaster horror , found footage , holiday horror , horror drama , psychological horror , science fiction horror , slasher , supernatural horror , gothic horror , natural horror , zombie horror , and teen horror ."}]}, {'value': 'A remake of the 1974 film made with U.S. financing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Eyed Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre Gang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Gang', 'summary': 'Pierre Gang is a Canadian film and television director , best known for his 1996 feature film Sous-sol and the television miniseries More Tales of the City and Further Tales of the City . His other credits have included a 1999 telefilm adaptation of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow , the miniseries Samuel et la mer and En thérapie , the television film Selling Innocence and the feature film Black Eyed Dog . He won a Genie Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 17th Genie Awards in 1996 for Sous-sol . Since 2008 , he has been programming director for TV5 Québec Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Sonya Salomaa , Brendan Fletcher , Nadia Litz , Fred Ewanuick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonya_Salomaa', 'summary': 'Sonya Salomaa is a Canadian actress , known for her performances in The Collector and Durham County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Fletcher', 'summary': 'Brendan Fletcher ( born December 15 , 1981 ) is a Canadian actor , screenwriter , and producer who has appeared in film , television and theatre . He first gained recognition as a child actor , winning a Leo Award and being nominated for a Gemini Award his acting debut in the made-for-television film Little Criminals . He subsequently won the Genie Award for Best Leading Actor for John Greysons The Law of Enclosures , and was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Turning Paige . Fletcher is known for playing arrow , troubled , eccentric , or unhinged characters , and is considered a character actor . He has appeared in high-profile films like Tideland , Freddy vs. Jason , Citizen Gangster , and The Revenant . He had the leading role in Uwe Bolls Rampage trilogy , playing mass murderer Bill Williamson . He has also appeared in television series such as Smallville , The Pacific , Rogue , Hell on Wheels , and Siren . He portrays Stanley Dover in the DC Arrowverse .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nadia_Litz', 'summary': 'Nadia Litz ( born December 26 , 1976 ) is a Canadian actress and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Ewanuick', 'summary': "Fred Ewanuick ( /əˈwαnɪk/ ) ( born June 23 , 1971 ) is a Canadian actor of Ukrainian and Italian heritage , known for his role in the television series Corner Gas as Hank Yarbo and as the title character in the CTV sitcom Dan for Mayor . He was also a regular in a CTV anthology series , Robson Arms . Recently , he starred in Nickelodeon 's summer 2013 TV movie , Swindle . He is also well known for his several award wins for the 2003 lead role in the comedy , The Delicate Art of Parking , and reprised his role as Richard Henry Hank Yarbo in Corner Gas : The Movie , winning him a Gemini Award , and much praise . He also had roles in popular films including The Santa Clause 2 , Just Friends , Young Triffie , and a romantic comedy with several other Corner Gas stars in Love and Other Dilemmas , and the disaster film Absolute Zero ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bombay Calling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bombay_Calling', 'summary': 'Bombay Calling is a 2006 feature documentary film directed by Ben Addelman and Samir Mallal . Produced by the National Film Board of Canada , Bombay Calling chronicles the lives of young call center workers in Bombay ( Mumbai ) India .'}]}, {'value': 'Samir Mallal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samir_Mallal', 'summary': 'Samir Mallal ( born in Halifax , Nova Scotia ) is a Canadian filmmaker whose work touches commercials , virtual reality , and documentaries . Samir is based in Los Angeles , California .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Film Board Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Documentary_film', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian call centers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Call_centers', 'summary': "A call centre ( British English , Canadian English ) or call center ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is a centralised office used for receiving or transmitting a large volume of enquiries by telephone . An inbound call center is operated by a company to administer incoming product or service support or information enquiries from consumers . Outbound call centers are operated for telemarketing , for solicitation of charitable or political donations , debt collection , market research , emergency notifications , and urgent/critical needs blood banks . A contact center , further extension to call centers administers centralized handling of individual communications , including letters , faxes , live support software , social media , instant message , and e-mail . A call center has an open workspace for call centre agents , with work stations that include a computer and display for each agent , a telephone set/headset connected to a telecom switch or to an inbound/outbound call management system , and one or more supervisor stations . It can be independently operated or networked with additional centres , often linked to a corporate computer network , including mainframes , microcomputer/servers and LANs . Increasingly , the voice and data pathways into the centre are linked through a set of new technologies called computer telephony integration . The contact centre is a central point from which all customer contacts are managed . Through contact centres , valuable information about company are routed to appropriate people , contacts to be tracked and data to be gathered . It is generally a part of company 's customer relationship management infrastructure . The majority of large companies use contact centres as a means of managing their customer interactions . These centres can be operated by either an in house department responsible or outsourcing customer interaction to a third party agency ( known as Outsourcing Call Centres ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bon Cop , Bad Cop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Cop,_Bad_Cop', 'summary': 'Bon Cop , Bad Cop is a 2006 Canadian dark comedy-thriller buddy cop film about two police officers - one Ontarian and one Québécois - who reluctantly join forces to solve a murder . The dialogue is a mixture of English and French . The title is a translation word play on the phrase Good cop/bad cop . A sequel , Bon Cop , Bad Cop 2 , was filmed in 2016 and released in May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Canuel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Canuel', 'summary': "Eric Canuel ( born 1961 ) is a film director and actor from Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Eric Canuel ( also credited in Quebec as Érik Canuel ) began his career in the mid-1980s making music videos for such artists as Paul Piché , Sass Jordan , Norman Iceberg , Vilain Pingouin and Sylvain Cossette . After shooting a number of TV commercials , several of them award-winners , he worked as a director on the television series Big Wolf on Campus , for the Fox network , and The Hunger , broadcast on Showtime and The Movie Network . In 2000 , his Imax film Hemingway : A Portrait won a Genie Award for best short documentary , as well as the Maximum Image Award for best 2D film at the Miami Aventura Imax Days . Canuel also directed Matthew Blackheart : Monster Smasher in 2000 , The Pig 's Law ( La Loi du cochon ) in 2001 , Red Nose ( Nez rouge ) in 2003 , The Last Tunnel ( Le Dernier Tunnel ) in 2004 , The Outlander ( Le Survenant ) in 2005 , and Bon Cop , Bad Cop in 2006 , receiving numerous nominations and awards . In 2010 , Eric Canuel directed the episode Fa la Erica ( season 3 , ep . 11 ) of the TV series Being Erica . He often makes cameo appearances as a bit part actor in his own films ."}]}, {'value': 'Colm Feore , Patrick Huard , Lucie Laurier , Sarah-Jeanne Labrosse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colm_Feore', 'summary': 'Colm Feore OC ( /ˈkɒləm ˈfjɔːr/ ; born August 22 , 1958 ) , is an American-born Canadian stage , film and television actor . A 13-year veteran of the Stratford Festival , he is best known for his Gemini-winning turn as Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the television miniseries Trudeau , as well as roles such as Detective Martin Ward in Bon Cop , Bad Cop , Lord Marshal Zhylaw in The Chronicles of Riddick , Pope Julius II on The Borgias , First Gentleman Henry Taylor on 24 , General Ted Brockhart on House of Cards , and Declan Gallard on 21 Thunder . He is a Prix Iris and Screen Actors Guild Award winner and a Genie Award nominee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Huard', 'summary': 'Patrick Huard is a Quebec-born Canadian actor , writer and comedian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucie_Laurier', 'summary': 'Lucie Laurier ( born March 19 , 1975 ) is a French-Canadian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah-Jeanne_Labrosse', 'summary': 'Sarah-Jeanne Labrosse ( born August 16 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actress . Sarah-Jeanne ( aka Sergeant ) Labrosse was born in Montreal , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': "Golden Reel Award , and at $ 12 million , Bon Cop , Bad Cop ranks as Canada 's top-grossing film at the domestic box office", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Screen_Award_(Canada)', 'summary': "The Golden Screen Award , formerly known as the Golden Reel Award , is a Canadian film award , presented to the Canadian film with the biggest box office gross of the year . The Canadian Motion Picture Distributors Association introduced this award in 1976 as part of the Canadian Film Awards until 1979 . The Golden Reel became part of the Genie Awards ceremonies in 1980 , and is currently part of the Canadian Screen Awards . It was renamed from Golden Reel to Golden Screen as of the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards in 2015 . As the economics of Canadian film production mean that the year 's top-grossing Canadian film is often a francophone film from Quebec , the award often - although not always - goes to the same film as the Billet d'or ( Golden Ticket ) , which is presented by the Jutra Awards to the top-grossing film from Quebec . In 2015 , the Academy also introduced Golden Screen Awards for fiction and reality television , to honour the highest-rated Canadian television shows in each category ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bon_Cop,_Bad_Cop', 'summary': 'Bon Cop , Bad Cop is a 2006 Canadian dark comedy-thriller buddy cop film about two police officers - one Ontarian and one Québécois - who reluctantly join forces to solve a murder . The dialogue is a mixture of English and French . The title is a translation word play on the phrase Good cop/bad cop . A sequel , Bon Cop , Bad Cop 2 , was filmed in 2016 and released in May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brand Upon the Brain !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brand_Upon_the_Brain!', 'summary': 'Brand upon the Brain ! ( 2006 ) is an avant-garde silent film directed by Guy Maddin and shot in Seattle with local actors . Maddin directed the film from a script co-written with George Toles , shooting over nine days and editing over three months , on an estimated budget of $ 40,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guy Maddin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Maddin', 'summary': "Guy Maddin , CM OM ( born February 28 , 1956 ) is a Canadian screenwriter , director , author , cinematographer , and film editor of both features and short films , as well as an installation artist , from Winnipeg , Manitoba . Since completing his first film in 1985 , Maddin has become one of Canada 's most well-known and celebrated filmmakers . Maddin has directed twelve feature films and numerous short films , in addition to publishing three books and creating a host of installation art projects . A number of Maddin 's recent films began as or developed from installation art projects , and his books also relate to his film work . Maddin is known for his fascination with lost Silent-era films and for incorporating their aesthetics into his own work . Maddin has been the subject of much critical praise and academic attention , including two books of interviews with Maddin and two book-length academic studies of his work . Maddin was appointed to the Order of Canada , the country 's highest civilian honour , in 2012 . Maddin first served as a visiting lecturer at Harvard University 's Department of Art , Film , and Visual Studies in 2015 . Until then , he had always lived in Winnipeg ."}]}, {'value': 'Sullivan Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Experimental feature', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brother Tongue/Langue fraternelle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Cockburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Cockburn', 'summary': "Daniel Cockburn is a Canadian performance artist , film director and video artist who won the Jay Scott Prize in 2010 and the European Media Art Festival 's principal award in 2011 for his debut feature film You Are Here . Usually based in Toronto where he began his career in video , he has obtained several overseas academic or professional residencies and currently resides in London ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Experimental short', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheech_(film)', 'summary': 'Cheech is a Canadian comedy-drama film , released in 2006 . It was directed by Patrice Sauvé ( his feature film directorial debut ) and written by François Létourneau based on his own prior stage play Cheech , ou Les hommes de Chrysler sont en ville .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrice Sauvé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrice Robitaille , Fanny Mallette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrice_Robitaille', 'summary': 'Patrice Robitaille ( born 1974 ) is a Canadian actor and writer . He was nominated for two awards and won two awards for Québec-Montréal ( 2002 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fanny_Mallette', 'summary': 'Fanny Mallette ( born 5 September 1975 ) , is a Canadian actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy , crime drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Citizen Duane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citizen_Duane', 'summary': 'Citizen Duane is a 2006 Canadian comedy film .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Mabbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Mabbott', 'summary': "Michael Mabbott is a Canadian film and television director and writer . He is best known for his debut feature film as a director , The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico , which won the Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian First Feature Film at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival . Mabbott and the film 's star , musician Matt Murphy , received two Genie Award nominations for Best Original Song at the 26th Genie Awards in 2006 for the songs Just a Show and Make Believe . He wrote several other songs for the film , and also contributed the song Let 's Make Love Again to the 2009 film Defendor . Mabbott 's second feature film , Citizen Duane , was released in 2006 . He subsequently directed episodes of the television series Life with Derek , Wingin ' It , Overruled ! and Baxter before co-creating , with writer David Eddie , the six-episode series The Yard , which aired on HBO Canada in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Smith , Alberta Watson , Vivica A . Fox , Rosemary Dunsmore , Donal Logue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Smith_(actor)', 'summary': "Douglas Alexander Smith ( born June 22 , 1985 ) is a Canadian actor most notable for his work on the HBO series Big Love as Ben Henrickson , the eldest son of polygamist Bill Henrickson , as well as his role as Elliot in The Bye Bye Man . His other work include Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , Terminator Genesis , the Martin Scorsese and Mick Jagger 's Vinyl , Miss Sloane starring Jessica Chastain , When We Rise , The Alienist and the second season of HBO 'S critically acclaimed Big Little Lies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberta_Watson', 'summary': 'Faith Susan Alberta Watson ( March 6 , 1955 - March 21 , 2015 ) , better known as Alberta Watson , was a Canadian film and television actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox', 'summary': "Vivica Anjanetta Fox ( born July 30 , 1964 ) is an American actress , producer and television host . Fox began her career with roles on the daytime television soap operas Days of Our Lives ( 1988 ) and Generations ( 1989-91 ) , subsequently shifting to the prime-time slot starring opposite Patti LaBelle , in the NBC sitcom Out All Night ( 1992-93 ) . Fox 's breakthrough came in 1996 , with roles in two box-office hit films , Roland Emmerich 's Independence Day and F. Gary Gray 's Set It Off . Fox later has starred in films Booty Call ( 1997 ) , Soul Food ( 1997 ) , Why Do Fools Fall in Love ( 1998 ) , Kingdom Come ( 2001 ) , Two Can Play That Game ( 2001 ) , and Boat Trip ( 2002 ) . Fox played Vernita Green in Kill Bill , and played supporting parts in films like Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) . Fox had the leading roles in the short-lived Fox sitcom Getting Personal ( 1998 ) , and CBS medical drama City of Angels ( 2000 ) . From 2003 to 2006 , she co-starred in and produced the Lifetime crime drama series , Missing , for which she received NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series . Fox has also produced a number of straight-to-video films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rosemary_Dunsmore', 'summary': 'Rosemary Dunsmore ( born July 13 , 1953 ) is a Canadian TV , film , and theatre actress . She has starred in some well-known Canadian productions , including The Campbells , Anne of Green Gables , Road to Avonlea , Mom P.I. , Murdoch Mysteries and Orphan Black .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Donal_Logue', 'summary': "Donal Francis Logue ( born February 27 , 1965 or 1966 ) ( sources vary ) is an Irish-Canadian-American film and television actor , producer and writer . His roles include starring in the film The Tao of Steve , Sons of Anarchy , Vikings , the sitcom Grounded for Life , the television series Copper and the detective series Terriers . He portrayed detective Harvey Bullock in Fox 's Gotham and had a recurring role in NBC 's Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Lt. Declan Murphy ."}]}, {'value': 'Teen comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Civic Duty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civic_Duty', 'summary': 'Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern . Citizens acting alone or together to protect public values or make a change or difference in the community are common types of civic engagement . Civic engagement includes communities working together in both political and non-political actions . The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community . Civic Engagement is a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern and is absolutely instrumental to democracy ( Checkoway & Aldana , 2012 ) . Underrepresentation of groups in the government cause issues faced by groups such as minority , low-income , and younger groups to be overlooked or ignored . In turn , issues for higher voting groups are addressed more frequently causing more bills to be passed to fix these problems ( Griffin & Newman , 2008 ) . Understanding all options of civic engagement does develop and emergence of diversity democracy which is defined as a way to influence agency decisions from ways outside of voting ( Checkoway & Aldana , 2013 ) . An informed voter is beneficial for a democracy and the only way for this to occur is through education . One potential solution is to create a mandatory training course for younger voters to learn of the opportunities with civic engagement . Additionally historically lower voter turnout groups may lack basic resources to understand how to register to vote or even how to get to voting locations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Renfroe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Krause , Khaled Abol Naga , Kari Matchett , Richard Schiff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Krause', 'summary': 'Peter William Krause ( /ˈkraʊzə/ ; born August 12 , 1965 ) is an American television and film actor . He has played lead roles in multiple television series , portraying Casey McCall on Sports Night ( 1998-2000 ) , Nate Fisher on Six Feet Under ( 2001-2005 ) , Nick George on Dirty Sexy Money ( 2007-2009 ) , Adam Braverman on Parenthood ( 2010-2015 ) , Benjamin Jones on The Catch ( 2016-2017 ) , and Bobby Nash on 9-1-1 ( 2018-present ) . For his work on Six Feet Under , Krause was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards , winning twice for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Khaled_Abol_Naga', 'summary': "Khaled Muhammad Samy Abol Naga ( Arabic : خالد محمد سامي أبو النجا ; born November 2 , 1966 in Cairo , Egypt ) , credited as Khaled Abol Naga ( Arabic : خالد أبو النجا ) and by the mononym Kal Naga , is an Egyptian actor , director and producer . He is recognized primarily for his work in Egypt and the Middle East , but has increasingly ventured into American and British film and television roles . He started acting and directing ( English and Arabic language ) plays and musicals in Egypt while studying theatre at The American University in Cairo . Beginning his professional acting career in 2000 , Naga starred in several movies through the next decade with roles encompassing several genres , from musicals None but that ! ( 2007 ) , action Agamista ( 2007 ) , Eyes Of A Thief ( 2014 ) , thrillers Kashf Hesab ( 2007 ) , art-house Heliopolis ( 2009 ) , Villa 69 ( 2013 ) , Decor ( 2014 ) , and slapstick comedy Habibi Naêman ( Sleeping Habibi ) ( 2008 ) . Additionally , he has participated in several European film festivals , where he received a range of awards as an actor and producer . Since 2016 , he has acted in several English-speaking roles , such as Tyrant on FX , History Channel 's Vikings , and the BBC 's TV mini series The Last Post , and announced to appear in the upcoming Netflix Show Messiah 2019 . In a film festival in 2016 that celebrated Arab film submissions to the Oscars , he was noted as being the most submitted actor in Arabic films submissions to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ( The Oscars ) . He is often tagged in western media as Egypt 's Brad Pitt , and he has also been described as the next Omar Sharif especially after his American debut movie Civic Duty in 2007 . Chosen as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF in 2007 , Naga played a pivotal role in child rights awareness , as well as the very first HIV awareness campaigns in Egypt and the Arab world , and participated in several international causes , including advocating for democracy in his home country Egypt . He is one of the most recognizable celebrity faces of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution , taking part in mass demonstrations in Cairo that led to the removal of President Mubarak . He faced defamation campaigns against him by the state-owned media during the Mubarak era before the January 25th , 2011 revolution in Egypt , and several times again from the 2013 coup d'etat General Sisi government in Egypt in retaliation for his Advocacy about the deterioration of Human Rights situation in Egypt in the wake of the return to brutal repressive military dictatorship in Egypt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kari_Matchett', 'summary': 'Kari Matchett ( born March 25 , 1970 ) is a Canadian actress . She has appeared in films such as Apartment Hunting ( 2000 ) , Angel Eyes ( 2001 ) , Men with Brooms ( 2002 ) , Cypher ( 2002 ) , Civic Duty ( 2006 ) , The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) , and Maudie ( 2016 ) . She is perhaps best known for her roles as Joan Campbell on Covert Affairs and as Kate Filmore in the science fiction movie Cube 2 : Hypercube .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Schiff', 'summary': "Richard Schiff ( born May 27 , 1955 ) is an American actor and comedian . He is best known for playing Toby Ziegler on The West Wing , a role for which he received an Emmy Award . Schiff made his directorial debut with The West Wing , directing an episode entitled Talking Points . He is on the National Advisory Board of the Council for a Livable World . He had a recurring role on the HBO series Ballers . Since September 2017 he has had a leading role in ABC 's medical drama The Good Doctor , as Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of a fictional teaching hospital in San Jose , California ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made with U.S. financing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Conclave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Conclave', 'summary': 'The Conclave is a 2006 Canadian/German film production directed by Christoph Schrewe . The script was written by Paul Donovan .'}]}, {'value': 'Christoph Schrewe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Fullola , Brian Blessed , James Faulkner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Blessed', 'summary': "Brian Blessed , OBE ( /ˈblɛsɪd/ ; born 9 October 1936 ) is an English actor , writer , television presenter and singer . Blessed is known for portraying PC Fancy Smith in Z-Cars , Augustus in the 1976 BBC television production of I , Claudius , Prince Vultan in Flash Gordon , Bustopher Jones and Old Deuteronomy in the 1981 original London production of Cats at the New London Theatre , Duke Thomas Beaufort of Exeter in Kenneth Branagh 's film adaptation of Henry V , Boss Nass in Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace and the voice of Clayton in Disney 's Tarzan . In 2016 , Blessed was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) for services to the arts and charity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Faulkner_(actor)', 'summary': "James Sebastian Faulkner ( born 18 July 1948 ) is an English actor . He is best known for playing Pope Sixtus IV in the television series Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013-2015 ) , Randyll Tarly in the television series Game of Thrones ( 2016-2017 ) , and Saint Paul in the film Paul , Apostle of Christ ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Historical drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-produced with Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Congorama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congorama', 'summary': 'Congorama is a Canadian film directed by Philippe Falardeau , released in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippe Falardeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Falardeau', 'summary': 'Philippe Falardeau ( born February 1 , 1968 in Hull , Quebec ) is a French-Canadian film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Ahmarani , Olivier Gourmet , Claudia Tagbo , Jean-Pierre Cassel , Gabriel Arcand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Ahmarani', 'summary': "Paul Ahmarani ( born 1972 ) is a Canadian actor . Both his parents have a teaching background ; one is from Cacouna , Bas-Saint-Laurent , Quebec and the other from the Mediterranean coast . Ahmarani is known for his roles in the movies The Left-Hand Side of the Fridge ( La Moitié gauche du frigo ) and How My Mother Gave Birth to Me During Menopause ( Comment ma mère accoucha de moi durant sa ménopause ) . He has also appeared in the first season of the television Star Trek parody Dans une galaxie près de chez vous . In 2005 he released a musical album called Portrait vivant under the name Paul Ahmarani et les nouveaux mariés ( Paul Ahmarani and the Newlyweds , see the External links section to listen ) . Outside his acting and singing career , Paul Ahmarani has also been an open supporter of Quebec 's left-wing party , Québec solidaire . On 25 February 2010 , Paul Ahmarani , together with 500 artists , joined the call to support the international campaign for Boycott , Divestment , and Sanctions against the Israeli Apartheid . In 2012 , audiences saw him in Martin Villeneuve 's Mars et Avril , a science fiction film based on the graphic novels of the same name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Gourmet', 'summary': "Olivier Gourmet ( born 22 July 1963 ) is a Belgian actor . Gourmet was born in Namur . He won the Best Actor award at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival for his role in Le Fils by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne . He also appeared in La Promesse , Rosetta and L'Enfant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Tagbo', 'summary': 'Claudia Tagbo ( born 14 June 1973 ) is a French-Ivorian actress , comedian and TV personality .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Cassel', 'summary': 'Jean-Pierre Cassel ( 27 October 1932 - 19 April 2007 ) was a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Arcand', 'summary': "Gabriel Arcand ( born June 4 , 1949 ) is a Canadian actor . He is the brother of film director Denys Arcand . After studying philosophy at McGill University , Gabriel Arcand spent his formative years - professionally speaking - at La Criée in Marseilles , France , and later in Poland where he studied theatre . Since he made his 1973 screen debut in his brothers first feature , La Maudite Galette , he established himself as Quebecs iconic strong , silent type and has given subtle but powerful performances in a wide range of films such as Réjeanne Padovani , Les Plouffe , Le Crime dOvide Plouffe , Le Déclin de lempire américain , Post Mortem and Congorama . He won the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television 's award for Best Actor at the 6th Genie Awards in 1985 for his performance in The Crime of Ovide Plouffe ( Le Crime d'Ovide Plouffe ) and at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards in 2014 for The Dismantling ( Le Démantèlement ) , and the award for Best Supporting Actor at the 8th Genie Awards in 1987 for Decline of the American Empire . He was also nominated for Best Actor at the 3rd Genie Awards in 1982 for Les Plouffe and at the 20th Genie Awards for Post Mortem , and for Best Supporting Actor at the 2nd Genie Awards in 1981 for Suzanne and at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Le Grand serpent du monde ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Danish Poet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Danish_Poet', 'summary': 'The Danish Poet ( Norwegian : Den danske dikteren ) is a 2006 animated short film written , directed , and animated by Torill Kove and narrated by Liv Ullmann . A co-production of the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) and Mikrofilm AS of Norway , it has won both the Academy Award and Genie Award for best animated short film .'}]}, {'value': 'Torill Kove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torill_Kove', 'summary': "Torill Kove ( born 25 May 1958 ) is a Norwegian-born Canadian film director and animator . She won the 2007 Academy Award for Animated Short Film for the film The Danish Poet , co-produced by Norway 's Mikrofilm AS and the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Liv Ullmann ( narration )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liv_Ullmann', 'summary': "Liv Johanne Ullmann ( born 16 December 1938 ) is a Norwegian actress and film director . She was one of the muses of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman . Ullmann won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama in 1972 for the film The Emigrants ( 1971 ) , and has been nominated for another four . In 2000 , she was nominated for the Palme d'Or for her second directorial feature film , Faithless . She has also received two BAFTA Award nominations for her performances in Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) and Face to Face ( 1976 ) , and two Academy Award nominations for The Emigrants and Face to Face ."}]}, {'value': 'Animated short produced with the National Film Board', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}]}, {'value': 'Academy Award for Animated Short Film ; Genie Award - Animated Short ; Canada-Denmark co-production', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Animated_Short_Film', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film is an award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) as part of the Academy Awards annually since the 5th Academy Awards , covering the year 1931-32 , to the present . This category was known as Short Subjects , Cartoons from 1932 until 1970 , and as Short Subjects , Animated Films from 1971 to 1973 . The present title began with the 1974 awards . In the listings below , the title shown in boldface was the winner of the award , followed by the other nominees for that year . Only American films were nominated for the award until 1952 with NFB 's The Romance of Transportation in Canada ( the first international short to win was 1961 's Ersatz ( The Substitute ) from Zagreb Film ) . MGM 's Tom and Jerry are the category 's most lauded animated series , winning seven Oscars and being nominated for a total of 13 . Among international studios , the National Film Board of Canada has the most wins in this category , with six Oscars . The biggest showing from Britain in this category is Nick Park , with three wins ( for Creature Comforts and two for the Wallace and Gromit series . ) Awards were presented to the shorts ' producers during the first five decades of the award 's existence . Current Academy rules call for the award to be presented to the individual person most directly responsible for the concept and the creative execution of the film . In the event that more than one individual has been directly and importantly involved in creative decisions , a second statuette may be awarded . The Academy defines short as being not more than 40 minutes , including all credits ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Genie_Award', 'summary': 'The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980-2012 . They succeeded the Canadian Film Awards ( 1949-1978 ; also known as the Etrog Awards , for sculptor Sorel Etrog , who designed the statuette ) . Genie Award candidates were selected from submissions made by the owners of Canadian films or their representatives , based on the criteria laid out in the Genie Rules and Regulations booklet which is distributed to Academy members and industry members . Peer-group juries , assembled from volunteer members of the Academy , meet to screen the submissions and select a group of nominees . Academy members then vote on these nominations . In 2012 , the Academy announced that the Genies would merge with its sister presentation for English-language television , the Gemini Awards , to form a new award presentation known as the Canadian Screen Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'The Dead Water ( Les Eaux mortes )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy Édoin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Édoin', 'summary': 'Guy Édoin is a Canadian film director and screenwriter , whose debut full-length film Wetlands ( Marécages ) was released in 2011 . Originally from Saint-Armand , Quebec , Édoin studied at the Université du Québec à Montréal and the Université de Montréal . He previously wrote and directed the short films The Bridge ( Le Pont ) in 2004 , The Dead Water ( Les Eaux mortes ) in 2006 and Beyond the Walls ( La Battue ) in 2008 . All three films received Prix Jutra nominations for Best Short Film , with The Dead Water winning , and Beyond the Walls received a Genie Award nomination for Best Live Action Short Drama . His second feature film , Ville-Marie , was released in 2015 . Édoin , who is gay , predominantly addresses LGBT themes in his work .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prix Jutra - Short', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prix_Jutra', 'summary': "The Prix Iris is a Canadian film award , presented annually by Québec Cinéma , which recognizes talent and achievement in the mainly francophone feature film industry in Quebec . Until 2016 , it was known as the Jutra Award ( Prix Jutra , with the ceremony called La Soirée des Jutra ) in memory of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra , but Jutra 's name was withdrawn from the awards following the publication of allegations that Jutra had sexually abused children . Introduced in 1999 , the awards are presented for Best Film and performance , writing and technical categories such as best actor , actress , director , screenplay , et cetera . It should not be confused with the Claude Jutra Award , a special award presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television as part of the separate Canadian Screen Awards program which was also renamed in 2016 following the allegations against Jutra . Following the withdrawal of Jutra 's name from the award , the 2016 awards were presented solely under the name Québec Cinéma pending an announcement of the award 's new permanent name . The Prix Iris name was announced in October 2016 . The trophy was designed by sculptor Charles Daudelin . The awards replaced the prix Guy-L'Écuyer , created in 1987 by Les Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois in memory of actor Guy L'Écuyer ."}]}, {'value': 'Deliver Me ( Délivrez-moi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deliver_Me_(film)', 'summary': "Deliver Me ( French : Délivrez-moi ) is a Canadian drama film , directed by Denis Chouinard and released in 2006 . The film stars Céline Bonnier as Annie , a woman who has just been released from prison after serving a 10-year sentence for killing her former partner , and is attempting to make amends and reconcile with her daughter Sophie ( Juliette Gosselin ) over the objections of Irène ( Geneviève Bujold ) , Sophie 's paternal grandmother who has been raising the girl since her son 's death . The cast also includes Patrice Robitaille , Pierre-Luc Brillant , Gregory Hlady and Sandrine Bisson . In preparation for the film , Chouinard and Bonnier met with a woman who had been incarcerated at the Joliette Institution for Women for murdering her husband . Chouinard cowrote the screenplay with novelist Monique Proulx . Bonnier won the Prix Jutra for Best Actress at the 9th Jutra Awards in 2007 . Bonnier also won the award for Best Actress , and Chouinard and Proulx won for Best Screenplay , at the 2007 Brussels Independent Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Denis Chouinard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Chouinard', 'summary': "Denis Chouinard ( born 1964 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter . He has a degree in Filmmaking from Cégep de Saint-Laurent and a degree in Communications from UQAM . He is a close friend and collaborator of filmmaker Louis Bélanger ; both men created several short films together before branching off into their own careers with feature films . His film L'ange de goudron won best Canadian feature at the Montreal World Film Festival and earned him a nomination for the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction ."}]}, {'value': 'Céline Bonnier , Geneviève Bujold , Patrice Robitaille , Pierre-Luc Brillant , Juliette Gosselin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Bonnier', 'summary': 'Céline Bonnier ( born August 31 , 1965 ) is a French Canadian actress from Quebec . She has been nominated for four awards including Genie Awards and Gemini Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Bujold', 'summary': 'Geneviève Bujold ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒən.vjɛːv by.ʒo ] ; born July 1 , 1942 ) is a Canadian actress . She is best known for her portrayal of Anne Boleyn in the film Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) , for which she won a Golden Globe Award and received an Academy Award nomination . Subsequent film credits include The Trojan Women ( 1971 ) , Earthquake ( 1974 ) , Obsession ( 1976 ) , Coma ( 1978 ) , Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) , Tightrope ( 1984 ) , Dead Ringers ( 1988 ) , The House of Yes ( 1997 ) , and Still Mine ( 2012 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrice_Robitaille', 'summary': 'Patrice Robitaille ( born 1974 ) is a Canadian actor and writer . He was nominated for two awards and won two awards for Québec-Montréal ( 2002 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre-Luc_Brillant', 'summary': 'Pierre-Luc Brillant ( born January 29 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actor and musician . He is best known for his performance in the film C.R.A.Z.Y. , for which he received a Prix Jutra nomination for Best Supporting Actor in 2006 . Brillant is also a musician and songwriter . He has recorded two albums as a duo with his spouse , actress and singer Isabelle Blais .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Juliette_Gosselin', 'summary': 'Juliette Gosselin ( born June 15 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prix Jutra - Actress ( Bonnier )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prix_Jutra', 'summary': "The Prix Iris is a Canadian film award , presented annually by Québec Cinéma , which recognizes talent and achievement in the mainly francophone feature film industry in Quebec . Until 2016 , it was known as the Jutra Award ( Prix Jutra , with the ceremony called La Soirée des Jutra ) in memory of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra , but Jutra 's name was withdrawn from the awards following the publication of allegations that Jutra had sexually abused children . Introduced in 1999 , the awards are presented for Best Film and performance , writing and technical categories such as best actor , actress , director , screenplay , et cetera . It should not be confused with the Claude Jutra Award , a special award presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television as part of the separate Canadian Screen Awards program which was also renamed in 2016 following the allegations against Jutra . Following the withdrawal of Jutra 's name from the award , the 2016 awards were presented solely under the name Québec Cinéma pending an announcement of the award 's new permanent name . The Prix Iris name was announced in October 2016 . The trophy was designed by sculptor Charles Daudelin . The awards replaced the prix Guy-L'Écuyer , created in 1987 by Les Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois in memory of actor Guy L'Écuyer ."}]}, {'value': "Everything 's Gone Green", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Everything's_Gone_Green_(film)", 'summary': "Everything 's Gone Green is a 2006 Canadian comedy film directed by Paul Fox and written by Douglas Coupland . It was produced by Elizabeth Yake , True West Films and Chris Nanos , Radke Films . The distributor is ThinkFilm in Canada , and Shoreline Entertainment elsewhere and won the award for Best Canadian Feature Film at the 2006 Vancouver International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Fox', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulo Costanzo , Steph Song , JR Borune , Tom Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulo_Costanzo', 'summary': 'Paulo Costanzo ( born September 21 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actor . He is best known for playing the roles of Rubin Carver in the comedy film Road Trip ( 2000 ) , Michael Tribbiani in the NBC sitcom Joey which ran from 2004 to 2006 , Evan R. Lawson in the USA Network series Royal Pains and Lyor Boone in the ABC political drama Designated Survivor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steph_Song', 'summary': 'Steph Song ( Chinese : 宋琇萱 ) is a Malaysian actress of Chinese heritage , raised in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada and Australia . She was voted sexiest woman in the world by Asian readers of FHM magazine . Song has received five Leo Award nominations and one Gemini Award nomination for her TV and film work in Canada and the United States . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Butler_(actor)', 'summary': 'Tom Butler ( born 1951 ) is a Canadian actor who has starred in movies and on television series and in many television films . He best known for his television role on the science fiction series Sliders as Michael Mallory , the father of Quinn Mallory in the pilot episode , and reprised his role in the season 2 episode Gillian of the Spirits . Butler appeared in Hostage Rescue Team ( TV movie , 2001 ) as Special Agent David Nelson . Butler has appeared in a number of films , including Renegades ( 1989 ) , Ernest Rides Again ( 1993 ) , Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) and Everything Gone Green ( 2006 ) . Butler appeared on such shows as Highlander : The Series , Sliders , The Commish , The Outer Limits , Stargate SG-1 , Smallville , Check It Out ! , The Secret Circle , The Killing , and as a recurring character on Gracepoint . In 2016 , he appeared in Autumn in the Vineyard for the Hallmark Channel .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Script by Douglas Coupland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Coupland', 'summary': "Douglas Coupland [ a ] OC OBC ( born 1961 ) is a Canadian novelist and artist . His fiction is complemented by recognized works in design and visual art arising from his early formal training . His first novel , the 1991 international bestseller Generation X : Tales for an Accelerated Culture , popularized terms such as McJob and Generation X . He has published thirteen novels , two collections of short stories , seven non-fiction books , and a number of dramatic works and screenplays for film and television . He is a columnist for Financial Times . He is also a frequent contributor to The New York Times , e-flux journal , Dis , and Vice . His art exhibits include Everywhere Is Anywhere Is Anything Is Everything which was exhibited at the Vancouver Art Gallery , and the Royal Ontario Museum and the Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art , and Bit Rot at Rotterdam 's Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art and the Villa Stuck . Coupland is an Officer of the Order of Canada , and a member of the Order of British Columbia . He published his thirteenth novel Worst . Person . Ever . in 2012 ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikimedia list article Cinema of Canada List of Canadian films 1898–1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 vte This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2006 :', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_films_of_2006_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2006:'} | null | null | Who was co-director of Samir Mallal 's 2006 movie ? | Ben Addelman |
042cec028b694f5b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'title': '2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game', 'header': ['Player', 'Team', 'All-Star Games'], 'data': [{'value': 'Madison Bumgarner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Bumgarner', 'summary': "Madison Kyle Bumgarner ( born August 1 , 1989 ) , commonly known by his nickname , MadBum , is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the San Francisco Giants . Bumgarner has won three World Series championships ( 2010 , 2012 , 2014 ) and two Silver Slugger Awards ( 2014 , 2015 ) . He has also been selected to four National League All-Star teams and has the most strikeouts in franchise history by a Giants left-handed pitcher . Bumgarner played high school baseball at South Caldwell High School in Hudson , North Carolina , where he helped his team win the 2007 4A State Championship . After graduating , he was selected with the tenth overall pick in the 2007 MLB draft by the San Francisco Giants . He and Buster Posey both made their major league debuts in 2009 , and have since established a reputation as one of the best batteries in recent MLB history . Bumgarner pitched eight scoreless innings in Game 4 of the 2010 World Series , helping win the franchise 's first World Series in San Francisco and the first since 1954 . Two years later , Bumgarner pitched seven more scoreless innings in Game 2 of the 2012 World Series . Bumgarner became the ace of a Giants pitching staff that won three World Series championships in a five-year span . After setting the World Series record for the lowest earned run average , he was named the Most Valuable Player of the 2014 World Series , the 2014 Babe Ruth Award winner , the 2014 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year , and the 2014 Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aroldis Chapman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aroldis_Chapman', 'summary': "Albertín Aroldis Chapman de la Cruz ( Spanish : [ aˈɾoldis ˈtʃapman ] ; born February 28 , 1988 ) is a Cuban-born American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs and in the Cuban National Series for Holguín . Chapman bats and throws left-handed , and is nicknamed the Cuban Missile or the Cuban Flame Thrower . Chapman pitched for Holguín domestically and internationally for the Cuban national baseball team . He defected from Cuba in 2009 and signed a contract with the Reds in 2010 . Chapman made his MLB debut that season . He won the MLB Delivery Man of the Month Award as the best relief pitcher for July 2012 , and has been named to four straight National League All-Star teams from 2012 to 2015 . The Reds traded Chapman to the Yankees after the 2015 season , and the Yankees traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season . With the Cubs , Chapman won Game 7 of the 2016 World Series . He signed with the Yankees after the 2016 season . On July 11 , 2014 , Chapman broke the record , previously held by Bruce Sutter , for the most consecutive relief appearances with a strikeout , having struck out at least one batter in 40 consecutive appearances . Chapman 's streak began on August 21 , 2013 , and lasted 49 consecutive games over two seasons , with the 49th and final game being on August 13 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Corbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Corbin', 'summary': "Patrick Alan Corbin ( born July 19 , 1989 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Arizona Diamondbacks . At Cicero - North Syracuse High School , Corbin did not pitch for his high school 's baseball team until his junior season . He played college baseball at Mohawk Valley Community College and Chipola College . The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim drafted Corbin in the second round of the 2009 MLB draft . The Angels traded Corbin to the Diamondbacks in 2010 as part of a package for Dan Haren . Corbin made his MLB debut with the Diamondbacks in 2012 , and was named an All-Star in 2013 . Corbin missed the 2014 season due to an injury to the ulnar collateral ligament in his pitching elbow . He returned to the Diamondbacks in 2015 , but struggled , and was removed from the starting rotation in 2016 . After returning to the rotation in 2017 , Corbin started for the Diamondbacks on Opening Day in 2018 . Corbin was named an All-Star for the second time in his career in 2018 before joining the Washington Nationals for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Diamondbacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks', 'summary': "The Arizona Diamondbacks , often shortened as the D-backs , are an American professional baseball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team plays its home games at Chase Field , formerly known as Bank One Ballpark . The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship ( defeating the New York Yankees in 2001 ) - becoming the fastest expansion team in Major League history to win a championship , which it did in only the fourth season since the franchise 's inception ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Fernández_(pitcher)', 'summary': 'José Delfín Fernández Gómez ( July 31 , 1992 - September 25 , 2016 ) was a Cuban-born American professional baseball pitcher . He stood 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) tall and weighed 243 pounds ( 110 kg ) during his playing career . He was affectionately known as Niño by his teammates and fans due to the youthful exuberance with which he played the game . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Miami Marlins from 2013 until his death in 2016 . Fernández was born in Santa Clara , Cuba . He made three unsuccessful attempts at defecting to the United States before he finally succeeded in 2008 . He enrolled at Braulio Alonso High School in Tampa , Florida , and was selected by the Marlins in the first round of the 2011 MLB draft . Fernández made his MLB debut with the Marlins on April 7 , 2013 . He was named to the 2013 National League All-Star Team , and won the National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Month Award in July and August . After the season , he won the NL Rookie of the Year Award and finished third in Cy Young Award balloting . He underwent Tommy John surgery during the 2014 season and was named to his second All-Star Game in 2016 . Fernández was the pilot when he and two other men were killed in a pre-dawn boating crash into a jetty off the coast of Miami Beach , Florida , on September 25 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Grilli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Grilli', 'summary': "Jason Michael Grilli ( born November 11 , 1976 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins , Chicago White Sox , Detroit Tigers , Colorado Rockies , Pittsburgh Pirates , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , Atlanta Braves , Toronto Blue Jays , and Texas Rangers . Taken as the fourth overall selection of the 1997 MLB draft by the San Francisco Giants , Grilli was one of the top starting pitcher prospects in all of Minor League Baseball , ranked 54th in 1998 and 44th in 1999 . The Giants traded him to the Florida Marlins in 1999 , for whom he debuted on May 11 , 2000 . In 2011 , Grilli 's career took off as a relief pitcher with the Pittsburgh Pirates . That year , he carried a 2.48 earned run average ( ERA ) and 10.2 strikeouts per nine innings ( K/9 ) rate in 32 innings pitched ( IP ) , and further improved in 2012 , when his strikeout rate climbed to 13.8 . In 2013 , Grilli made his first All-Star team and became Pittsburgh 's closer at the age of 36 . From 2011-14 , he compiled a 3.09 ERA with 11.9 K/9 , 3.3 BB/9 and a 34.2 percent ground-ball rate in \u200b195 1⁄3 IP ."}]}, {'value': 'Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Harvey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Harvey', 'summary': 'Matthew Edward Harvey ( born March 27 , 1989 ) , often nicknamed The Dark Knight , is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Mets , Cincinnati Reds , and Los Angeles Angels . Harvey played at Fitch Senior High School in Groton , Connecticut , and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The Mets selected Harvey in the 2010 MLB draft as the seventh overall pick . In his major league debut on July 26 , 2012 , against the Arizona Diamondbacks , Harvey set a new club record with 11 strikeouts while earning his first career victory . Harvey had a breakout season in 2013 , being selected to play in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . Harvey then missed the entire 2014 season due to Tommy John surgery but returned to top form in 2015 , helping lead the Mets to the pennant . His career , once promising during his first two seasons , has since been derailed by ineffectiveness mainly due to injuries , including Tommy John surgery , thoracic outlet syndrome , and a stress fracture in the scapula . After a disappointing start to the 2018 season , Harvey was traded to the Cincinnati Reds . He signed with the Los Angeles Angels in 2019 , but was released midway through the season after posting a 3-5 record with a 7.09 earned run average .'}]}, {'value': 'Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clayton Kershaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_Kershaw', 'summary': "Clayton Edward Kershaw ( born March 19 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . A left-handed starting pitcher , Kershaw has played 12 seasons in the major leagues since he debuted in 2008 . He is an eight-time All-Star , three-time National League ( NL ) Cy Young Award winner , and the 2014 NL Most Valuable Player . His 2.44 career earned run average ( ERA ) and 1.01 walks plus hits per inning pitched rate ( WHIP ) are the lowest among starters in the live-ball era ( minimum 1,000 innings pitched ) . Kershaw has a career hits allowed per nine innings pitched average of 6.78 , the second-lowest in MLB history . He has been described throughout the majority of his career as the best pitcher in baseball . Kershaw was drafted seventh overall in the 2006 MLB draft . He worked his way through the Dodgers ' farm system in just one full season , and reached the majors at 20 years old . When he debuted in 2008 , he was the youngest player in MLB , a title he held for one full year . In 2011 , he won the pitching Triple Crown and the NL Cy Young Award , becoming the youngest pitcher to accomplish either of these feats since Dwight Gooden in 1985 . During the 2013 offseason , the Dodgers signed Kershaw to a franchise record seven-year , $ 215 million contract extension . Kershaw pitched a no-hitter on June 18 , 2014 , becoming the 22nd Dodger to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Kimbrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Kimbrel', 'summary': "Craig Michael Kimbrel ( born May 28 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Atlanta Braves , San Diego Padres , and Boston Red Sox . He is a seven-time All-Star , two-time Reliever of the Year , and a 2018 World Series champion . He is known for his triple-digit fastball , as well as his unique pre-pitch stare . Listed at 6 feet 0 inches ( 1.83 m ) and 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) , he both throws and bats right-handed . As a rookie with the Braves in 2011 , Kimbrel was named their closer , and set an MLB record for saves by a rookie , with 46 . He was awarded the National League 's ( NL ) 2011 Rookie of the Year Award . He led the NL in saves for four consecutive seasons , from 2011 through 2014 . He recorded his 200th save in June 2015 with the Padres , and his 300th save in May 2018 with the Red Sox , making him youngest pitcher in MLB history to reach the milestone ."}]}, {'value': 'Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cliff Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Lee', 'summary': 'Clifton Phifer Lee ( born August 30 , 1978 ) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher . Lee played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cleveland Indians , Philadelphia Phillies , Seattle Mariners , and Texas Rangers . He stood 6 feet 3 inches ( 191 cm ) and weighed 205 pounds ( 93 kg ) , while playing . During his school days , Lee played baseball at Benton High School and attended Meridian Community College and the University of Arkansas before being drafted by the Montreal Expos in the fourth round of the 2000 draft . After playing with the Expos minor-league affiliate Harrisburg Senators , Lee was traded in 2002 to the Cleveland Indians and was first called up to the big leagues later that season . He was traded to the Phillies in 2009 , then traded to the Mariners and Rangers , eventually returning to the Phillies as a free agent in 2011 . A four-time All-Star , Lee won the American League ( AL ) Cy Young Award in 2008 as a member of the Indians , after leading the AL in wins and lowest earned run average ( ERA ) . Lee won his first seven postseason starts . As a Phillie , he went 4-0 in the 2009 postseason , including a complete game in the 2009 World Series against the New York Yankees . The following season , Lee led the Rangers to a shutout win , defeating the Yankees 8-0 in the 2010 ALCS , en route to reaching the 2010 World Series . Lee threw and batted left-handed and could count on three different fastballs , the four-seam , two-seam , and cutter , in his pitching arsenal . Other pitches at his command included the slider , curveball , and change-up .'}]}, {'value': 'Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Locke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Locke_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Alan Locke ( born November 20 , 1987 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He previously played for the Miami Marlins and Pittsburgh Pirates , where he was an All-Star in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Melancon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Melancon', 'summary': 'Mark David Melancon ( /məˈlænsən/ mə-LAN-sən ; born March 28 , 1985 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the New York Yankees , Houston Astros , Boston Red Sox , Pittsburgh Pirates , Washington Nationals , and San Francisco Giants . Melancon was an MLB All-Star in 2013 , 2015 and 2016 . He led the National League in saves in 2015 , and won the Trevor Hoffman Award that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Mujica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Mujica', 'summary': 'Edward José Mujica ( Spanish pronunciation : [ muˈxika ] ; born May 10 , 1984 ) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cleveland Indians , San Diego Padres , Florida/Miami Marlins , St. Louis Cardinals , Boston Red Sox , Oakland Athletics and Detroit Tigers .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergio Romo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Romo', 'summary': 'Sergio Francisco Romo ( born March 4 , 1983 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He has previously played for the San Francisco Giants , Los Angeles Dodgers , Tampa Bay Rays , and Miami Marlins . As a closer for the Giants , he recorded three saves during the 2012 World Series , helping the Giants win the title . During the playoffs , he had saves in the clinching games of the NL Division Series and the World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Wainwright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Wainwright', 'summary': "Adam Parrish Wainwright ( born August 30 , 1981 ) , nicknamed Uncle Charlie , is an American professional baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The Atlanta Braves selected him 29th overall in the first round of the 2000 amateur draft from Glynn Academy in Brunswick , Georgia . His performance in the minor leagues brought him notice as one of the Braves ' top pitching prospects . The Braves traded him to the Cardinals after the 2003 season , receiving outfielder J. D. Drew in a deal which has since been considered lopsided in favor of the Cardinals . Wainwright made his MLB debut on September 11 , 2005 , against the New York Mets . After spending his first full MLB season as a relief pitcher , Wainwright briefly assumed closer duties , saving the series-clinching games of both the 2006 National League Championship Series and World Series . The next season , he returned to starting pitching , a role in which he has since remained , except for 2011 , which he missed due to Tommy John surgery . He emerged as an ace as he led the National League multiple times in wins , innings pitched , and games started . He also has multiple top-ten finishes in earned run average , strikeouts , walks plus hits per inning pitched , and complete games . In 2014 , he became the first pitcher in Major League history to post 9 of his first 18 starts with seven innings pitched and no runs allowed . In his career , Wainwright has won more than 150 games , three All-Star selections , two Rawlings Gold Glove Awards and finished in the top three in the Cy Young Award balloting four times . With 1,776 strikeouts in his career to date , Wainwright is second to Bob Gibson ( 3,117 ) in Cardinals franchise history in strikeouts ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Travis Wood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_Wood', 'summary': 'Travis Alan Wood ( born February 6 , 1987 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cincinnati Reds , Chicago Cubs , Kansas City Royals , and San Diego Padres .'}]}, {'value': 'Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Zimmermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Zimmermann', 'summary': 'Jordan M. Zimmermann ( born May 23 , 1986 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Washington Nationals . Zimmermann is a two-time MLB All-Star , and co-led the National League in wins in 2013 . In 2014 , Zimmermann pitched the first no-hitter in Washington Nationals history .'}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals', 'summary': "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National League', 'section_text': 'Elected starters Position Player Team All-Star Games C Yadier Molina Cardinals 5 1B Joey Votto Reds 4 2B Brandon Phillips Reds 3 3B David Wright Mets 7 SS Troy Tulowitzki Rockies 3 OF Carlos Beltrán Cardinals 8 OF Carlos González Rockies 2 OF Bryce Harper Nationals 2 DH Michael Cuddyer Rockies 2 Reserves Position Player Team All-Star Games C Buster Posey Giants 2 C Brian McCann Braves 7 1B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 1 1B Allen Craig Cardinals 1 1B Freddie Freeman Braves 1 2B Matt Carpenter Cardinals 1 2B Marco Scutaro Giants 1 3B Pedro Álvarez Pirates 1 SS Everth Cabrera Padres 1 SS Jean Segura Brewers 1 OF Domonic Brown Phillies 1 OF Carlos Gómez Brewers 1 OF Andrew McCutchen Pirates 3', 'uid': '2013_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game_5', 'intro': "The 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 84th edition of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. It was held on Tuesday, July 16, 2013 at Citi Field in Queens, New York City, the home of the New York Mets. This was the first time that the Mets have hosted an All-Star Game since 1964, the team's inaugural season at Shea Stadium, and the ninth time the All-Star Game was held in New York City. The game was last held in New York City in 2008, when the old Yankee Stadium hosted it in its final season before being demolished. It was televised in the United States on Fox. The American League shut out the National League for the seventh time in All-Star game history, marking the first time that there have been shutouts in consecutive All-Star games."} | null | null | What team did the Cuban pitcher who died in a 2016 boating accident play for ? | Marlins |
042e4aac5e7eafb8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Top_25_singles_for_1955_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of Top 25 singles for 1955 in Australia', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Artist', 'Highest pos . reached', 'Weeks at No . 1'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hold My Hand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hold_My_Hand_(1953_song)', 'summary': "Hold My Hand is a popular song , written by Jack Lawrence and Richard Myers . It was written in 1950 but not published until 1953 . The hit version in 1953 was a recording by Don Cornell . The song was featured in the film Susan Slept Here ( 1954 ) , and was nominated for the 1954 Academy Award for Best Song . Cornell recorded on the Coral Records label . His version of Hold My Hand was produced by Bob Thiele . It reached No . 1 in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in October 1954 . Hold My Hand has also been recorded by Stanley Black , Nat King Cole , Lary Cross with orchestra and Enoch Light . Arild Andresen , piano with guitar and bass recorded it in Oslo on March 11 , 1955 , as the first melody of the medley Klaver-Cocktail No . 2 along with Just One More Chance and Dedicated to You . The medley was released on the 78 rpm record His Master 's Voice A.L ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Cornell ; Nat King Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Cornell', 'summary': 'Don Cornell ( born Luigi Francisco Varlaro ; April 21 , 1919 - February 23 , 2004 ) was an American singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nat_King_Cole', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Adams Coles ( March 17 , 1919 - February 15 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Nat King Cole , was an American vocalist and jazz pianist . He recorded over one hundred songs that became hits on the pop charts . His trio was the model for small jazz ensembles that followed . Cole also acted in films and on television and performed on Broadway . He was the first African-American man to host an American television series . He was the father of singer/songwriter Natalie Cole .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Around the Clock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock', 'summary': "Rock Around the Clock is a rock and roll song in the 12-bar blues format written by Max C. Freedman and James E. Myers ( the latter being under the pseudonym Jimmy De Knight ) in 1952 . The best-known and most successful rendition was recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1954 for American Decca . It was a number one single on both the United States and United Kingdom charts and also reentered the UK Singles Chart in the 1960s and 1970s . It was not the first rock and roll record , nor was it the first successful record of the genre ( Bill Haley had American chart success with Crazy Man , Crazy in 1953 , and in 1954 , Shake , Rattle and Roll sung by Big Joe Turner reached No . 1 on the Billboard R & B chart ) . Haley 's recording nevertheless became an anthem for rebellious 1950s youth and is widely considered to be the song that , more than any other , brought rock and roll into mainstream culture around the world . The song is ranked No . 158 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Although it was first recorded by Italian-American band Sonny Dae and His Knights on March 20 , 1954 , Myers claimed the song had been written specifically for Haley but , for various reasons , Haley was unable to record it himself until April 12 , 1954 . The original full title of the song was We 're Gon na Rock Around the Clock Tonight ! . This was later shortened to ( We 're Gon na ) Rock Around the Clock , though this form is generally only used on releases of the 1954 Bill Haley Decca Records recording ; most other recordings of this song by Haley and others ( including Sonny Dae ) shorten this title further to Rock Around the Clock . In 2018 , it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or artistically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Haley and the Comets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets', 'summary': "Bill Haley & His Comets were an American rock and roll band , founded in 1952 and continued until Haley 's death in 1981 . The band was also known as Bill Haley and the Comets and Bill Haley 's Comets ( and variations thereof ) . From late 1954 to late 1956 , the group placed nine singles in the Top 20 , one of those a number one and three more in the Top Ten . The single Rock Around the Clock became the biggest selling rock and roll single in the history of the genre . Bandleader Bill Haley had previously been a country music performer ; after recording a country and western-styled version of Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats Rocket 88 , a rhythm and blues song , he changed musical direction to a new sound which came to be called rock and roll . Although several members of the Comets became famous , Bill Haley remained the star . With his spit curl and the band 's matching plaid dinner jackets and energetic stage behavior , many fans consider them to be as revolutionary in their time as the Beatles were a decade later . Following Haley 's death , no fewer than seven different groups have existed under the Comets name , all claiming ( with varying degrees of authority ) to be the continuation of Haley 's group . As of the end of 2014 , four such groups were still performing in the United States and internationally ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melody of Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melody_of_Love_(song)', 'summary': 'Melody of Love is a popular song . The music was originally written by Hans Engelmann in 1903 . The lyrics were added by Tom Glazer in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Four Aces ; Billy Vaughn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Aces', 'summary': "The Four Aces are an American male traditional pop music quartet , popular since the 1950s . Over the last half-century , the group amassed many gold records . Its million-selling signature tunes include Love is a Many-Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain , Stranger in Paradise , Tell Me Why , and ( It 's No ) Sin . Other big sellers included Shangri-La , Perfidia , and Sincerely . The original members , responsible for every song made popular by the group , included Al Alberts , Dave Mahoney , Lou Silvestri , and Rosario Sod Vaccaro ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Vaughn', 'summary': 'William Richard Vaughn ( April 12 , 1919 - September 26 , 1991 ) was an American singer , multi-instrumentalist , orchestra leader , and A & R man for Dot Records .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unchained Melody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unchained_Melody', 'summary': "Unchained Melody is a 1955 song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret . North wrote the music as a theme for the little-known prison film Unchained ( January 1955 ) , hence the song title . Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack . It has since become a standard and one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century , most notably by the Righteous Brothers . According to the song 's publishing administrator , over 1,500 recordings of Unchained Melody have been made by more than 670 artists , in multiple languages . In 1955 , three versions of the song ( by Les Baxter , Al Hibbler , and Roy Hamilton ) charted in the Billboard Top 10 in the United States , and four versions ( by Al Hibbler , Les Baxter , Jimmy Young , and Liberace ) appeared in the Top 20 in the United Kingdom simultaneously , an unbeaten record for any song . The song continued to chart in the 21st century , and it was the only song to reach number one with four different recordings in the UK until it was joined by Band Aid 30 's Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in 2014 . Of the hundreds of recordings made , the Righteous Brothers ' version in July 1965 , with a solo by Bobby Hatfield , became the jukebox standard after its release . Hatfield changed the melody in the final verse and many subsequent covers of the song are based on his version . The Righteous Brothers recording achieved a second round of great popularity when featured in the film Ghost in 1990 . In 2004 , it was Number 27 on AFI 's 100 Years.100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Al Hibbler ; Les Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Hibbler', 'summary': "Albert George Hibbler ( August 16 , 1915 - April 24 , 2001 ) was an American baritone vocalist , who sang with Duke Ellington 's orchestra before having several pop hits as a solo artist . Some of Hibbler 's singing is classified as rhythm and blues , but he is best seen as a bridge between R & B and traditional pop music . According to one authority , Hibbler can not be regarded as a jazz singer but as an exceptionally good interpreter of twentieth-century popular songs who happened to work with some of the best jazz musicians of the time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_Baxter', 'summary': 'Leslie Thompson Baxter ( March 14 , 1922 - January 15 , 1996 ) was an American musician and composer . After working as an arranger and composer for swing bands , he developed his own style of easy listening music , known as exotica .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Need You Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Need_You_Now_(1954_song)', 'summary': "I Need You Now is a popular song written by Al Jacobs and Jimmie Crane . The recorded version by Eddie Fisher , issued by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5830 , reached # 1 on the Billboard and Cash Box charts in 1954 . The song was also performed by Russell Arms on several 1954 episodes of the popular TV series Your Hit Parade . A kinescope of one of these performances survives and can be viewed online . The song had been written for Joni James and recorded by her in April 1953 for M-G-M Records . The songhad also been offered to Eddie Fisher and he subsequently recorded a version of it for RCA Victor Records . Because M-G-M had already had three major songs scheduled in sequence for release ( My Love , My Love and I 'll Never Stand in Your Way and I Need You Now , all done at the same recording session ! ) when the Fisher version was released , it was not possible for M-G-M to market the James original at that point . Joni James was able to place her version eventually on the best-selling album Let There Be Love and then seven years later she recorded a new version of I Need You Now at Abbey Road Studios in London . This information from Wayne Brasler , president of the Joni James International Fan Club . Jacobs and Crane later gave James another song My Believing Heart , which became the followup to her million selling You Are My Love ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)', 'summary': "Edwin Jack Fisher ( August 10 , 1928 - September 22 , 2010 ) was an American singer and actor . He was one of the most popular artists during the first half of the 1950s , selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show . Fisher divorced his first wife , actress Debbie Reynolds , to marry Reynolds ' best friend , actress Elizabeth Taylor , after Taylor 's husband , film producer Mike Todd , was killed in a plane crash . The scandalous affair was widely reported , bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher . He later married Connie Stevens . Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds , and Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher with Stevens ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stranger in Paradise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stranger_in_Paradise_(song)', 'summary': "Stranger in Paradise is a popular song from the musical Kismet ( 1953 ) , and is credited to Robert Wright and George Forrest . Like almost all the music in that show , the melody was taken from music composed by Alexander Borodin ( 1833-1887 ) , in this case , the Gliding Dance of the Maidens , from the Polovtsian Dances in the opera Prince Igor ( 1890 ) . The song in the musical is a lovers ' duet and describes the transcendent feelings that love brings to their surroundings . Later versions were mostly edited to be sung by male solo artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Bennett', 'summary': 'Anthony Dominick Benedetto ( born August 3 , 1926 ) , known professionally as Tony Bennett , is an American singer of traditional pop standards , big band , show tunes , and jazz . He is also a painter , having created works under the name Anthony Benedetto that are on permanent public display in several institutions . He is the founder of the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria , Queens , New York . Born and raised in Astoria to an Italian-American family , Bennett began singing at an early age . He fought in the final stages of World War II as a U.S. Army infantryman in the European Theater . Afterward , he developed his singing technique , signed with Columbia Records and had his first number-one popular song with Because of You in 1951 . Several top hits such as Rags to Riches followed in early 1953 . He then refined his approach to encompass jazz singing . He reached an artistic peak in the late 1950s with albums such as The Beat of My Heart and Basie Swings , Bennett Sings . In 1962 , Bennett recorded his signature song , I Left My Heart in San Francisco . His career and personal life experienced an extended downturn during the height of the rock music era . Bennett staged a comeback in the late 1980s and 1990s , putting out gold record albums again and expanding his reach to the MTV generation while keeping his musical style intact .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr. Sandman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Sandman', 'summary': "Mr. Sandman ( sometimes rendered as Mister Sandman ) is a popular song written by Pat Ballard which was published in 1954 and first recorded in May of that year by Vaughn Monroe & His Orchestra and later that same year by The Chordettes and The Four Aces . The song 's lyrics convey a request to Mr. Sandman to bring me a dream - the traditional association with the folkloric figure , the sandman . The pronoun used to refer to the desired dream is often changed depending on the sex of the singer or group performing the song , as the original sheet music publication , which includes male and female versions of the lyrics , intended . Emmylou Harris ' recording of the song was a hit in multiple countries in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Four Aces ; The Chordettes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Aces', 'summary': "The Four Aces are an American male traditional pop music quartet , popular since the 1950s . Over the last half-century , the group amassed many gold records . Its million-selling signature tunes include Love is a Many-Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain , Stranger in Paradise , Tell Me Why , and ( It 's No ) Sin . Other big sellers included Shangri-La , Perfidia , and Sincerely . The original members , responsible for every song made popular by the group , included Al Alberts , Dave Mahoney , Lou Silvestri , and Rosario Sod Vaccaro ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chordettes', 'summary': 'The Chordettes were an American female popular singing quartet , usually singing a cappella , and specializing in traditional popular music . They are best known for their hit songs Mr. Sandman and Lollipop .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Let Me Go , Lover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Let_Me_Go,_Lover', 'summary': "Let Me Go , Lover ! , a popular song , was written by Jenny Lou Carson and Al Hill , a pseudonym used by Fred Wise , Kathleen Twomey , and Ben Weisman . It is based on an earlier song called Let Me Go , Devil , about alcoholism . Let Me Go , Lover was featured on the television program Studio One on November 15 , 1954 , and caught the fancy of the public . The episode was a murder mystery that revolved around a hit record and a disc jockey . Producer Felix Jackson asked Columbia Records ' Mitch Miller for a recording to use in the show , and Miller provided Joan Weber 's version of Let Me Go , Lover . Miller took advantage of the recording 's exposure on national television and sent copies of the record to 2,000 disc jockeys , who began to play it on their radio stations . Weber was pregnant when she recorded the song . A result of the program was to illustrate how efficiently a song could be promoted by introducing it to the public via radio or a TV production . The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40366 . Mitch Miller stocked national record stores the week before the program and because of its availability the record sold over 100,000 the first week of its release . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on December 4 , 1954 . By January 1955 , Weber 's record of the song had hit No ."}]}, {'value': 'Joan Weber ; Teresa Brewer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Weber', 'summary': 'Joan Weber ( December 12 , 1935 - May 13 , 1981 ) was an American popular music singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Teresa_Brewer', 'summary': 'Teresa Brewer ( born Theresa Veronica Breuer , May 7 , 1931 - October 17 , 2007 ) was an American singer whose style incorporated pop , country , jazz , R & B , musicals , and novelty songs . She was one of the most prolific and popular female singers of the 1950s , recording nearly 600 songs .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ballad of Davy Crockett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Davy_Crockett', 'summary': "The Ballad of Davy Crockett is a song with music by George Bruns and lyrics by Thomas W. Blackburn . It was introduced on ABC 's television series Disneyland , in the premiere episode of October 27 , 1954 . Fess Parker is shown performing the song on a log cabin set in frontiersman clothes , accompanied by similarly attired musicians . The song would later be heard throughout the Disneyland television miniseries Davy Crockett , first telecast on December 15 , 1954 . This version was sung by The Wellingtons . Parker played the role of Davy Crockett in the miniseries and continued in four other episodes made by Walt Disney Studios . Buddy Ebsen co-starred as George Georgie Russel , and Jeff York played legendary boatman Mike Fink . Archie Bleyer , the president of Cadence Records , heard the song on the ABC telecast ( December 15 , 1954 ) and called Bill Hayes that night to gauge his interest in recording it . The next day , Hayes ( vocals ) , Al Caiola ( guitar ) , and Art Ryerson ( guitar ) recorded it in one take at an RCA studio in Manhattan . Other versions by Fess Parker and Tennessee Ernie Ford ( recorded on February 7 , 1955 ) quickly followed . All three versions made the Billboard magazine charts in 1955 : Hayes ' version made # 1 on the weekly chart ( from March 26 through April 23 ) and # 7 for the year , Parker 's reached # 6 on the weekly charts and # 31 for the year , while Ford 's peaked at # 4 on the weekly country chart and # 5 on the weekly pop chart and charted at # 37 for the year . A fourth version , by bluegrass singer Mac Wiseman , reached # 10 on the radio charts in May 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Fess Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/"Tennessee"_Ernie_Ford', 'summary': 'Ernest Jennings Ford ( February 13 , 1919 - October 17 , 1991 ) , known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford , was an American singer and television host who enjoyed success in the country and Western , pop , and gospel musical genres . Noted for his rich bass-baritone voice and down-home humor , he is remembered for his hit recordings of The Shotgun Boogie and his version of Sixteen Tons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fess_Parker', 'summary': 'Fess Elisha Parker , Jr. ( born F.E . Parker ; August 16 , 1924 - March 18 , 2010 ) , was an American film and television actor best known for his portrayals of Davy Crockett in the Walt Disney 1954-1955 TV miniseries , which aired on ABC , and as Daniel Boone in an NBC television series from 1964 to 1970 . He was also known as a winemaker and resort owner-operator .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Pink_and_Apple_Blossom_White', 'summary': "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White or Cerezo Rosa or Ciliegi Rosa or Gummy Mambo , is the English version of Cerisiers Roses et Pommiers Blancs , a popular song with music by Louiguy written in 1950 . French lyrics to the song by Jacques Larue and English lyrics by Mack David both exist , and recordings of both have been quite popular . However , Pérez Prado 's recording of the song as an instrumental with his orchestra featuring trumpeter Billy Regis , whose trumpet sound would slide down and up before the melody would resume , was the most popular version in 1955 , reaching number one for 10 weeks on the Billboard chart . It became a gold record . Pérez had first recorded this title for the movie Underwater ! ( 1955 ) , where Jane Russell can be seen dancing to the song . Billboard ranked this version as the No . 1 song of 1955 . The most popular vocal version in the U.S. was by Alan Dale , reaching No . 14 on the chart in 1955 . In the United Kingdom , two versions of the song went to number one in 1955 . The first was the version by Prado , which reached number one for two weeks ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Baxter ; Perez Prado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Baxter', 'summary': 'Leslie Thompson Baxter ( March 14 , 1922 - January 15 , 1996 ) was an American musician and composer . After working as an arranger and composer for swing bands , he developed his own style of easy listening music , known as exotica .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perez_Prado', 'summary': 'Dámaso Pérez Prado ( Spanish : [ ˈpeɾes ˈpɾaðo ] ; December 11 , 1916 - September 14 , 1989 ) was a Cuban bandleader , pianist and composer who popularized the mambo in the late 1940s . He frequently made brief appearances in films , primarily of the rumberas genre . The success of his orchestra and hits such as Mambo No . 5 earned him the nickname King of the Mambo . His stage name was simply Pérez Prado , although his brother Pantaleón also used the same name in the 1970s , which led to confusion . Pérez Prado became a naturalized citizen of Mexico in 1980 , where he died in 1989 . His son , Pérez Jr. , continues to direct the Pérez Prado Orchestra in Mexico City to this day .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The High and the Mighty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_High_and_the_Mighty_(1954_song)', 'summary': "The High and the Mighty is a song by Ned Washington and Dimitri Tiomkin from the film of the same name . At the start of the film 's production late in 1953 , veteran film composer and musician Dimitri Tiomkin was commissioned to write the film 's score . The studio also urged Tiomkin to come up with a theme song for the film , to be released to radio and as a vinyl record . Tiomkin formed the basic melody to the song and enlisted songwriter Ned Washington to write the song 's lyrics . What resulted was a gentle ballad . Warner Bros. presented the song to Les Baxter and his orchestra , who recorded and released the song to coincide with the release of the film . When released in 1954 , The High and the Mighty peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Pop chart . Both the film score and the song were nominated for Academy Awards in 1955 . The song , which ultimately did not win an award , was sung by Johnny Desmond , accompanied by Muzzy Marcellino at the Awards Television show . Dimitri Tiomkin 's score won the Academy Award that year . Toward the end of the film , after John Wayne 's character convinced the captain to try to make it to San Francisco rather than ditch , the captain said Whistle me a tune , Dan . I like music when I work ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Young ; Les Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Young', 'summary': 'Albert Victor Young ( August 8 , 1900 - November 10 , 1956 ) was an American composer , arranger , violinist and conductor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_Baxter', 'summary': 'Leslie Thompson Baxter ( March 14 , 1922 - January 15 , 1996 ) was an American musician and composer . After working as an arranger and composer for swing bands , he developed his own style of easy listening music , known as exotica .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Man Called Peter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Man_Called_Peter', 'summary': 'A Man Called Peter is a 1955 American drama film directed by Henry Koster , and starring Richard Todd . The film is based on the life of preacher Peter Marshall , who served as Chaplain of the United States Senate and pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington , D. C. , before his early death . It is adapted from the 1951 biography of the same name , written by his widow , Catherine Marshall . The film was a box-office hit in 1955 , and it was nominated for an Oscar in 1956 for its color cinematography . This was the final feature film of the actress Jean Peters , who played Catherine Marshall . Alfred Newman reused much of his score from his 1948 film The Walls of Jericho .'}]}, {'value': 'Darryl Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Softly , Softly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Softly,_Softly_(song)', 'summary': 'Softly , Softly is a popular song originally written in French as La tamise et mon jardin by Mark Paul and Pierre Dudan . The song was given English lyrics by Paddy Roberts . The most popular version of the song was recorded by Northern Irish singer Ruby Murray in January 1955 . Produced by Norrie Paramor , it reached No . 1 in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in February and March 1955 . Other recordings were made in 1955 by Jaye P. Morgan and by Alma Cogan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruby Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruby_Murray', 'summary': 'Ruby Florence Murray ( 29 March 1935 - 17 December 1996 ) was a Northern Irish singer and actress . One of the most popular singers in the British Isles in the 1950s , she scored ten hits in the UK Singles Chart between 1954 and 1959 . She also made pop chart history in March 1955 by having five singles in the Top Twenty in a single week .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skokiaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skokiaan', 'summary': 'Skokiaan is a popular tune originally written by Zimbabwean musician August Musarurwa ( d. 1968 , usually identified as August Msarurgwa on record labels ) in the tsaba-tsaba big-band style that succeeded marabi . Skokiaan ( Chikokiyana in Shona ) refers to an illegal self-made alcoholic beverage typically brewed over one day that may contain ingredients such as maize meal , water and yeast , to speed up the fermentation process . The tune has also been recorded as Sikokiyana , Skokiana , and Skokian . Within a year of its 1954 release in South Africa , at least 19 cover versions of Skokiaan appeared . The Rhodesian version reached No 17 in the United States , while a cover version by Ralph Marterie climbed to No . 3 . All versions combined propelled the tune to No . 2 on the Cash Box charts that year . Its popularity extended outside of music , with several urban areas in the United States taking its name . Artists who produced their own interpretations include The Four Lads , Louis Armstrong , Bill Haley , Herb Alpert , Brave Combo , Hugh Masekela and Kermit Ruffins . The Wiggles also covered this song on their Furry Tales album . The music itself illustrates the mutual influences between Africa and the wider world .'}]}, {'value': 'The Four Lads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Lads', 'summary': "The Four Lads is a Canadian male singing quartet . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the group earned many gold singles and albums . Its million-selling signature tunes include Moments to Remember , Standing on the Corner , No , Not Much , Who Needs You ? and Istanbul . The Four Lads made numerous television appearances including the award-winning PBS special , Moments to Remember . The current incarnation of the group features Don Farrar ( lead tenor ) , Aaron Bruce ( second tenor ) , and Alan Sokoloff ( baritone ) . The original quartet grew up together in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and were members of St. Michael 's Choir School , where they learned to sing . The founding members were Corrado Connie Codarini , bass ( died April 28 , 2010 ) ; John Bernard Bernie Toorish ( born March 2 , 1931 ) , tenor ; James F. Jimmy Arnold ( January 4 , 1932 - June 15 , 2004 ) , lead ; and Frank Busseri , baritone and group manager . Codarini and Toorish had formed a group with two other St. Michael 's students , Rudi Maugeri and John Perkins , who were later to become founding members of another group , The Crew-Cuts ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love is a Many Splendored Thing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Is_a_Many-Splendored_Thing_(song)', 'summary': "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing is a popular song with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Paul Francis Webster . The song was publicized first in the movie , Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing ( 1955 ) , winning the Academy Award for Best Original Song . From 1967 to 1973 , it was used as the theme song to Love is a Many Splendored Thing , the soap opera based on the movie . The song 's refrain is based on the aria Un bel dì vedremo from Giacomo Puccinis opera , Madama Butterfly . The music was commissioned for the movie Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing and initially included in the film 's Oscar-winning score , composed and conducted by Alfred Newman . Lyrics were subsequently added to make it eligible for the Best Original Song category of the Academy Awards . The original lyrics were rejected by the studio so new ones were written . The best-selling version of the song was recorded by The Four Aces backed by the Jack Pleis Orchestra and issued by Decca Records as catalog number 29625 . It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart , and number one on both Billboard and Cash Box in 1955 . The recording by The Four Aces is featured in the film Cookie ( 1989 ) . It became a gold record . [ citation needed ] This song has been a staple of Engelbert Humperdinck 's live show since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nat King Cole ; The Four Aces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nat_King_Cole', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Adams Coles ( March 17 , 1919 - February 15 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Nat King Cole , was an American vocalist and jazz pianist . He recorded over one hundred songs that became hits on the pop charts . His trio was the model for small jazz ensembles that followed . Cole also acted in films and on television and performed on Broadway . He was the first African-American man to host an American television series . He was the father of singer/songwriter Natalie Cole .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Aces', 'summary': "The Four Aces are an American male traditional pop music quartet , popular since the 1950s . Over the last half-century , the group amassed many gold records . Its million-selling signature tunes include Love is a Many-Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain , Stranger in Paradise , Tell Me Why , and ( It 's No ) Sin . Other big sellers included Shangri-La , Perfidia , and Sincerely . The original members , responsible for every song made popular by the group , included Al Alberts , Dave Mahoney , Lou Silvestri , and Rosario Sod Vaccaro ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serenade ( from The Student Prince )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Student_Prince_(film)', 'summary': "The Student Prince is a 1954 American musical film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Ann Blyth and Edmund Purdom , with John Ericson , Louis Calhern , Edmund Gwenn , S. Z. Sakall , and Betta St. John . The film is an adaptation of the 1924 operetta of the same name composed by Sigmund Romberg with lyrics by Dorothy Donnelly , with the screenplay by Sonya Levien and William Ludwig . Based on the stage play Old Heidelberg by Wilhelm Meyer-Förster ( itself an adaptation of his obscure 1898 novel Karl Heinrich ) , the film is about a brash young prince of a small German kingdom , who must choose between his romance with a barmaid and his impending royal duties . It was filmed and released in CinemaScope and Ansco Color . The film gained some infamy during production when original star Mario Lanza left the project before principal photography , necessitating his last-minute replacement by the lesser-known Purdom . Due to the contractual agreement between studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lanza , songs that the actor had already recorded were used in the film , dubbing over Purdom 's actual voice ."}]}, {'value': 'Mario Lanza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lanza', 'summary': "Mario Lanza ( US : /ˈlɑːnzə , ˈlænzə/ , Italian : [ ˈlantsa ] ; born Alfredo Arnold Cocozza [ koˈkɔttsa ] ; January 31 , 1921 - October 7 , 1959 ) was an American tenor of Italian ancestry , and an actor and Hollywood film star of the late 1940s and the 1950s . Lanza began studying to be a professional singer at the age of 16 . After appearing at the Hollywood Bowl in 1947 , Lanza signed a seven-year film contract with Louis B. Mayer , the head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , who saw his performance and was impressed by his singing . Prior to that , the adult Lanza had sung only two performances of an opera . The following year ( 1948 ) , however , he sang the role of Pinkerton in Puccini 's Madame Butterfly in New Orleans . His film début for MGM was in That Midnight Kiss ( 1949 ) with Kathryn Grayson and Ethel Barrymore . A year later , in The Toast of New Orleans , his featured popular song Be My Love became his first million-selling hit . In 1951 , he played the role of tenor Enrico Caruso , his idol , in the biopic The Great Caruso , which produced another million-seller with The Loveliest Night of the Year ( a song which used the melody of Sobre las Olas ) . The Great Caruso was the top-grossing film that year . The title song of his next film , Because You 're Mine , was his final million-selling hit song . The song went on to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song . After recording the soundtrack for his next film , The Student Prince , he embarked upon a protracted battle with studio head Dore Schary arising from artistic differences with director Curtis Bernhardt , and was eventually dismissed by MGM ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Naughty_Lady_of_Shady_Lane', 'summary': 'The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane is a popular song written by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett . The lyrics suggest that this naughty lady driving the whole town crazy is an attractive young woman who throws those come-hither glances at every Tom , Dick and Joe and when offered some liquid refreshment never says no ; but the last line reveals her to be an infant nine days old . Popular versions of the song were the 1954 recordings by The Ames Brothers and by Archie Bleyer . The recording by The Ames Brothers was made on September 8 , 1954 . It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5897 . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on November 20 , 1954 . On the Disk Jockey chart , it peaked at number 3 ; on the Best Seller chart , at number 3 ; on the Juke Box chart , at number 3 . This version sold over one million copies in the US , and also peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1955 . The Bleyer version was released by Cadence Records as catalog number 1254 . The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on November 24 , 1954 and lasted 5 weeks on the chart , peaking at number 26 . A contemporary review in Billboard compared the two versions by saying : The Bleyer record has the sound ; the Ames disk has the smoothness . Both have style .'}]}, {'value': 'Dean Martin ; The Ames Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Martin', 'summary': "Dean Paul Martin , born Dino Paul Crocetti , ( June 7 , 1917 - December 25 , 1995 ) was an American actor , singer and comedian . One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century , Martin was nicknamed The King of Cool for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance . Martin gained his career breakthrough together with fellow comedian Jerry Lewis , billed as Martin & Lewis , in 1946 . They performed in nightclubs and later had numerous appearances on radio , television and in films . Following an acrimonious ending of the partnership in 1956 , Martin pursued a solo career as a performer and actor . Martin established himself as a notable singer , recording numerous contemporary songs as well as standards from the Great American Songbook . He became one of the most popular acts in Las Vegas and was known for his friendship with fellow artists Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. , who together formed the Rat Pack . Starting in 1964 , Martin was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show , which centred on Martin 's singing talents and was characterized by his relaxed , easy-going demeanour . From 1974 to 1984 he was roastmaster on the popular Dean Martin Celebrity Roast , which drew notable celebrities , comedians and politicians . Throughout his career , Martin performed in concert stages , nightclubs , audio recordings and appeared in 85 film and television productions . His relaxed , warbling , crooning voice earned him dozens of hit singles , including his signature songs Memories Are Made of This , That 's Amore , Everybody Loves Somebody , You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You , Sway , Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? and Volare ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Ames_Brothers', 'summary': 'The Ames Brothers were a singing quartet from Malden , Massachusetts , who were particularly famous in the 1950s for their traditional pop music hits .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'If I Give My Heart to You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/If_I_Give_My_Heart_to_You', 'summary': 'If I Give My Heart to You is a popular song written by Jimmy Brewster ( Milt Gabler ) , Jimmie Crane , and Al Jacobs . The most popular versions of the song were recorded by Doris Day and by Denise Lor ; both charted in 1954 . The recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40300 . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on September 11 , 1954 . On the Disk Jockey chart , it peaked at # 4 ; on the Best Seller chart , at # 4 ; on the Juke Box chart , at # 3 . The recording by Denise Lor was released by Majar Records as catalog number 27 . It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on August 25 , 1954 and lasted 14 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Doris Day ; Nat King Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doris_Day', 'summary': "Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 - May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 . Day 's film career began during the latter part of the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) , leading to a 20-year career as a motion picture actress . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcock 's The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959 's Pillow Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Richard Widmark , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968-1973 ) . Day became one of the biggest film stars in the early 1960s , and as of 2012 was one of eight performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times . In 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nat_King_Cole', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Adams Coles ( March 17 , 1919 - February 15 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Nat King Cole , was an American vocalist and jazz pianist . He recorded over one hundred songs that became hits on the pop charts . His trio was the model for small jazz ensembles that followed . Cole also acted in films and on television and performed on Broadway . He was the first African-American man to host an American television series . He was the father of singer/songwriter Natalie Cole .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Learnin ' the Blues", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Learnin'_the_Blues", 'summary': "Learnin ' the Blues is a big band popular song written by Dolores Vicki Silvers . The song was originally recorded by Philadelphia singer Joe Valino ; then , famously , by Frank Sinatra with Nelson Riddle & his Orchestra in 1955 . Initially published on the B side of the EP Session With Sinatra ( Capitol Records EAP 1-629 ) , Learnin ' the Blues was subsequently re-released in June 1955 as a single with Sinatra 's If I Had Three Wishes on the B side ( Capitol 3102 ) . In the weeks of 3-9 and 24-30 July 1955 , Sinatra 's rendition was briefly the most frequently played song on U.S. radio . The single 's sales peaked at # 2 on the NME British charts in August 1955 , and at # 1 on the Australian charts for the week of 13-19 November 1955 . In cumulative year-end charts for 1955 , Learnin ' the Blues ranked # 14 ( Billboard Year-End ) in the United States and # 17 ( NME Year-End ) in the United Kingdom . Sinatra re-recorded the song in 1962 for the album Sinatra-Basie . The song was covered by Cab Calloway 1955 ( Bell 1096 USA ) . Rosemary Clooney on her tour album On Stage ( 1955 ) , by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong on their album Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) , by Glen Campbell from his 1979 sessions but remained unreleased until his 1995 album The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Three , by Katie Melua on her debut album Call Off The Search ( 2003 ) , by Del McCoury on his 2001 album Del and the Boys , and by Laura Dickinson on her debut album One For My Baby - To Frank Sinatra With Love ( 2014 ) . During the 2008 Grammy Awards , the evening began with Alicia Keys singing Learnin ' the Blues alongside archival footage of Frank Sinatra , similar to Natalie Cole 's Unforgettable duet with her deceased father Nat King Cole ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Sinatra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Sinatra', 'summary': "Francis Albert Sinatra ( /sɪˈnɑːtrə/ ; December 12 , 1915 - May 14 , 1998 ) was an American singer , actor and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 150 million records worldwide . Born to Italian immigrants in Hoboken , New Jersey , Sinatra began his musical career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James and Tommy Dorsey . Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 , becoming the idol of the bobby soxers . He released his debut album , The Voice of Frank Sinatra , in 1946 . But by the early 1950s his professional career had stalled and he turned to Las Vegas , where he became one of its best known residency performers as part of the Rat Pack . His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity , with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor . Sinatra released several critically lauded albums , including In the Wee Small Hours ( 1955 ) , Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! ( 1956 ) , Come Fly with Me ( 1958 ) , Only the Lonely ( 1958 ) and Nice ' n ' Easy ( 1960 ) . Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own record label , Reprise Records , and released a string of successful albums . In 1965 , he recorded the retrospective album , September of My Years and starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music . After releasing Sinatra at the Sands , recorded at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Vegas with frequent collaborator Count Basie in early 1966 , the following year he recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Tom Jobim , the album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Something 's Got ta Give", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Something's_Gotta_Give_(Johnny_Mercer_song)", 'summary': "Something 's Got ta Give is a popular song with words and music by Johnny Mercer in 1954 . It was published in 1955 . It was written for and first performed by Fred Astaire in the 1955 musical film Daddy Long Legs , and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 as Best Original Song , losing to Love is a Many Splendored Thing . The song playfully uses the irresistible force paradox - which asks what happens when an irresistible force meets an immovable object - as a metaphor for a relationship between a vivacious woman and an older , world-weary man . The man , it is implied , will give in to temptation and kiss the woman . The song 's lyrics echo the plot of Daddy Long Legs , in which a reserved man in his 50s ( Astaire ) falls in love with a woman in her early 20s ( Leslie Caron ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sammy Davis Jr ; The McGuire Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr', 'summary': "Samuel George Davis Jr. ( December 8 , 1925 - May 16 , 1990 ) was an American singer , musician , dancer , actor , vaudevillian , comedian and activist known for his impressions of actors , musicians and other celebrities . At age three , Davis Jr. began his career in vaudeville with his father Sammy Davis Sr. and the Will Mastin Trio , which toured nationally . After military service , Davis Jr. returned to the trio and became an overnight sensation following a nightclub performance at Ciro 's ( in West Hollywood ) after the 1951 Academy Awards . With the trio , he became a recording artist . In 1954 , at the age of 29 , he lost his left eye in a car accident . Several years later , he converted to Judaism , finding commonalities between the oppression experienced by African-American and Jewish communities . After a starring role on Broadway in Mr Wonderful ( 1956 ) , he returned to the stage in 1964 's Golden Boy . Davis Jr. 's film career began as a child in 1933 . In 1960 , he appeared in the Rat Pack film Ocean 's 11 . In 1966 , he had his own TV variety show , titled The Sammy Davis Jr. Show . While Davis ' career slowed in the late 1960s , his biggest hit , The Candy Man , reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1972 , and he became a star in Las Vegas , earning him the nickname Mister Show Business . Davis had a complex relationship with the black community and drew criticism after publicly supporting President Richard Nixon in 1972 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_McGuire_Sisters', 'summary': 'The McGuire Sisters were a singing trio in American popular music . The group was composed of three sisters :'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Top 25 singles of 1955 < 19541956 > Other Australian top charts for 1955top 25 albumsAustralian number-one charts of 1955albumssingles', 'uid': 'List_of_Top_25_singles_for_1955_in_Australia_0', 'intro': 'The following lists the top 25 (end of year) charting singles on the Australian Singles Charts, for the year of 1955. These were the best charting singles in Australia for 1955. The source for this year is the Kent Music Report, known from 1987 onwards as the Australian Music Report.'} | null | null | Who wrote the song performed by Frank Sinatra ? | Dolores Vicki Silvers |
042e535734939406 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_Yankees_team_records', 'title': 'List of New York Yankees team records', 'header': ['Statistic', 'Record', 'Opponent', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Home runs hit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_run', 'summary': 'In baseball , a home run ( abbreviated HR ) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process . In modern baseball , the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles ( or making contact with either foul pole ) without first touching the ground , resulting in an automatic home run . There is also the inside-the-park home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field . A home run with a high exit velocity and good launch angle is sometimes called a no-doubter , because it leaves no doubt that it is going to leave the park when it leaves the bat . When a home run is scored , the batter is also credited with a hit and a run scored , and an RBI for each runner that scores , including himself . Likewise , the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit and a run , with additional runs charged for each runner that scores other than the batter . Home runs are among the most popular aspects of baseball and , as a result , prolific home run hitters are usually the most popular among fans and consequently the highest paid by teams - hence the old saying , Home run hitters drive Cadillacs , and singles hitters drive Fords ( coined , circa 1948 , by veteran pitcher Fritz Ostermueller , by way of mentoring his young teammate , Ralph Kiner ) .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home runs hit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_run', 'summary': 'In baseball , a home run ( abbreviated HR ) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process . In modern baseball , the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles ( or making contact with either foul pole ) without first touching the ground , resulting in an automatic home run . There is also the inside-the-park home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field . A home run with a high exit velocity and good launch angle is sometimes called a no-doubter , because it leaves no doubt that it is going to leave the park when it leaves the bat . When a home run is scored , the batter is also credited with a hit and a run scored , and an RBI for each runner that scores , including himself . Likewise , the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit and a run , with additional runs charged for each runner that scores other than the batter . Home runs are among the most popular aspects of baseball and , as a result , prolific home run hitters are usually the most popular among fans and consequently the highest paid by teams - hence the old saying , Home run hitters drive Cadillacs , and singles hitters drive Fords ( coined , circa 1948 , by veteran pitcher Fritz Ostermueller , by way of mentoring his young teammate , Ralph Kiner ) .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runs scored', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a run is scored when a player advances around first , second and third base and returns safely to home plate , touching the bases in that order , before three outs are recorded and all obligations to reach base safely on batted balls are met or assured . A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely on base ( that is , on first , second , or third ) as a runner and subsequently brings him home . The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent . The Official Baseball Rules hold that if the third out of an inning is a force out of a runner advancing to any base then , even if another baserunner crosses home plate before that force out is made , his run does not count . However , if the third out is not a force out , but a tag out , then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made , his run will count . In baseball statistics , a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run ( R ) , sometimes referred to as a run scored . While runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic , it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context-dependent ; however , the sabermetric statistic runs created provides a more sophisticated assessment of a player 's contribution toward producing runs for his team . A pitcher is likewise assessed runs surrendered in his statistics , which differentiate between standard earned runs ( for which the pitcher is statistically assigned full responsibility ) and unearned runs scored due to fielding errors , which do not count in his personal statistics . Specifically , if a fielding error occurs which affects the number of runs scored in an inning , the Official Scorer - the official in-game statistician - in order to determine how many of the runs should be classified as earned , will reconstruct the inning as if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two-run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'May 24 , 1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hit_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , a hit ( denoted by H ) , also called a base hit , is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches first base after hitting the ball into fair territory , without the benefit of an error or a fielder 's choice ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire , without the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) or another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A double is a type of hit ( the others being the single , triple and home run ) and is sometimes called a two-bagger or two-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 2B ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays', 'summary': "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ."}]}, {'value': 'April 12 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire , without the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) or another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A double is a type of hit ( the others being the single , triple and home run ) and is sometimes called a two-bagger or two-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 2B ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 5 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball , with neither the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) nor another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A triple is sometimes called a three-bagger or three-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 3B . Triples have become somewhat rare in Major League Baseball . It often requires a ball hit to a distant part of the field , or the ball taking an unusual bounce in the outfield . It also usually requires that the batter hit the ball solidly , and be a speedy runner . It also often requires that the batter 's team have a good strategic reason for wanting the batter on third base , as a double will already put the batter in scoring position and there will often be little strategic advantage to taking the risk of trying to stretch a double into a triple . ( The inside-the-park home run is much rarer than a triple ) . The trend for modern ballparks is to have smaller outfields ( often increasing the number of home runs ) ; it has ensured that the career and season triples leaders mostly consist of those who played early in Major League Baseball history , generally in the dead-ball era . A walk-off triple ( one that ends a game ) occurs very infrequently . For example , the 2016 MLB season saw only three walk-off triples , excluding one play that was actually a triple plus an error ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}]}, {'value': 'May 1 , 1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand slams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a grand slam is a home run hit with all three bases occupied by baserunners ( bases loaded ) , thereby scoring four runs - the most possible in one play . According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary , the term originated in the card game of contract bridge , [ better source needed ] in which a grand slam involves taking all the possible tricks . The word slam , by itself , usually is connected with a loud sound , particularly of a door being closed with excess force ; thus , slamming the door on one 's opponent ( s ) , in addition to the bat slamming the ball into a home run ."}]}, {'value': '3*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakland Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Athletics', 'summary': "The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back-to-back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank Home Run Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Vida Blue , Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the Bash Brothers , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . From 1901 to 2019 , the Athletics ' overall win-loss record is 9,028-9,452 ( .489 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runners left on base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_on_base', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'September 5 , 1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strikeouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strikeout', 'summary': 'In baseball or softball , a strikeout ( or strike-out ) occurs when a batter racks up three strikes during a time at bat . It usually means the batter is out . A strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters , and is denoted by K. A strikeout looking - in which the batter does not swing and the third strike is called by the umpire - is usually denoted by a ꓘ . Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter , the free-swinging style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out . Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time - such as Alex Rodriguez , Reggie Jackson , and Jim Thome - were notorious for striking out .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': 'May 7 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stolen bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stolen_base', 'summary': 'In baseball , a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner . The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base , but the official scorer rules on the question of credit or blame for the advance under Rule 10 . A stolen base most often occurs when a base runner advances to the next base while the pitcher is pitching the ball to home plate . Successful base stealers are not only fast but have good baserunning instincts and timing .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 1911', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Team single-game records -- Single-game batting', 'section_text': "Hideki Matsui hit two of the Yankees ' eight home runs on July 31 , 2007 . [ 49 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_Yankees_team_records_4', 'intro': "The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the Bronx, New York. They compete in the East Division of Major League Baseball's (MLB) American League (AL). The club began play in 1903 as the Highlanders, after owners Frank Farrell and William S. Devery had bought the defunct Baltimore Orioles and moved the team to New York City; in 1913, the team changed its nickname to the Yankees. From 1903 to 2019, the franchise has won more than 10,000 games and 27 World Series championships. The list below documents players and teams that hold particular club records. Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records, with 16, including career home runs, and career and single-season batting average and on-base percentage. Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters, with eight. Jeter's marks include the records for career hits, singles, doubles, and stolen bases. Among pitchers, Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five, all of which are career totals. These include games won, games started, and innings pitched. Several Yankees hold AL and MLB records. Ruth has MLB single-season records for extra-base hits and total bases, and holds four other AL single-season records."} | null | null | What was the original name of the team that played against the New York Yankees on May 7 , 2017 ? | White Stockings |
042e614d7b4d03bb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-136_(1941)', 'title': 'German submarine U-136 (1941)', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Tonnage', 'Fate'], 'data': [{'value': '5 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Arbutus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Arbutus_(K86)', 'summary': 'HMS Arbutus was a Flower-class corvette of the Royal Navy , which was active during the Second World War . She was a successful escort vessel , and took part in the destruction of two U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic . Arbutus was sunk in the North Atlantic in February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '4,028', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMCS Spikenard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMCS_Spikenard_(K198)', 'summary': 'HMCS Spikenard was a Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War . She served primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort . She was named for the Spikenard flower .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Canadian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy', 'summary': 'The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ; French : Marine royale canadienne ) is the naval force of Canada . The RCN is one of three environmental ( land - army , sea - navy , and air - air force ) commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2017 [ update ] , The Royal Canadian Navy operates 12 frigates , 4 attack submarines , 12 coastal defence vessels and 8 patrol/training vessels , as well as several auxiliary vessels . The Royal Canadian Navy consists of 8,500 Regular Force and 5,100 Primary Reserve sailors , supported by 5,300 civilians . [ a 1 ] Vice-Admiral Art McDonald is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and Chief of the Naval Staff . [ a 2 ] Founded in 1910 as the Naval Service of Canada and given royal sanction on 29 August 1911 , the Royal Canadian Navy was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army to form the unified Canadian Armed Forces in 1968 , after which it was known as Maritime Command until 2011 . In 2011 , its historical title of Royal Canadian Navy was restored . Over the course of its history , the RCN has served in the First and Second World Wars , the Korean War , the Persian Gulf War , the War in Afghanistan and numerous United Nations peacekeeping missions and NATO operations .'}]}, {'value': '925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire Comet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Empire_Comet', 'summary': 'Empire Comet was a 6,914 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1940 by Lithgows Ltd , Port Glasgow for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . She was torpedoed and sunk by U-136 in June 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '6,914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 April 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axtell J. Byles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '8,955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 April 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire Drum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Empire_Drum', 'summary': 'Empire Drum was a 7,244 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1941 by William Doxford & Sons Ltd , Sunderland , Co Durham , United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . Completed in March 1942 , she had a short career , being torpedoed and sunk on 24 April 1942 by U-136 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7,244', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 April 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in April 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during April 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '5,163', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mildred Pauline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Summary of raiding history', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'German_submarine_U-136_(1941)_0', 'intro': "German submarine U-136 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was laid down at Vulkan-Vegesackerwerft in Bremen on 2 October 1940 as yard number 15, launched on 5 July 1941 and commissioned on 30 August with Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Zimmermann in command. Her service career began with the commencement of crew training with the 6th U-boat Flotilla on her commissioning date. She became operational on 1 January 1942, also with the 6th flotilla. She sank five ships, with a total of 23,649 gross register tons (GRT) and two warships totalling 1,850 tons. She also damaged one ship of 8,955 GRT."} | null | null | What was the nationality of the ship built in 1940 by Lithgows Ltd , Port Glasgow ? | United Kingdom |
042ed44414368c49 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_California', 'title': 'List of colleges and universities in California', 'header': ['Name', 'City', 'County', 'Enrollment ( fall 2018 )', 'Founded'], 'data': [{'value': 'University of California , Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Alameda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alameda_County,_California', 'summary': 'Alameda County ( /ˌæləˈmiːdə/ AL-ə-MEE-də ) is a county in the state of California in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,510,271 , making it the 7th-most populous county in the state . The county seat is Oakland . Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area , occupying much of the East Bay region . The Spanish word alameda means either , .a grove of poplars , .or a tree lined street a name originally used to describe the Arroyo de la Alameda . The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early Spanish explorers of a road lined with trees . Although a strict translation to English might be Poplar Grove Creek , the name of the principal stream that flows through the county is now simply Alameda Creek . Alameda County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '42,519', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis', 'summary': 'The University of California , Davis ( UC Davis ) , is a public research university and land-grant university adjacent to Davis , California . It is part of the University of California system and has the third-largest enrollment in the system after UCLA and UC Berkeley . The institution was founded as a branch in 1905 and became its own separate entity in 1959 . It has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . The university is classified as a comprehensive doctoral research university with a medical program , and very high research activity . The UC Davis faculty includes 23 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 30 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 17 members of the American Law Institute , 14 members of the Institute of Medicine , and 14 members of the National Academy of Engineering . Among other honors , university faculty , alumni , and researchers have won the Nobel Peace Prize , Presidential Medal of Freedom , Pulitzer Prize , MacArthur Fellowship , National Medal of Science , Blue Planet Prize , Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers , and World Food Prize . Founded as primarily an agricultural campus , the university has expanded over the past century to include graduate and professional programs in medicine ( which includes the UC Davis Medical Center ) , law , veterinary medicine , education , nursing , and business management , in addition to 90 research programs offered by UC Davis Graduate Studies . The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest in the United States and has been ranked first in the world for five consecutive years ( 2015-19 ) . UC Davis offers certificates and courses , including online classes , for adults and non-traditional learners through its Division of Continuing and Professional Education . The UC Davis Aggies athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I level , primarily in the Big West Conference as well as the Big Sky Conference ( football only ) and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . In its first year of full Division I status , 11 UC Davis teams qualified for NCAA post-season competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davis,_California', 'summary': "Davis , known prior to 1907 as Davisville , is a city in the U.S. state of California and the most populous city in Yolo County . It had a population of 65,622 in 2010 , not including the on-campus population of the University of California , Davis , which was over 9,400 ( not including students ' families ) in 2016 . As of 2016 , there were 35,186 students enrolled at the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolo_County,_California', 'summary': "Yolo County , officially the County of Yolo , is a county located in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 200,849 . Its county seat is Woodland . Yolo County is included in the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area and is located in the Sacramento Valley . The majority of Yolo County remains a relatively rural agricultural region . Much of California 's multibillion-dollar tomato industry , which accounts for 90 percent of the canned and processed tomato production in the United States and 35 percent of production worldwide , is located in Yolo County ."}]}, {'value': '39,152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine', 'summary': 'The University of California , Irvine ( UCI or UC Irvine ) is a public research university in Irvine , California . It is one of the 10 campuses in the University of California ( UC ) system . UC Irvine offers 87 undergraduate degrees and 129 graduate and professional degrees . The university is classified as a Research I university and in 2017 had $ 361 million in research and development expenditures , according to the National Science Foundation . UC Irvine became a member of the Association of American Universities in 1996 and is the youngest university to hold membership . It is considered to be one of the Public Ivies , meaning that it is among those publicly funded universities thought to provide a quality of education comparable to that of the Ivy League . The university also administers the UC Irvine Medical Center , a large teaching hospital in Orange , and its affiliated health sciences system ; the University of California , Irvine , Arboretum ; and a portion of the University of California Natural Reserve System . UC Irvine set up the first Earth System Science Department in the United States . UCI was one of three new UC campuses established in the 1960s to accommodate growing enrollments across the UC system . A site in Orange County was identified in 1959 , and in the following year the Irvine Company sold the University of California 1,000 acres ( 400 ha ) of land for one dollar to establish the new campus . President Lyndon B. Johnson dedicated the campus in 1964 , a fact which was commemorated with the delivery of a commencement speech by President Barack Obama exactly fifty years later . A total of seven Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irvine,_California', 'summary': "Irvine ( /ˈɜːrvaɪn/ ) is a master-planned city in Orange County , California , United States in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28 , 1971 . The 66-square-mile ( 170 km2 ) city had a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census ; in 2018 the California Department of Finance estimated the city 's population at 276,176 . A number of corporations , particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors , have their national or international headquarters in Irvine . Irvine is also home to several higher education institutions including the University of California , Irvine ( UCI ) , Concordia University , Irvine Valley College , the Orange County Center of the University of Southern California ( USC ) , and campuses of California State University Fullerton ( CSUF ) , University of La Verne , and Pepperdine University ."}]}, {'value': 'Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_County,_California', 'summary': "Orange County is a county located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 3,010,232 , making it the third-most populous county in California , the sixth most populous in the U.S. , and more populous than 21 U.S. states . Although mostly suburban , it is the second most densely populated county in the state , behind San Francisco County . The county 's four most populous cities , Anaheim , Santa Ana ( the county seat ) , Irvine , and Huntington Beach , each have a population exceeding 200,000 . Six cities are on the Pacific coast , including Seal Beach , Huntington Beach , Newport Beach , Laguna Beach , Dana Point , and San Clemente . Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county has 34 incorporated cities . Older cities like Santa Ana , Anaheim , and Fullerton have traditional downtowns dating back to the 19th century , while newer commercial development or edge cities stretch along I-5 between Disneyland and Santa Ana and between South Coast Plaza and the Irvine Business Complex , and cluster at Irvine Spectrum . Northern and Central Orange County , while single-family homes are still prevalent , is relatively more urbanized and dense , while beyond Irvine , the county is relatively less dense , though still contiguous , suburban and not exurban . The county is a tourist center , with attractions like Disneyland , Knott 's Berry Farm , and several popular beaches along its more than 40 miles ( 64 km ) of coastline ."}]}, {'value': '35,220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles County , officially the County of Los Angeles , in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of the U.S. state of California , is the single most populous county in the United States , with more than 10 million inhabitants as of 2018 [ update ] . As such , it is the largest non-state level government entity in the United States . Its population is larger than that of 41 individual U.S. states . It is the third-largest metropolitan economy in the world , with a Nominal GDP of over $ 700 billion - larger than the GDPs of countries such as Belgium , Norway , or Taiwan . It has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and , at 4,083 square miles ( 10,570 km2 ) , it is larger than the combined areas of Delaware and Rhode Island . The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically-diverse counties in the U.S. Its county seat , Los Angeles , is also California 's most populous city and the second most populous city in the U.S. , with about 4 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '45,428', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Merced', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Merced', 'summary': 'The University of California , Merced ( UC Merced or UCM ) is a public university near Merced , California . It is the tenth and newest of the University of California campuses . Most UC Merced students are from California with enrollment nearly evenly divided among Southern California , the Central Valley , and Northern California . UC Merced claims to be the only institution in the United States whose buildings are all LEED certified . Its Triple Net Zero Commitment is expected to create zero net landfill waste and zero net greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Merced', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merced,_California', 'summary': 'Merced /mɜːrˈsɛd/ ( Spanish for Mercy ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Merced County , California , United States , in the San Joaquin Valley . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 83,316 . Incorporated on April 1 , 1889 , Merced is a charter city that operates under a council-manager government . It is named after the Merced River , which flows nearby . Merced , known as the Gateway to Yosemite , is less than two hours by automobile from Yosemite National Park to the east and Monterey Bay , the Pacific Ocean , and multiple beaches to the west . The community is served by the passenger rail service Amtrak , a minor , heavily subsidized airline through Merced Regional Airport , and three bus lines . It is approximately 110 miles ( 180 km ) from Sacramento , 130 miles ( 210 km ) from San Francisco , 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Fresno , and 270 miles ( 430 km ) from Los Angeles . In 2005 , the city became home to the 10th University of California campus , University of California , Merced ( UC Merced ) , the first research university built in the U.S. in the 21st century .'}]}, {'value': 'Merced', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley', 'summary': 'The San Joaquin Valley ( /ˌsæn hwɑːˈkiːn/ SAN whah-KEEN ) is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River . It comprises eight counties of Central California . It consists of San Joaquin and Kings counties , most of Stanislaus , Merced , and Fresno counties , and parts of Madera and Tulare counties , along with a majority of Kern County . Although a majority of the valley is rural , it does contain cities such as Fresno , Bakersfield , Stockton , Modesto , Turlock , Tulare , Porterville , Visalia , Merced , and Hanford . San Joaquin Valley was originally inhabited by the Yokuts and Miwok peoples . The first European to enter the valley was Pedro Fages in 1772 .'}]}, {'value': '8,544', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Riverside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside', 'summary': "The University of California , Riverside ( UCR or UC Riverside ) is a public research university in Riverside , California . It is one of the 10 general campuses of the University of California system . The main campus sits on 1,900 acres ( 769 ha ) in a suburban district of Riverside with a branch campus of 20 acres ( 8 ha ) in Palm Desert . In 1907 , the predecessor to UCR was founded as the UC Citrus Experiment Station , Riverside which pioneered research in biological pest control and the use of growth regulators responsible for extending the citrus growing season in California from four to nine months . Some of the world 's most important research collections on citrus diversity and entomology , as well as science fiction and photography , are located at Riverside . UCR 's undergraduate College of Letters and Science opened in 1954 . The Regents of the University of California declared UCR a general campus of the system in 1959 , and graduate students were admitted in 1961 . To accommodate an enrollment of 21,000 students by 2015 , more than $ 730 million has been invested in new construction projects since 1999 . Preliminary accreditation of the UC Riverside School of Medicine was granted in October 2012 and the first class of 50 students was enrolled in August 2013 . It is the first new research-based public medical school in 40 years . UCR is consistently ranked as one of the most ethnically and economically diverse universities in the United States . The 2019 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges rankings places UCR tied for 35th among top public universities and ranks 85th nationwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside,_California', 'summary': 'Riverside is a city in , and the county seat of , Riverside County , California , United States , located in the Inland Empire metropolitan area . It is named for its location beside the Santa Ana River . It is the most populous city in the Inland Empire and in Riverside County , and is located about 55 miles ( 89 km ) east of downtown Los Angeles . It is also part of the Greater Los Angeles area . Riverside is the 59th most populous city in the United States and 12th most populous city in California . As of the 2010 Census , Riverside had a population of 303,871 . Riverside was founded in the early 1870s . It is the birthplace of the California citrus industry and home of the Mission Inn , the largest Mission Revival Style building in the United States . It is also home to the Riverside National Cemetery . The University of California , Riverside , is located in the northeastern part of the city . The university also hosts the Riverside Sports Complex . Other attractions in Riverside include the Fox Performing Arts Center , Riverside Metropolitan Museum , which houses exhibits and artifacts of local history , the California Museum of Photography , the California Citrus State Historic Park , and the Parent Washington Navel Orange Tree , the last of the two original navel orange trees in California .'}]}, {'value': 'Riverside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_County,_California', 'summary': 'Riverside County is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 2,189,641 , making it the fourth-most populous county in California and the 11th-most populous in the United States . The name was derived from the city of Riverside , which is the county seat . Riverside County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Inland Empire . The county is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach Combined Statistical Area . Roughly rectangular , Riverside County covers 7,208 square miles ( 18,670 km2 ) in Southern California , spanning from the greater Los Angeles area to the Arizona border . Geographically , the county is mostly desert in the central and eastern portions , but has a Mediterranean climate in the western portion . Most of Joshua Tree National Park is located in the county . The resort cities of Palm Springs , Palm Desert , Indian Wells , La Quinta , Rancho Mirage , and Desert Hot Springs are all located in the Coachella Valley region of central Riverside County . Large numbers of Los Angeles area workers have moved to the county in recent years ( data from the US Census Bureau for 2007 through 2011 ) to take advantage of relatively affordable housing . Along with neighboring San Bernardino County , it was one of the fastest growing regions in the state prior to the recent changes in the regional economy . In addition , smaller , but significant , numbers of people have been moving into southwest Riverside County from the San Diego metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': '23,278', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego', 'summary': "The University of California , San Diego ( UC San Diego or , colloquially , UCSD [ a ] ) is a public research university in San Diego , California . Established in 1960 near the pre-existing Scripps Institution of Oceanography , UC San Diego is the seventh-oldest of the 10 University of California campuses and offers over 200 undergraduate and graduate degree programs , enrolling approximately 30,800 undergraduate and 8,000 graduate students . The university occupies 2,141 acres ( 866 ha ) near the coast of the Pacific Ocean , with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres ( 466 ha ) . UC San Diego is organized into seven undergraduate residential colleges ( Revelle , John Muir , Thurgood Marshall , Earl Warren , Eleanor Roosevelt , Sixth , and Seventh ; Seventh College will enroll its first students in Fall 2020 ) , four academic divisions ( Arts and Humanities , Biological Sciences , Physical Sciences , and Social Sciences ) , and seven graduate and professional schools ( Jacobs School of Engineering , Rady School of Management , Scripps Institution of Oceanography , School of Global Policy and Strategy , School of Medicine , Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , and the newly approved School of Public Health ) . UC San Diego Health , the region 's only academic health system , provides patient care , conducts medical research and educates future health care professionals at the UC San Diego Medical Center , Hillcrest , Jacobs Medical Center , Moores Cancer Center , Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center , Shiley Eye Institute , Koman Family Outpatient Pavilion and various express care and urgent care clinics throughout San Diego . The university operates 19 organized research units ( ORUs ) , including the Center for Energy Research , Qualcomm Institute ( a branch of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology ) , San Diego Supercomputer Center and the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind , as well as eight School of Medicine research units , six research centers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and two multi-campus initiatives , including the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation . UC San Diego is also closely affiliated with several regional research centers , such as the Salk Institute , the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , and the Scripps Research Institute . According to the National Science Foundation , UC San Diego spent $ 1.133 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2017 , ranking it 7th in the nation . UCSD is considered one of the country 's Public Ivies . As of August 2018 , UC San Diego faculty , researchers and alumni have won 27 Nobel Prizes and three Fields Medals , eight National Medals of Science , eight MacArthur Fellowships , and two Pulitzer Prizes . Additionally , of the current faculty , 29 have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering , 70 to the National Academy of Sciences , 45 to the Institute of Medicine and 110 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California', 'summary': "San Diego County , officially the County of San Diego , is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 3,095,313. making it California 's second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States . Its county seat is San Diego , the eighth-most populous city in the United States . It is the southwesternmost county in the 48 contiguous United States . San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 18th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . San Diego is also part of the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico . Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas . San Diego County has more than 70 miles ( 110 km ) of coastline . This forms the most densely populated region of the county , which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation , similar to the rest of the western portion of southern California . Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to the east , with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter . These lushly forested mountains receive more rainfall than average in southern California , while the desert region of the county lies in a rain shadow to the east , which extends into the Desert Southwest region of North America . There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Coast Guard in San Diego County ."}]}, {'value': '38,798', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara', 'summary': "The University of California , Santa Barbara ( UC Santa Barbara or UCSB ) is a public research university in Santa Barbara , California . It is one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system . Tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers ' college , UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system . The university is a comprehensive doctoral university and is organized into five colleges and schools offering 87 undergraduate degrees and 55 graduate degrees . In his 2001 book The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities , author Howard Greene labeled UCSB a Public Ivy . UC Santa Barbara is a research university with 10 national research centers , including the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and the Center for Control , Dynamical-Systems and Computation . Current UCSB faculty includes six Nobel Prize laureates , one Fields Medalist , 39 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 27 members of the National Academy of Engineering , and 34 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . UCSB was the No . 3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995 . The faculty also includes two Academy and Emmy Award winners , and recipients of a Millennium Technology Prize , an IEEE Medal of Honor , a National Medal of Technology and Innovation and a Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics . The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos compete in the Big West Conference of the NCAA Division I . [ a ] The Gauchos have won NCAA national championships in men 's soccer and men 's water polo ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara County , California , officially the County of Santa Barbara , is a county located in the southern region of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 423,895 . The county seat is Santa Barbara , and the largest city is Santa Maria . Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Most of the county is part of the California Central Coast . Mainstays of the county 's economy include engineering , resource extraction ( particularly petroleum extraction and diatomaceous earth mining ) , winemaking , agriculture , and education . The software development and tourism industries are important employers in the southern part of the county . Southern Santa Barbara County is sometimes considered the northern cultural boundary of Southern California ."}]}, {'value': '24,346', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1891**', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Santa Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz', 'summary': 'The University of California , Santa Cruz ( UC Santa Cruz or UCSC ) is a public research university in Santa Cruz , California . It is one of 10 campuses in the University of California system . Located 75 miles ( 120 km ) south of San Francisco at the edge of the coastal community of Santa Cruz , the campus lies on 2,001 acres ( 810 ha ) of rolling , forested hills overlooking the Pacific Ocean and Monterey Bay . Founded in 1965 , UC Santa Cruz began with the intention to showcase progressive , cross-disciplinary undergraduate education , innovative teaching methods and contemporary architecture . The residential college system consists of ten small colleges .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California', 'summary': "Santa Cruz ( /ˈsæntə ˈkruːz/ ; Spanish for Holy Cross ) is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County , California . As of 2018 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated Santa Cruz 's population at 64,725 . Situated on the northern edge of Monterey Bay , about 32 mi ( 51 km ) south of San Jose and 75 mi ( 120 km ) south of San Francisco , the city is part of the 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area . Santa Cruz is known for its moderate climate , natural environment , coastline , redwood forests , alternative community lifestyles , and socially liberal leanings . It is also home to the University of California , Santa Cruz , a premier research institution and educational hub , as well as the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk , an oceanfront amusement park operating continuously since 1907 . The present-day site of Santa Cruz was the location of Spanish settlement beginning in 1791 , including Mission Santa Cruz and the pueblo of Branciforte . The City of Santa Cruz was incorporated in 1866 and chartered in April 1876 . Important early industries included lumber , gunpowder , lime and agriculture . Late in the 19th century , Santa Cruz established itself as a beach resort community ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz County , California , officially the County of Santa Cruz , is a county on the Pacific coast of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 262,382 . The county seat is Santa Cruz . Santa Cruz County comprises the Santa Cruz-Watsonville , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area . The county is on the California Central Coast , south of the San Francisco Bay Area region . The county forms the northern coast of the Monterey Bay , with Monterey County forming the southern coast .'}]}, {'value': '19,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'State institutions -- Four-year institutions', 'section_text': 'Main article : University of California', 'uid': 'List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_California_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of colleges and universities in California.'} | null | null | What national park is near this city that has this public university whose buildings are all LEED certified ? | Yosemite National Park |
042eef5927c41ffe | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_22)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 22)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'March 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Chris O'Donnell , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Beautiful Baby Week", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Chris_O'Donnell", 'summary': "Christopher Eugene O'Donnell ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor and former model . He played Charlie Simms in Scent of a Woman , Chris Reece in School Ties , D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers , Jack Foley in the drama film Circle of Friends , Dick Grayson/Robin in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , Jason Brown in Robert Altman 's Cookie 's Fortune , Peter Garrett in Vertical Limit , and Wardell Pomeroy in Kinsey . O'Donnell currently stars as special Agent G. Callen on the CBS crime drama television series NCIS : Los Angeles , a spin-off of NCIS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carrie_Ann_Inaba', 'summary': "Carrie Ann Inaba ( born January 5 , 1968 ) is an American television personality , dancer , choreographer , actress , and singer . She is best known for her work on ABC TV 's Dancing with the Stars , as Fook Yu in Austin Powers in Goldmember . She is a current co-host and moderator of the CBS Daytime talk show , The Talk . She started her career as a singer in Japan , but became best known for her dancing , first introducing herself to American audiences as one of the original Fly Girls on the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color from 1990 to 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jake Pavelka , Johnny Weir and Beautiful Baby Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Pavelka', 'summary': 'Jacob Lynn Jake Pavelka ( born January 27 , 1978 ) is an American television personality who appeared on six reality TV programs , most notably The Bachelor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Weir', 'summary': 'John Garvin Weir ( born July 2 , 1984 ) is an American figure skater , fashion designer , and television commentator . He is a two-time Olympian , the 2008 World bronze medalist , a two-time Grand Prix Final bronze medalist , the 2001 World Junior Champion , and a three-time U.S. national champion ( 2004-2006 ) . He is also known for his sports commentary with Tara Lipinski , as well as his work in LGBTQ activism .'}]}, {'value': 'March 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Heidi Klum , Jeff Garlin , Corinne Bailey Rae , and Beautiful Baby Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heidi_Klum', 'summary': "Heidi Klum ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhaɪ̯diː ˈklʊm ] ; born 1 June 1973 ) is a German-American model , television personality , businesswoman , fashion designer , singer , television producer , author , and actress . She appeared on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 1998 and was the first German model to become a Victoria 's Secret Angel . Following a successful modeling career , Klum became the host and a judge of Germany 's Next Topmodel and the reality show Project Runway , which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program ( shared with co-host Tim Gunn ) ; Klum has been nominated for six Emmy Awards . She has worked as a spokesmodel for Dannon and H & M , and has appeared in numerous commercials for McDonald 's , Volkswagen and others . In 2009 , Klum became Barbie 's official ambassador on Barbie 's 50th anniversary . As an occasional actress , she had supporting roles in movies including Blow Dry ( 2001 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , and made cameo appearances in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) and Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) . She has also appeared on TV shows including Sex and the City , How I Met Your Mother , Desperate Housewives and Parks and Recreation . From 2013 until February 2019 , Klum was a judge on NBC reality show , America 's Got Talent . In May 2011 , Forbes magazine estimated Klum 's total earnings for that year as US $ 20 million . She was ranked second on Forbes ' list of the World 's Top-Earning Models . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victoria 's Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . In 2008 , she became an American citizen while maintaining her native German citizenship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Garlin', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Todd Garlin ( born June 5 , 1962 ) is an American comedian and actor . He plays Jeff Greene on the HBO show Curb Your Enthusiasm , Mort Meyers on Arrested Development for Fox and Netflix and Murray Goldberg , the patriarch of the eponymous family in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs . He has also appeared in ParaNorman , Wall-E , Toy Story 3 and Safety Not Guaranteed , among other films and has hosted his own podcast on Earwolf since 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae', 'summary': "Corinne Jacqueline Bailey Rae /kəˈrɪn ˈbeɪli ˈreɪ/ ( née Bailey ; born 26 February 1979 ) is a British singer and songwriter from Leeds . Bailey Rae was named the number-one predicted breakthrough act of 2006 in an annual BBC poll of music critics , Sound of 2006 . She released her debut album , Corinne Bailey Rae , in February 2006 , and became the fourth female British act in history to have her first album debut at number one . In 2007 , Bailey Rae was nominated for three Grammy Awards and three Brit Awards , and won two MOBO Awards . In 2008 , she won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year ( for her work as a featured artist in Herbie Hancock 's River : The Joni Letters ) . Bailey Rae released her second album , The Sea , on 26 January 2010 , after a hiatus of almost three years . It was produced by Steve Brown and Steve Chrisanthou ( who produced her debut album in 2006 ) . She was nominated for the 2010 Mercury Prize for Album of the Year . In 2012 , she won a Grammy Award for Best R & B Performance for Is This Love ( a cover of the Bob Marley and the Wailers song of the same name ) . Bailey Rae was married to fellow musician Jason Rae from 2001 until his death in 2008 , and as part of the grieving process , she channeled her emotions into her music . Her first two albums have together sold over five million copies worldwide . On 26 February 2016 , Bailey Rae announced her third album , The Heart Speaks in Whispers , which was released on 13 May 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Hanks , Tom Brokaw , and Beautiful Baby Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Hanks', 'summary': "Thomas Jeffrey Hanks ( born July 9 , 1956 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Hanks is known for his comedic and dramatic roles in such films as Splash ( 1984 ) , Bachelor Party ( 1984 ) , Big ( 1988 ) , Turner & Hooch ( 1989 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) , The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Cast Away ( 2000 ) , Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) , Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) , Sully ( 2016 ) , and A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood ( 2019 ) . He has also starred in the Robert Langdon films , and he voices Sheriff Woody in the Toy Story film series . He is one of the most popular and recognizable film stars worldwide , and he is widely regarded as an American cultural icon . Hanks has collaborated with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date : Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , The Terminal ( 2004 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) , as well as the 2001 miniseries Band of Brothers , which launched Hanks as a successful director , producer , and screenwriter . In 2010 , Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries The Pacific . Hanks ' films have grossed more than $ 4.9 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $ 9.96 billion worldwide , making him the fifth-highest-grossing actor in North America . His awards include a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Philadelphia ( 1993 ) , as well as a Golden Globe Award , an Academy Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a People 's Choice Award for Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . Hanks is one of only two actors to win the Academy Award for Best Actor in consecutive years , Spencer Tracy being the other . In 2004 , he received the Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) . In 2014 , he received a Kennedy Center Honor , and in 2016 , he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama , as well as the French Legion of Honor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Brokaw', 'summary': "Thomas John Brokaw ( /ˈbroʊkɔː/ ; born February 6 , 1940 ) is an American television journalist and author . He was the anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News for 22 years ( 1982-2004 ) . He is the only person to have hosted all three major NBC News programs : The Today Show , NBC Nightly News , and , briefly , Meet the Press . He now serves as a special correspondent for NBC News and works on documentaries for other outlets . Along with his competitors Peter Jennings at ABC News and Dan Rather at CBS News , Brokaw was one of the Big Three news anchors in the U.S. during the 1980s , 1990s and early 2000s . The three hosted their networks ' flagship nightly news programs for over 20 years , and all three started and retired ( or died , in Jennings ' case ) within a year of each other . Brokaw has also written several books on American history and society in the 20th century . He is the author of The Greatest Generation ( 1998 ) and other books and the recipient of numerous awards and honors including the Presidential Medal of Freedom , which was awarded to him by President Barack Obama in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Anderson Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Cooper', 'summary': "Anderson Hays Cooper ( born June 3 , 1967 ) is an American journalist , television personality , and author . He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360° . The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio ; however , Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN 's studios in Washington , D.C. , or on location for breaking news stories . In addition , he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes . From September 2011 to May 2013 , he also served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show , Anderson Live ."}]}, {'value': 'Apolo Ohno , Beautiful Baby Week , John Walsh , Fitness Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apolo_Ohno', 'summary': "Apolo Anton Ohno ( /əˈpɒloʊ ˈæntɒn ˈoʊnoʊ/ ; born May 22 , 1982 ) is an American retired short track speed skating competitor and an eight-time medalist ( two gold , two silver , four bronze ) in the Winter Olympics . Ohno is the most decorated American Olympian at the Winter Olympics and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 2019 . Raised by his father , Ohno began training full-time in 1996 . He has been the face of short track in the United States since winning his medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics . At the age of 14 , he became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning champion from 2001-2009 , winning the title a total of 12 times . In December 1999 , he became the youngest skater to win a World Cup event title , and became the first American to win a World Cup overall title in 2001 , which he won again in 2003 and 2005 . He won his first overall World Championship title at the 2008 championships . Ohno 's accolades and accomplishments include being the United States Olympic Committee 's Male Athlete of the Month in October 2003 and March 2008 , the U.S. Speedskating 's Athlete of the Year for 2003 , and was a 2002 , 2003 and 2006 finalist for the Sullivan Award , which recognizes the best amateur athlete in the United States . Since gaining recognition through his sport , Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker , philanthropist , started a nutritional supplement business , and in 2007 , competed on and won the reality TV show Dancing with the Stars . Ohno later became host of a revival of Minute to Win It on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang . Ohno has expressed his entrepreneurial appetite for technology and health and wellness industries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Walsh_(television_host)', 'summary': "John Edward Walsh Jr. ( born December 26 , 1945 ) is an American television personality , criminal investigator , human rights and victim rights advocate , and the host/creator of America 's Most Wanted . Walsh is known for his anti-crime activism , with which he became involved following the murder of his son Adam in 1981 ; in 2008 , the late serial killer Ottis Toole was officially named as the killer of Walsh 's son . Walsh was part-owner of the now-defunct Museum of Crime & Punishment in Washington , D.C . He also anchors an investigative documentary series , The Hunt with John Walsh , which debuted on CNN in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Chace Crawford and Jason & Molly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chace_Crawford', 'summary': "Chace Crawford ( born July 18 , 1985 ) is an American actor , known for his portrayal of Nate Archibald on The CW 's teen drama series Gossip Girl . He is also known for starring in the films The Covenant ( 2006 ) , The Haunting of Molly Hartley ( 2008 ) , Twelve ( 2010 ) , and What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) . In 2015 , he portrayed Billy LeFever in ABC 's short-lived drama series Blood & Oil . In 2019 , he appeared as a member of the main cast of the Amazon Prime Video original series , The Boys , is based on the comic book series of the same name , portraying the Deep ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jason_Mesnick', 'summary': 'Jason Scott Mesnick is a reality television celebrity . He was the runner-up on season 4 of The Bachelorette and was featured on season 13 of The Bachelor .'}]}, {'value': 'March 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Andy Richter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Richter', 'summary': "Paul Andrew Richter ( born October 28 , 1966 ) is an American actor , voice actor , writer , comedian , and late night talk show announcer . He is best known for his role as the sidekick of Conan O'Brien on each of the host 's programs : Late Night , The Tonight Show on NBC , and Conan on TBS . He is also known for his work as the voice of Mort in the Madagascar franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Chelsea Handler , James Spader , and Chris Byrne the Toy Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_Handler', 'summary': 'Chelsea Joy Handler ( born February 25 , 1975 ) is an American comedian , actress , writer , television host , producer , and activist . She hosted the late-night talk show Chelsea Lately on the E ! network from 2007 to 2014 , and released a documentary series , Chelsea Does , on Netflix in January 2016 . Between 2016 and 2017 , Handler hosted the talk show , Chelsea , on Netflix . In 2012 , Time named Handler one of the 100 most influential people in the world on its annual Time 100 list .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Spader', 'summary': 'James Todd Spader ( born February 7 , 1960 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying eccentric characters in films such as the drama Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) , the action science fiction film Stargate ( 1994 ) , the controversial psychological thriller Crash ( 1996 ) , and the erotic romance Secretary ( 2002 ) . In the Marvel Cinematic Universe , he played the titular character of Ultron in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , which he portrayed through voice and motion capture . His best-known television roles are those of attorney Alan Shore in The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal ( for which he won three Emmy Awards ) , and Robert California in the comedy-mockumentary The Office . He currently stars as high-profile criminal-turned-FBI-informant Raymond Red Reddington in the NBC crime drama The Blacklist , for which he has earned two Golden Globe Award nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Ludacris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ludacris', 'summary': "Christopher Brian Bridges ( born September 11 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Ludacris ( /ˈluːdəkrɪs/ ) , is an American rapper and actor . Ludacris is the founder of the Disturbing tha Peace record label . Ludacris has won Screen Actors Guild , Critic 's Choice , MTV , and 3 Grammy Awards . Along with fellow Atlanta-based rappers Big Boi and André 3000 of OutKast , Ludacris was one of the first and most influential Dirty South rappers to achieve mainstream success during the early 2000s . In 2014 , Ludacris was featured in Forbes list titled Hip-Hop Cash Kings , as he earned $ 8 million . Born in Champaign , Illinois , Ludacris moved to Atlanta at age nine , where he began rapping . After a brief stint as a DJ , he released his first album Incognegro in 1999 , followed by Back for the First Time also in 2000 , which contained the singles Southern Hospitality and What 's Your Fantasy . In 2001 , he released Word of Mouf , followed by Chicken-n-Beer in 2003 and The Red Light District in 2004 . He took a more serious approach with his next two albums , Release Therapy ( 2006 ) , and Theater of the Mind ( 2008 ) . His next record , Battle of the Sexes , was released in 2010 and featured the tone of his previous albums . Ludaversal was released on March 31 , 2015 . As an actor , he has appeared in films including Crash ( 2004 ) , Gamer ( 2009 ) , and New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) and is best known for playing Tej Parker in The Fast and the Furious film series ."}]}, {'value': 'America Ferrera and Bret Michaels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/America_Ferrera', 'summary': "America Georgine Ferrera ( /fəˈrɛərə/ ; born April 18 , 1984 ) is an American actress , voice actress , producer , and director . Born in Los Angeles , California , to Honduran parents , Ferrera developed an interest in acting at a young age , performing in several stage productions at her school . She made her feature film debut in 2002 with the comedy drama Real Women Have Curves , winning praise for her performance . Ferrera is the recipient of numerous accolades including an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award among others . Ferrera garnered modest success early in her career with roles in films like the Disney original Got ta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) and the drama The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( 2005 ) ; the latter earned her the Imagen Award Best Actress and her first nomination at the ALMA Awards . She ventured into television roles and landed the leading part on the ABC comedy drama Ugly Betty ( 2006-2010 ) . Ferrera garnered critical acclaim for playing the protagonist of the series Betty Suarez , and won the Best Actress Awards at various award ceremonies in 2007 including the Golden Globe Awards , the Screen Actors Guild Awards , and the Primetime Emmy Award , the first for a Latin woman in the category . Ferrera 's other notable film roles include the drama The Dry Land ( 2010 ) , the romantic comedy Our Family Wedding ( 2010 ) , and the crime drama End of Watch ( 2012 ) . She provided the voice of Astrid Hofferson in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise , including the three films and the television series Dreamworks Dragons . She co-produces and stars as Amy Sosa in the NBC comedy series Superstore ( 2015-present ) . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bret_Michaels', 'summary': "Bret Michael Sychak ( born Friday , March 15 , 1963 ) , professionally known as Bret Michaels , is an American singer-songwriter and musician . He gained fame as the lead singer of the glam rock band Poison who have sold over 40 million records worldwide and 15 million records in the United States alone . The band has also charted 10 singles to the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 , including six Top 10 singles and a number-one single , Every Rose Has Its Thorn . Besides his career as lead singer , he has several solo albums to his credit , including the soundtrack album to the movie A Letter from Death Row in which Michaels starred , wrote and directed in 1998 , and a Poison-style rock album , Songs of Life , in 2003 . Michaels has appeared in several movies and TV shows , including as a judge on the talent show Nashville Star which led to his country influenced rock album Freedom of Sound in 2005 . He starred in the hit VH1 reality show Rock of Love with Bret Michaels and its sequels , which inspired his successful solo album Rock My World . He was also the winning contestant on NBC 's reality show Celebrity Apprentice 3 and also featured in his own reality docu-series Bret Michaels : Life As I Know It , which inspired his highest charting album as a solo artist , Custom Built , reaching No . 1 on Billboard 's Hard Rock list . He is also known for hosting on the Travel Channel . In 2006 , Hit Parader ranked Michaels at # 40 on their list of greatest Heavy metal singers of all-time ."}]}, {'value': 'March 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Jerry Seinfeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld', 'summary': 'Jerome Allen Seinfeld ( /ˈsaɪnfɛld/ SYNE-feld ; born April 29 , 1954 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , producer , and director . He is known for playing a semi-fictionalized version of himself in the sitcom Seinfeld , which he created and wrote with Larry David . The show aired on NBC from 1989 until 1998 , becoming one of the most acclaimed and popular sitcoms of all time . As a stand-up comedian , Seinfeld specializes in observational comedy . In 2005 , Comedy Central named Seinfeld the 12th Greatest Stand-up Comedian of All Time . Seinfeld produced , co-wrote and starred in the 2007 film Bee Movie . In 2010 , he premiered a reality series called The Marriage Ref , which aired for two seasons on NBC . Seinfeld is the creator and host of the series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee on Netflix . He is married to author and philanthropist Jessica Seinfeld , with whom he has three children .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Trump and Peter Gros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Trump', 'summary': "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service ."}]}, {'value': 'March 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Anderson Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Cooper', 'summary': "Anderson Hays Cooper ( born June 3 , 1967 ) is an American journalist , television personality , and author . He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360° . The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio ; however , Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN 's studios in Washington , D.C. , or on location for breaking news stories . In addition , he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes . From September 2011 to May 2013 , he also served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show , Anderson Live ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Fieri , Ted Danson and Fitness Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Fieri', 'summary': 'Guy Ramsay Fieri ( US : /fiˈɛdi/ , Italian : [ ˈfjɛːri ] ; né Ferry ; born January 22 , 1968 ) is an American restaurateur , author , and an Emmy Award winning television presenter . He co-owns three restaurants in California , licenses his name to restaurants in New York City and Las Vegas , Nevada , and is known for hosting various television series on the Food Network . By mid-2010 , the Food Network had made Fieri the face of the network . In 2010 , The New York Times reported that Fieri brought an element of rowdy , mass-market culture to American food television , and that his prime-time shows attract more male viewers than any others on the network .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_Danson', 'summary': "Edward Bridge Danson III ( born December 29 , 1947 ) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom Cheers , Jack Holden in the films Three Men and a Baby and Three Men and a Little Lady , and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom Becker . He also starred in the CBS dramas CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and CSI : Cyber as D.B . Russell . Additionally , he plays a recurring role on Larry David 's HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm , starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama Damages , and was a regular on the HBO comedy series Bored to Death . In 2015 he starred as Hank Larsson in the second season of FX 's black comedy-crime drama anthology Fargo . From 2016 to 2020 , he played the afterlife architect Michael in the NBC sitcom The Good Place . During his career , Danson has been nominated for 17 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning two ; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations , winning three ; one Screen Actors Guild Award ; and one American Comedy Award and has been awarded a star on Hollywood 's Walk of Fame . He was ranked second in TV Guide 's list of the top 25 television stars . Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean conservation . In March 2011 , he published his first book , Oceana : Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them , written with journalist Michael D'Orso ."}]}, {'value': 'March 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Aniston and The Script', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston', 'summary': "Jennifer Joanna Aniston ( born February 11 , 1969 ) is an American actress , film producer , and businesswoman . The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow , she began working as an actress at an early age with an uncredited role in the 1987 film Mac and Me . Her first major film role came in the 1993 horror comedy Leprechaun . Since her career grew in the early 1990s , Aniston has been one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood . Aniston rose to international fame portraying Rachel Green on the television sitcom Friends ( 1994-2004 ) , for which she earned Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild awards . The character became widely popular and was described as one of the greatest female characters in American television history . Aniston has since played starring roles in numerous dramas , comedies and romantic comedies . Her biggest box office successes include the films Bruce Almighty ( 2003 ) , The Break-Up ( 2006 ) , Marley & Me ( 2008 ) , Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) , and We 're the Millers ( 2013 ) , each of which grossed over $ 200 million in worldwide box office receipts . Some of her most critically acclaimed film roles include Office Space ( 1999 ) , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) , Friends with Money ( 2006 ) , Cake ( 2014 ) , and Dumplin ' ( 2018 ) . She returned to television in 2019 , producing and starring in the Apple TV+ drama series The Morning Show , for which she won another Screen Actors Guild Award . Aniston has been included in numerous magazines ' lists of the world 's most beautiful women . Her net worth is estimated to be US $ 200 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Script', 'summary': "The Script is an Irish rock band formed in 2007 in Dublin , Ireland . They first released music in 2008 . It consists of lead vocalist and keyboardist Daniel O'Donoghue , lead guitarist Mark Sheehan , and drummer and bassist Glen Power . The band moved to London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint Phonogenic and released its eponymous debut album in August 2008 , preceded by the successful singles The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved and Breakeven . The album peaked at number one in both Ireland and the UK . Their next three albums , Science & Faith ( 2010 ) , # 3 ( 2012 ) and No Sound Without Silence ( 2014 ) , all topped the album charts in Ireland and the UK , while Science & Faith reached number three in the US . Hit singles from the albums include For the First Time , Nothing , Hall of Fame and Superheroes . The band 's fifth studio album , Freedom Child , was released on 1 September 2017 , and features the UK Top 20 single Rain . The Script 's music has been featured in television programmes such as 90210 , Ghost Whisperer , The Hills , Waterloo Road , EastEnders , Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries . Frontman Danny O'Donoghue was also a coach on The Voice UK for seasons 1 and 2 , before leaving the show in order to focus more on the band . The band has won three Meteor Ireland Music Awards and two World Music Awards and have received two Brit Award nominations . The Script have sold over 20 million albums worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'March 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristen Stewart and Kirstie Alley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Stewart', 'summary': "Kristen Jaymes Stewart ( born April 9 , 1990 ) is an American actress and director . She is the recipient of several accolades , including a César Award , which she was the first American actress to win . She was the highest-paid actress in the world in 2010 and 2012 . Born and raised in Los Angeles to an American father and Australian mother , both of whom worked in show business , Stewart began her career as a child actress in 1999 . She gained notice in 2002 for playing the daughter of Jodie Foster 's character in the thriller Panic Room , which garnered her a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Leading Actress in a Feature Film . She subsequently starred in Speak ( 2004 ) , Catch That Kid ( 2004 ) , Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) , and Into the Wild ( 2007 ) . In 2010 , she was awarded the BAFTA Rising Star Award . Stewart went on to gain wide recognition for playing Bella Swan in The Twilight Saga film series ( 2008-2012 ) , which collectively grossed over $ 3.3 billion worldwide . After starring in the fantasy film Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) , Stewart eschewed parts in big-budget films in favour of independent productions for the next few years . She took on roles in the dramas Camp X-Ray and Still Alice ( both 2014 ) , and the science fiction romance Equals ( 2016 ) . In 2015 , she received critical acclaim for her role opposite Juliette Binoche in Olivier Assayas 's French film Clouds of Sils Maria , for which she won the César Award for Best Supporting Actress . Stewart reunited with Assayas the following year in the supernatural thriller Personal Shopper ( 2016 ) and made her directorial debut with the 2017 short film Come Swim ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirstie_Alley', 'summary': "Kirstie Louise Alley ( born January 12 , 1951 ) is an American actress and spokesmodel . She first achieved recognition in 1982 , playing Saavik in the science fiction film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . Alley played Rebecca Howe on the NBC sitcom Cheers ( 1987-1993 ) , receiving an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe in 1991 for the role . From 1997-2000 , she starred on the sitcom Veronica 's Closet , earning additional Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . Alley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1995 . Alley has appeared in several movies , including Summer School ( 1987 ) , Shoot to Kill ( 1988 ) , Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) and its two sequels ( 1990-93 ) , Madhouse , Sibling Rivalry ( both 1990 ) , Village of the Damned , It Takes Two ( both 1995 ) , Deconstructing Harry , For Richer or Poorer ( both 1997 ) , and Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) . She won her second Emmy Award in 1994 for the television film David 's Mother . In 1997 , Alley received a further Emmy nomination for her work in the crime drama series The Last Don . In 2005 , she played a fictionalized version of herself on Showtime 's Fat Actress . She later appeared on the reality show Kirstie Alley 's Big Life ( 2010 ) , and was a contestant on the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars ( 2011-12 ) , finishing in second place . In 2013 , she returned to acting with the title role on the sitcom Kirstie , and in 2016 joined the second season of the Fox comedy horror series Scream Queens . In 2018 , Alley finished as runner-up on season 22 of the British reality series Celebrity Big Brother ."}]}, {'value': 'March 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jude Law , Mindy Kaling , and Celtic Woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jude_Law', 'summary': "David Jude Heyworth Law ( born 29 December 1972 ) is an English actor . He has received multiple award nominations including for two Academy Awards , four Golden Globes Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two British Academy Film Awards . In 2007 , he received an Honorary César and was named a knight of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government , in recognition of his contribution to World Cinema Arts . Born and raised in London , Law started acting in theatre . After finding small roles in feature films , Law gained recognition for his role in Anthony Minghella 's The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award . He found further critical and commercial success in Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , Steven Spielberg 's A.I . Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) and Sam Mendes ' Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) . He gave an acclaimed performance in the war film Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) , earning him Academy Award , Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations . Law went on to star in several commercially unsuccessful films , including Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and Alfie ( 2004 ) . He then starred in romantic comedies Closer ( 2004 ) and The Holiday ( 2006 ) which were well-received . He also portrayed Dr. Watson in Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) and Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) . In the 2010s , Law appeared in Repo Men ( 2010 ) and had supporting roles in Contagion ( 2011 ) and the 3D film Hugo ( 2011 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mindy_Kaling', 'summary': "Vera Mindy Chokalingam ( born June 24 , 1979 ) , known professionally as Mindy Kaling , is an American comedian , actress , and writer . From 2005 to 2012 , she played Kelly Kapoor in the NBC sitcom The Office . In addition to acting in it , she was a writer , executive producer , and director . For her work on the series , she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 2010 . She was one of Time Magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2013 , and named among Glamours Women of The Year in 2014 . Kaling gained wider attention for creating , writing , producing and starring in the Fox/Hulu eponymous comedy series The Mindy Project ( 2012-2017 ) . She was also the co-creator , writer , and producer of the NBC sitcom Champions ( 2018 ) and the Hulu miniseries Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 2019 ) . Kaling 's film career includes voice work in Despicable Me ( 2010 ) , Wreck-It Ralph ( 2012 ) , and Inside Out ( 2015 ) . She had starring roles in the comedy The Night Before ( 2015 ) , the fantasy adventure A Wrinkle in Time , the heist comedy Ocean 's 8 ( both 2018 ) , and the comedy Late Night ( 2019 ) . In addition to her work in film and television , Kaling has written two New York Times best-selling memoirs , titled Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me ? ( And Other Concerns ) ( 2011 ) and Why Not Me ? ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Celtic_Woman', 'summary': "Celtic Woman is an all-female Irish musical ensemble conceived and created by David Kavanagh , Sharon Browne and David Downes , a former musical director of the Irish stage show Riverdance . In 2004 , Downes recruited five Irish female musicians who had not previously performed together : vocalists Chloë Agnew , Órla Fallon , Lisa Kelly and Méav Ní Mhaolchatha , and fiddler Máiréad Nesbitt , and shaped them into the first lineup of the group that he named Celtic Woman , a specialty group . Downes chose a repertoire that ranged from traditional Celtic tunes to modern songs . The show was meant to be a one-time event held in Dublin , Ireland , but multiple airings on PBS helped boost the group 's popularity . The group 's line-up has changed over the years . Eleven albums have been released under the name Celtic Woman : Celtic Woman , Celtic Woman : A Christmas Celebration , Celtic Woman : A New Journey , Celtic Woman : The Greatest Journey , Celtic Woman : Songs from the Heart , Celtic Woman : Lullaby , Celtic Woman : Believe , Celtic Woman : Home for Christmas , Celtic Woman : Emerald - Musical Gems , Celtic Woman : Destiny , Celtic Woman : Voices of Angels , and Celtic Woman : Ancient Land . The group has undertaken a number of world tours . Cumulatively , albums by Celtic Woman have sold over nine million records worldwide . The foundation for Celtic music 's popularity outside Ireland and Europe was built by tapping into the success of artists such as Enya , Moya Brennan and Clannad , along with stage shows Riverdance and Lord of the Dance . Celtic Woman has been described as being Riverdance for the voice . Celtic Woman has been named Billboard World Album Artist of the Year six times ."}]}, {'value': 'March 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerard Butler and Toni Collette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerard_Butler', 'summary': "Gerard James Butler ( born 13 November 1969 ) is a Scottish actor and film producer . After studying law , Butler turned to acting in the mid-1990s with small roles in productions such as Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) , the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) , and Tale of the Mummy ( 1998 ) . In 2000 , he starred as Dracula in the horror film Dracula 2000 with Christopher Plummer and Jonny Lee Miller . He subsequently played Attila the Hun in the miniseries Attila ( 2001 ) and then appeared in the films Reign of Fire with Christian Bale ( 2002 ) and Lara Croft : Tomb Raider - The Cradle of Life with Angelina Jolie ( 2003 ) , before playing André Marek in the adaptation of Michael Crichton 's science fiction adventure Timeline ( 2003 ) . He then was cast as the role of Erik , The Phantom in Joel Schumacher 's 2004 film adaptation of the musical The Phantom of the Opera alongside Emmy Rossum . That role earned him a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor . Butler gained worldwide recognition for his portrayal of King Leonidas in Zack Snyder 's fantasy war film 300 . That role earned him nominations for an Empire Award for Best Actor and a Saturn Award for Best Actor and a win for MTV Movie Award for Best Fight . In the 2010s , he voiced the role of Stoick the Vast in the animated action-fantasy film How to Train Your Dragon , a role he later reprised in Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) , How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , and How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) . Also in the 2010s , he portrayed Secret Service agent Mike Banning in the action thriller trilogy Olympus Has Fallen , London Has Fallen , and Angel Has Fallen . He played military leader Tullus Aufidius in the 2011 film Coriolanus , a modernized adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name . He also played Sam Childers in the 2011 action biopic Machine Gun Preacher ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toni_Collette', 'summary': "Toni Collett ( born 1 November 1972 ) , credited professionally as Toni Collette , is an Australian actress and musician . She is particularly known for her work in independent films as well as supporting roles in studio films . She has received numerous accolades , including a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award , in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and one Tony Award . Born in Sydney , she is oldest of three children . Her interest in acting sparked after performing in a high school production of Godspell . She subsequently attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art for 18 months before dropping out to take part in a stage production of Uncle Vanya . She also appeared in stage productions at the Belvoir Street Theatre , under directorship of Geoffrey Rush . She made her feature film debut in 1992 and made her breakthrough with the comedy-drama film Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) , for which she earned a Golden Globe Award nomination . She subsequently achieved international recognition for her role in The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) , which became the highest grossing horror movie at the time and for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She subsequently took on roles in independent films , such as the period-drama The Hours ( 2002 ) , the drama Japanese Story ( 2003 ) , the comedy-dramas The Way , Way Back , Enough Said and Lucky Them ( all 2013 ) , the horror-drama Hereditary ( 2017 ) and the mystery Knives Out ( 2019 ) . She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in About a Boy ( 2002 ) and won a Screen Actors Guild Award for her work in Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Her Broadway performances include the lead roles in The Wild Party ( 2000 ) and The Realistic Joneses ( 2014 ) , the former of which earned her a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical ."}]}, {'value': 'March 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Kyle MacLachlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan', 'summary': "Kyle Merritt MacLachlan ( /məˈɡlɒklən/ ; born February 22 , 1959 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , as well as roles in two of David Lynch 's films : Paul Atreides in Dune ( 1984 ) and Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) . MacLachlan 's other film roles include Lloyd Gallagher in The Hidden ( 1987 ) , Ray Manzarek in The Doors ( 1991 ) , Cliff Vandercave in The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , Zack Carey in Showgirls ( 1995 ) , and the voice of Riley 's father in Inside Out ( 2015 ) . He has had prominent roles in television shows including appearing as Trey MacDougal in Sex and the City ( 2000-2002 ) , Orson Hodge in Desperate Housewives ( 2006-2012 ) , The Captain in How I Met Your Mother ( 2010-2014 ) , the Mayor of Portland in Portlandia ( 2011-2018 ) and Calvin Zabo in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014-2015 ) . MacLachlan has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama ( 1990 ) , and was nominated in the same category in 2017 , for playing the role of Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks . He has also been nominated for two Emmy Awards for Twin Peaks ."}]}, {'value': 'Edie Falco , Joseph Fiennes and Fitness Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edie_Falco', 'summary': "Edith Falco ( born July 5 , 1963 ) is an American actress , best known for her roles as Diane Whittlesey in the HBO series Oz ( 1997-2000 ) and Carmela Soprano on the HBO series The Sopranos ( 1999-2007 ) . For the latter , she received six Emmy nominations , winning three for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , as well as winning two Golden Globes and five Screen Actors Guild Awards . Falco portrayed Nurse Jackie Peyton on the Showtime series Nurse Jackie ( 2009-2015 ) , earning a further six Emmy nominations and winning once for an Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy . In 2016 , she played Sylvia Wittel on the web series Horace and Pete . In 2017 , she portrayed defense attorney Leslie Abramson in the first season of the true crime anthology series Law & Order True Crime , for which she garnered her 14th Emmy nomination , this time for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Falco 's film work includes lead roles in Laws of Gravity ( 1992 ) , for which she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead and Judy Berlin ( 1999 ) , and supporting roles in films including Sunshine State ( 2002 ) , Freedomland ( 2006 ) , and The Comedian ( 2016 ) . For her role in the 2011 Broadway revival of The House of Blue Leaves , she earned a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Fiennes', 'summary': "Joseph Alberic Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes ( /faɪnz/ ; born 27 May 1970 ) , known as Joseph Fiennes , is an English film and stage actor . He is known for his portrayals of William Shakespeare in Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , Sir Robert Dudley in Elizabeth ( 1998 ) , Commisar Danilov in Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , and Monsignor Timothy Howard in the second season of the TV series American Horror Story ( 2012-2013 ) . His role in the 2017 TV drama series The Handmaid 's Tale was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ."}]}, {'value': 'March 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kara DioGuardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kara_DioGuardi', 'summary': 'Kara Elizabeth DioGuardi ( /ˈkærə diːoʊˈɡwɑːrdi/ ; born December 9 , 1970 ) is an American songwriter , record producer , music publisher , A & R executive , singer , composer and television personality . She writes music primarily in the pop rock genre . DioGuardi has worked with many popular artists ; sales of albums on which her songs appear exceed 160 million worldwide . DioGuardi is a Grammy and Emmy-nominated writer . She is a 2011 NAMM Music For Life Award winner , 2009 NMPA Songwriter Icon Award winner , 2007 BMI Pop Songwriter of the Year , and has received 20 BMI Awards for co-writing the most performed songs on the radio . DioGuardi served as a judge on American Idol for its eighth and ninth seasons . In 2008 , she was appointed to the position of executive vice president of talent development at Warner Bros. Records , and has signed acts such as Jason Derulo and Iyaz . In 2011 , she was a head judge on the Bravo singer-songwriter competition series Platinum Hit .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelsey Grammer , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer', 'summary': 'Allen Kelsey Grammer ( born February 21 , 1955 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian , singer , producer , director , writer and activist , best known for his two-decade-long portrayal of psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane on the NBC sitcoms Cheers and Frasier . He also produced the sitcom Girlfriends , which aired on UPN and The CW . Grammer has won five Primetime Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , one Daytime Emmy Award and one Tony Award ; additionally , he has also worked as a television producer , director , and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'March 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Joy Philbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joy_Philbin', 'summary': 'Bette Joy Philbin ( née Senese ; born February 1 , 1941 ) is an American television personality , and the wife of television personality Regis Philbin .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Goldblum , Daughtry , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum', 'summary': "Jeffrey Lynn Goldblum ( /ˈɡoʊldblʌm/ ; born October 22 , 1952 ) is an American actor and musician . He has starred in some of the highest-grossing films of his era , such as Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and Independence Day ( 1996 ) , as well as their respective sequels , The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) and Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) , and Independence Day : Resurgence ( 2016 ) . Goldblum also starred in films including Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) , The Big Chill ( 1983 ) , and Into the Night ( 1985 ) , before coming to wider attention as Seth Brundle in David Cronenberg 's The Fly ( 1986 ) , which earned him a Saturn Award for Best Actor . His other films include The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension ( 1984 ) , The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) , Deep Cover ( 1992 ) , Powder ( 1995 ) , The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) , Cats & Dogs ( 2001 ) , Igby Goes Down ( 2002 ) , The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou ( 2004 ) , Adam Resurrected ( 2008 ) , Le Week-End ( 2013 ) , The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) . Goldblum has also starred in several TV series , including the eighth and ninth seasons of Law & Order : Criminal Intent as Zack Nichols . He directed the short film Little Surprises , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film . His jazz band , Jeff Goldblum and the Mildred Snitzer Orchestra , released their first album , The Capitol Studios Sessions , in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daughtry_(band)', 'summary': "Daughtry /ˈdɔːtri/ is an American rock band formed and fronted by namesake Chris Daughtry , who was a finalist on the fifth season of American Idol . Their self-titled debut album was released in November 2006 and reached number one on the Billboard 200 . The album went on to sell more than six million copies in the United States , and has been certified sextuple platinum by the RIAA . Daughtry was also named the best selling album of 2007 by Billboard , becoming the fastest-selling debut rock album in Nielsen SoundScan history . The album produced four top 20 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , including top five hits It 's Not Over and Home . The band 's second album , Leave This Town , was released in July 2009 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , becoming Daughtry 's second number one album in the United States . To date , Leave This Town has sold over 1.3 million copies in the United States and has been certified platinum by the RIAA . The album 's lead single , No Surprise , became the band 's fifth top 20 hit on the Hot 100 . Their third studio album , Break the Spell , was released in November 2011 and debuted within the top 10 on the Billboard 200 chart . The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA . Daughtry 's fourth studio album , Baptized , was released on November 19 , 2013 , and debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart , selling approximately 90,000 units . To date , Daughtry has sold over 9 million albums and over 25.6 million digital tracks in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'March 31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Cat Deeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cat_Deeley', 'summary': "Catherine Elizabeth Cat Deeley ( born 23 October 1976 ) is an English television presenter , model , actress , journalist , television producer , dancer , singer and media personality based in the UK and the United States . From 1998 to 2002 , she hosted the children 's programme SMTV Live and its spin-off chart show CD : UK . In 2001 , she won a BAFTA Children 's Award for hosting SMTV Live . She has also hosted Fame Academy on the BBC , and the 2004 Brit Awards . Deeley became the presenter of Stars In Their Eyes from 2003 to 2006 , taking over from Matthew Kelly . Since 2006 , Deeley has been the host of So You Think You Can Dance in the United States , for which she has been nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy . Since 2003 , Deeley has been a patron of London 's Great Ormond Street Hospital for sick children . In December 2009 , she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador . She is married to Northern Irish comedian and television personality Patrick Kielty ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Perry , Barenaked Ladies , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Perry', 'summary': "Tyler Perry ( born Emmitt Perry Jr. ; September 13 , 1969 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian and director . In 2011 , Forbes listed him as the highest paid man in entertainment , earning US $ 130 million between May 2010 and May 2011 . Perry created and performs the Madea character , a tough elderly black woman . Perry 's films vary in style from orthodox filmmaking techniques to filmed productions of live stage plays . Many of Perry 's stage-play films have been subsequently adapted as films . Perry wrote and produced many stage plays during the 1990s and early 2000s . Perry has developed several television series , most notably Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , which ran for eight seasons on TBS from June 21 , 2006 , to August 10 , 2012 . On October 2 , 2012 , Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network . The partnership was largely for the sake of bringing scripted television to OWN , based on Perry 's previous success in this area . Perry has created multiple scripted series for the network , The Haves and the Have Nots being its most successful . The Haves and the Have Nots has given OWN its highest ratings to date as of 2014 , with the series also referred to as one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , and manipulations . Perry has additionally acted in films not directed or produced by himself , including as Admiral Barnett in Star Trek ( 2009 ) , the titular character in Alex Cross ( 2012 ) , Tanner Bolt in Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) and Colin Powell in Vice ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies', 'summary': "The Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian rock band formed in 1988 in Scarborough , Ontario . The band developed a cult following in Canada , with their self-titled 1991 cassette becoming the first independent release to be certified gold in Canada . Their debut with Reprise Records , Gordon , featuring the singles If I Had $ 1000000 and Brian Wilson , was released in 1992 . Initially a duo of Ed Robertson and Steven Page , as of 2018 [ update ] , the band is composed of Robertson , Jim Creeggan , Kevin Hearn , and Tyler Stewart . Jim 's brother Andy was a member between 1989 and 1995 . Page left in 2009 , reducing the group to a quartet . The band 's style has evolved throughout their career , and their music which began as exclusively acoustic quickly grew to encompass a mixture of an array of styles including pop , rock , hip hop , rap , etc . [ citation needed ] The band 's cult following translated into success with Gordon in Canada , but it was not until the band 's 1996 live album Rock Spectacle and their 1998 fourth studio album Stunt , that they achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom . The band 's live performances feature comedic banter and free-style rapping between songs . They have won multiple Juno Awards and have been nominated for two Grammy Awards . The group has sold over 15 million records , including albums and singles , and were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in March 2018 . One Week remains the band 's most successful single ."}]}], 'section_title': 'March 2010', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_22)_6', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 22nd season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."} | null | null | What date did the guest appear on Live with Regis and Kelly whose self-titled debut album was released in November 2006 ? | March 30 |
042f4bf46a6e14fd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_sports', 'title': '2015 in sports', 'header': ['Date', 'Sport', 'Venue/Event', 'Status', 'Winner/s'], 'data': [{'value': '2-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '/ / / / 2015 International Premier Tennis League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_International_Premier_Tennis_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2015 International Premier Tennis League season ( 2015 IPTL season , officially the 2015 Coca-Cola International Premier Tennis League Presented by Qatar Airways season pursuant to sponsorship agreements with The Coca-Cola Company and Qatar Airways ) is the second season of the professional team tennis league contested by five teams in Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore Slammers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore_Slammers', 'summary': "The Singapore Slammers ( officially the DBS Singapore Slammers pursuant to a sponsorship agreement with DBS Bank Ltd ) is a tennis team based in the city-state of Singapore that competes in the International Premier Tennis League ( IPTL ) . It is one of the four charter franchises that will participate in the IPTL 's inaugural 2014 season ."}]}, {'value': '3-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multi-sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multi-sport_event', 'summary': 'A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event , often held over multiple days , featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from ( mostly ) nation-states . The first major , modern , multi-sport event of interna . Most have the same basic structure . Games are held over the course of several days in and around a host city , which changes for each competition . Countries send national teams to each competition , consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports . Athletes or teams are awarded gold , silver or bronze medals for first , second and third place respectively . The games are generally held every four years , though some are annual competitions .'}]}, {'value': '2015 ASEAN Para Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_ASEAN_Para_Games', 'summary': "The 2015 ASEAN Para Games , officially known as the 8th ASEAN Para Games , was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event hosted by the city-state of Singapore Unlike the previous editions the games were held six months after the closing of the 2015 Southeast Asian Games from 3 to 9 December 2015 . This was Singapore 's first time as host of the ASEAN Para Games . Around 1811 athletes participated at the Games , which featured 336 events in 15 sports . Singapore is the seventh nation to host the event after Malaysia , Vietnam , Philippines , Thailand , Indonesia and Myanmar . It was opened by Tony Tan Keng Yam , the President of Singapore at the Singapore Indoor Stadium . The final medal tally was led by Thailand , followed by Indonesia and Malaysia with host Singapore in fifth place . Several Games and National records were broken during the games . The Games were deemed generally successful with its effective management of cost spent to host the games , arrangement of public transport and games promotion and with the rising standard of disabled sports competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Regional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '5-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey', 'summary': "Field hockey is a widely played team sport of the hockey family . The game can be played on grass , watered turf , artificial turf or synthetic field , as well as an indoor boarded surface . Each team plays with ten field players and a goalkeeper . Players commonly use sticks made out of wood , carbon fibre , fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities ( with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less likely to break ) to hit a round , hard , plastic hockey ball . The length of the hockey stick is based on the player 's individual height , the top of the stick usually comes to the players hip , taller players typically have taller sticks . The sticks have a round side and a flat side only the flat face of the stick is allowed to be used , if the other side is used it results in a foul . Goalies often have a different kind of stick , however they can also use an ordinary field hockey stick . The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick , this is to give them more surface area to save the ball . The uniform consists of shin guards , shoes , shorts or a skirt , a mouthguard and a jersey . Today , the game is played globally , mainly in parts of Western Europe , South Asia , Southern Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Argentina , and parts of the United States ( primarily New England and the Mid-Atlantic states ) . Known simply as hockey in many territories , the term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular . In Sweden , the term landhockey is used and to some degree also in Norway where it is governed by Norway 's Bandy Association ."}]}, {'value': "2014-15 Women 's FIH Hockey World League Final", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014–15_Women's_FIH_Hockey_World_League_Final", 'summary': "The 2014-15 Women 's FIH Hockey World League Final was the 2nd edition of the Finals of the FIH Hockey World League for women . It took place between 5-13 December 2015 in Rosario , Argentina . A total of eight teams competed for the title . Argentina won the tournament for the first time after defeating New Zealand 5-1 in the final . Germany won the third place match by defeating China 6-2 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Argentina_women's_national_field_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Argentina women 's national field hockey team ( Spanish : Selección femenina de hockey sobre césped de Argentina ) is governed by the Argentine Hockey Confederation ( CAH ) . The current coach is Carlos Retegui , who was appointed after Agustín Corradini . The team is currently third in the FIH World Rankings since july 2019 after their 4th place at the 2019 FIH Pro League . Las Leonas ( The Lionesses ) have appeared in five Hockey World Cup finals , including the first final in 1974 , which they lost 1-0 to the Netherlands . Argentina had to settle with second place in two more finals before winning the tournament for the first time in 2002 , beating the Netherlands 4-3 in the final on penalty strokes after a 1-1 draw . Argentina , led by eight-time FIH Player of the Year Luciana Aymar won again in 2010 , a 3-1 victory over the Netherlands . Argentina 's World Cup-winning coaches are Sergio Vigil in 2002 , and Carlos Retegui in 2010 . Argentina has been very successful at the Summer Olympics , winning four consecutive medals ( two silver , two bronze ) since the 2000 edition , when they became the first women 's team in any sport to win an Olympic medal for their country . Luciana Aymar is the only player that has participated and won those four medals . Also , after their first title in 2001 at a Champions Trophy , they have won the tournament six more times . In front of a home crowd , they won the 2014-15 World League as the first international title after Aymar 's retirement from the national team the previous year . At a continental level , Argentina has dominated and won every tournament they played , including the Women 's Pan American Cup and the Pan American Games leaving the United States with second place on most events until they lost the 2011 Pan American Games final for the first time ."}]}, {'value': '5-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball', 'summary': 'Handball ( also known as team handball , European handball or Olympic handball ) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each ( six outcourt players and a goalkeeper ) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team . A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes , and the team that scores more goals wins . Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres ( 131 by 66 ft ) , with a goal in the middle of each end . The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter ( 20 ft ) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed ; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while diving into it . The sport is usually played indoors , but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball , Czech handball ( which were more common in the past ) and beach handball . The game is fast and high-scoring : professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each , though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago . Some players may score hat tricks . Body contact is permitted : the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal . No protective equipment is mandated , but players may wear soft protective bands , pads and mouth guards . The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in Denmark . The modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany , and had several revisions since . The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': "2015 World Women 's Handball Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2015_World_Women's_Handball_Championship", 'summary': "The 2015 IHF World Women 's Handball Championship , the 22nd event hosted by the International Handball Federation , was held in Denmark . The decision to select Denmark as the host was announced on 27 January 2011 . In the final Norway won 31-23 against the Netherlands to gain their third title . Romania won bronze after they defeated Poland 31-22 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Norway_women's_national_handball_team", 'summary': "The Norway women 's national handball team represents Norway at international handball competitions , and is governed by the Norges Håndballforbund ( NHF ) . As of 2017 , Norway has been in 21 finals and is regarded as the finest women 's national handball team ever . Norway women 's national handball team holds the distinction in the sport for being the only women 's side , and men 's side , to have won the European Championship four consecutive times . Their 7 gold medals is a sport record . In 2011 , they became the sport 's third team and the second Woman 's team , following Denmark to have held all three titles simultaneously : The World Championship , the Olympic Championship and the Euro Championship . In 2015 , they won the World Championship and have the distinction of the first Women 's handball team to hold simultaneously international titles twice : the 2015 World Championship , the 2014 European Championship and the 2012 Olympic Championship ."}]}, {'value': '7-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': "2016 IIHF Women 's World Championship Division II - Group B Qualification", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2016_IIHF_Women's_World_Championship_Division_II", 'summary': "The 2016 IIHF Women 's World Championship Division II was an international Ice hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation . Group A was contested in Bled , Slovenia , running from 2 to 8 April 2016 , Group B in Jaca , Spain on 29 February-6 March 2016 and Group B qualification in Sofia , Bulgaria on 7-10 December 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania is promoted to Division II - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Romania_women's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Romanian women 's national ice hockey team represents Romania at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World Women 's Championships . The women 's national team is controlled by Romanian Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2015 , Romania has 53 female players . The Romanian women 's national team is no longer ranked in the IIHF since they have not participated since 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '10-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Association football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': '2015 FIFA Club World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_FIFA_Club_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2015 FIFA Club World Cup ( officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 presented by Alibaba E-Auto for sponsorship reasons ) was the 12th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup , a FIFA-organised international club football tournament between the winners of the six continental confederations , as well as the host nation 's league champions . The tournament was hosted by Japan between 10-20 December 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '12-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Division I - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships_–_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship Division I was played in two groups of six teams each . In each group the first-placed team is promoted to a higher level , while the last-placed team is relegated to a lower level . Divisions I A and I B represent the second and the third tier of the IIHF World U20 Championship . To be eligible as a junior a player can not be born earlier than 1996 . The winners of Division I B , France , was promoted to the 2017 Division I A , and the winners of Division I A , Latvia , was promoted to the 2017 top division .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France is promoted to Division I - Group A Japan is relegated to Division II - Group A', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/France_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The French men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in France . The team represents France at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World U20 Championship 's World Junior Hockey Championship Division I ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Japan_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Japanese men 's national under-20 ice hockey team ( Japanese : アイスホッケー男子U-20日本代表 Aisuhokkē Danshi U-20 Nippon Daihyō ) represents Japan at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's World Junior Hockey Championship Division I ."}]}, {'value': '13-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Division I - Group A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships_–_Division_I', 'summary': 'The 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship Division I was played in two groups of six teams each . In each group the first-placed team is promoted to a higher level , while the last-placed team is relegated to a lower level . Divisions I A and I B represent the second and the third tier of the IIHF World U20 Championship . To be eligible as a junior a player can not be born earlier than 1996 . The winners of Division I B , France , was promoted to the 2017 Division I A , and the winners of Division I A , Latvia , was promoted to the 2017 top division .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latvia is promoted to the Top Division Italy is relegated to Division I - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Latvia_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Latvian men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Latvia . The team represents Latvia at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World U20 Championship . They have played at the top division of the tournament six times , most recently in 2017 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Italy_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Italian men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Italy . The team represents Italy at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World U20 Championship ."}]}, {'value': '13-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Division II - Group A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships_–_Division_II', 'summary': 'The 2016 IIHF Ice Hockey U20 World Championship Division II were the two international ice hockey tournaments organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation . Division II A was contested in Elektrėnai , Lithuania and Division II B in Novi Sad , Serbia . These tournaments represent the fourth and fifth tiers of the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary is promoted to Division I - Group B South Korea is relegated to Division II - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hungary_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Hungarian men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Hungary . The team represents Hungary at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World U20 Championship ."}, {'url': "/wiki/South_Korea_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The South Korean men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in South Korea . The team represents South Korea at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's World Junior Hockey Championship Division II ."}]}, {'value': '26-5 January 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships', 'summary': 'The 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships was the 40th Ice Hockey World Junior Championship . It was hosted in Helsinki , Finland . It began on December 26 , 2015 , and ended with the gold medal game on January 5 , 2016 . This marked the sixth time that Finland has hosted the WJC , and the hosts defeated Russia 4-3 in overtime to win their fourth title in history and second in the last three years . Belarus was relegated to Division I-A for 2017 by merit of their tenth-place finish , while Finnish right winger Jesse Puljujärvi earned MVP and top scorer honors .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Finland_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Finnish men 's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Finland . The team represents Finland at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World U20 Championship ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Calendar by month -- December', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2015_in_sports_11', 'intro': "2015 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. This year, some sporting events listed below are qualifying ones, for athletes, to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. From July 2015 to May 2016, the venues for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics will be tested, by hosting various events in them."} | null | null | What was the date of the event won by a team that has not participated in the sport since 2011 ? | 7-10 |
04307b01d0d47613 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of soccer clubs in Australia', 'header': ['Club', 'League/Division', 'Lvl', 'State', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dandenong City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dandenong_City_SC', 'summary': "Dandenong City Soccer Club , formerly known as Chelsea Hajduk , is an Australian soccer club based in the South-East region of Melbourne , Victoria . The club 's home is at Frank Holohan Soccer Complex in the suburb of Endeavour Hills . They compete in the NPL Victoria , which is the top tier of football in Victoria , having been promoted for the first time for the 2019 season . The club was founded in 1981 as Parkmore Hajduk , then was renamed Chelsea Hajduk by the Croatian Australian community in Melbourne 's south-eastern suburbs . In 2008 Chelsea Hajduk merged with Dandenong City , keeping the latter 's name ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 , commonly referred to as NPL Victoria 2 , is a regional Australian semi-professional soccer league comprising teams from Victoria . The league sits at level 2 on the Victorian league system , behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , ( level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Dandenong South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Dandenong Thunder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dandenong_Thunder_SC', 'summary': 'Dandenong Thunder SC is a soccer club from Dandenong , a suburb in the South-East region of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . They are an Albanian Australian-backed club . Thunder compete in the National Premier Leagues Victoria . In 2012 , Dandenong claimed the famous treble of the Victorian Premier League Minor Premiership , the Football Federation Victoria State Knockout Cup and the VPL championship .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 , commonly referred to as NPL Victoria 2 , is a regional Australian semi-professional soccer league comprising teams from Victoria . The league sits at level 2 on the Victorian league system , behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , ( level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Dandenong Warriors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Darebin United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darebin_United_SC', 'summary': 'Darebin United is a soccer club representing the City of Darebin based in Melbourne , Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Darwin Hearts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Zone All Age', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Darwin Olympic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin_Olympic_SC', 'summary': "Darwin Olympic Sporting Club is an Australian soccer club based in Darwin , the Northern Territory . Founded in 1967 , Darwin Olympic currently competes in the NorZone Premier League . The club has seen great success , becoming Premiers and Champions of 2008 in the NT Northern Zone Premier League . The club became the first Northern Territory football club to qualify for the FFA Cup , after winning the Northern Territory-based qualifying competition . However , they were eliminated after losing 6-1 to Adelaide United in the round of 32 , with striker Michael Tsounias scoring the team 's lone goal in the 19th minute of the match ."}]}, {'value': 'NorZone Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NorZone_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The NorZone Premier League is one of three top tier state-level soccer competition in the Northern Territory of Australia . It comprises teams within the NorZone region , centred in Darwin and the surrounding rural areas . The league is conducted by the state administrative body , Football Federation Northern Territory .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Darwin Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_Darwin_FC', 'summary': 'Darwin Rovers FC are a football ( soccer ) club based in Darwin , Northern Territory . They compete in the NorZone Premier League administered by Football Federation Northern Territory . Rovers play their games at Darwin Football Stadium in the suburb of Marrara .'}]}, {'value': 'NorZone Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NorZone_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The NorZone Premier League is one of three top tier state-level soccer competition in the Northern Territory of Australia . It comprises teams within the NorZone region , centred in Darwin and the surrounding rural areas . The league is conducted by the state administrative body , Football Federation Northern Territory .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Deakin University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Derwent United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Conference', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Devonport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devonport_City_FC', 'summary': "Devonport City Strikers Football Club , or the Strikers is a soccer club which is based in Devonport , Tasmania . It currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Tasmania . The club currently plays at Valley Road Ground which normally seats 1250 . But it has gone as high as 3,168 in FFA Cup games . The venue is located in Devonport , Tasmania . The club also fields teams in all junior divisions , as well as women 's teams . Devonport City was formed in 1952 as an amalgamation of Devonport and Devonport Rovers , and has become a successful side winning the state title 7 times with the recent one being in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Tasmania', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Tasmania is an Australian semi-professional soccer league covering all regions of Tasmania . The league is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and commenced in 2013 with eight teams , expanding to nine teams in 2019 . Nationally the league sits below the A-League and above the Tasmanian regional championship competitions ( with whom promotion and relegation will exist from the 2019 season onwards ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devonport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania', 'summary': 'Devonport is a city in northern Tasmania , Australia . It is situated at the mouth of the Mersey River . Devonport had an urban population of 23,046 at the 2016 Australian census . A larger urban area , including Latrobe has a population of 30,297 at June 2018 , having grown at an average annual rate of 0.17% year-on-year over the preceding five years .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamond Valley United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamond_Valley_United_SC', 'summary': 'Diamond Valley United Soccer Club is a soccer club based in Greensborough , Victoria , Australia . Greensborough SC played at Willinda Park , Greensborough , until 1986 when that ground became dedicated to athletics . The local members then joined Heidelberg City FC to create Diamond Valley United Soccer Club . Eltham SC also merged with the club in 1989 . The old Greensborough SC was taken over by a Cypriot community who moved the club to City of Moorabbin with the new name of Bentleigh Greens SC . The colours were changed from green and white to all green . Diamond Valley United Soccer Club is currently ( 2018 ) in Victorian State League Division 2 North-West and plays its home games at Partingtons Flat , Greensborough .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Dianella White Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dianella_White_Eagles_SC', 'summary': "Dianella White Eagles SC is an Australian soccer club based in Perth , Western Australia which was established by the local Serbian Australian community . The team was formed under the name of Dianella Serbia in 1978 , with the name changed to the current one in the 1990s to reduce the ethnic tension between former Yugoslav clubs , due to the outbreak of the Yugoslav War . In recent times , the club has seen a major influx of players and personnel who were refugees of the Yugoslav War , mainly from the Krajina region in Croatia , and from Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The senior team currently ( 2020 ) plays in the Western Australian State League second division . The club has had some success winning the Division 1 title in 1993 sending them into the state 's top division for a brief stint . The club has since spent its time in Division 1 coming close to winning the league in 2013 and 2017 and will be in Division 2 in the 2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Football West State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_West_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Football West State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia . The league sits at Level 2 on the Western Australian league system ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football West , the governing body of the sport in the state . The league has been officially called the All Flags State League Division 1 due to sponsorship arrangements since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perth', 'summary': "Perth ( /ˈpɜːrθ/ ( listen ) PURTH ) is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia ( WA ) . It is named after the city of Perth , Scotland and is Australia 's fourth-most populous city , with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River at Guildford , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both later founded downriver . Captain James Stirling founded Perth in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city inherited its name due to the influence of Sir George Murray , then Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Italy , Greece , and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for several large mining operations . As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are in the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Dingley Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dingley_Stars_FC', 'summary': "Dingley Stars Football Club is an association football club from the South-Eastern suburbs of Melbourne , Victoria . Formed in 1974 , the club was formerly known as Dingley City Soccer Club which was changed in 2004 to Southern Stars FC , and then to Dingley Stars at the end of the 2014 season . Currently competing in the Victorian State League Division 1 , their senior home ground is Kingston Heath , and their juniors base at Chadwick Reserve Howard Road Dingley . Club colours are red and white ( full red kit home , full white kit away ) . After an unsuccessful year in 2009 , Southern Stars FC were relegated to the Victorian State League Division 2 , it is the club 's first time getting relegated in its 36-year history . The following year in 2010 finished 1st getting promoted back to State 1 . Then in 2011 the club finished 2nd only by goal difference to be promoted to the Victorian Premier League ."}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_3', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 3 is the fifth tier soccer competition ( behind the National Premier Leagues ) in Victoria , Australia , and the sixth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Doncaster Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_SC', 'summary': 'Doncaster Rovers Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club based in Doncaster East , Melbourne . Founded in 1967 , the club currently participates in Victorian State League Division 2 South-East , Victorian Churches Football Association divisions and Football Victoria Junior and MiniRoos leagues . The club plays its home games at Anderson Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'DOSA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Conference 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Doveton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Drouin Dragons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drouin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drouin,_Victoria', 'summary': "Drouin is a town in the West Gippsland region , 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) east of Melbourne , in the Australian state of Victoria . Its local government area is the Shire of Baw Baw , and is home to the council headquarters despite being the second largest town in the shire , behind neighbouring Warragul . The town is supposedly named after a Frenchman who invented a chlorination process for the extraction of ore , or an Aboriginal word meaning north wind . New housing developments have accelerated the town 's residential growth in recent years . As at the 2016 census , Drouin had a population of 11,887 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Dulwich Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dulwich_Hill_FC', 'summary': 'Dulwich Hill , is a semi-professional soccer club , based and located in the Dulwich Hill area of New South Wales . In season 2019 , they are set to compete in the NSW NPL 3 competition . The club has strong ties to the Portuguese community with particular emphasis on the island of Madeira . Dulwich Hill was originally established by migrants from the island of Madeira who had settled in the inner west . Dulwich Hill has a strong rivalry with Fraser Park who are also of Portuguese heritage and have a very strong Portuguese derby when they play .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_3', 'summary': 'The NSW NPL3 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 3 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . At the conclusion of the 2015 season it was announced that the State League 1 would become the NPL3'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Dunbar Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunbar_Rovers_FC', 'summary': "Dunbar Rovers FC is a semi-professional Australian association football club that plays in First Grade , Under 20s and Under 18s of the National Premier Leagues New South Wales 3 competition . The club also participates in the NPL boys youth competitions ( Under 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ) and has teams in Girls Conference League ( Under 14 , 15 , 17 ) . Dunbar is one of the only elite level football clubs in NSW offering fee free football . They have been recognised by a number of bodies for doing this such as The Australian Sports Foundation . This has been achieved through fostering community relations to gain sponsors for their players to cover all necessary costs . It also means that they do n't pay their first graders unlike other clubs . This move by the club has created a knock on effect with other clubs such as Western Sydney Wanderers also making their academies fee free ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_3', 'summary': 'The NSW NPL3 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 3 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . At the conclusion of the 2015 season it was announced that the State League 1 would become the NPL3'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alphabetically -- D', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of soccer clubs in Australia. The Australian soccer league system consists of a national league - A-League (men) and W-League (women) - a state/territory-based second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL) structure and other state-based leagues. Promotion and relegation exists in some states between NPL and state leagues, however not between the A-League and the NPL. Included are all clubs playing in state (or territory)-wide leagues, or where states are split into two separate leagues.'} | null | null | What is the original founding year of the team from the state of Western Australia ? | 1978 |
04314c135accc4c0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Methodist churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'First Methodist Church Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Methodist_Church_Building_(Atoka,_Oklahoma)', 'summary': 'First Methodist Church Building is a historic church building at 105 W. 1st Street in Atoka , Oklahoma . It was built in 1915 and added to the National Register in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atoka , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atoka,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Atoka is a city in , and the county seat of , Atoka County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 3,107 at the 2010 census , an increase of 4.0 percent from 2,988 at the 2000 census . The city was settled by the Choctaw and named in 1867 by a Baptist missionary for Chief Atoka , whose name means ball ground in English .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackburn Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Blackburn Methodist Church is a historic church at D Street and 4th Avenue in Blackburn , Oklahoma . It was built in 1904 and added to the National Register in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Blackburn is a town in Pawnee County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 108 at the 2010 census , up 5.9 percent from 102 at the 2000 census . It is 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of the city of Pawnee .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South_(Checotah,_Oklahoma)', 'summary': "The Methodist Episcopal Church , South in Checotah , Oklahoma , also known as First United Methodist Church , Checotah , is a historic church at 419 W. Gentry Street . It was built in 1917 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . It is a two-story brick building . Its sanctuary has an unusual corner pulpit from which four aisles radiate reminiscent of early 'meetinghouse ' styles . It rises two stories with a curved balcony surrounding the rear sides of the sanctuary . All millwork and furniture are of oak . The plank floors are white pine ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Checotah , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Checotah,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Checotah is a town in McIntosh County , Oklahoma , United States . It was named for Samuel Checote , the first chief of the Creek Nation elected after the Civil War . The population was 3,481 at the 2000 census . According to Census 2010 , the population has decreased to 3,335 ; a 4.19% loss . Checotah is home to numerous antique malls , a Civil War battle site and a downtown historic district . Checotah claims to be the steer wrestling capital of the world . Early boosters called Checotah , The Gem of the Prairie .'}]}, {'value': 'First United Methodist Church of Drumright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_of_Drumright', 'summary': 'The First United Methodist Church of Drumright is a historic Methodist church in Drumright , Oklahoma . It was built in 1927 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . Its NRHP nomination mentions it :'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drumright , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumright,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Drumright is a city in Creek and Payne counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . It began as an oil boom town . However , the population has declined as oil production has waned in the area . The population was 2,907 at the 2010 census , almost unchanged from 2,905 at the 2000 census . Drumright and nearby Cushing were at the center of a large , productive oilfield in the 1910s and 1920s .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South_(Lawton,_Oklahoma)', 'summary': 'Methodist Episcopal Church , South ( also known as Centenary Methodist Church ) is a historic church at 702 D Avenue in Lawton , Oklahoma . It was built in 1924 in a Classical Revival style and added to the National Register in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawton , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Lawton is a city in , and the county seat of , Comanche County , in the State of Oklahoma . Located in southwestern Oklahoma , about 87 mi ( 140 km ) southwest of Oklahoma City , it is the principal city of the Lawton , Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area . According to the 2010 census , Lawton 's population was 96,867 , making it the fifth-largest city in the state . Built on former reservation lands of Kiowa , Comanche , and Apache Indians , Lawton was founded on 6 August 1901 , and was named after Major General Henry Ware Lawton , a Civil War Medal of Honor recipient killed in action in the Philippine-American War . Lawton 's landscape is typical of the Great Plains , with flat topography and gently rolling hills , while the area north of the city is marked by the Wichita Mountains . The city 's proximity to Fort Sill Military Reservation gave Lawton economic and population stability throughout the 20th century . Although Lawton 's economy is still largely dependent on Fort Sill , it has also grown to encompass manufacturing , higher education , health care , and retail . The city 's government is run by a council-manager government consisting of a city manager and a city council headed by a mayor . Interstate 44 and three major United States highways serve the city , while Lawton-Fort Sill Regional Airport connects Lawton by air . Recreation can be found at the city 's many parks , lakes , museums , and festivals . Notable residents of the city include many musical and literary artists , as well as several professional athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Church of Marshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Marshall', 'summary': 'The Methodist Church of Marshall is a historic church off OK 74 in Marshall , Oklahoma . It was added to the National Register in 1984 . The congregation was organized in 1895 . Its building was constructed in 1898 . The church was moved in 1902 , along with many other buildings of the town , about .75 miles ( 1.21 km ) to be near the new Santa Fe Railroad depot .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshall , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Marshall is a rural town in Logan County , Oklahoma , United States , and is an outer suburb/exurb on the northern edge of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 278 at the 2010 census , a 5.7 percent increase from 258 at the 2000 census . Sperling Bestplaces lists the Marshall ( zip 73056 ) population at 580 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mulhall United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulhall_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Mulhall United Methodist Church is a historic church at Bryant and Craig Streets in Mulhall , Oklahoma . It was built in 1894 and added to the National Register in 1984 . It was deemed notable as the oldest church building still intact in north central Oklahoma having been constructed during the Oklahoma Territorial year of 1894 and continuous religious services have been held in it for almost 95 years , and because it is the oldest and best remaining example of Gothic Revival architecture as applied to a church in north central Oklahoma . It is a one-and-a-half-story building , 38 by 51 feet ( 12 m × 16 m ) in plan .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mulhall , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulhall,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Mulhall is a town in Logan ( mostly ) and Payne counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The population was 225 at the 2010 census , down 5.9 percent from 239 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Ward Chapel AME Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ward_Chapel_AME_Church', 'summary': "The Ward Chapel AME Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Church building at 319 N. 9th Street in Muskogee , Oklahoma . It was built in 1904 , three years before Oklahoma achieved statehood . It was added to the National Register in 1984 . It was deemed significant as one of the oldest remaining social institutions in the black community of Muskogee ; it is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal Church and the second oldest black Protestant church in Muskogee . It is a one-and-a-half-story 90 by 44 feet ( 27 m × 13 m ) church , built of brick laid in running bond , painted yellow . The Ward Chapel congregation was founded in 1883 . The 1904 church building was built in 1904 to accommodate the growing congregation and to serve the spiritual and social needs of Muskogee 's black community which numbered over 7,000 at the time of construction ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muskogee , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Muskogee ( /məˈskoʊɡiː/ ) is the eleventh-largest city in Oklahoma and the county seat of Muskogee County . Home to Bacone College , it lies approximately 48 miles ( 77 km ) southeast of Tulsa . The population of the city was 39,223 as of the 2010 census , a 2.4 percent increase from 38,310 at the 2000 census . The 1951 film Jim Thorpe - All-American , starring Burt Lancaster , was filmed on the campus of Bacone Indian College at Muskogee . Three feature films were recently shot in Muskogee : Salvation ( 2007 ) , Denizen ( 2010 ) , and American Honey ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Avenue_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'The Boston Avenue United Methodist Church , located in downtown Tulsa , Oklahoma and completed in 1929 , is considered to be one of the finest examples of ecclesiastical Art Deco architecture in the United States , and has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places . Built by a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church , South , it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1929 built 1978 NRHP-listed 1999 NHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulsa , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Tulsa /ˈtʌlsə/ is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 45th-most populous city in the United States . As of July 2018 [ update ] , the population was 403,035 , an increase of 11,129 since the 2010 Census . It is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area , a region with 991,005 residents in the MSA and 1,251,172 in the CSA . The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County , the most densely populated county in Oklahoma , with urban development extending into Osage , Rogers , and Wagoner counties . Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe . For most of the 20th century , the city held the nickname Oil Capital of the World and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry . Historically , a robust energy sector fueled Tulsa 's economy ; however , today the city has diversified and leading sectors include finance , aviation , telecommunications and technology . Two institutions of higher education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level , Oral Roberts University and the University of Tulsa . It is situated on the Arkansas River between the Osage Hills and the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma , a region of the state known as Green Country . Considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma , Tulsa houses two art museums , full-time professional opera and ballet companies , and one of the nation 's largest concentrations of art deco architecture . The city has been called one of America 's most livable large cities by Partners for Livable Communities , Forbes , and Relocate America . FDi Magazine in 2009 ranked the city no ."}]}, {'value': 'First Methodist-Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South_(Vinita,_Oklahoma)', 'summary': 'First Methodist-Episcopal Church , South is a historic church building at 314 W. Canadian Avenue in Vinita , Oklahoma , United States . It is still active , and is now officially named First United Methodist Church .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vinita , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinita,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Vinita is a city and county seat of Craig County , Oklahoma , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,743 , a decrease of 11.22 percent from 6,469 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'First United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_(Walters,_Oklahoma)', 'summary': 'First United Methodist Church is a historic church at 202 E. Oklahoma in Walters , Oklahoma . The church was built in 1917 at a cost of $ 15,000 . Handmade bricks from local clay were used , and members of the church congregation volunteered to work on the building . It is the only building in Cotton County , Oklahoma that includes major elements of the Romanesque Revival style and incorporates a large dome at its center . According to the national register submission form , it is the best example of this architecture style in southwestern Oklahoma . It was added to the National Register in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walters , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walters,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Walters is a town in Cotton County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 2,551 at the 2010 census . The city , nestled in between twin creeks , is the county seat of Cotton County . The city 's motto is Small town ; Big heart ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Selected salient ones -- Oklahoma', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States_35', 'intro': 'This is a list of Methodist churches in the United States. It includes notable churches either where a church means a congregation (in the New Testament definition) or where a church means a building (in the colloquial sense). It also includes campgrounds and conference centers and retreats that are significant Methodist gathering places, including a number of historic sites of camp meetings. This very limited list includes only historically or architecturally significant buildings, and omits many of the currently very largest and influential congregations which do not meet that standard. Methodism was founded with a large component being a rejection of past churches and was developed by John Wesley and others in large open-air gatherings in Great Britain. In the United States, Methodists (along with Baptists and other Protestants) were major participants in the Second Great Awakening wherein people would travel from a large area to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, and pray. The list also includes selected notable Methodist theological buildings. In the United States, numerous Methodist churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on state and local historic registers, many reflecting the values of plainness, of Gothic architecture, of simple adornment. The Greek Revival style is also simple and came to be adopted for numerous American Methodist churches.'} | null | null | How many more years older is the church in Blackburn than the church in Atoka ? | 11 years |
0432ccf820f8c08a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ugandans_by_net_worth', 'title': 'List of Ugandans by net worth', 'header': ['name', 'networth ( USD )', 'residence', 'source of wealth'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alykhan Karmali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alykhan_Karmali', 'summary': 'Alykhan Karmali is a businessman , entrepreneur , industrialist , and philanthropist in Uganda . He is the managing director of Mukwano Industries Uganda Limited , a member company of the Mukwano Group . He also served as a non-executive director of Exim Bank ( Uganda ) , a commercial bank in which the Mukwano Group maintains 36.5 percent shareholding .'}]}, {'value': '700 million ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukwano Group , agribusiness , food processing , manufacturing , banking , real estate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukwano_Group', 'summary': 'The Mukwano Group of Companies , commonly known as the Mukwano Group , is a conglomerate based in Uganda , with operations in other East African countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commercial_agriculture', 'summary': 'Intensive agriculture , also known as intensive farming ( as opposed to extensive farming ) and industrial agriculture , is a type of agriculture , both of crop plants and of animals , with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area . It is characterized by a low fallow ratio , higher use of inputs such as capital and labour , and higher crop yields per unit land area . Most commercial agriculture is intensive in one or more ways . Forms that rely heavily on industrial methods are often called industrial agriculture , which is characterised by innovations designed to increase yield . Techniques include planting multiple crops per year , reducing the frequency of fallow years , and improving cultivars . It also involves increased use of fertilizers , plant growth regulators , and pesticides and mechanised agriculture , controlled by increased and more detailed analysis of growing conditions , including weather , soil , water , weeds , and pests . This system is supported by ongoing innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods , genetic technology , techniques for achieving economies of scale , logistics , and data collection and analysis technology . Intensive farms are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide . Most of the meat , dairy products , eggs , fruits , and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced by such farms . Some intensive farms can use sustainable methods , although this may necessitate higher inputs of labor or lower yields . Intensive animal farming involves large numbers of animals raised on limited land , for example by rotational grazing , or in the Western world sometimes as concentrated animal feeding operations . These methods increase the yields of food and fiber per acre as compared to extensive animal husbandry ; concentrated feed is brought to seldom-moved animals , or with rotational grazing the animals are repeatedly moved to fresh forage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Food_processing', 'summary': 'Food processing is the transformation of agricultural products into food , or of one form of food into other forms . Food processing includes many forms of processing foods , from grinding grain to make raw flour to home cooking to complex industrial methods used to make convenience foods . Primary food processing is necessary to make most foods edible , and secondary food processing turns the ingredients into familiar foods , such as bread . Tertiary food processing has been criticized for promoting overnutrition and obesity , containing too much sugar and salt , too little fiber , and otherwise being unhealthful in respect to dietary needs of humans and farm animals .'}]}, {'value': 'Amina Moghe Hersi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amina_Moghe_Hersi', 'summary': "Amina Hersi Moghe ( Somali : Aamina Xirsi Mooge , Arabic : أمينة موجي هرسي ) ( born 1964 ) is a Kenyan entrepreneur . She has launched several multimillion-dollar projects in Kampala , Uganda . Her investments include Oasis Shopping Mall in Kampala 's central business district and the Laburnam Courts Apartments , on Nakasero Hill adjacent to State House Kampala . She in the process of launching the first sugar factory in Northern Uganda . Atiak sugar factory will not only bring revenue and development for the region but is championed as the first large scale industrial project for Northern Uganda . She is also one of the city 's largest distributors of cement and other hardware materials . With successful business ventures throughout Uganda she has become a beacon of hope and a motivating role model for young African girls ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , shopping malls , hotels , hardware stores , Atiak Sugar Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shopping_mall', 'summary': 'A shopping mall is a modern , chiefly North American , term for a form of shopping precinct or shopping center in which one or more buildings form a complex of shops with interconnecting walkways , usually indoors . In 2017 , shopping malls accounted for 8% of retailing space in the United States . A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia . Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London , the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan , and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still trading . However , many smaller arcades have been demolished , replaced with large centers or malls , often accessible primarily by vehicle . Technical innovations such as electric lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century . From the late 20th century , entertainment venues such as movie theaters and restaurants began to be added . As a single built structure , early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions , enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hardware_store', 'summary': "Hardware stores ( in a number of countries , shops ) , sometimes known as DIY stores , sell household hardware for home improvement including : fasteners , building materials , hand tools , power tools , keys , locks , hinges , chains , plumbing supplies , electrical supplies , cleaning products , housewares , tools , utensils , paint , and lawn and garden products directly to consumers for use at home or for business . Many hardware stores have specialty departments unique to its region or its owner 's interests . These departments include hunting and fishing supplies , plants and nursery products , marine and boating supplies , pet food and supplies , farm and ranch supplies including animal feed , swimming pool chemicals , homebrewing supplies and canning supplies . The five largest hardware retailers in the world are The Home Depot , Lowe 's ( both of the United States ) , Kingfisher of the United Kingdom , Obi of Germany , and Leroy Merlin of France ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atiak_Sugar_Factory', 'summary': 'Atiak Sugar Factory Limited ( ASFL ) , also Atiak Sugar Factory , or Atiak Sugar Limited , is a sugar manufacturing company in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': 'Amos Nzeyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos_Nzeyi', 'summary': 'Amos Nzeyi is a Ugandan businessman , entrepreneur , and industrialist . He is one of the wealthiest people in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , banking , bottling , bakery , hotels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bottling', 'summary': 'Bottling lines are production lines that fill a product , generally a beverage , into bottles on a large scale . Many prepared foods are also bottled , such as sauces , syrups , marinades , oils and vinegars .'}]}, {'value': 'Anatoli Kamugisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anatoli_Kamugisha', 'summary': 'Kamugisha Musa is a businessman , entrepreneur , and investor in Uganda , the third-largest economy in the East African Community . He is the managing director and chief executive officer of Akright Projects Limited , a Ugandan investor . He also serves as the Uganda Private Property Developers Association ( UPDA ) . He has been reported to be one of the wealthiest individuals in the country , with an estimated net worth of approximately US $ 77million as of January 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '83 million ( 2018 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kakangulu in Wakiso District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakiso_District', 'summary': "Wakiso District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda that partly encircles Kampala , Uganda 's capital city . The town of Wakiso is the site of the district headquarters ."}]}, {'value': 'Akright Projects Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akright_Projects_Limited', 'summary': 'Akright Projects Limited ( APL ) is a privately owned real estate development company in Uganda . It is a leading property development company in the country . APL is the largest indigenous property development company in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Rugasira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Rugasira', 'summary': "Andrew Rugasira is a Ugandan businessman and author . He is the author of the book A good African story : how a small company built a global coffee brand . In 2003 , he founded Good African Coffee , the first African-owned coffee brand to be stocked in UK supermarkets and US retailers . In 2007 , he was nominated as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum . He has won several awards , including the Legatum Pioneers for Prosperity award , and in 2010 was nominated for a Financial Times/ArcelorMittal Boldness in Business award . He was Uganda Coffee Development Authority 's Ugandan Entrepreneur of the Year 2007 . He was Uganda 's chairman of the Eastern African Fine Coffees Association ( EAFCA ) , a member of Uganda 's Presidential Investor Roundtable ( PIRT ) and sits on the board of Maisha Film Lab . Rugasira lives in Kampala . He married Jacqueline Rwivanga in 1998 . They divorced in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '10 million ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good African Coffee , Rwenzori Coffee , investments', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashish Thakkar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashish_Thakkar', 'summary': "Ashish J. Thakkar is a Rwandan-based entrepreneur . He is the founder of Mara Group and Mara Foundation , and he is a co-founder of Atlas Mara . Thakkar was born in the United Kingdom , but he moved to East Africa as a teenager before founding Mara Group , a Pan-African conglomerate , at the age of 15 . Mara Group 's operations and investments span 22 African countries . He is the author of The Lion Awakes : Adventures in Africa 's Economic Miracle . Thakkar is a member of the World Economic Forum 's Young Global Leaders , and was included in Fortune magazine 's list of the top 40 Under 40 in 2013 . He was awarded the Base Leadership Award at the 2014 MTV Africa Music Awards event . Esquire named him Middle East Man of the Year in 2016 . In 2015 , Thakkar was appointed Chair of the United Nations Foundation 's Global Entrepreneurs Council . In 2017 , Thakkar was appointed Chair of the Presidential Youth Advisory Group at the African Development Bank"}]}, {'value': '260 million ( 2013 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , hotels , banks , investments', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammed Hamid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammed_Hamid_(entrepreneur)', 'summary': 'Mohammed Hamid ( born 1976 ) is a Ugandan business magnate and investor . He is the chairman and majority shareholder in the companies of the Aya Group . According to Forbes in 2015 , he was the second richest African under 40 , after Tanzanian multi-millionaire Mohammed Dewji .'}]}, {'value': '400 million ( 2017 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotels , flour milling , transportation , international trade , bakery , mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Kabonero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Kabonero', 'summary': 'Bob Kabonero is a businessman and entrepreneur in Uganda . According to a 2012 published report , he was one of the wealthiest people in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '250 million ( 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'investments , casino , real estate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulaimu Muwanga Kibirige', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulaimu_Muwanga_Kibirige', 'summary': 'Bulaimu Muwanga Kibirige , commonly known as BMK , is a Ugandan businessman , entrepreneur , and hotel owner . According to a 2012 published report , he was one of the wealthiest people in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotels , real estate , construction equipment , foreign exchange bureaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market', 'summary': "The foreign exchange market ( Forex , FX , or currency market ) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter ( OTC ) market for the trading of currencies . This market determines foreign exchange rates for every currency . It includes all aspects of buying , selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices . In terms of trading volume , it is by far the largest market in the world , followed by the credit market . The main participants in this market are the larger international banks . Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock , with the exception of weekends . Since currencies are always traded in pairs , the foreign exchange market does not set a currency 's absolute value but rather determines its relative value by setting the market price of one currency if paid for with another . Ex : US $ 1 is worth X CAD , or CHF , or JPY , etc . The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions and operates on several levels . Behind the scenes , banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as dealers , who are involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading . Most foreign exchange dealers are banks , so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the interbank market ( although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved ) . Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large , involving hundreds of millions of dollars ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Hamya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Hamya', 'summary': 'Charles Hamya , is a Ugandan businessman . He is the managing director of Multichoice Uganda Limited , a digital communications network provider in Uganda . He is reported to be one of the wealthiest individuals in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multichoice Uganda Limited , real estate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Mbire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Mbire', 'summary': 'Charles Magezi Mbire is a businessman , entrepreneur , and industrialist in Uganda . He was reported to be the wealthiest indigenous Ugandan , with an estimated net worth exceeding US $ 200 million as of January 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '350 million ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kololo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kololo', 'summary': 'Kololo is a hill in Kampala , the largest city and capital of Uganda . The name also applies to the upscale residential and commercial neighborhood that sits on that hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Telecommunications , banking , pharmaceuticals , fish farming , investments , power generation , railways', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pharmaceuticals', 'summary': 'A medication ( also referred to as medicine , pharmaceutical drug , or simply drug ) is a drug used to diagnose , cure , treat , or prevent disease . Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy ) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management . Drugs are classified in multiple ways . One of the key divisions is by level of control , which distinguishes prescription drugs ( those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the order of a physician , physician assistant , or qualified nurse ) from over-the-counter drugs ( those that consumers can order for themselves ) . Another key distinction is between traditional small-molecule drugs , usually derived from chemical synthesis , and biopharmaceuticals , which include recombinant proteins , vaccines , blood products used therapeutically ( such as IVIG ) , gene therapy , monoclonal antibodies and cell therapy ( for instance , stem-cell therapies ) . Other ways to classify medicines are by mode of action , route of administration , biological system affected , or therapeutic effects . An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System ( ATC system ) . The World Health Organization keeps a list of essential medicines . Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by pharmaceutical companies , academic scientists , and governments . As a result of this complex path from discovery to commercialization , partnering has become a standard practice for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines . Governments generally regulate what drugs can be marketed , how drugs are marketed , and in some jurisdictions , drug pricing . Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal of used drugs .'}]}, {'value': 'Drake Lubega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drake_Lubega', 'summary': 'Drake Lubega is a Ugandan businessman . According to a 2012 published report , he was one of the wealthiest people in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kololo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elvis Sekyanzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Sekyanzi', 'summary': 'Elvis Sekyanzi , also known as Elvis Sekyanzi Wavamunno , is a qualified sound engineer , businessman , and entrepreneur in Uganda . He was reported in 2012 to be one of the wealthiest people in that country .'}]}, {'value': '8 million ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Entertainment , broadcasting , nightclubs , mineral water', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Godfrey Kirumira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godfrey_Kirumira', 'summary': 'Godfey Kirumira , also known as Godfrey Kirumira Kalule , is a Ugandan businessman . According to a 2012 published report , he is one of the wealthiest people in Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '30 million ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muyenga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , hotels , schools , transportation , international trade , security guards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon Wavamunno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Wavamunno', 'summary': 'Gordon Babala Kasibante Wavamunno , but often referred to simply as Gordon Wavamunno ( born 16 December 1943 ) , is a Ugandan entrepreneur , businessman , and philanthropist . He is reported to be one of the wealthiest people in Uganda . He also serves as the honorary consul of Hungary to Uganda .'}]}, {'value': '100+ million ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munyonyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munyonyo', 'summary': 'Munyonyo is an area on the northern shores of Lake Victoria and part of the metropolitan area of Kampala , in Makindye Division . Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda .'}]}, {'value': 'Automobile dealerships , broadcasting , real estate , insurance , dairy farming , mineral water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobile_dealership', 'summary': 'A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level , based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary . It employs automobile salespeople to sell their automotive vehicles . It may also provide maintenance services for cars , and employ automotive technicians to stock and sell spare automobile parts and process warranty claims .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dairy_farm', 'summary': 'Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk , which is processed ( either on the farm or at a dairy plant , either of which may be called a dairy ) for eventual sale of a dairy product .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Mulindwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Mulindwa', 'summary': "Isaac Mulindwa is a businessman and former politician in Uganda . He is the founder and owner of Makinawa Motors Limited , an automobile dealership based in the Kololo neighborhood in Uganda 's capital , Kampala ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kololo & Mbarara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kololo', 'summary': 'Kololo is a hill in Kampala , the largest city and capital of Uganda . The name also applies to the upscale residential and commercial neighborhood that sits on that hill .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mbarara', 'summary': 'Mbarara is a city in the Western Region of Uganda . It is the main municipal , administrative , and commercial centre of Mbarara District and the site of the district headquarters .'}]}, {'value': 'Automobile sales , commercial farming , ranching , rice processing , Makinawa University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobile', 'summary': 'A car ( or automobile ) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation . Most definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads , seat one to eight people , have four tires , and mainly transport people rather than goods . Cars came into global use during the 20th century , and developed economies depend on them . The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car when German inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen . Cars became widely available in the early 20th century . One of the first cars accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T , an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company . Cars were rapidly adopted in the US , where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts , but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world . [ citation needed ] Cars have controls for driving , parking , passenger comfort , and a variety of lights . Over the decades , additional features and controls have been added to vehicles , making them progressively more complex , but also more reliable and easier to operate . [ citation needed ] These include rear reversing cameras , air conditioning , navigation systems , and in-car entertainment . Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion engine , fueled by the combustion of fossil fuels . Electric cars , which were invented early in the history of the car , became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than gasoline cars before 2025 .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Mulindwa Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Mulindwa_Jr.', 'summary': 'Isaac Mulindwa Jr. is a businessman and entrepreneur in Uganda . In 2007 , the New Vision newspaper reported him to be one of the wealthiest individuals in that country .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ggaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ggaba', 'summary': 'Ggaba is a neighborhood within the city of Kampala in the Central Region of Uganda .'}]}, {'value': 'Construction , entertainment , broadcasting , Makinawa University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hassan Basajjabalaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hassan_Basajjabalaba', 'summary': "Hassan Basajjabalaba is a businessman and politician in Uganda . According to the New Vision newspaper , he is one of the wealthiest people in Uganda . He is also the chairperson of the ruling National Resistance Movement 's entrepreneurs ' league ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universities , schools , real estate , animal skins and hides , hotels', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Clarke_(physician)', 'summary': 'Ian Clarke is a physician , missionary , philanthropist , entrepreneur , and politician in Uganda . Since May 2011 , he has been mayor of Makindye Division , one of the five administrative units of the Kampala Capital City Authority .'}]}, {'value': '15 million ( 2014 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makindye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makindye', 'summary': "Makindye is a hill in Kampala , Uganda 's largest city and capital . The name also refers to the neighborhood that sits on that hill . Makindye is also the seat of Makindye Division , one of the five administrative zones of the city of Kampala ."}]}, {'value': 'University , hospitals , real estate , healthcare , health insurance , ambulances , hotels', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ibrahim Kironde Kabanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ibrahim_Kironde_Kabanda', 'summary': 'Ibrahim Kironde Kabanda , is a businessman and entrepreneur in Uganda . He is a former chairman of the Uganda Revenue Authority , having served in that position from 2004 until 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '5+ million ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Investments , real estate', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The per capita income in Uganda in 1999 was approximately US $ 60 annually . [ 1 ] In 2013 , an estimated 19.5 percent of the 35 million Ugandans lived on less than US $ 1.00 per day . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Compiled here is a list of individuals in Uganda whose accumulated assets are known to be markedly above the rest of the individuals in the country . The list is not exhaustive , and net worth values are hard to determine . [ 3 ] The names are arranged alphabetically , using the first name to select rank .', 'uid': 'List_of_wealthiest_people_in_Uganda_0', 'intro': 'The per capita income in Uganda in 1999 was approximately US$60 annually. In 2013, an estimated 19.5 percent of the 35 million Ugandans lived on less than US$1.00 per day. Compiled here is a list of individuals in Uganda whose accumulated assets are known to be markedly above the rest of the individuals in the country. The list is not exhaustive, and net worth values are hard to determine. The names are arranged alphabetically, using the first name to select rank.'} | null | null | What is the net worth of the Ugandan who served as a non-executive director of Exim Bank ( Uganda ) ? | 700 million ( 2012 ) |
0432fdb90fa8ff0c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Simmons', 'title': 'Jean Simmons', 'header': ['Year', 'Association', 'Category', 'Nominated work', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Academy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry . The award was traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Supporting Actor winner . At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937 , Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of this award for her role in Anthony Adverse . Initially , winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded plaques instead of statuettes . Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944 , winners received full-sized statuettes . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . Since its inception , the award has been given to 81 actresses . Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each . Despite winning no awards , Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions , more than any other actress . As of the 2020 ceremony , Laura Dern is the most recent winner in this category for her role as Nora Fanshaw in Marriage Story ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamlet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Board of Review', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Board_of_Review', 'summary': 'The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures is an organization in the United States dedicated to discussing and selecting what its members regard as the best film works of each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': 'The National Board of Review Award for Best Actress is one of the annual film awards given ( since 1945 ) by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'The Actress / The Robe / Young Bess', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951 . Previously , there was a single award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture , but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress - Drama . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2005 , it was officially called Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical . As of 2014 [ update ] , the wording is Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical .'}]}, {'value': 'Guys and Dolls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BAFTA Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BAFTA_Awards', 'summary': 'The British Academy of Film and Television Arts or BAFTA Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) to honour the best British and international contributions to film . The ceremonies were initially held at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square in London , before being held at the Royal Opera House from 2008 to 2016 . Since 2017 , the ceremony has been held at the Royal Albert Hall in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Foreign Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BAFTA_Awards', 'summary': 'The British Academy of Film and Television Arts or BAFTA Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) to honour the best British and international contributions to film . The ceremonies were initially held at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square in London , before being held at the Royal Opera House from 2008 to 2016 . Since 2017 , the ceremony has been held at the Royal Albert Hall in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Guys and Dolls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951 . Previously , there was a single award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture , but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress - Drama . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2005 , it was officially called Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical . As of 2014 [ update ] , the wording is Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical .'}]}, {'value': 'This Could Be the Night', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Motion_Picture_Drama', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951 . Previously , there was a single award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress - Comedy or Musical . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2005 , it was officially called Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . As of 2013 [ update ] , the wording is Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . It is notable for being the category in which the only three-way tie in Golden Globe Awards history occurred , when Jodie Foster , Shirley MacLaine , and Sigourney Weaver all won the award at the 46th Golden Globe Awards in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Home Before Dark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BAFTA Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BAFTA_Awards', 'summary': 'The British Academy of Film and Television Arts or BAFTA Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) to honour the best British and international contributions to film . The ceremonies were initially held at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square in London , before being held at the Royal Opera House from 2008 to 2016 . Since 2017 , the ceremony has been held at the Royal Albert Hall in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Foreign Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BAFTA_Awards', 'summary': 'The British Academy of Film and Television Arts or BAFTA Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) to honour the best British and international contributions to film . The ceremonies were initially held at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square in London , before being held at the Royal Opera House from 2008 to 2016 . Since 2017 , the ceremony has been held at the Royal Albert Hall in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Elmer Gantry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Motion_Picture_Drama', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951 . Previously , there was a single award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress - Comedy or Musical . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2005 , it was officially called Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . As of 2013 [ update ] , the wording is Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . It is notable for being the category in which the only three-way tie in Golden Globe Awards history occurred , when Jodie Foster , Shirley MacLaine , and Sigourney Weaver all won the award at the 46th Golden Globe Awards in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Elmer Gantry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Academy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The award is traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Actor winner . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actresses were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . One actress has been nominated posthumously , Jeanne Eagels . Since its inception , the award has been given to 76 actresses ."}]}, {'value': 'The Happy Ending', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Motion_Picture_Drama', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951 . Previously , there was a single award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress - Comedy or Musical . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2005 , it was officially called Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . As of 2013 [ update ] , the wording is Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . It is notable for being the category in which the only three-way tie in Golden Globe Awards history occurred , when Jodie Foster , Shirley MacLaine , and Sigourney Weaver all won the award at the 46th Golden Globe Awards in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Happy Ending', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards on May 19 , 1975 , to Juliet Mills for her role as Samantha Cody in QB VII . The award ceremony garnered criticism during the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards when Ellen Burstyn received a nomination for her work in Mrs. Harris ( 2005 ) , despite having 14 seconds of screen time and 38 words of dialogue . This resulted in a rule change , requiring nominees submitting for the category to have more than 5% screen-time on their respective projects . Since its inception , the award has been given to 38 actresses . Regina King , Jane Alexander , Judy Davis , Colleen Dewhurst , and Mare Winningham have each won two awards . Kathy Bates is the most nominated actress in the category , with seven nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a guest starring role on a television drama series for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards on May 19 , 1975 to Zohra Lampert for her performance on Kojak and Cloris Leachman for her role on The Mary Tyler Moore Show . It has undergone several name changes , originally honoring single leading and supporting appearances in drama and comedy series through 1978 . The award was reintroduced at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards under the name Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series , honoring actors and actresses in guest starring roles on television drama series . In 1989 , the category was split into categories for each gender , resulting in the name change to its current title . Since its inception , the award has been given to 34 actresses . Cherry Jones is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Holly Maddox on The Handmaid 's Tale . Margo Martindale , Patricia Clarkson , Shirley Knight , Amanda Plummer , and Alfre Woodard have won the most awards in this category with two each . Diana Rigg , Martindale and Woodard have been nominated for the award on four occasions , the most within the category . Meanwhile , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit holds the most awardees with 5 winners coming from the show ."}]}, {'value': 'Murder , She Wrote', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Screen Actors Guild Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards', 'summary': "Screen Actors Guild Awards ( also known as SAG Awards ) are accolades given by the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( SAG-AFTRA ) to recognize outstanding performances in film and prime time television . The statuette given , a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy , is called The Actor . It is 16 inches ( 41 cm ) tall , weighs over 12 pounds ( 5.4 kg ) , is cast in solid bronze , and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank , California . SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995 . Nominations for the awards come from two committees , one for film and one for television , each numbering 2100 members of the union , randomly selected anew each year , with the full membership ( 165,000 as of 2012 ) available to vote for the winners . It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards . The awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT , and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS . The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25 , 1995 from Universal Studios ' Stage 12 . The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium , while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Auditorium . On December 4 , 2017 , it was announced that the award show would have its first host ever in its twenty-four year history with actress Kristen Bell presiding over the ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture', 'summary': 'The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Motion Picture ( or Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ) , is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film .'}]}, {'value': 'How to Make an American Quilt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards and nominations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Jean_Simmons_0', 'intro': "Jean Merilyn Simmons, OBE (31 January 1929 - 22 January 2010) was a British-American actress and singer. One of J. Arthur Rank's well-spoken young starlets, she appeared predominantly in films, beginning with those made in Great Britain during and after World War II, followed mainly by Hollywood films from 1950 onwards. Simmons was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Hamlet (1948), and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for Guys and Dolls (1955). Her other film appearances include Young Bess (1953), The Robe (1953), Elmer Gantry (1960), Spartacus (1960), and the 1969 film The Happy Ending, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She also won an Emmy Award for the miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983)."} | null | null | In what year was Simmons nominated for an award that weighs over 12 pounds for the category of outstanding performance by an ensemble ? | 1996 |
0433051e73388afc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Sweden at the 1948 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Lundström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Lundström', 'summary': 'Martin Lundström ( 30 May 1918 - 30 June 2016 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who competed in the late 1940s and early 1950s . He was born in Tvärliden , Norsjö Municipality . Lundström won two Olympic gold medals during the 1948 Winter Olympics in Saint-Moritz , Switzerland at the 18 km and 4 × 10 km relay events . He also won a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1952 Winter Olympics . Lundström also won at the 18 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1948 . Additionally , he won a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . He died in June 2016 at the age of 98 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , three cross-country skiing events were contested . The 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 31 January 1948 , the relay event was held on Tuesday , 3 February 1948 , and the 50 km event was held on Friday , 6 February 1948 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 18 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nils Karlsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nils_Karlsson', 'summary': 'Nils Emanuel Karlsson ( 25 June 1917 - 16 June 2012 ) , better known as Mora-Nisse , was a Swedish cross-country skier . Karlsson won gold in the 50 km event at the 1948 Winter Olympics and nine Vasaloppet victories .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , three cross-country skiing events were contested . The 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 31 January 1948 , the relay event was held on Tuesday , 3 February 1948 , and the 50 km event was held on Friday , 6 February 1948 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nils Östensson Nils Täpp Gunnar Eriksson Martin Lundström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nils_Östensson', 'summary': 'Nils Holger Östensson ( April 29 , 1918 , Transtrand , Dalarna - July 24 , 1949 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who competed in the 1940s . He won the 4 × 10 km relay gold and the 18 km silver at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . Östensson also won the 18 km and 50 km events at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1949 . He died in a motorcycle accident on July 24 , 1949 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nils_Täpp', 'summary': 'Nils Bertil Täpp ( 27 October 1917 - 23 October 2000 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier . He was part of the Swedish 4 × 10 km relay teams that won gold medals at the 1948 Winter Olympics and 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . At the 1952 Olympics he finished seventh in the individual 18 km race and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay . He was the Swedish national champion in the 15 km ( 1943 and 1946 ) and 3 × 10 km relay ( 1942 , 1943 and 1949 ) . He was born Nils Bertil Persson and changed his last name to Täpp in 1945 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gunnar_Eriksson', 'summary': 'Krång Erik Gunnar Eriksson ( 13 September 1921 - 8 July 1982 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who won two medals at the 1948 Winter Olympics , a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay and a bronze in the individual 18 km . Eriksson won the 50 km event at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , but finished 12th at the 1952 Olympics and 21st at the 1954 World Championships . Eriksson had five brothers and three sisters . Their father died aged 42 , and the children had to start working in their teens at the local knife factory ; in 1946 they started their own hardware business . Eriksson married Kerstin Norlin , the winner of the 1949 Vasa ski marathon , who lived next door . She died aged 38 . After retiring from competitions in 1954 Eriksson spent time collecting stamps , fishing , hunting and working as timberjack . In 1980 he developed Lou Gehrigs disease and died in July 1982 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Lundström', 'summary': 'Martin Lundström ( 30 May 1918 - 30 June 2016 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who competed in the late 1940s and early 1950s . He was born in Tvärliden , Norsjö Municipality . Lundström won two Olympic gold medals during the 1948 Winter Olympics in Saint-Moritz , Switzerland at the 18 km and 4 × 10 km relay events . He also won a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1952 Winter Olympics . Lundström also won at the 18 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1948 . Additionally , he won a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . He died in June 2016 at the age of 98 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , three cross-country skiing events were contested . The 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 31 January 1948 , the relay event was held on Tuesday , 3 February 1948 , and the 50 km event was held on Friday , 6 February 1948 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 x 10 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Åke Seyffarth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Åke_Seyffarth', 'summary': "Karl Åke Seyffarth ( 15 January 1919 - 1 January 1998 ) was a Swedish speed skater who specialised in long distance events . He set new world records on the 5,000 m ( 8:13.7 ) in 1941 and on the 3000 m ( 4:45.7 ) in 1942 . He became European Allround Champions in 1947 , winning both the 5,000 m and the 10000 m on his way to becoming European Champion . In addition to speed skating , Seyffarth also was one of Sweden 's leading cyclists , but this career was hampered by an injury in a dirt biking accident in 1943 . Seyffarth participated in the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , the first Winter Olympic Games to be held in twelve years . As a result of the lack of competition during , and shortly after , World War II , Seyffarth entered the 5,000 m as the world record holder , a record he had set almost exactly seven years earlier , in 1941 . During his heat , Seyffarth seemed to be winning until a photographer tried to take a picture of him and stepped onto the ice . Seyffarth brushed the photographer , losing several seconds , and went on to lose his heat and finally come in seventh overall . The winner of the race was Reidar Liaklev with a time of 8:29.4 , well above Seyffarth 's 1941 world record of 8:13.7 . Seyffarth 's official 5,000 m time was 8:37.9 . The day after his disappointing 5000 m race , Seyffarth won Olympic silver on the 1,500 m , half a second behind Norwegian skater Sverre Farstad . The day after that , Seyffarth won Olympic gold on the 10000 m with a time of 17:26.30 , not a particularly fast time considering that the world record at the time was 17:01.50 ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , four speed skating events were contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10,000m", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nils Östensson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nils_Östensson', 'summary': 'Nils Holger Östensson ( April 29 , 1918 , Transtrand , Dalarna - July 24 , 1949 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who competed in the 1940s . He won the 4 × 10 km relay gold and the 18 km silver at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . Östensson also won the 18 km and 50 km events at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1949 . He died in a motorcycle accident on July 24 , 1949 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , three cross-country skiing events were contested . The 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 31 January 1948 , the relay event was held on Tuesday , 3 February 1948 , and the 50 km event was held on Friday , 6 February 1948 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 18 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harald Eriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harald_Eriksson', 'summary': 'Harald Eriksson ( or Ericsson , 22 September 1921 - 20 May 2015 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who won the silver medal in the 50 km event at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz . The same year he won the 50 km at the Holmenkollen ski festival . He had to withdraw from the 50 km race at the 1952 Games due to a high fever . Eriksson served in the Swedish Army in Umeå , but had good opportunities to train because his commander was also chairman of his skiing club . He later worked at a sports shop in Umeå , together with his friends and rivals Gunnar Karlsson and Martin Lundström ; the trio formed a successful relay team .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , three cross-country skiing events were contested . The 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 31 January 1948 , the relay event was held on Tuesday , 3 February 1948 , and the 50 km event was held on Friday , 6 February 1948 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Åke Seyffarth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Åke_Seyffarth', 'summary': "Karl Åke Seyffarth ( 15 January 1919 - 1 January 1998 ) was a Swedish speed skater who specialised in long distance events . He set new world records on the 5,000 m ( 8:13.7 ) in 1941 and on the 3000 m ( 4:45.7 ) in 1942 . He became European Allround Champions in 1947 , winning both the 5,000 m and the 10000 m on his way to becoming European Champion . In addition to speed skating , Seyffarth also was one of Sweden 's leading cyclists , but this career was hampered by an injury in a dirt biking accident in 1943 . Seyffarth participated in the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , the first Winter Olympic Games to be held in twelve years . As a result of the lack of competition during , and shortly after , World War II , Seyffarth entered the 5,000 m as the world record holder , a record he had set almost exactly seven years earlier , in 1941 . During his heat , Seyffarth seemed to be winning until a photographer tried to take a picture of him and stepped onto the ice . Seyffarth brushed the photographer , losing several seconds , and went on to lose his heat and finally come in seventh overall . The winner of the race was Reidar Liaklev with a time of 8:29.4 , well above Seyffarth 's 1941 world record of 8:13.7 . Seyffarth 's official 5,000 m time was 8:37.9 . The day after his disappointing 5000 m race , Seyffarth won Olympic silver on the 1,500 m , half a second behind Norwegian skater Sverre Farstad . The day after that , Seyffarth won Olympic gold on the 10000 m with a time of 17:26.30 , not a particularly fast time considering that the world record at the time was 17:01.50 ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , four speed skating events were contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500m", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gunnar Eriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunnar_Eriksson', 'summary': 'Krång Erik Gunnar Eriksson ( 13 September 1921 - 8 July 1982 ) was a Swedish cross-country skier who won two medals at the 1948 Winter Olympics , a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay and a bronze in the individual 18 km . Eriksson won the 50 km event at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , but finished 12th at the 1952 Olympics and 21st at the 1954 World Championships . Eriksson had five brothers and three sisters . Their father died aged 42 , and the children had to start working in their teens at the local knife factory ; in 1946 they started their own hardware business . Eriksson married Kerstin Norlin , the winner of the 1949 Vasa ski marathon , who lived next door . She died aged 38 . After retiring from competitions in 1954 Eriksson spent time collecting stamps , fishing , hunting and working as timberjack . In 1980 he developed Lou Gehrigs disease and died in July 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , three cross-country skiing events were contested . The 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 31 January 1948 , the relay event was held on Tuesday , 3 February 1948 , and the 50 km event was held on Friday , 6 February 1948 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 18 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sven Israelsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sven_Israelsson', 'summary': 'Sven Israelsson ( 17 January 1920 - 9 October 1989 ) was a Swedish nordic combined skier who won a bronze medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics . Earlier in 1947 he became the first foreigner to win the nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 1948 Winter Olympics consisted of one event , held from 31 January to 1 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Olympiaschanze St. Moritz , while the cross-country portion took place around the hills of St. Moritz .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Göthe Hedlund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Göthe_Hedlund', 'summary': 'Göthe Emanuel Hedlund ( 31 July 1918 - 15 December 2003 ) was a Swedish speed skater who was at the world top around World War II . Hedlund made his international debut at the 1939 European Allround Championships of Riga , Latvia , finishing 16th . Two weeks later , he participated in the World Allround Championships held in Helsinki , but his times on the first three distances were not good enough to qualify him for the final distance . The start of World War II meant that only very few tournaments were organised , so Hedlund could not compete very often during those years . When the war was over , Hedlund participated in the first European Allround Championships after the war and promptly became the 1946 European Allround Champion . There were no official World Allround Championships that year , but unofficial World Championships were held in Oslo and Hedlund won silver there . In 1947 , Hedlund won European silver behind compatriot Åke Seyffarth . At the 1948 Winter Olympics of St. Moritz , Hedlund won bronze on the 5,000 m behind Norwegian skaters Reidar Liaklev and Odd Lundberg . His last international medal came two weeks later at the European Allround Championships where he won silver , again behind Liaklev . Hedlund competed internationally until 1952 , when he finished in 9th-11th places in the 5,000-10,000 m events at the Winter Olympics . He died in Lidingö in 2003 at the age of 85 . His daughter Ylva also became an Olympic speed skater .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1948 Winter Olympics , four speed skating events were contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000m", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Sweden competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland.'} | null | null | How many events did the nordic combined consist of in the 1948 olympics ? | one event |
0433550d95591c2b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment_Academy_Awards_Animation_Collection', 'title': 'Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Studio', 'Star ( s )', 'Year', 'Director ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor_Meets_Sindbad_the_Sailor', 'summary': 'Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor is a two-reel animated cartoon short subject in the Popeye Color Feature series , produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on November 27 , 1936 by Paramount Pictures . It was produced by Max Fleischer for Fleischer Studios , Inc. and directed by Dave Fleischer , with the title song by Sammy Timberg . The voices of Popeye and J. Wellington Wimpy are performed by Jack Mercer , with additional voices by Mae Questel as Olive Oyl , and Gus Wickie as Sindbad the Sailor .'}]}, {'value': 'Fleischer Paramount', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fleischer_Studios', 'summary': "Fleischer Studios ( /ˈflaɪʃər/ ) was an American corporation which originated as an animation studio located at 1600 Broadway , New York City , New York . It was founded in 1921 as Out of the Inkwell , inc. by brothers Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer who ran the pioneering company from its inception until Paramount Pictures , the studio 's parent company and the distributor of its films , acquired ownership . In its prime , Fleischer Studios was a premier producer of animated cartoons for theaters , with Walt Disney Productions becoming its chief competitor in the 1930s . Fleischer Studios characters included Koko the Clown , Betty Boop , Bimbo , Popeye the Sailor , and Superman . Unlike other studios , whose characters were anthropomorphic animals , the Fleischers ' most successful characters were humans ( with the exception of Bimbo , who was a black-and-white cartoon dog ) . The cartoons of the Fleischer Studio were very different from the Disney product , both in concept and in execution . As a result , the Fleischer cartoons were rough rather than refined , commercial rather than consciously artistic . But in their unique way , their artistry was expressed through a culmination of the arts and sciences . This approach focused on surrealism , dark humor , adult psychological elements , and sexuality , and the environments were grittier and urban , often set in squalid surroundings , reflecting the Great Depression as well as German Expressionism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paramount_Pictures', 'summary': "Paramount Pictures Corporation ( also known simply as Paramount ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of ViacomCBS . It is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world , the second oldest in the United States , and the sole member of the Big Five film studios still located in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood . In 1916 , film producer Adolph Zukor put 22 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo . In 2014 , Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only . The company 's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue , Hollywood , California , United States . Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Popeye , Olive , Wimpy , Bluto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popeye', 'summary': "Popeye the Sailor is a muscular American cartoon fictional character created by Elzie Crisler Segar . The character first appeared in the daily King Features comic strip Thimble Theatre on January 17 , 1929 , and Popeye became the strip 's title in later years . Popeye has also appeared in theatrical and television animated cartoons . Segar 's Thimble Theatre strip was in its 10th year when Popeye made his debut , but the one-eyed sailor quickly became the main focus of the strip , and Thimble Theatre became one of King Features ' most popular properties during the 1930s . After Segar 's death in 1938 , Thimble Theatre was continued by several writers and artists , most notably Segar 's assistant Bud Sagendorf . The strip continues to appear in first-run installments in its Sunday edition , written and drawn by Hy Eisman . The daily strips are reprints of old Sagendorf stories . In 1933 , Max Fleischer adapted the Thimble Theatre characters into a series of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoon shorts for Paramount Pictures . These cartoons proved to be among the most popular of the 1930s , and Fleischer - and later Paramount 's own Famous Studios - continued production through 1957 . These cartoon shorts are now owned by Turner Entertainment and distributed by its sister company Warner Bros. Over the years , Popeye has also appeared in comic books , television cartoons , arcade and video games , hundreds of advertisements , peripheral products ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes , and the 1980 live-action film directed by Robert Altman and starring Robin Williams as Popeye . Charles M. Schulz said , I think Popeye was a perfect comic strip , consistent in drawing and humor . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked Popeye number 20 on its 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time list ."}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Fleischer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Fleischer', 'summary': 'David Fleischer ( /ˈflaɪʃər/ ; July 14 , 1894 - June 25 , 1979 ) was an American film director and producer , best known as a co-owner of Fleischer Studios with his older brother Max Fleischer . He was a native of New York City .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peace on Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peace_on_Earth_(film)', 'summary': 'Peace on Earth is a one-reel 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon short directed by Hugh Harman , about a post-apocalyptic world populated only by animals , as it is claimed in the short that human beings have gone extinct due to war .'}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Harman', 'summary': 'Hugh Harman was an American animator known for creating the Warner Bros. Cartoons and MGM Cartoons and his collaboration with Rudolf Ising during the golden age of American animation .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Wild Hare *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Wild_Hare', 'summary': 'A Wild Hare , reissued as The Wild Hare , is a 1940 Merrie Melodies cartoon supervised by Tex Avery ( credited as Fred Avery on the original issue ) . The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny , the latter making what is considered his first official appearance .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bugs Bunny , Elmer Fudd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bugs_Bunny', 'summary': "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character , created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions ( later Warner Bros. Cartoons ) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc . Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films , produced by Warner Bros . Though a similar character called Happy Rabbit debuted in the WB cartoon Porky 's Hare Hunt ( 1938 ) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts , the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery 's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare ( 1940 ) . Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray and white rabbit or hare who is famous for his flippant , insouciant personality . He is also characterized by a Brooklyn accent , his portrayal as a trickster , and his catch phrase Eh.What 's up , doc ? . Due to Bugs ' popularity during the golden age of American animation , he became not only an American cultural icon and the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment , but also one of the most recognizable characters in the world . He can thus be seen in the older Warner Bros. company logos . Since his debut , Bugs has appeared in various short films , feature films , compilations , TV series , music records , comics , video games , award shows , amusement park rides , and commercials . He has also appeared in more films than any other cartoon character , is the 9th most-portrayed film personality in the world , and has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elmer_Fudd', 'summary': "Elmer J. Fudd is a fictional cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies series , and an adversary of Bugs Bunny . He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon ( second only to Bugs himself ) . His aim is to hunt Bugs , but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters . He speaks in an unusual way , replacing his Rs and Ls with Ws , so he always refers to Bugs Bunny as a scwewy wabbit . Elmer 's signature catchphrase is , Shhh . Be vewy vewy quiet , I 'm hunting wabbits , as well as his trademark laughter . The best known Elmer Fudd cartoons include Chuck Jones ' work What 's Opera , Doc ? ( one of the few times Fudd bested Bugs , though he felt bad about it ) , the Rossini parody Rabbit of Seville , and the Hunting Trilogy of Rabbit Season/Duck Season shorts ( Rabbit Fire , Rabbit Seasoning , and Duck ! Rabbit , Duck ! ) with Fudd , Bugs Bunny , and Daffy Duck . An earlier character named Egghead set some of Elmer 's aspects before the character 's more conspicuous features were set ."}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tex Avery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tex_Avery', 'summary': "Frederick Bean Tex Avery ( February 26 , 1908 - August 26 , 1980 ) was an American animator and director , known for producing and directing animated cartoons during the golden age of American animation . His most significant work was for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios , where he was crucial in the creation and evolution of famous animated characters such as Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Elmer Fudd , Droopy , Screwy Squirrel , George and Junior , and Chilly Willy . Gary Morris described Avery 's innovative approach :"}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puss Gets the Boot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puss_Gets_the_Boot', 'summary': 'Puss Gets the Boot is a 1940 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the first short in what would become the Tom and Jerry cartoon series . It was directed by William Hanna , Joseph Barbera and Rudolf Ising , and produced by Rudolf Ising and Fred Quimby . As was the practice of MGM shorts at the time , only Rudolf Ising is credited . It was released to theaters on February 10 , 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer .'}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Cat', 'summary': "Thomas Cat is a fictional character and one of the two titular main protagonists ( the other being Jerry Mouse ) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 's series of Tom and Jerry theatrical animated short films . Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera , he is a grey and white anthropomorphic domestic short haired mute Tuxedo cat who first appeared in the 1940 MGM animated short Puss Gets the Boot . The cat was known as Jasper during his debut in the short ; however , beginning with his next appearance in The Midnight Snack he was known as Tom or Thomas . He will appear , along with co-star Jerry Mouse , in what would be their first theatrical film appearance since 1993 's Tom and Jerry : The Movie , Tom and Jerry , which will be scheduled to be released in 2020 . As of July 2019 , the film is currently being filmed ."}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Hanna Joseph Barbera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hanna', 'summary': "William Denby Hanna ( July 14 , 1910 - March 22 , 2001 ) was an American animator , director , producer , voice actor , cartoon artist , and musician whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of people for much of the 20th century . After working odd jobs in the first months of the Great Depression , Hanna joined the Harman and Ising animation studio in 1930 . During the 1930s , Hanna steadily gained skill and prominence while working on cartoons such as Captain and the Kids . In 1937 , while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Hanna met Joseph Barbera . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry . In 1957 , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , creating and/or producing programs such as The Flintstones , The Huckleberry Hound Show , The Jetsons , Scooby-Doo , The Smurfs , and Yogi Bear . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company until 1991 . At that time , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Tom and Jerry won seven Academy Awards , while Hanna and Barbera were nominated for two others and won eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoons have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in their 1960s heyday , and have been translated into more than 28 languages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Barbera', 'summary': "Joseph Roland Barbera ( /bɑːrˈbɛərə , ˈbɑːrbərə/ bar-BAIR-ə , BAR-bər-ə , Italian : [ barˈbɛːra ] ; March 24 , 1911 - December 18 , 2006 ) was an American animator , director , producer , storyboard artist , and cartoon artist , whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of fans worldwide for much of the 20th century . He was born to Italian immigrants in New York City , where he lived , attended college and began his career through his young adult years . After working odd jobs and as a banker , Barbera joined Van Beuren Studios in 1927 and subsequently Terrytoons in 1929 . In 1930 , he moved to California and while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Barbera met William Hanna . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry . In 1957 , after MGM dissolved their animation department , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , producing programs such as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear , Scooby-Doo , Top Cat , The Smurfs , Huckleberry Hound and The Jetsons . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company . In 1991 , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner , owners of Warner Bros. , in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoon shows have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 28 languages ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Superman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superman_(animated_short)', 'summary': 'Superman ( 1941 ) is the first installment in a series of seventeen animated Technicolor short films based upon the DC Comics character Superman . Also known as The Mad Scientist , Superman was produced by Fleischer Studios and released to theaters by Paramount Pictures on October 26 , 1941 . Superman ranked number 33 in a list of the fifty greatest cartoons of all time sourced from a 1994 poll of 1000 animation professionals , and was nominated for the 1942 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Subject .'}]}, {'value': 'Fleischer Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Superman , Lois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superman', 'summary': "Superman is a fictional superhero . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , and first appeared in Action Comics # 1 , a comic book published on April 18 , 1938 . The character regularly appears in comic books published by DC Comics , and has been adapted to a number of radio serials , movies , and television shows . Superman was born on the planet Krypton and was given the name Kal-El at birth . As a baby , his parents sent him to Earth in a small spaceship moments before Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm . His ship landed in the American countryside , near the fictional town of Smallville . He was found and adopted by farmers Jonathan and Martha Kent , who named him Clark Kent . Clark developed various superhuman abilities , such as incredible strength and impervious skin . His foster parents advised him to use his abilities for the benefit of humanity , and he decided to fight crime as a vigilante . To protect his privacy , he changes into a colorful costume and uses the alias Superman when fighting crime . Clark Kent resides in the fictional American city of Metropolis , where he works as a journalist for the Daily Planet . Superman 's supporting characters include his love interest and fellow journalist Lois Lane , Daily Planet photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor-in-chief Perry White ."}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Fleischer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Fleischer', 'summary': 'David Fleischer ( /ˈflaɪʃər/ ; July 14 , 1894 - June 25 , 1979 ) was an American film director and producer , best known as a co-owner of Fleischer Studios with his older brother Max Fleischer . He was a native of New York City .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hiawatha's_Rabbit_Hunt", 'summary': "Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Friz Freleng . Mel Blanc voiced all characters . This film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( cartoons ) . This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Friz Freleng . The short makes several direct references to The Song of Hiawatha , an epic poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . This was Bugs ' first encounter with a Native American . This is a parody of the Silly Symphonies cartoon Little Hiawatha . In fact , the character is a parody of the legendary Disney animator , Ward Kimball . The cooking-pot sequence from this cartoon would be directly incorporated three years later in the 1944 Bugs Bunny cartoon What 's Cookin ' Doc ? , although Bugs ' facial appearance had subtly changed in the interim . The central joke in that film is Bugs losing the Oscar to fellow Warner actor James Cagney . Showing clips specifically from Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt provides some context to that storyline . In 1995 , Turner Entertainment restored the original titles of the short for its American and European Turner dubbed versions ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bugs Bunny , Hiawatha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bugs_Bunny', 'summary': "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character , created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions ( later Warner Bros. Cartoons ) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc . Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films , produced by Warner Bros . Though a similar character called Happy Rabbit debuted in the WB cartoon Porky 's Hare Hunt ( 1938 ) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts , the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery 's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare ( 1940 ) . Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray and white rabbit or hare who is famous for his flippant , insouciant personality . He is also characterized by a Brooklyn accent , his portrayal as a trickster , and his catch phrase Eh.What 's up , doc ? . Due to Bugs ' popularity during the golden age of American animation , he became not only an American cultural icon and the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment , but also one of the most recognizable characters in the world . He can thus be seen in the older Warner Bros. company logos . Since his debut , Bugs has appeared in various short films , feature films , compilations , TV series , music records , comics , video games , award shows , amusement park rides , and commercials . He has also appeared in more films than any other cartoon character , is the 9th most-portrayed film personality in the world , and has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhapsody in Rivets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Rivets', 'summary': 'Rhapsody in Rivets is a 1941 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Friz Freleng .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Night Before Christmas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Night_Before_Christmas_(1941_film)', 'summary': 'The Night Before Christmas is a 1941 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the third Tom and Jerry short directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera , produced by Fred Quimby and animated by Jack Zander , George Gordon , Irven Spence and Bill Littlejohn . It was nominated for the 1941 Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons , but lost to the Mickey Mouse short film Lend a Paw .'}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom and Jerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry', 'summary': "Tom and Jerry is an American animated franchise and series of comedy short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . Best known for its 161 theatrical short films by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , the series centers on a friendship/rivalry ( a love-hate relationship ) between the title characters Tom , a cat , and Jerry , a mouse . Many shorts also feature several recurring characters . In its original run , Hanna and Barbera produced 114 Tom and Jerry shorts for MGM from 1940 to 1958 . During this time , they won seven Academy Awards for Animated Short Film , tying for first place with Walt Disney 's Silly Symphonies with the most awards in the category . After the MGM cartoon studio closed in 1957 , MGM revived the series with Gene Deitch directing an additional 13 Tom and Jerry shorts for Rembrandt Films from 1961 to 1962 . Tom and Jerry then became the highest-grossing animated short film series of that time , overtaking Looney Tunes . Chuck Jones then produced another 34 shorts with Sib Tower 12 Productions between 1963 and 1967 . Three more shorts were produced , The Mansion Cat in 2001 , The Karate Guard in 2005 , and A Fundraising Adventure in 2014 , making a total of 164 shorts . A number of spin-offs have been made , including the television series The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) , The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980-82 ) , Tom & Jerry Kids ( 1990-93 ) , Tom and Jerry Tales ( 2006-08 ) , and The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014-present ) . The first feature-length film based on the series , Tom and Jerry : The Movie , was released in 1992 , and 13 direct-to-video films have been produced since 2002 , with an upcoming animated/live-action hybrid film to be released in 2020 . A musical adaptation of the series , titled Tom and Jerry : Purr-Chance to Dream , debuted in Japan in 2019 in advance of Tom and Jerry 's 80th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Hanna Joseph Barbera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hanna', 'summary': "William Denby Hanna ( July 14 , 1910 - March 22 , 2001 ) was an American animator , director , producer , voice actor , cartoon artist , and musician whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of people for much of the 20th century . After working odd jobs in the first months of the Great Depression , Hanna joined the Harman and Ising animation studio in 1930 . During the 1930s , Hanna steadily gained skill and prominence while working on cartoons such as Captain and the Kids . In 1937 , while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Hanna met Joseph Barbera . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry . In 1957 , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , creating and/or producing programs such as The Flintstones , The Huckleberry Hound Show , The Jetsons , Scooby-Doo , The Smurfs , and Yogi Bear . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company until 1991 . At that time , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Tom and Jerry won seven Academy Awards , while Hanna and Barbera were nominated for two others and won eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoons have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in their 1960s heyday , and have been translated into more than 28 languages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Barbera', 'summary': "Joseph Roland Barbera ( /bɑːrˈbɛərə , ˈbɑːrbərə/ bar-BAIR-ə , BAR-bər-ə , Italian : [ barˈbɛːra ] ; March 24 , 1911 - December 18 , 2006 ) was an American animator , director , producer , storyboard artist , and cartoon artist , whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of fans worldwide for much of the 20th century . He was born to Italian immigrants in New York City , where he lived , attended college and began his career through his young adult years . After working odd jobs and as a banker , Barbera joined Van Beuren Studios in 1927 and subsequently Terrytoons in 1929 . In 1930 , he moved to California and while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Barbera met William Hanna . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry . In 1957 , after MGM dissolved their animation department , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , producing programs such as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear , Scooby-Doo , Top Cat , The Smurfs , Huckleberry Hound and The Jetsons . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company . In 1991 , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner , owners of Warner Bros. , in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoon shows have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 28 languages ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blitz Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blitz_Wolf', 'summary': "Blitz Wolf is a 1942 American animated propaganda short film produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . A parody of the Three Little Pigs told via a World War II perspective , the short was directed by Tex Avery ( in his first cartoon for MGM ) and produced by Fred Quimby . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons but lost to Der Fuehrer 's Face , another anti-Nazi World War II parody featuring Donald Duck ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tex Avery', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pigs in a Polka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pigs_in_a_Polka', 'summary': "Pigs in a Polka is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject in the Merrie Melodies series , produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on February 2 , 1943 by Warner Bros . It was produced by Leon Schlesinger and directed by Friz Freleng , with musical supervision by Carl W. Stalling . There is very little dialogue in the cartoon aside from the Big Bad Wolf 's introduction of the story and the pigs introducing themselves . The film is a parody of two Walt Disney films : 1933 Three Little Pigs and 1940 Fantasia . The familiar story of the Three Little Pigs is set in this film to several of Brahms ' Hungarian Dances , specifically No . 5 , No . 7 , No . 6 and No . 17 which appear in that order . It is also part of a light-hearted , culturally subversive Merrie Melodies running joke , which would later be re-emphasized with another Fantasia parody , 1943 's A Corny Concerto . It was nominated for the 1942 Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons . This film can be found in the Looney Tunes Golden Collection : Volume 3 disc 3 , Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection and several low-budget home video and DVD releases ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swooner Crooner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swooner_Crooner', 'summary': 'Swooner Crooner is a 1944 Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin . The cartoon was nominated for the 1945 Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) , which it lost to the Tom and Jerry cartoon Mouse Trouble which shared one of the 7 Oscars for the Cat & Mouse team .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Tashlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Tashlin', 'summary': "Francis Fredrick von Taschlein ( February 19 , 1913 - May 5 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Frank Tashlin , was an American animator , cartoonist , children 's writer , illustrator , screenwriter , and film director of comedy movies . He was also known as Tish Tash and Frank Tash ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walky Talky Hawky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walky_Talky_Hawky', 'summary': 'Walky Talky Hawky is a Henery Hawk/Foghorn Leghorn animated short film from Warner Bros. released in 1946 and directed by Robert McKimson . All voice characterizations are performed by Mel Blanc . It marked the first appearances of Foghorn Leghorn and the Barnyard Dawg .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foghorn Leghorn , Henery Hawk , Barnyard Dawg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foghorn_Leghorn', 'summary': "Foghorn Leghorn is a cartoon character who appears in Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons and films from Warner Bros . Animation . He was created by Robert McKimson and writer Warren Foster , and starred in 29 cartoons from 1946 to 1964 in the Golden Age of American Animation . All 29 of these cartoons were directed by McKimson . Foghorn Leghorn 's first appearance was in the 1946 Henery Hawk short Walky Talky Hawky . With the Tasmanian Devil , Foghorn ranks as the two most popular McKimson-created characters . [ citation needed ] Foghorn 's voice was created and originally performed by Mel Blanc and was later performed by Jeff Bergman , Joe Alaskey , Bill Farmer , Greg Burson , Jeff Bennett , and Frank Gorshin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henery_Hawk', 'summary': "Henery Hawk is a cartoon character from the American Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series , who appeared in thirteen cartoons . His first appearance was The Squawkin ' Hawk , directed by Chuck Jones and produced by Leon Schlesinger . Henery 's second appearance was Walky Talky Hawky which also featured Foghorn Leghorn and The Barnyard Dawg , directed by Robert McKimson . The last Warner Brothers short to feature Henery was Strangled Eggs . He appeared most recently on The Looney Tunes Show and Looney Tunes Cartoons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barnyard_Dawg', 'summary': 'George P. Dog ( better known as ( The ) Barnyard Dawg ) is a Looney Tunes character . An adult anthropomorphic basset hound , he is the archenemy of Foghorn Leghorn . He was created by Robert McKimson , who also created Foghorn , and was voiced by Mel Blanc . Dawg also feuds with other enemies as well like Henery Hawk , the Weasel , Daffy Duck and Sylvester . He appeared in 22 Golden Age-era Warner Bros. shorts .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert McKimson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_McKimson', 'summary': "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr . Mouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Mouse', 'summary': 'This is a complete list of the 164 shorts in the Tom and Jerry series produced and released between 1940 and 2014 . Of these , 161 are theatrical shorts , two are made-for-TV shorts and one is a 2-minute sketch shown as part of a telethon .'}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom and Jerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry', 'summary': "Tom and Jerry is an American animated franchise and series of comedy short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . Best known for its 161 theatrical short films by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , the series centers on a friendship/rivalry ( a love-hate relationship ) between the title characters Tom , a cat , and Jerry , a mouse . Many shorts also feature several recurring characters . In its original run , Hanna and Barbera produced 114 Tom and Jerry shorts for MGM from 1940 to 1958 . During this time , they won seven Academy Awards for Animated Short Film , tying for first place with Walt Disney 's Silly Symphonies with the most awards in the category . After the MGM cartoon studio closed in 1957 , MGM revived the series with Gene Deitch directing an additional 13 Tom and Jerry shorts for Rembrandt Films from 1961 to 1962 . Tom and Jerry then became the highest-grossing animated short film series of that time , overtaking Looney Tunes . Chuck Jones then produced another 34 shorts with Sib Tower 12 Productions between 1963 and 1967 . Three more shorts were produced , The Mansion Cat in 2001 , The Karate Guard in 2005 , and A Fundraising Adventure in 2014 , making a total of 164 shorts . A number of spin-offs have been made , including the television series The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) , The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980-82 ) , Tom & Jerry Kids ( 1990-93 ) , Tom and Jerry Tales ( 2006-08 ) , and The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014-present ) . The first feature-length film based on the series , Tom and Jerry : The Movie , was released in 1992 , and 13 direct-to-video films have been produced since 2002 , with an upcoming animated/live-action hybrid film to be released in 2020 . A musical adaptation of the series , titled Tom and Jerry : Purr-Chance to Dream , debuted in Japan in 2019 in advance of Tom and Jerry 's 80th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Hanna Joseph Barbera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hanna', 'summary': "William Denby Hanna ( July 14 , 1910 - March 22 , 2001 ) was an American animator , director , producer , voice actor , cartoon artist , and musician whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of people for much of the 20th century . After working odd jobs in the first months of the Great Depression , Hanna joined the Harman and Ising animation studio in 1930 . During the 1930s , Hanna steadily gained skill and prominence while working on cartoons such as Captain and the Kids . In 1937 , while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Hanna met Joseph Barbera . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry . In 1957 , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , creating and/or producing programs such as The Flintstones , The Huckleberry Hound Show , The Jetsons , Scooby-Doo , The Smurfs , and Yogi Bear . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company until 1991 . At that time , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Tom and Jerry won seven Academy Awards , while Hanna and Barbera were nominated for two others and won eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoons have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in their 1960s heyday , and have been translated into more than 28 languages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Barbera', 'summary': "Joseph Roland Barbera ( /bɑːrˈbɛərə , ˈbɑːrbərə/ bar-BAIR-ə , BAR-bər-ə , Italian : [ barˈbɛːra ] ; March 24 , 1911 - December 18 , 2006 ) was an American animator , director , producer , storyboard artist , and cartoon artist , whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of fans worldwide for much of the 20th century . He was born to Italian immigrants in New York City , where he lived , attended college and began his career through his young adult years . After working odd jobs and as a banker , Barbera joined Van Beuren Studios in 1927 and subsequently Terrytoons in 1929 . In 1930 , he moved to California and while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Barbera met William Hanna . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry . In 1957 , after MGM dissolved their animation department , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , producing programs such as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear , Scooby-Doo , Top Cat , The Smurfs , Huckleberry Hound and The Jetsons . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company . In 1991 , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner , owners of Warner Bros. , in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoon shows have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 28 languages ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mouse Wreckers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mouse_Wreckers', 'summary': "Mouse Wreckers is a 1949 Looney Tunes short directed by Chuck Jones , starring Hubie and Bertie in their first pairing with the redesigned Claude Cat ( an early , primordial version of the cat who appeared in 1943 's The Aristo-Cat ) . The short centers around Hubie and Bertie 's attempts to move into a new home by chasing Claude out of the home . Mel Blanc voices Bertie and an uncredited Stan Freberg voices Hubie . The title is a pun on house wrecker or home wrecker , where a house is destroyed , often figuratively , by a single person . Mouse Wreckers was nominated for Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for 1948 , but lost to The Little Orphan , a Tom and Jerry cartoon which was the fifth Oscar ( of seven ) given to the cat and mouse team . The cartoon was loosely remade as Gopher Broke in 1958 , and later as the Tom and Jerry cartoon The Year of the Mouse in 1965 ( also written by Maltese and directed by co-writer Jones ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubie and Bertie , Claude Cat , Hector the Bulldog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubie_and_Bertie', 'summary': "Hubie and Bertie are animated cartoon rodent characters in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . Hubie and Bertie represent some of animator Chuck Jones ' earliest work that was intended to be funny rather than cute . All of their cartoons were given Blue Ribbon reissues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Claude_Cat', 'summary': 'Claude Cat is an animated cartoon character in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Brothers .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuck Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Jones', 'summary': "Charles Martin Jones ( September 21 , 1912 - February 22 , 2002 ) was an American animated filmmaker and cartoonist , best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts . He wrote , produced , and/or directed many classic animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , Pepé Le Pew , Porky Pig , Michigan J. Frog , the Three Bears , and a slew of other Warner characters . After his career at Warner Bros. ended in 1962 , Jones started Sib Tower 12 Productions , and began producing cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , including a new series of Tom and Jerry shorts and the television adaptation of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . He later started his own studio , Chuck Jones Enterprises , which created several one-shot specials , and periodically worked on Looney Tunes related works . Jones was nominated for eight Academy Awards , winning three times . He won for the cartoons For Scent-imental Reasons , So Much for So Little , and The Dot and the Line . Robin Williams presented Jones with an Honorary Academy Award in 1996 for his iconic work in the animation industry . Film historian Leonard Maltin has praised Jones ' work at Warner Bros. , MGM and Chuck Jones Enterprises . He also said that the feud that there may have been between Jones and colleague Bob Clampett was mainly because they were so different from each other . In Jerry Beck 's The 50 Greatest Cartoons , ten of the entries were directed by Jones , with four out of the five top cartoons ( including first place ) being Jones shorts ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Disc 2', 'section_text': 'All 14 cartoons on this disc were nominated for Academy Awards , but did not win', 'uid': 'Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment_Academy_Awards_Animation_Collection_1', 'intro': "Due to the success of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection, Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection and Popeye DVD series, Warner Home Video issued a 3-DVD set on February 12, 2008 showcasing the various animation properties that they own, including their home-grown Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies. Other animation properties represented on this set were Tom and Jerry, Droopy, and other classic MGM cartoons as well as entries from Max Fleischer's Popeye and Superman series (both originally released by Paramount Pictures). All cartoons selected for this release were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, with the exception of the film So Much for So Little which won the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. A total of 41 cartoons (completely uncut and unedited) were chosen for this set, 15 of them being winners. Many of the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies shorts featured on this collection have also been released on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD sets, but this set also includes a handful of cartoons that have not been released on these Golden Collections. The cartoons A Wild Hare and Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt which were previously reissued as Blue Ribbons have their full original titles restored, the latter having its original titles first restored on the 1995 Turner print. The cartoon From A to Z-Z-Z-Z previously released as a Blue Ribbon, but retaining its full slate of credits was also presented on this set in its original format. All the Tom and Jerry shorts have been previously released on the Spotlight Collections, but most of them here are presented restored and remastered, as opposed to the Turner broadcast TV prints used for the Spotlight Collections (the copies sourced for Mouse Trouble and Quiet Please! were badly restored transfers with washed-out colors and grainy pictures, similar to the ones that would be seen in the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection DVD & Blu-ray sets years later). Three MGM cartoons, Touché, Pussy Cat!, Good Will to Men and One Droopy Knight are presented in their original Cinemascope aspect ratios. To this day, this is Warner's only DVD release of classic animation to feature a variety of different cartoon studios. Aside from this 3-DVD set aimed towards collectors, Warner has also released each of the discs separately."} | null | null | Who directed the title with the title song by Sammy Timberg ? | Dave Fleischer |
0434c76ee529e525 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '2002 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marius Urzică ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marius_Urzică', 'summary': 'Marius Daniel Urzică ( born September 30 , 1975 , in Topliţa , Romania ) is a Romanian gymnast . Urzică is an Olympic champion , a three-time world champion and a three-time European champion on pommel horse . He competed at three Olympic games , medaling each time on pommel horse ( gold Sydney 2000 , silver Atlanta 1996 and silver Athena 2004 ) and contributed to the team bronze in Athens 2004 . His unique technique and style of performance have won him the recognition as one of the greatest masters on this piece of apparatus ever , together with Miroslav Cerar and Zoltán Magyar . Known as The King of the Pommels in 2001 he achieved the maximum score of 10.00 on this piece of apparatus at the Glasgow Grand Prix . Two elements in artistic gymnastics , one on pommel horse and one on parallel bars are named after him . He was the founder of Romanian Golden Team'}]}, {'value': '9.787', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xiao Qin ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xiao_Qin', 'summary': "Xiao Qin ( simplified Chinese : 肖钦 ; traditional Chinese : 肖欽 ; pinyin : Xiào Qīn ; born January 12 , 1985 in Nanjing , Jiangsu ) is a male Chinese gymnast . He specializes in the horizontal bar and parallel bars , but is best known for his work on the pommel horse for which he has won Olympic , world , national , East Asian Games , and World Cup titles . He joined the Chinese National Team in 1999 and is part of the People 's Liberation Army ."}]}, {'value': '9.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takehiro Kashima ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takehiro_Kashima', 'summary': 'Takehiro Kashima ( 鹿島 丈博 , Kashima Takehiro , born July 16 , 1980 in Osaka ) is a Japanese gymnast , world champion and Olympic champion .'}]}, {'value': '9.687', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teng Haibin ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teng_Haibin', 'summary': 'Teng Haibin ( simplified Chinese : 滕海滨 ; traditional Chinese : 滕海濱 ; pinyin : Téng Hǎibīn ; born January 2 , 1985 in Beijing ) is a male Chinese gymnast . He is a Two Time World Champion as well as an Olympic gold medalist on the pommel horse . He cost his team a medal at the 2004 Olympics with multiple falls on every apparatus ( except his specialty pommel horse ) . He and Xiao Qin are considered personal favorites of Head Coach Huang Yubin . He is married to Olympics all-around bronze medalist , Zhang Nan .'}]}, {'value': '9.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Casimir ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Casimir', 'summary': 'Éric Casimir ( born 20 February 1977 ) is a French gymnast . He competed in five events at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikolai Kryukov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikolai_Kryukov_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Nikolai Vyacheslavovich Kryukov ( Russian : Николай Вячеславович Крюков ; born November 11 , 1978 in Voronezh ) is a Russian artistic gymnast . A three-time Olympian , he was also the World Artistic Gymnastics All-Around Champion at the 1999 World Gymnastics Championships in Tianjin , China .'}]}, {'value': '9.625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ioan Suciu ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ioan_Silviu_Suciu', 'summary': 'Ioan Silviu Suciu ( born 24 November 1977 in Sibiu ) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast . His best event was the pommel horse . One of his closest rivals was his team mate and pommel horse Olympic champion Marius Urzică , who was defeated by Suciu in Ljubljana , 2004 , when the latter won the title while Urzică took 8th place . Suciu is an Olympic bronze medalist with the team , a silver world medalist on pommel horse and a six-time European medalist ( pommel horse , vault and team ) . Suciu was one of the key team members of the Romanian gymnastics team for several years contributing to the 2004 Olympic team bronze medal and three continental team medals ( two gold and one silver ) . He also placed fourth all around at the 2004 Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': '9.625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Hamm ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hamm', 'summary': 'Paul Elbert Hamm ( born September 24 , 1982 in Washburn , Wisconsin ) is a retired American artistic gymnast . He is the 2004 Olympic all-around champion , a three-time Olympic medalist , and the 2003 World all-around champion . Hamm is the most successful American male gymnast in history , and the only male American gymnast to win the all-around title at the Olympics and the World Championships .'}]}, {'value': '9.050', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Pommel Horse', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_1', 'intro': 'The 36th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Debrecen, Hungary, in 2002 at Főnix Hall. The team and all-around events were not contested at the 2002 Worlds. The format was similar to that of the 1992 Worlds, with medals being awarded for the individual WAG and MAG apparatus. There were three rounds of competition: the preliminary round open to everyone; the semi-finals open to the top sixteen qualifiers; and the finals for the top eight gymnasts.'} | null | null | How many times was the person with a score of 9.787 in the pommel horse at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships of 2002 a participant in the Olympics ? | three |
0435602ca9727879 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bay Town Trolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_Town_Trolley', 'summary': "The Bay Town Trolley is the primary provider of mass transportation in Bay County , Florida . The system is referred to as a trolley service , because most of the buses in the agency 's fleets are designed in the style of tourist trolleys . In 2009 , the agency expanded from provided weekday-only to Monday-Saturday service all year round . Previously , buses only ran on Saturdays during the peak tourist season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bay County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Bay County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 168,852 ( Estimate of 185,287 as of 1 July 2018 [ update ] ) . Its county seat is Panama City . Bay County is included in the Panama City , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is best known for its white sand beaches and emerald green water , where large pods of dolphins swim year-round . These beaches attract hundreds of thousands of visitors from all over the world each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Panama City , Panama City Beach , and Lynn Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida', 'summary': 'Panama City is a city and the county seat of Bay County , Florida , United States . Located along U.S. Route 98 , it is the largest city between Tallahassee and Pensacola . It is the more populated of two principal cities of the Panama City-Lynn Haven , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 36,484 . The city was catastrophically damaged when Hurricane Michael made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane on October 10 , 2018 . When Panama City was incorporated in 1909 , its original city limits were 15th Street ( Hwy 98 ) on the north , Balboa Avenue on the west and Bay Avenue on the east .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Panama_City_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': "Panama City Beach is a resort town in Bay County , Florida , United States , on the Gulf of Mexico coast . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 12,018 . The city is often referred to under the umbrella term of Panama City . Panama City Beach 's slogan is The World 's Most Beautiful Beaches due to the unique , sugar-white sandy beaches of northwest Florida . Panama City Beach has been a popular vacation destination , especially among people in the Southern United States . The city is also a very popular spring break destination , due to the popularity of the beach and its proximity to most of the Southern United States , and relative proximity as a drive destination for the Midwest . The MTV show Floribama Shore was set in the city - Filming took place over the Summer of 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynn_Haven,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lynn Haven is a city in Bay County , Florida , United States , north of Panama City . The population was 18,493 at the 2010 census . Like many communities in Bay County , the city was severely damaged by Category 5 Hurricane Michael on October 10 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Broward County Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broward_County_Transit', 'summary': 'Broward County Transit ( also known as BCT ) is the public transit authority in Broward County , Florida . It is the second-largest transit system in Florida after Miami-Dade Transit . It currently operates the only public bus system in Broward County . Besides serving Broward County , It also serves portions of Palm Beach County and Miami-Dade County , where it overlaps its service with Miami-Dade Transit and Palm Tran .'}]}, {'value': 'Broward County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Broward County is a county in southeastern Florida , US . According to a 2018 census report , the county had a population of 1,951,260 , making it the second-most populous county in the state of Florida and the 17th-most populous county in the United States . The county seat is Fort Lauderdale . Broward County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The county has 31 municipalities , which consist of 24 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas . It is also Florida 's seventh-largest county in terms of land area , with 1,322.8 square miles ( 3,426 km2 ) . Broward County 's urbanized area occupies 427.8 square miles of land . The largest portion of the county is the Conservation Area that extends west to border Collier County . The conservation area is 796.9 square miles and consists of wetlands , much of which are part of the Everglades National Park . At its widest points , the County stretches approximately 50.3 miles east to west and approximately 27.4 miles from north to south , averaging 5 to 25 feet in elevation ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'Citrus Connection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citrus_Connection', 'summary': 'Citrus Connection is the public transit system of Lakeland , Florida , operated by the Lakeland Area Mass Transit District ( LAMTD ) . The system operates a fleet of 33 buses on 14 routes in the Lakeland area , including service provided for Winter Haven Area Transit to the neighboring cities of Auburndale , Winter Haven and Bartow . The system also operates paratransit service with 15 Handy buses . Citrus Connection has operated since 1982 . LAMTD is financed by a property tax and by funding from federal , state and city government . In September 2008 , the Polk Transit Authority was established with a view to the eventual consolidation of the LAMTD and Winter Haven Area Transit , and the extension of transit service throughout Polk County .'}]}, {'value': 'Polk County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Polk County is located in the U.S. state of Florida . The county population was 602,095 , as of the 2010 census . Its county seat is Bartow , and its largest city is Lakeland . Polk County comprises the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . This MSA is the 87th-most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County , near the city of Lake Wales . Polk County is home to one public university , one state college , and four private universities . One Fortune 500 company , Publix Super Markets , has headquarters in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Collier Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collier_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Collier Area Transit ( CAT ) is the public transportation system in Collier County , Florida . Regular transit bus service and the paratransit system are administered by the Collier County Department of Alternative Transportation Modes . Service is provided to Immokalee , Marco Island , Golden Gate and the City of Naples area , seven days a week from 6 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. depending on the route .'}]}, {'value': 'Collier County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Collier County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 321,520 . Its county seat is East Naples , where the county offices were moved from Everglades City in 1962 . Collier County comprises the Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples,_Florida', 'summary': "Naples is a city in Collier County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 19,539 . Naples is a principal city of the Naples-Marco Island , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of about 322,000 as of 2015 . Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States , with the sixth-highest per capita income in the country in 2012 , and the second-highest proportion of millionaires per capita in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney Transport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Transport', 'summary': "Disney Transport is a mass public transit system of the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake , Florida . The transportation system provides free service to guests of the resort and consists of buses , a monorail system , a gondola lift system , watercraft , and parking lot trams . Most of the routes operated by Disney Transport are buses that run along the resort 's public roads maintained by the Reedy Creek Improvement District and private roads . None of these modes of transportation charge a fare , which makes the entire network free to use ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Disney World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_World', 'summary': "In 1959 , Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 . Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5% of Disneyland 's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River , where 75% of the population of the United States lived . Additionally , Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project . Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando , Florida - one of many - in November 1963 . After witnessing the well-developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida 's Turnpike into account , with McCoy Air Force Base ( later Orlando International Airport ) to the east , Disney selected a centrally located site near Bay Lake . To avoid a burst of land speculation , Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km2 ) of land . In May 1965 , some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County . In addition , two large tracts totaling $ 1.5 million were sold , and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically named companies such as the Ayefour Corporation , Latin-American Development and Management Corporation and the Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation . Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street , U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom . The smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs . They were five-acre ( 2 ha ) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors . Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land , which was mostly swamp at the time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escambia County Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escambia_County_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Escambia County Area Transit ( ECAT ) is the transit agency that serves the greater Pensacola , Escambia County , Florida area . It is owned by the Escambia County government which began managing the agency in 1971 . ECAT served 1.23 million riders in October 2016 - September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Escambia County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escambia_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Escambia County is the westernmost and oldest county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population is 297,619 . Its county seat and largest city is Pensacola . Escambia County is included in the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county population has continued to increase as the suburbs of Pensacola have developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Pensacola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Hillsborough Area Regional Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsborough_Area_Regional_Transit', 'summary': 'Hillsborough Area Regional Transit ( also known as the Hillsborough Transit Authority ( HART ) ) provides public transportation for Hillsborough County , Florida . The agency provides fixed-route local and express bus service , door-to-door paratransit service ( HARTplus ) , flex-route neighborhood connector service ( HARTflex ) , a lightened version of Bus Rapid Transit ( MetroRapid ) , and manages the TECO Line Streetcar System .'}]}, {'value': 'Hillsborough County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Hillsborough County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . In the 2010 census , the population was 1,229,226 , making it the fourth-most populous county in Florida and the most populous county outside the Miami metropolitan area . A 2018 estimate has the population of Hillsborough County at 1,436,888 people , which itself is greater than the populations of 12 states according to their 2018 population estimates . Its county seat and largest city is Tampa . Hillsborough County is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'I-Ride Trolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I-Ride_Trolley', 'summary': "International Drive , commonly known as I-Drive , is a major 11.1-mile ( 17.9 km ) thoroughfare in Orlando , Florida , United States , and is the city 's main tourist strip . I-Drive is located several miles southwest of proper Downtown Orlando in the southernmost limits of the city . The International Drive area serves a similar purpose to that of the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas as the core of the tourism area ."}]}, {'value': 'International Drive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Drive', 'summary': "International Drive , commonly known as I-Drive , is a major 11.1-mile ( 17.9 km ) thoroughfare in Orlando , Florida , United States , and is the city 's main tourist strip . I-Drive is located several miles southwest of proper Downtown Orlando in the southernmost limits of the city . The International Drive area serves a similar purpose to that of the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas as the core of the tourism area ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_FL', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville Transportation Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_Transportation_Authority', 'summary': 'The Jacksonville Transportation Authority ( JTA ) is the independent agency responsible for public transit in the city of Jacksonville , Florida , and roadway infrastructure that connects northeast Florida . However , they do not maintain any roadways .'}]}, {'value': 'Duval County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Duval County is a county in the State of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 864,263 , with a 2018 estimate at 950,181 , the seventh most populous in Florida . Its county seat is Jacksonville , with which the Duval County government has been consolidated since 1968 . Duval County was established in 1822 , and is named for William Pope Duval , Governor of Florida Territory from 1822 to 1834 . Duval County is included in the Jacksonville , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida', 'summary': "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida as well as the southeastern United States , and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . It is the seat of Duval County , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits . As of 2018 , Jacksonville 's population was estimated to be 903,889 . The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,523,615 and is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Florida . Jacksonville is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River in the First Coast region of northeast Florida , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Georgia state line and 328 miles ( 528 km ) north of Miami . The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast . The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline , one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States . Under British rule , a settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British . A platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain ; it was named after Andrew Jackson , the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States . Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . Its riverine location facilitates Naval Station Mayport , Naval Air Station Jacksonville , the U.S. Marine Corps Blount Island Command , and the Port of Jacksonville , Florida 's third largest seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'LakeXpress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LakeXpress', 'summary': 'LakeXpress is the public transportation agency that serves the Lake County , Florida . The service was instituted in 2007 to relieve traffic congestion along U.S. Route 441 . [ citation needed ] Buses operate Monday through Friday and the bureau is currently in the process of transitioning from a flag stop to a designated stop system . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Lake County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 297,052 . Its county seat is Tavares , and its largest city is Clermont . Lake County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Tavares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tavares,_Florida', 'summary': 'Tavares ( pronounced tuh-vair-ees ) is a city in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat of Lake County . The population at the 2010 census was 13,951 , and in 2018 the population was estimated to be 17,472 . It is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area . The name is a popular Portuguese surname and toponym .'}]}, {'value': 'LeeTran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeeTran', 'summary': 'LeeTran is the transit bus service operated by the Lee County Transit Department , providing service to Bonita Springs , Cape Coral , Fort Myers , Fort Myers Beach and much of the unincorporated area of Lee County , Florida . Buses operate Monday through Saturday between 5:00 a.m. and 9:45 p.m. , depending on the route ; and at various times on Sunday . Trolleys operate Monday through Sunday between 6:30 a.m. and 9:25 p.m .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lee County is located in southwest Florida on the Gulf Coast . As of the 2010 census , the population was 618,754 . The county seat is Fort Myers ( with a 2018 estimated population of 82,254 ) , and the largest city is Cape Coral with an estimated 2018 population of 189,343 . Lee County comprises the Cape Coral-Fort Myers , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area . Lee County was created in 1887 from Monroe County . Today , Fort Myers is the center of a popular tourist area in Southwest Florida and the seat of Lee County . It is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Tampa at the meeting point of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caloosahatchee River . Currently , Lee County is the spring home of the Boston Red Sox and Minnesota Twins MLB teams for spring training .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Lynx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynx_(Orlando)', 'summary': 'Lynx ( stylized as LYNX ) is a bus system run by the Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority , serving the greater Orlando , Florida area in Orange , Seminole , and Osceola counties with limited service to Polk County . Bus routes are referred to as Links . The standard adult one-way fare is $ 2 with free single transfers valid for 90 minutes ( not valid on the same Link or for round trips ) . LYNX runs the zero-fare LYMMO Bus in Downtown Orlando , connecting many downtown destinations to parking and the LYNX Central Station by controlling traffic signals on a three-mile route along a fully separate right-of-way or a combination of separate right-of-way and mixed traffic . All LYNX buses , except the Lymmo , have bike racks ( 2 - 3 bike capacity ) for use at no extra charge . Other LYNX services include a commuter assistance Vanpool program ; Access LYNX paratransit service ; NeighborLink ( formerly PickUpLine ) community circulators ; and the Road Rangers roadside assistance program on Interstate 4 between Kissimmee and Daytona Beach , sponsored by State Farm . Bus stop signs were designed with a lynx paw in place of the traditional bus stop signs , which show a bus ; although newer signs have been placed , adding the paw to the traditional sign . Also , the route numbers are usually attached to the bus stop signs . The budget for fiscal year 2019 , which runs from October 2018 through September 2019 is $ 142,371,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Orange , Osceola , and Seminole Counties , with extensions into Lake and Polk Counties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Orange County is a county in the state of Florida , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,145,956 , making it Florida 's fifth-most populous county . The county seat is Orlando . Orange County is the central county of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Osceola_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Osceola County ( /ɒsiˈoʊlə/ , o-si-OH-lə ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 268,685 . Its county seat is Kissimmee . Osceola County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Fla. Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Seminole County ( /ˈsɛmɪnoʊl/ , SEM-i-nohl ) is a county in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 422,718 . Its county seat and largest city is Sanford . Seminole County is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida Metropolitan Statisticial Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_FL', 'summary': 'Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 297,052 . Its county seat is Tavares , and its largest city is Clermont . Lake County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Polk_County,_FL', 'summary': 'Polk County is located in the U.S. state of Florida . The county population was 602,095 , as of the 2010 census . Its county seat is Bartow , and its largest city is Lakeland . Polk County comprises the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . This MSA is the 87th-most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County , near the city of Lake Wales . Polk County is home to one public university , one state college , and four private universities . One Fortune 500 company , Publix Super Markets , has headquarters in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Manatee County Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manatee_County_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Manatee County Area Transit ( MCAT ) provides public transportation for Manatee County , Florida and is operated by the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Manatee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Manatee County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 US Census , the population was 322,833 . Manatee County is part of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton Metropolitan Statistical Area . Its county seat and largest city is Bradenton . The county was created in 1855 and named for the Florida manatee , Florida 's official marine mammal . Features of Manatee County include access to the southern part of the Tampa Bay estuary , the Sunshine Skyway Bridge , and the Manatee River . Manatee County ranks 15th among Florida counties in population ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': 'Metrobus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami-Dade_Transit', 'summary': "Miami-Dade Transit ( MDT ) is the primary public transit authority of Miami , Florida , United States and the greater Miami-Dade County area . It is the largest transit system in Florida and the 15th-largest transit system in the United States . Ridership dropped 27% from 2010 to 2018 . From 2014 to 2018 , each year there were less riders than the prior year . MDT operates the rapid transit Metrorail , the Downtown Metromover people mover , Metrobus , and paratransit STS systems . Metrorail is composed of two rail lines ( Green and Orange lines ) with 23 stations radiating from the city center towards outlying neighborhoods north and south of Downtown . Metromover operates throughout the Downtown and Brickell neighborhoods , and is composed of three rail loops and 22 stations . Metrobus operates over 93 routes , including the South Dade Transitway . MDT 's main transit stations are Government Center in Downtown , and the Miami Intermodal Center in Grapeland Heights , near Miami International Airport . As of 2011 , MDT has a daily passenger ridership of 336,067 , and accounts for over 15% of Miamians ' daily transportation . MDT has seen growing passenger ridership since 1998 , with ridership increasing 79% since then . The opening of the new Metrorail Orange Line in April 2012 is expected to significantly increase usage of the system ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami-Dade County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Miami-Dade County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida . According to a 2018 census report , the county had a population of 2,761,581 , making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in the United States . It is also Florida 's third largest county in terms of land area , with 1,946 square miles ( 5,040 km2 ) . The county seat is Miami , the principal city in South Florida . Miami-Dade County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The county is home to 34 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas . The northern , central and eastern portions of the county are heavily urbanized with many high-rise buildings along the coastline , including South Florida 's central business district , Downtown Miami . Southern Miami-Dade County includes the Redland and Homestead areas , which make up the agricultural economy of the region . Agricultural Redland makes up roughly one third of Miami-Dade County 's inhabited land area , and is sparsely populated , a stark contrast to the densely populated , urban northern portion of the county . The county also includes portions of two national parks . To the west it extends into the Everglades National Park and is populated only by a Miccosukee tribal village . East of the mainland , in Biscayne Bay , is Biscayne National Park and the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Palm Tran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Tran', 'summary': 'Palm Tran is the public transit bus system run by the Palm Beach County Government , serving Palm Beach County , Florida . During fiscal year 2015 , Palm Tran provided 10,773,132 one-way passenger trips and 889,056 paratransit trips to Palm Beach County . Palm Tran also serves a portion of Broward County , Florida where it overlaps with Broward County Transit . Palm Tran has four main facilities ( North Campus in West Palm Beach , South Campus in Delray Beach , Palm Tran Connection/Military Trail and the Belle Glade Facility ) with its main headquarters in West Palm Beach on Electronics Way . The current Executive Director is Clinton B. Forbes .'}]}, {'value': 'Palm Beach County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida', 'summary': "Palm Beach County is a county in the state of Florida that is directly north of Broward County . According to a 2018 census report , the county had a population of 1,485,941 , making it the third-most populous county in the state of Florida and the 25th-most populous county in the United States . The largest city and county seat is West Palm Beach . Named after one of its oldest settlements , Palm Beach , the county was established in 1909 , after being split from Dade County . The county 's modern-day boundaries were established in 1963 . Palm Beach County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The area had been increasing in population since the late 19th century , with the incorporation of West Palm Beach in 1894 and after Henry Flagler extended the Florida East Coast Railway and built the Royal Poinciana Hotel , The Breakers , and Whitehall . In 1928 , the Okeechobee hurricane struck Palm Beach County and caused thousands of deaths . More recently , the county acquired national attention during the 2000 presidential election , when a controversial recount occurred . As of 2004 , Palm Beach County is Florida 's wealthiest county , with a per capita personal income of $ 44,518 . It leads the state in agricultural productivity ; agriculture is Palm Beach County 's second-largest industry , after real estate development . Palm Beach Countys revenue from property taxes , sales taxes and tourist development taxes reached record levels in Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2018 , according to the Clerk & Comptroller , Palm Beach Countys annual financial report , Checks & Balances : Your Guide to County Finances ."}]}, {'value': 'West Palm Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach , which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon . The population was 99,919 at the 2010 census . West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017 . It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the south Florida area , having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894 . West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles ( 109 km ) north of Downtown Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'Pasco County Public Transportation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasco_County_Public_Transportation', 'summary': 'Pasco County Public Transportation ( or PCPT ) provides public transportation in Pasco County , Florida . The agency operates both fixed bus and paratransit services .'}]}, {'value': 'Pasco County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pasco County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida . According to the 2010 census , the population was 464,697 . Its county seat is Dade City , and its largest city is New Port Richey . The county is named after Samuel Pasco . Pasco County is included in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Tampa Bay Area and is primarily a bedroom community for Tampa . It includes numerous parks and trails located along rivers , the Gulf of Mexico , lakes , and highway/railroad right-of-ways . Several nudist resorts are located in Pasco . West Pasco includes retirement areas , commercial fishing , and suburbs of Tampa . The Suncoast Parkway and U.S. 19 both pass through Pasco .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Richey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Richey,_Florida', 'summary': 'Port Richey is a city in Pasco County , Florida , United States . It is a suburban city included in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 2,671 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinellas_Suncoast_Transit_Authority', 'summary': 'The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority ( PSTA ) provides public transportation for Pinellas County , Florida . The authority manages a bus system that encompasses over 40 bus routes - including 2 express routes to Tampa , 3 flex-route neighborhood connectors ( the PSTA North County Connector ) , the Central Avenue Trolley , and the Suncoast Beach Trolley .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinellas County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pinellas County ( pih-NEL-ess ) is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 916,542 . The county is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Clearwater is the county seat , and St. Petersburg is the largest city .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Petersburg and Clearwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida', 'summary': 'St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . As of the 2018 census estimate , the population was 265,098 , making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat ( the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County ) . St. Petersburg is the fifth largest city in Florida and the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area , after Tampa . Together with Clearwater , these cities comprise the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million . St. Petersburg is located on the Pinellas peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , and is connected to mainland Florida to the north . St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C. Williams , who purchased the land , and by Peter Demens , who brought the railroad industry into the area . As a part of a coin toss bet , the winner , Peter Demens , named the land after Saint Petersburg , Russia , while Williams opted to name the first hotel built which was named the Detroit Hotel , both named after their home towns respectively . St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29 , 1892 and re-incorporated as a city on June 6 , 1903 . The city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete . Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents . St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council . With an average of some 361 days of sunshine each year , and a Guinness World Record for logging the most consecutive days of sunshine ( 768 days between 1967 and 1969 ) , it is nicknamed The Sunshine City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida', 'summary': "Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg . To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 107,685 . Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County and is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area , most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . Cleveland Street is one of the city 's historic avenues , and the city includes Spectrum Field and Coachman Park . The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach . Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium , where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live . The global headquarters of the Church of Scientology is located in Clearwater ."}]}, {'value': 'Ride Solution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ride_Solution', 'summary': "The Ride Solution is a non-profit agency that provides public transportation in the city of Palatka , as well as other communities in Putnam County , Florida . The Palatka Union Depot serves as the systems hub , offering access to Greyhound and Amtrak routes . Inter-county routes connect Putnam County to Jacksonville 's JTA transit system , and the Gainesville Regional Transit System . Due to the diffused population and rural nature of Putnam County , adequate public transportation is difficult to accomplish . As such , a secondary goal of Ride Solution is to address rural transportation issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Putnam County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Putnam_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Putnam County is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 74,364 . Its county seat is Palatka . Putnam County comprises the Palatka , FL Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Jacksonville-St. Marys-Palatka , FL-GA Combined Statistical Area . The county is centrally located between Jacksonville , Gainesville , St. Augustine , and Daytona Beach .'}]}, {'value': 'Palatka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palatka,_Florida', 'summary': 'Palatka ( /ˈpəlætkə/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Putnam County , Florida , United States . The population was 10,558 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Putnam County . Palatka is the principal city of the Palatka Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is home to 72,893 residents . The city is also home to St. Johns River State College , St. Johns River Water Management District Headquarters , and Ravine Gardens State Park . The area is well known for its local festivals , most notably the Florida Azalea Festival and the Blue Crab Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Regional Transit System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainesville_Regional_Transit_System', 'summary': 'Gainesville Regional Transit System is the local area transit corporation that serves the Gainesville , Alachua County , Florida area , the University of Florida and Santa Fe College campuses . It presently serves 40 city routes ( 19 on Saturdays , 16 on Sundays ) , 10 campus routes , and five Later Gator routes . Paratransit ( ADA ) service is also provided to anyone with a Gainesville address .'}]}, {'value': 'Alachua County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Alachua County ( /əˈlætʃuə/ ə-LATCH-oo-ə ) is a county in the U.S. state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 247,336 . The county seat is Gainesville , the home of the University of Florida since 1906 , when the campus opened with 106 students . Alachua County is included in the Gainesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is known for its diverse culture , local music , and artisans . Much of its economy revolves around the university , which had nearly 55,000 students in fall 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gainesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida', 'summary': "Gainesville is the county seat of , and the largest city in , Alachua County , Florida , and is both the principal city of the Gainesville , Florida , metropolitan statistical area and the largest city in North Central Florida . In 2018 the US Census Bureau estimated Gainesville 's population at 133,857 , a 7.4% increase from 2010 , and the metropolitan statistical area 's population at 288,212 . Gainesville is home to the University of Florida , the fifth-largest university campus by enrollment in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota County Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota_County_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Sarasota County Area Transit ( SCAT ) provides public transportation for Sarasota County , Florida and is operated by the county . SCAT maintains 38 fixed-line bus routes plus a dial-a-ride paratransit service ( SCAT Plus ) . The majority of the routes operate from Monday through Saturday with select service on Sundays .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota_County,_Florida', 'summary': 'Sarasota County is located in Southwest Florida on the Gulf Coast . As of the 2010 US Census , the population was 379,448 . Its county seat is Sarasota ( with an estimated 2018 population of 57,738 ) and its largest city is North Port with an estimated 2016 population of 64,274 . Sarasota County is part of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton , FL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida', 'summary': 'Sarasota ( /ˌsærəˈsoʊtə/ ) is a city in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U.S. state of Florida . The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities , beaches , resorts , and the Sarasota School of Architecture . The city is at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area , north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda . Its official limits include Sarasota Bay and several barrier islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2018 Sarasota had a population of 57,738 . In 1986 it became designated as a certified local government . Sarasota is a principal city of the Sarasota metropolitan area , and is the seat of Sarasota County . The islands separating Sarasota Bay from the gulf near the city , known as keys , include Lido Key and Siesta Key , which are famous worldwide for the quality of their sandy beaches . The keys that are included in the boundary of Sarasota are Lido Key , St. Armands Key , Otter Key , Casey Key , Coon Key , Bird Key , and portions of Siesta Key . Previously , Siesta Key was named Sarasota Key . At one time , it and all of Longboat Key were considered part of Sarasota and confusing contemporaneous references may be found discussing them . Longboat Key is the largest key separating the bay from the gulf , but it was evenly divided by the new county line of 1921 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Florida', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_9', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'} | null | null | With only one word listed as the locale and a major city with a 2018 population of 57,644 , what is the rank for this locale among Florida counties in population ? | 15th |
0435a026ce5f2bd4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kazakhstan_Premier_League', 'title': '2013 Kazakhstan Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Manager', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Nikitenko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petr Badlo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akzhayik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ljupko Petrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ljupko_Petrović', 'summary': 'Ljubomir Ljupko Petrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Љубомир Љупко Петровић ; born 15 May 1947 ) is a Serbian professional football manager and former player . He also holds a Bosnian passport . As a manager , his biggest success was winning the European Cup in the 1990-91 season with Red Star Belgrade .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruslan Khairov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_SE', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ioan Andone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ioan_Andone', 'summary': 'Ioan Andone ( Romanian pronunciation : [ iˈo̯an anˈdone ] ; born 15 March 1960 ) is a Romanian football coach and former player . He last managed Dinamo Bucharest .'}]}, {'value': 'Kairat Nurdauletov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairat_Nurdauletov', 'summary': 'Kairat Zhumabekuly Nurdauletov ( Kazakh : Қайрат Жұмабекұлы Нұрдәулетов ; Russian Кайрат Жумабекович Нурдаулетов ; 6 November 1982 ) is a retired Kazakhstani footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qazaqstan Temir Zholy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qazaqstan_Temir_Zholy', 'summary': 'Kazakhstan Temir Zholy ( KTZ ; Kazakh : Qazaqstan Temir Joly ( QTJ ) ) , also National Company Kazakhstan Temir Zholy , is the national railway company of Kazakhstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miodrag Radulović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miodrag_Radulović', 'summary': 'Miodrag Radulović ( Cyrillic : Миодраг Радуловић , born 23 October 1967 ) is a Montenegrin professional football manager and former player , who is the current manager of Iranian club Zob Ahan .'}]}, {'value': 'Valentin Chureev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irtysh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talgat Baisufinov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Ivanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov_(footballer_born_1980)', 'summary': 'Sergei Nikolayevich Ivanov ( Russian : Серге́й Николаевич Иванов ; born 30 May 1980 ) is a retired Kyrgyzstani International footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENRC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ENRC', 'summary': 'Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation PLC ( ENRC ) ( LSE : ENRC , KASE : GB_ENRC ) is a private , Kazakhstan/Central African-focused , multinational leading diversified natural resources company headquartered in London , United Kingdom . It has activities in integrated mining , processing , energy , logistics and marketing . ENRC was formed in 1994 , [ ENRC 3 ] listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2006 delisted after a near six-year spell in November 2013 . A secondary listing and subsequent de-listing also took place on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange . ENRC is now fully owned by ERG ( Eurasian Resources Group ) , a private natural resources company headquartered in Luxembourg , Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . It incorporates the assets of former FTSE-100 group , ENRC PLC , which it acquired in November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kairat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimír Weiss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimír_Weiss_(footballer,_born_1964)', 'summary': 'Vladimír Weiss ( born 22 September 1964 ) is a Slovak football coach and former player . He is currently coach of the Georgian national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyril Shestakov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'KazRosGaz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordabasy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vakhid Masudov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vakhid_Masudov', 'summary': 'Vakhid Masudov ( Kazakh : Вахид Юнусұлы Масудов , Vahıd Iýnýsuly Masýdov ) is a Kazakh football coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Kairat Ashirbekov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairat_Ashirbekov', 'summary': 'Kairat Ashirbekov ( Kazakh : Қайрат Әшірбеков ) is a Kazakhstani footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Ordabasy . His national team debut was on 7 July 2006 against Tajikistan in a friendly match .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Kumykov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Kumykov', 'summary': 'Viktor Balyutovich Kumykov ( Russian : Виктор Балютович Кумыков ; born 25 June 1963 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrey Finonchenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrey_Finonchenko', 'summary': 'Andrei Finonchenko ( Russian : Андрей Финонченко ; born 21 June 1982 ) is a Kazakh football coach and former footballer striker who spent his whole career with FC Shakhter Karagandy , as well as representing the Kazakhstan national football team . He is currently the Sporting Director of Shakhter Karagandy .'}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arno Pijpers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arno_Pijpers', 'summary': 'Arnoldus Dick Pijpers ( born 21 April 1959 ) is a Dutch football manager , who is the manager of Estonian top tier club Flora . He worked for the Royal Dutch Football Association as a youth coach , before taking up a dual role in being the coach of Estonian club Flora and the Estonia national football team in 2000 . After the end of his contract , he joined Eredivisie club FC Utrecht as a technical director , before going to Kazakhstan in 2005 . At the same time he coached FC Astana for the 2006 season , winning the Kazakhstan Super League title . He was fired as manager of Kazakhstan in September 2008 . In 2010 , he had a short stint as a coach in the Netherlands for Willem II .'}]}, {'value': 'Vitali Yevstigneyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitali_Yevstigneyev', 'summary': 'Vitali Yevstigneyev ( Kazakh : Виталий Евстигнеев ; born 8 August 1985 ) is a Kazakh football player , who plays for FC Taraz in the Kazakhstan Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobol', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Maslenov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurbol_Zhumaskaliyev', 'summary': 'Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev ( Kazakh : Нұрбол Жұмасқалиев ) is a retired Kazakh football attacking midfielder and forward , and current manager of FC Tobol .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vostok', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Fomichyov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Fomichyov', 'summary': 'Vladimir Alekseyevich Fomichyov ( Russian : Владимир Алексеевич Фомичёв ; 15 August 1960 - 15 August 2019 ) was a Russian professional footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Nesterenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Nesterenko', 'summary': 'Roman Nesterenko ( born 22 March 1977 ) is an association footballer from Kazakhstan . He plays as a goalkeeper and has played for nine different clubs as well as the Kazakhstan national football team , for whom he has two caps . Despite playing for Kazakhstan at international level , Nesterenko was born in Ukraine and has actually spent more of his career there than with clubs in Kazakhstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhetysu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omari Tetradze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omari_Tetradze', 'summary': 'Omari Mikhaylovich Tetradze ( Russian : Омари Михайлович Тетрадзе , Georgian : ომარ თეთრაძე , Greek : Ομάρι Τετράντζε ; born 13 October 1969 as Omari Mikhaylovich Osipov ) is a professional football manager and a former player of Caucasus Greek descent who , during his playing career , represented Russia at international level .'}]}, {'value': 'Zahar Korobov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Personnel and kits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Kazakhstan_Premier_League_1', 'intro': 'The 2013 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 22nd season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan. The season began on 9 March 2013 and ended on 2 November. Shakhter Karagandy were the defending champions, having won their second league championship the previous year.'} | null | null | The team with a German multinational company kit manufacturer , has a coach whose biggest success came in what season ? | 1990-91 |
04368306b05866d6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Korea_National_League', 'title': '2011 Korea National League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Stadium capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ansan Hallelujah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ansan_Hallelujah_FC', 'summary': 'Goyang Zaicro FC was a South Korean professional football team based in Goyang . The club competed in the K League Challenge between 2013 and 2016 . They played their home games at Goyang Stadium . The club traces its origins to Immanuel FC , a Christian football club founded in 1983 . The team previously played in Iksan and Gimpo before moving to Ansan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ansan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ansan', 'summary': 'Ansan ( Korean pronunciation : [ an.san ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . It lies southwest of Seoul , and is part of the Seoul National Capital Area . It is connected to Seoul by rail via Seoul Subway Line 4 . Ansan is situated on the Yellow Sea coast and some islands lie within its jurisdiction . The largest and best-known of these is Daebu Island . Several higher learning institutions are located in Ansan . They include Ansan University , Ansan College of Technology , Seoul Institute of the Arts , and the ERICA campus of Hanyang University . The Korea Transportation Safety Authority , a government agency , is also headquartered in Ansan on June 3 , 2002 . With its high number of foreign workers , Wongokbon-dong has been designated a multicultural area .'}]}, {'value': 'Ansan Wa~ Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ansan_Wa~_Stadium', 'summary': "Ansan Wa~ Stadium ( Korean : 안산 와~ 스타디움 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea . It 's currently served as home stadium for Ansan Greeners FC . While under construction it was known as 'Ansan Stadium ' . After the public subscription during the construction , the formal name 'Ansan Wa~ Stadium ' was selected . 'Wa ' means harmonious cheering and the wave notation ( ~ ) represents the extension of that sound . The stadium was opened in 2007 and has a capacity of 35,000 people . It is used mostly for football matches and athletics . 2013 HSBC Asia 5 countries football game was held in the stadium . It is located next to Gojan Station on Seoul Subway Line 4 ."}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan Transportation Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_Transportation_Corporation_FC', 'summary': "Busan Transportation Corporation FC , often referred to as 'the mighty ' Busan Transportation Corporation FC is a semi-professional South Korean soccer club based in the city of Busan . The currently playing in K3 League for the 2020 season . They are owned and operated by Busan Transportation Corporation and play their home games at the Busan Gudeok Stadium , the spiritual home of football in the city and one of the venues for the 1988 Summer Olympics . Founded in 2006 , the club currently plays in the National League . In 2011 , they reached the National league playoffs , as well as beating local K-League side Gyeongnam FC in the FA Cup . Their first trophy came in 2009 , winning the National Sports Festival winners . They won the tournament again in 2013 retaining it in 2014 with victory on the island of Jeju , the first time a team has done this . With the National League Cup , which was won in 2010 , that makes an impressive four trophies in only a 9-year history , something their city neighbours , I-Park , can only look upon with envy . The club 's biggest rivals are Changwon City , with whom they contest the Gyeongsangnam-do derby twice a year in what are always fiercely fought affairs . Other rivals include K-League team , Busan I-Park , who are largely seen as the city 's pretenders following a move from the Gudeok Stadium to the more recently built Asiad Stadium , resulting in Busan Transportation Corporation taking on the nickname , the Real Busan FC . Lastly , they have a friendly rivalry with Daejeon Korail , whom they play against each season in what has been dubbed the Lokomotiv derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Busan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Busan Gudeok Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_Gudeok_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Busan Gudeok Stadium ( Korean : 부산 구덕 운동장 ; Hanja : 釜山九德運動場 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Busan , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium currently holds 12,349 spectators but previously had a capacity of 30,000 spectators . The venue opened in September 1928 . During the 1988 Summer Olympics , it hosted some of the Olympic football matches . It was also the main venue for the 1997 East Asian Games hosting the opening and closing ceremonies , as well as the athletics and football competitions . Professional football team Busan IPark have played their home games at the venue since 2015 as well as between 1997 and 2002 . Additionally , non-league football team Busan Transport Corporation FC have played their home games at the venue since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '24,363', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_City_FC', 'summary': 'Changwon City FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Changwon . The team plays in the K3 League , the third tier of South Korean football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Changwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon', 'summary': "Changwon ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰaŋ.wʌn ] ) is the capital city of Gyeongsangnam-do , on the southeast coast of South Korea . With a population of 1.07 million as of 2015 [ update ] , Changwon is South Korea 's ninth-most populous city . A port city , Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south , and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east . The city of Miryang lies to the northeast , and Jinju to the west . The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age , and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history . In 1974 , with the creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex , the three historically interdependent cities of Masan , Jinhae , and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development , growing into an important industrial centre . On July 1 , 2010 , the cities of Changwon , Jinhae , and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon . As Korea 's first planned city , modeled after Canberra , Australia , Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas . The city has also branded itself an environmental capital with the municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program , Nubija ."}]}, {'value': 'Changwon Football Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_Football_Center', 'summary': 'The Changwon Football Centre Stadium ( Korean : 창원축구센터 ) is a football-specific stadium and training ground in Changwon , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 15,074 people . It was built in 2009 Currently , it is the home ground of the K League 2 side Gyeongnam FC and the K3 League side Changwon City FC .'}]}, {'value': '15,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheonan City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonan_City_FC', 'summary': 'Cheonan City FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Cheonan . It was founded in 2008 , and has competed in the Korea National League between 2008 and 2019 . Starting with the 2020 season , the team competes in the K3 League , the third tier of South Korean football league system . The team plays their home games at the 15,500 capacity Cheonan Football Center , built in 2009 , in Baekseok-dong in Cheonan . The team trains in the stadium and on the adjacent pitch that is part of the Cheonan City Sports and Recreation Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheonan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonan', 'summary': "Cheonan ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰʌ.nan ] ( listen ) ; 천안시 , Cheonan-si ) , also spelled Ch'ŏnan , is a city in South Chungcheong , South Korea . Cheonan has a population of 666,417 ( 2018 ) , making it the most-populous city or county in South Chungcheong , and the third most-populous city in the Hoseo region after Daejeon and Cheongju . Cheonan borders the Gyeonggi cities of Pyeongtaek and Anseong to the north , the South Chungcheong cities of Asan to the west and Gongju to the southwest , Sejong Special Autonomous City to the south , the North Chungcheong city of Cheongju to the south east and Jincheon County to the east . Cheonan has been called the core city of [ the ] nation due to its location 83.6 km ( 51.9 mi ) south of the national capital , Seoul , in the northeast corner of South Chungcheong , serving as a transportation hub to the Seoul Capital Area and surrounding regions . Cheonan is connected to various freeways and railways including the National Highways 1 and 21 , the Expressways 1-Gyeongbu and 25-Honam , and the city 's Korail station serves the Gyeongbu Line and the Janghang Line , with services of the KTX . Cheonan is one of the furthest places from Seoul connected to the Seoul Subway Line 1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheonan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Cheonan Stadium ( Korean : 천안종합운동장 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Cheonan , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 26,000 spectators . It was built in 2001 . On 15 October 2013 , the South Korea national football team used the stadium for the first time in the friendly match against Mali , which ended in a 3-1 victory for South Korea . The stadium hosted nine matches at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '32,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chungju Hummel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Hummel_FC', 'summary': 'Chungju Hummel was a South Korean professional football club based in Chungju of Chungcheongbuk-do province . The club was based in Icheon from 2006 to 2007 , and prior to that in Uijeongbu . Chungju Hummel played in the K League between 2013 and 2016 , but was dissolved after the 2016 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Chungju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju', 'summary': 'Chungju ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰuŋ.dʑu ] ) is a city in North Chungcheong province , South Korea . Uamsan is a mountain located within the outskirts of the city . The city is famous for the annual martial arts festival held in October . Also of note , former UN Secretary-General , Ban Ki-moon grew up here . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chungju Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Stadium', 'summary': 'Chungju Public Stadium ( Korean : 충주공설운동장 ) is a sports complex and training ground in Chungju , South Korea . The stadium opened in 1979 and holds around 15,000 people . It is used mostly for football matches and athletics . It was the home of K League Challenge side Chungju Hummel FC between 2010 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daejeon Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon_Korea_Hydro_&_Nuclear_Power_FC', 'summary': 'Gyeongju Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power FC are a South Korean football team based in Gyeongju . They currently compete in the K3 League . They are run by Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power , and play their home games at Gyeongju Civic Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Daejeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon', 'summary': "Daejeon ( Korean : [ tɛ̝.dʑʌn ] ( listen ) ) is South Korea 's fifth-largest metropolis . Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010 . Located in the central region of South Korea , Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes . The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by KTX high-speed train . Daejeon is one of South Korea 's administration hubs with the Daejeon Government Complex ( Other administrative hubs : Seoul , Gwacheon and Sejong ) . The Korean administration in the 1980s decided to relocate some of its functions from Seoul , the national capital , to other cities . Currently , 12 national government offices , including Korea Customs Service , Small and Medium Business Administration , Public Procurement Service , National Statistical Office , Military Manpower Administration , Korea Forest Service , Cultural Heritage Administration , and Korean Intellectual Property Office , as well as Patent Court of Korea , are located in Daejeon . Korail , Korea Water Resources Corporation , and Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation are also headquartered in the city . Daejeon has 18 universities , including KAIST and Chungnam National University . Daejeon has earned its name as Asia 's Silicon Valley and high technology city . The city hosted the Taejon Expo '93 and the International Mathematical Olympiads in 2000 . Several important research institutes are based in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Daejeon Hanbat Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon_Hanbat_Stadium', 'summary': 'Daejeon Hanbat Sports Complex ( Korean : 대전한밭종합운동장 ) is a sports complex , comprising a multi-purpose stadium ( including athletic facilities and a soccer pitch ) , a ballpark , Basketball courts , tennis courts and various other sports facilities in Daejeon , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': '20,618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangneung City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung_City_FC', 'summary': 'Gangneung City FC is a South Korean Association football club based in the city of Gangneung . Currently Gangneung City FC plays in the K3 League . In 2019 they became the final champions of the Korea National League before it was integrated into the K3 League .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangneung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung', 'summary': 'Gangneung ( Korean pronunciation : [ kaŋ.nɯŋ ] ) is a city in the province of Gangwon-do , on the east coast of South Korea . It has a population of 213,658 ( as of 2017 ) . Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of Gangwon-do . Gangneung has many tourist attractions , such as Jeongdongjin , a very popular area for watching the sun rise , and Gyeongpo Beach . There is an ROK airbase south of downtown Gangneung that formerly doubled as a civil airport . The city hosted all the ice events for the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangneung Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Gangneung Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Gangneung , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football ( American English : soccer ) matches . The stadium has a capacity of 22,333 spectators and was opened in 1984 . It is the home ground of Gangneung City FC and Gangwon FC ( since 2009 ) . It is located within the Gangneung Olympic Park , one of the main sites of the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '22,333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gimhae City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimhae_City_FC', 'summary': 'Gimhae FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Gimhae . It was founded in 2007 , and started competing in the National League from the 2008 until 2019 season is final season in Korea national league before it was integrated into the K3 League . from 2020 season , the club starting competition in the K3 League for the next season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimhae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimhae', 'summary': 'Gimhae ( Korean pronunciation : [ kim.ɦɛ̝ ] ) is a city in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . It is the seat of the large Gimhae Kim clan , one of the largest Kim clans in Korea . The Gimhae Kims claim descent from the ancient royal house of Geumgwan Gaya , which was based in Gimhae . Gimhae is situated near the Nakdong River . The city has a Korea National League soccer club called Gimhae FC . The largest foreigner sports club in Gimhae is the Gimhae Semi-Athletic Club ( G-SAC ) located in Nae-dong . Gimhae is also the birthplace of the late Roh Moo-hyun , former President of South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimhae Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimhae_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gimhae Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Gimhae , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 25,000 people and was opened in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goyang KB Kookmin Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_KB_Kookmin_Bank_FC', 'summary': 'Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC ( Korean : 고양 KB국민은행 축구단 ) was a South Korean football club based in the Seoul satellite city of Goyang . It played in the National League , the third tier of Korean football . The club was officially dissolved in November 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Goyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang', 'summary': "Goyang ( Goyang-si ; Korean pronunciation : [ ko.jaŋ ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province in the north of South Korea . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , making Goyang one of Seoul 's satellite cities . It is one of the largest cities in the Seoul Capital Area , with a population of just over 1 million . Ilsan , a planned city , is located in the Ilsandong-gu and Ilsanseo-gu districts of Goyang . It also includes Deogyang-gu which is closer to Seoul . Several institutions of higher learning are located in Goyang . These include Agricultural Cooperative College , Korea Aerospace University , and Transnational Law and Business University ."}]}, {'value': 'Goyang Stadium Uijeongbu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Goyang Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Goyang , South Korea . It is used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Goyang Zaicro FC of the K League Challenge between 2013 and 2016 . The stadium holds 41,311 people and was built in 2003 . It is occasionally used for the South Korea national football team matches .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Uijeongbu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Uijeongbu Sports Complex is a multi-purpose stadium in Uijeongbu , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 28,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '41,311 35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incheon Korail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon_Korail_FC', 'summary': "Daejeon Korail FC is a South Korean football club based in Daejeon . The team currently plays in the K3 League , the third tier of South Korean football league system . It is owned and operated by Korea Railroad Corporation , South Korea 's national railroad operator . Their home venue is Daejeon Hanbat Sports Complex ."}]}, {'value': 'Incheon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon', 'summary': "Incheon ( Korean : 인천 ; Hanja : 仁川 ; Korean pronunciation : [ intɕʰʌn ] ; McCune-Reischauer romanization Inchŏn ; literally kind river ) , officially the Incheon Metropolitan City ( 인천광역시 ) , is a city located in northwestern South Korea , bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east . Inhabited since the Neolithic , Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883 . Today , about 3 million people live in the city , making it South Korea 's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan . The city 's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province , forming the world 's fourth largest metropolitan area by population . Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world , ushering in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization . In 2003 , the city was designated as Korea 's first free economic zone . Since then , large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry . As an international city , Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences , such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009 . The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014 . Incheon has established itself as a major transportation hub in northeast Asia with the Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port . The city is also home to the Green Climate Fund , an international organization addressing environmental issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Incheon Munhak Stadium Practice Pitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon_Munhak_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Incheon Munhak Stadium ( also known as Incheon World Cup Stadium or Munhak Stadium ) is a sports complex in Incheon , South Korea and includes a multi-purpose stadium , a baseball park , and other sports facilities .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mokpo City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokpo_City_FC', 'summary': 'Mokpo City FC ( Korean : 목포시청 축구단 ) is a South Korean association football club based in Mokpo , South Jeolla . From 2010 season , Mokpo City plays in the newly created K3 League , the third tier of Korean football .'}]}, {'value': 'Mokpo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokpo', 'summary': "Mokpo ( Korean pronunciation : [ mok̚.pʰo ] ; Mokpo-si ) is a city in South Jeolla Province , South Korea , located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula , close to Yudal mountain . Mokpo has frequent train service connecting in Daejon to Seoul , and is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving islands in the adjacent Yellow Sea and Dadohae National Maritime Park . During the Japanese Occupation ( 1910-1945 ) , Mokpo served as a crucial port for both commercial ventures and public transportation , due to its location along the sea routes between the Japanese archipelago and the Chinese mainland . The large number of islands surrounding Mokpo have also served as a protective barrier , making the city less vulnerable to high tides and tsunamis . In the occupation era , large residential areas were built to accommodate the Japanese colonists , which are now the city 's historic districts . The end of World War II and Korea 's independence in 1945 were responsible for the city slowly losing its position as a host to major government organizations and wartime industries . This led to a reduction in the size of Mokpo , which is currently a mid-sized city of the Honam region ."}]}, {'value': 'Mokpo International Football Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokpo_International_Football_Center', 'summary': 'The Mokpo International Football Center is a football-specific stadium and training ground in Mokpo , South Korea and was built in 2009 . It has six football pitch . Two are nature grounds , three are artificial turf grounds and one ground for youth .'}]}, {'value': '5,952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suwon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_City_FC', 'summary': 'Suwon Football Club ( Korean : 수원 FC ) is a South Korean professional football club based in the city of Suwon . It plays in the K League Challenge . They play their home games at Suwon Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Suwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon', 'summary': "Suwon [ a ] ( Korean : 수원 ; Hanja : 水原 , Korean pronunciation : [ su.wʌn ] ) is the capital and largest metropolis of Gyeonggi-do , South Korea 's most populous province which surrounds Seoul , the national capital . Suwon lies about 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south of Seoul . It is traditionally known as The City of Filial Piety . With a population close to 1.2 million , it is larger than Ulsan , although it is not governed as a metropolitan city . Suwon has existed in various forms throughout Korea 's history , growing from a small settlement to become a major industrial and cultural center . It is the only remaining completely walled city in South Korea . The city walls are one of the more popular tourist destinations in Gyeonggi Province . Samsung Electronics R & D center and headquarters are in Suwon . The city is served by two motorways , the national railway network , and the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . Suwon is a major educational center , home to 11 universities . Suwon is home to football club Suwon Samsung Bluewings , which have won the K League on four occasions and AFC Champions League twice . The KT Wiz of the Korea Baseball Organization also plays in Suwon ."}]}, {'value': 'Suwon Sports Complex Suwon World Cup Stadium Auxiliary Pitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_Sports_Complex', 'summary': 'Suwon Sports Complex ( Korean : 수원종합운동장 ; Hanja : 水原総合運動場振 ) is a group of sports facilities in Suwon , South Korea . The complex consists of the Suwon Stadium , Suwon Baseball Stadium , and Suwon Gymnasium .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suwon_World_Cup_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Suwon World Cup Stadium ( 수원월드컵경기장 ) is a football stadium in the South Korean city of Suwon . It has been home to K League 1 football side Suwon Samsung Bluewings since 2001 . The capacity of the stadium is 43,959 .'}]}, {'value': '24,670 1,044', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan_Hyundai_Mipo_Dockyard_Dolphin_FC', 'summary': 'Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Dolphin was a South Korean football club based in the city of Ulsan . They competed in the National League between 2003 and 2016 . They were owned and operated by Hyundai Mipo Dockyard and played their home games at Ulsan Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Ulsan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan', 'summary': "Ulsan ( Korean pronunciation : [ ul.s͈an ] ) , officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall , with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants . It is located in the south-east of the country , neighboring Busan to the south and facing Gyeongju to the north . Ulsan is the industrial powerhouse of South Korea , forming the heart of the Ulsan Industrial District . It has the world 's largest automobile assembly plant operated by the Hyundai Motor Company ; the world 's largest shipyard , operated by Hyundai Heavy Industries ; and the world 's third largest oil refinery , owned by SK Energy . In 2017 , Ulsan had a GDP per capita of $ 65,093 , the highest of any region in South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Ulsan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ulsan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Ulsan Sports Complex , Ulsan , South Korea . Originally , there was Ulsan Civic Stadium at the same location which opened in 1970 . The original stadium was demolished in 2003 and replaced with Ulsan Sport Complex . Ulsan Sports Complex consists of the Ulsan Stadium and Dongchun Gymnasium . Ulsan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium which is mainly used for football ; it was the home ground of the Ulsan Hyundai before they moved to Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium in 2001 and was the home stadium of Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard between 2005 and 2016 . The stadium has a capacity for 19,471 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '19,665', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yongin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin_City_FC', 'summary': 'Yongin City FC ( Korean : 용인시청 축구단 ) was a South Korean association football club based in Yongin , Gyeonggi . Founded in 2010 , they played in the National League , the third tier of South Korean league football . They played their home games at the Yongin Football Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Yongin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin', 'summary': "Yongin ( Korean pronunciation : [ joŋ.in ] ) is a major city in the Seoul Capital Area , located in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . With a population close to 1 million , the city has developed rapidly since the 21st century , recording the highest population growth of any city in the country . Yongin is home to Everland and Caribbean Bay , South Korea 's most popular amusement and water parks . The city is also home to the Korean Folk Village , the largest of its kind ."}]}, {'value': 'Yongin Football Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin_Football_Center', 'summary': 'The Yongin Football Center is a football youth academy located in Yongin , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2011 season teams', 'section_text': 'AnsanBusanChangwonCheonanChungjuDaejeonGangneungGimhaeGoyangIncheonMokpoSuwonUlsanYongin Location of teams in 2011 Korea National League Ansan Hallelujah FC Busan Transportation Corporation FC Changwon City FC Cheonan City FC Chungju Hummel FC Daejeon Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power FC Gangneung City FC Gimhae City FC Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC Incheon Korail FC Mokpo City FC Suwon City FC Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin FC Yongin City FC', 'uid': '2011_Korea_National_League_0', 'intro': "The 2011 Korea National League season was the ninth season of the Korea National League. The postseason playoff's teams were expanded by 6 teams and the playoffs were operated in the same format as the K-League Championship. In the 2011 season, Yesan FC withdrew from the league due to financial difficulties[citation needed]."} | null | null | In which city is located stadium on which plays a team that originated from Christian football club ? | Ansan |
0436c96c143e41a5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NBA_draft', 'title': '1993 NBA draft', 'header': ['Player', 'Pos', 'Nationality', 'School / club team'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ashraf Amaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashraf_Amaya', 'summary': 'Ashraf Omar Amaya ( born November 23 , 1971 ) is a retired American professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Illinois ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Southern_Illinois_Salukis_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Southern Illinois Salukis men 's basketball team represents Southern Illinois University Carbondale in Carbondale , Illinois . The Salukis compete in the Missouri Valley Conference , and they play their home games at Banterra Center . As of March 2019 , Saluki Hall of Fame basketball player , Bryan Mullins , has become the newest head coach of the Southern Illinois basketball program ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Bowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Bowen', 'summary': "Bruce Eric Bowen Jr. ( born June 14 , 1971 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Bowen played small forward and graduated from Edison High School and Cal State Fullerton . He went on to play for the National Basketball Association 's Miami Heat , Boston Celtics , Philadelphia 76ers , San Antonio Spurs and the Continental Basketball Association 's Rockford Lightning , and also played abroad in France . One of the most feared perimeter lockdown defenders in NBA history , Bowen was elected to the NBA All-Defensive First and Second Teams eight times , and was a member of the Spurs teams that won the NBA championships in 2003 , 2005 and 2007 . Off the court , Bowen became an informal ambassador for child obesity awareness ."}]}, {'value': 'SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal State Fullerton ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Cal State Fullerton Titans men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents California State University , Fullerton in Fullerton , California , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitchell Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell_Butler', 'summary': "Mitchell Leon Butler ( born December 15 , 1970 ) is an American sports agent and former professional basketball player . He played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1993 to 2004 . The 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) shooting guard signed undrafted with the Washington Bullets in 1993 after a collegiate career at UCLA in which he played in more career games than any other Bruin and swiped the seventh-most steals in UCLA history . After three seasons in Washington , Butler was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers along with Rasheed Wallace in exchange for Rod Strickland and Harvey Grant . Following his stint playing for the Blazers , he signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Cavaliers . Following the 1999 season , Butler did not play in the NBA for two years . In 2001-02 , Butler signed with the Trail Blazers , marking his second stint with the franchise . Mitchell 's last year in the league was in the 2003-04 season , when he once again played for the D.C. franchise , now renamed the Washington Wizards . Butler played in a total of 362 NBA games with 33 starts . He owns career averages of 5.2 points , 2 rebounds , and 1 assist . Butler appeared in the 1994 movie Blue Chips . Butler worked as NBA sports agent with Lagardère Unlimited before joining Rival Sports Group as president of basketball ."}]}, {'value': 'PG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins men 's basketball program represents the University of California , Los Angeles in the sport of men 's basketball as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Established in 1919 , the program has won a record 11 NCAA titles . Coach John Wooden led the Bruins to 10 national titles in 12 seasons , from 1964 to 1975 , including seven straight from 1967 to 1973 . UCLA went undefeated a record four times ( 1964 , 1967 , 1972 , and 1973 ) . Coach Jim Harrick led the team to another NCAA title in 1995 . Former coach Ben Howland led UCLA to three consecutive Final Four appearances from 2006 to 2008 . As a member of the AAWU , Pacific-8 and then Pacific-10 , UCLA set a NCAA Division I record with 13 consecutive regular season conference titles between 1967 and 1979 which stood until passed by Kansas in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kornél Dávid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kornél_Dávid', 'summary': 'Dávid Kornél ( in English sometimes Kornel David , born October 22 , 1971 ) is a retired Hungarian professional basketball player . He is the only Hungarian to play in the NBA .'}]}, {'value': 'PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tungsram-Honvéd ( Hungary )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Budapesti_Honvéd_SE_(men's_basketball)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Honvéd SE is a basketball club based in Budapest , Hungary . With 33 Hungarian Championships and 17 Hungarian Cups won from the 1950s to the 1990s , it is the most successful team in the Hungarian national basketball league . The club was relegated from the 1st division in 2001 , but continued as an amateur club in the 3rd division . Since 2004 they have played in the 2nd division .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnokság_I/A_(men's_basketball)", 'summary': "The Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A ( English : National Championship I/A , commonly abbreviated NB I/A ) is the highest level league of club men 's basketball in Hungary ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Edwards_(basketball)', 'summary': "William Allen Edwards ( born August 28 , 1971 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . He was a 2.03 m ( 6 ' 8 ) tall small forward-power forward . His nickname was Dollar Bill Edwards ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wright State ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wright_State_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Wright State Raiders men 's basketball is the men 's college basketball team that represents Wright State University in Fairborn , Ohio . The school 's team currently competes in the Horizon League at the NCAA Division I level . The Raiders won their only national championship in 1983 as an NCAA Division II school . They have made a total of three NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament appearances . The Raiders play their home games at the Nutter Center , often nicknamed the Nutt House . The official capacity for basketball games is 10,000 . The Raiders are head coached by Scott Nagy , who in his third season , has lead Wright State to their best start in conference play in over 25 years at 18-4 overall and 8-1 in Horizon League play ."}]}, {'value': 'Evric Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evric_Gray', 'summary': 'Evric Lee Gray ( born December 13 , 1969 in Bloomington , California ) is a retired American professional basketball player . He was a 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) small forward .'}]}, {'value': 'SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNLV ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/UNLV_Runnin'_Rebels_basketball", 'summary': "The UNLV Runnin ' Rebels are the mens basketball team that represent the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , in the Mountain West Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) ; it plays at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas . As of 2009 , UNLV had the fourth-highest winning percentage ( .712 ) in Division I history , ranking behind Kentucky , North Carolina and Kansas , but ahead of UCLA and Duke . UNLV is 33-19 all-time in the NCAA tournament with a 63.5 winning percentage . In July 2008 , ESPNU named the program the eighth most prestigious collegiate basketball program in the nation since the 1984-85 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Warren Kidd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Kidd', 'summary': "Warren Lynn Kidd ( born September 9 , 1970 ) , is an American former basketball player . A solid 6 ' 9 , 235 lbs center , he played a single National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season with the Philadelphia 76ers , with the rest of his career taking place in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle Tennessee ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders men 's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro , Tennessee , United States . The school 's team currently competes in Conference USA and are currently led by second-year head coach Nick McDevitt ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Mundt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Mundt', 'summary': "Todd Mundt ( born May 17 , 1970 in Iowa City , Iowa ) is a retired American professional National Basketball Association player . He played college basketball at Delta State University and University of Memphis . He was a 7 ' 0 center . In 1995-96 , Mundt played for the Boston Celtics and Atlanta Hawks . He is currently a territory manager at Atrium Medical , a Knoxville , Tennessee-area company that sells medical devices ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta State ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_State_Statesmen_basketball', 'summary': "The Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen are composed of 13 teams representing Delta State University in intercollegiate athletics , including men and women 's basketball , soccer , swimming & diving , and tennis . Men 's sports include baseball , football , and golf . Women 's sports include cross country and softball . The Statesmen and Lady Statesmen compete in the NCAA Division II and are members of the Gulf South Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Julius Nwosu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julius_Nwosu', 'summary': "Obinna Julius Nwosu ( born May 1 , 1971 ) , is a Nigerian former professional basketball player . He played briefly for the American National Basketball Association 's San Antonio Spurs during the 1994-95 NBA season . He also had a career in the Lebanese Basketball League and the Philippine Basketball Association ."}]}, {'value': 'PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Flames_basketball', 'summary': "The Liberty Flames men 's basketball team is the men 's basketball team that represents Liberty University , one of the largest Christian universities in the world . They play their home games at the Vines Center and are members of the Atlantic Sun Conference , having moved there in July 2018 after 27 seasons in the Big South ."}]}, {'value': 'Bo Outlaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bo_Outlaw', 'summary': 'Charles Bo Outlaw ( born April 13 , 1971 ) is an American professional retired basketball player . Outlaw was known for his athleticism , tenacious defensive approach and sub-par free-throw shooting ( .521 for his career ) .'}]}, {'value': 'PF/C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Brent Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brent_Scott', 'summary': "Brent Steven Scott ( born June 15 , 1971 ) is a retired American professional basketball player , formerly in the NBA . Scott was a 6'10 , 250 lb ( 110 kg ) . center . Scott is currently an assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rice ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rice_Owls_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Rice Owls men 's basketball program is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program of Rice University . The program is classified in the NCAA 's Division I , and the team competes in Conference USA . They previously participated in the Southwest Conference ( 1914-1996 ) and the Western Athletic Conference ( 1996-2005 ) . The Owls play their home games in Tudor Fieldhouse , which they have called home since 1950 . Previously known as Rice Gymnasium , it was renamed in honor of Rice alum Bobby Tudor , who spearheaded the 2008 renovation of the facility with a multimillion-dollar donation . The court is designated Autry Court in memory of Mrs. James L. Autry . Her husband James Lockhart Autry was a descendant of Micajah Autry , who was a hero of the Battle of the Alamo . Her daughter , Mrs. Edward W. Kelley , made a generous donation to the gymnasium building fund in honor of her late mother , an ardent supporter of Rice ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Wenstrom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Wenstrom', 'summary': "Matthew William Wenstrom ( born November 4 , 1970 ) is a retired American basketball player . He played for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association during the 1993-94 NBA season . Wenstrom , a 7 ' 1 center from Mayde Creek High School in Houston , Texas , played collegiately at the University of North Carolina and was a reserve on the Tar Heels 1993 national championship team as a senior . Wenstrom 's career averages were 4.0 minutes , 1.6 points and 1.1 rebounds per game . Undrafted in the 1993 NBA Draft , Wentrom nonetheless made the Boston Celtics roster as a free agent . He appeared in 11 games during the 1993-94 season , averaging 1.6 points and 1.1 rebounds per game in his only NBA season . In the 1994-95 season , he played for Austrian Bundesliga side Trodat Wels , followed by a stint ( 1995 until February 1998 ) at German team TuS Herten ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball program is the intercollegiate men 's basketball team of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The Tar Heels have won six Men 's Basketball National Championships ( 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 ) . North Carolina 's six NCAA Tournament Championships are third-most all-time , behind University of California , Los Angeles ( 11 ) and University of Kentucky ( 8 ) . They have also won 18 Atlantic Coast Conference tournament titles , 32 Atlantic Coast Conference regular season titles , and an Atlantic Coast Conference record 20 outright Regular Season Championships . The program has produced many notable players who went on to play in the NBA , including three of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History : Billy Cunningham , Michael Jordan and James Worthy . Many Tar Heel assistant coaches have gone on to become head coaches elsewhere . From the Tar Heels ' first season in 1910-11 through the 2018-19 season , the program has amassed a .739 all-time winning percentage ( second highest all-time ) , winning 2,261 games and losing 799 games in 109 seasons . The Tar Heels also have the most consecutive 20-win seasons with 31 seasons from the 1970-71 season through the 2000-2001 season . On March 2 , 2010 , North Carolina became the second college basketball program to reach 2,000 wins in its history . The Tar Heels are currently ranked 3rd all time in wins trailing Kentucky by 34 games and Kansas by 13 games . The Tar Heels are one of only four Division I Men 's Basketball programs to have ever achieved 2,000 victories . Kentucky , Kansas , and Duke are the other three ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Williams_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Aaron Williams ( born October 2 , 1971 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . He played at the power forward and center positions .'}]}, {'value': 'PF/C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xavier ( Sr . )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Xavier_Musketeers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Xavier Musketeers men 's basketball team represents Xavier University in Norwood , Ohio . The school 's team currently competes in the Big East Conference . Of all Division I programs yet to make a Final 4 , Xavier has the most all-time tournament wins with 27 . Xavier has appeared in the NCAA Tournament 27 times , 15 times in the last 17 years . On March 11 , 2018 , Xavier earned its first ever No . 1 seed for the NCAA Tournament . Xavier won four Atlantic 10 Tournament Championships ( 1998 , 2002 , 2004 and 2006 ) . Xavier has won or shared 17 regular season conference championships , while winning 9 conference tournament championships . In addition , they have won one Big East Conference regular season title in 2018 . Xavier has been listed among the top-20 most valuable college basketball programs in the US ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': 'These players were not selected in the 1993 NBA draft but have played at least one game in the NBA .', 'uid': '1993_NBA_draft_1', 'intro': "The 1993 NBA draft took place on June 30, 1993, in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The draft had some talented players at the top, but injuries and personal problems hurt many of them. Anfernee Hardaway, Allan Houston, and Jamal Mashburn all looked like possible Hall of Famers until their careers were cut short by injuries. Isaiah Rider and Vin Baker showed great potential but were plagued by personal problems. Bobby Hurley's career was derailed by a car accident in December of his rookie year. The mid-to-late first round (starting with pick 13) was littered with players that failed to make any significant impact, with the exception of three-time NBA champion Sam Cassell. One of the NBA best all-time wing defensive players, three-time champion Bruce Bowen, went un-drafted. Despite having the lowest odds, the Orlando Magic won the first pick in the 1993 NBA Draft Lottery. It was the second year in a row the Magic won the draft lottery. The Magic drafted Chris Webber with the number one overall pick, but only minutes later, executed a blockbuster trade. The Magic traded Webber to the Golden State Warriors for their first round pick (#3 overall) Penny Hardaway and three of Golden State's future first-round draft selections."} | null | null | In which city is this basketball club , to which this retired professional basketball player born on October 22 , 1971 belonged , located ? | Budapest , Hungary |
0438de2fd4b2fd90 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_Coasters_International', 'title': 'Custom Coasters International', 'header': ['Name', 'Model', 'Park', 'Country', 'Opened', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kingdom Coaster Formerly Sky Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_Coaster', 'summary': "Kingdom Coaster is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Dutch Wonderland near Lancaster , Pennsylvania . The first coaster ever built by Custom Coasters International , it uses a single Philadelphia Toboggan Company train with buzz bars . The park 's monorail runs through the structure of the ride . It was known as the Sky Princess prior to the 2007 season . As of the 2017 season , the minimum height went from Amber ( 42-47 ) level to 46 . Anyone at that height or at the Sapphire ( 48-53 ) Level need to go with a responsible rider of the Ruby ( 54 and up ) level ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch Wonderland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Wonderland', 'summary': "Dutch Wonderland is a 48-acre ( 19 ha ) amusement park just east of Lancaster , Pennsylvania in East Lampeter Township , appealing primarily to families with small children . The park 's theme is a Kingdom for Kids . The entrance to the park has a stone imitation castle façade , which was built by Earl Clark , a potato farmer , before he opened the park in 1963 . The Clark family sold Dutch Wonderland in 2001 to Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company . They also operate Wonderland Mini-Golf , and Old Mill Stream Campground at the same location and the Gift Shop at Kitchen Kettle Village , in nearby Intercourse , Pennsylvania . On November 12 , 2010 , Hershey Entertainment announced that they sold Dutch Wonderland to Palace Entertainment . [ not verified in body ] The park has 32 rides , plus a tropical-themed interactive water play area called Duke 's Lagoon . The park also has an extended season , open for Happy Hauntings and Dutch Winter Wonderland events for Halloween and Christmas . The park is part of a larger area in Lancaster zoned for entertainment , dining , lodging , and conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outlaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outlaw_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Not to be confused with the roller coaster at Silver Dollar City , Outlaw Run .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventureland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventureland_(Iowa)', 'summary': 'Adventureland is a family-owned amusement park in Altoona , Iowa ( just northeast of Des Moines ) . It is marketed as featuring over 100 rides , shows and attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoosier Hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoosier_Hurricane', 'summary': "Hoosier Hurricane was a wooden roller coaster at Indiana Beach in Monticello , Indiana . The ride was designed by Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill of Custom Coasters International . It opened on May 27 , 1994 , as the park 's largest wooden roller coaster and the first wooden roller coaster built in Indiana in fifty years . The ride was Custom Coasters International 's third roller coaster designed and the first modern wooden coaster built with a steel support structure , which would eventually become a trend on many wooden coasters designed by them . Hoosier Hurricane , like other coasters in the park , was 'shoehorned ' into the park . The ride hugs the shores of Lake Shafer , parallels most of the boardwalk , and suddenly turns near the Giant Gondola Wheel . Hurricane 's structure is shared with nearby Cornball Express for a small portion of the ride ( the S-turn before the drop ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Beach', 'summary': 'Indiana Beach was an amusement park located on Lake Shafer in Monticello , Indiana . The resort was developed by the Spackman family , who owned it from 1926 to 2008 . Originally named Ideal Beach , the amusement park began as a small lakeside beach with a bath house and refreshment stand . In 1927 , the first thrill attraction opened , and from that point , it began to expand . In the 1930s and 1940s , it was popular for the Ideal Beach Ballroom , featuring well-known bands . In February 2008 , it was announced that both the amusement park and Indiana Beach campgrounds had been sold to Morgan RV LLC . On September 1 , 2015 , it was announced that the park had been sold to Apex Parks Group . On Febuary 18 , 2020 , Indiana Beach announced that it would permanently close after 94 years of operation , with no plans to reopen . Apex Parks Group cited financial reasons for the closure and said they had worked diligently to find a new buyer for the park but were not successful . In addition to dozens of seasonal workers , Indiana Beach employed 27 people in administrative and maintenance positions . Those workers were offered six weeks compensation .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Zach 's Zoomer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Zach's_Zoomer_(Michigan's_Adventure)", 'summary': "Zach 's Zoomer is a wooden roller coaster at Michigan 's Adventure in Muskegon , Michigan . Zach 's Zoomer was manufactured by Custom Coasters International . It opened in 1994 and is targeted toward younger audiences . Zach 's Zoomer was named after Roger Jourden 's grandson and current General Manager Camille Jourden-Mark 's son , Zach Mark . The roller coaster is a family coaster and is designed to be the first step to the larger coasters . It does n't have sudden drops or high speeds . It is one of three wooden roller coasters in the park and is an ACE Coaster Classic . The layout is the same as the old John Allen-designed kiddie wooden coasters like Woodstock Express at sister park Kings Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michigan 's Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_Adventure", 'summary': "Michigan 's Adventure is a 250-acre ( 1.0 km2 ) amusement park in Muskegon County , Michigan , about halfway between Muskegon and Whitehall . It is the largest amusement park in the state and has been owned and operated by Cedar Fair since 2001 . As of 2019 , Michigan 's Adventure has 52 rides , more than any other park in the state . The park also includes an outdoor water park , WildWater Adventure . The park is headlined by seven roller coasters , including Shivering Timbers , a wooden coaster , and a suspended looping coaster , Thunderhawk . The typical operating season is from May through September ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclops_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Cyclops is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The ride starts with a left hand 180 degree 76- foot dive off the lift , traverses three short hills , and a right-handed drop in front of the station and then climbs back up to the breaks is a short terrain roller coaster at only 1,750 feet . Cyclops first opened in 1995 and was built by Custom Coasters International and is intertwined with Zeus 's structure . Cyclops was designed by Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill of Custom Coasters . ride operates with a single five-car train , built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The last car of the train is notable among coaster enthusiasts for the intense ejector air-time experienced during the ride , especially on the second hill beside the station . Because of this , only riders 18 and older were allowed in the last two rows . However , in 2014 , the second hill was re-profiled , and now anyone over the height of 48 inches can ride in last two rows ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannonball Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannonball_Run_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Cannonball Run was a wooden roller coaster located at Waterville USA in Gulf Shores , Alabama . It opened in 1995 and closed in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterville USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterville_USA', 'summary': 'The water park is the original section of the park . All of the original slides and attractions have been removed or replaced , except for the wave pool and lazy river attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Removed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Raven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Raven_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "The Raven is a wooden roller coaster at Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari 's Halloween section in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . It was designed and built beginning in 1994 by the now-defunct roller coaster manufacturer Custom Coasters International , with the help of designers Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill ; it opened on May 6 , 1995 . The Raven takes its name from Edgar Allan Poe 's poem The Raven and features sudden drops and turns which mimic the flight of a raven . From 2000 to 2003 , The Raven was voted the world 's Best Wooden Roller Coaster at the Golden Ticket Awards , which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine . It was named an ACE Roller Coaster Landmark by American Coaster Enthusiasts on June 23 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holiday World', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timber Terror Formerly Grizzly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timber_Terror', 'summary': "Timber Terror is a wooden roller coaster located at Silverwood Theme Park . Originally , the ride had been called Grizzly , but the park had to change the name to Timber Terror in 1997 to avoid litigation and confusion with the wooden roller coasters of the same name at California 's Great America and Kings Dominion . Rocky Mountain Construction founder , Fred Grubb , assisted with the initial construction of the ride . The ride was designed by park owner and founder , Gary Norton . Similar to the park 's larger wooden coaster Tremors , the design was finalized by Custom Coasters International and the ride was constructed in house . On September 26 , 2010 , Timber Terror soft opened to the public with a reversed train as part of the park 's annual Scarywood Haunted Nights event . The train received new headrests as part of the transformation . It has run in reverse for Scarywood and the last weekend in September since ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silverwood Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverwood_Theme_Park', 'summary': "Silverwood Theme Park is an amusement park located in the city of Athol in northern Idaho , United States , near the town of Coeur d'Alene , approximately 47 miles ( 75 km ) from Spokane , Washington on US 95 . Owner Gary Norton opened the park in June 20 , 1988 . Originally , the park included a small assortment of carnival rides , a main street with shops and eateries , and an authentic steam train that traveled in a 30-minute loop around the owner 's property . From 1973 to 1988 , the land , along with a fully functioning airstrip , was operated as the Henley Aerodrome , named after the family whom Norton bought it from in 1981 . Over the years , Silverwood has grown in both size and popularity , transforming from a small local amusement park to a regional theme park destination . In 2003 , an adjacent waterpark named Boulder Beach Water Park was opened . Entrance to Boulder Beach is included with admission to Silverwood . In 2009 , Silverwood began an annual Halloween event called Scarywood , held during evenings in the month of October . Comic characters Garfield and Odie are the official mascots of the park . Today , Silverwood is the largest theme and water park in the American Northwest on 413-acre ( 1,670,000 m2 ) and boasting more than 70 rides , slides , shows and attractions . It is the northernmost theme Park in the United States . In 2019 , Silverwood co-hosted ( along with Rocky Mountain Construction ) the Golden Ticket Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Underground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Underground_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "The Underground is a wooden roller coaster manufactured by Custom Coasters International . This attraction is located next to the Frantic Freeway . This attraction features two small lift hills to suspend riders . This ride 's lifts are unique as no drops are present . This attraction is largely considered a dark ride instead of a roller coaster because it does not feature what a conventional roller coaster has to offer . The official description of this attraction is Tour the old mine and try to solve the mystery of Bad Bob . The attraction features 7 cars per train . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 28 riders per train ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventureland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventureland_(Iowa)', 'summary': 'Adventureland is a family-owned amusement park in Altoona , Iowa ( just northeast of Des Moines ) . It is marketed as featuring over 100 rides , shows and attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pegasus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pegasus_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Pegasus is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The trains were built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Great White', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Great_White_(Morey's_Piers)", 'summary': "The Great White is a sit-down wooden/steel roller coaster made and built by the now defunct Custom Coasters International . At Morey 's Piers & Beachfront Waterparks , it has been operating since 1996 and has 2 trains from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company with 6 cars per train . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 24 riders per train . The ride starts by dropping into a tunnel beneath the boardwalk . After exiting the tunnel , the ride climbs up the 110-foot lift hill before dropping 100 feet at a 50-degree-angle , reaching a maximum speed of 50 mph ( 80 km/h ) . The ride then goes off the boardwalk and towards the beach . This ride was built over the beach because Morey 's Piers ran out of room on the pier . The ride lacks drive tires , as the downward slope of the station run is enough to propel the train in the station . This ride is being constantly checked out by inspectors and has its track replaced frequently . This is one of the three 100+ feet coasters at Morey 's and the only one that is a hybrid coaster . The ride has been retracked by Martin & Vleminckx ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Morey 's Piers", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Morey's_Piers", 'summary': "Moreys Piers & Beachfront Waterparks is a classic seaside amusement park located on The Wildwoods ' boardwalk in Wildwood and North Wildwood , New Jersey . The park has been family owned and operated since 1969 and is currently run by 2nd generation Morey Brothers , Will and Jack . Moreys Piers has over 100 rides and attractions . It includes three amusement piers and two beachfront waterparks ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Megafobia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megafobia_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Megafobia is a wooden roller coaster located at Oakwood Theme Park , Pembrokeshire , Wales , United Kingdom . It was built in 1996 by Custom Coasters International , who wanted a ride to showcase their company in Europe . Megafobia features a twister style layout . Megafobia was the first white-knuckle attraction to be installed at the Oakwood Theme Park ( then Oakwood Leisure Park ) in West Wales and transformed the park 's fortunes from a small family leisure park to a major UK theme park . Until the construction of Wicker Man commenced at Alton Towers in 2017 , it was also the most recent wooden roller coaster to be built in the UK . On 30 April 2016 it celebrated 20 Years at Oakwood ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakwood Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakwood_Theme_Park', 'summary': "Oakwood Theme Park ( formerly Oakwood Leisure Park , Oakwood Coaster Country & Oakwood Park ) is a theme park in Pembrokeshire , Wales . Oakwood opened in the late 1980s as a very small family park with BMXs , a wooden fort , a 3D-style cinema experience show , go-karts and a water chute ride . The park now incorporates four large thrill rides : Megafobia ( 1996 ) , Vertigo ( 1997 ) , Drenched ( 2002 , as Hydro ) and Speed ( 2006 ) . In 2006 Oakwood opened a new ride to the public : Speed , a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter roller coaster with a 97-degree drop . This was the first Euro-Fighter in the UK and was at that time the steepest roller coaster in the United Kingdom , only being overtaken by the opening of Thorpe Park 's Euro-Fighter Saw : The Ride in 2009 and Mumbo Jumbo at Flamingo Land Resort in the summer of 2009 . The 85-foot-tall ( 26 m ) CCI-built wooden roller coaster Megafobia has been rated among the best in Europe by enthusiasts . In 2016 it celebrated 20 years at Oakwood ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonnerre de Zeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonnerre_de_Zeus', 'summary': "Tonnerre de Zeus is a roller coaster at Parc Astérix in Plailly , France . Opened in 1997 and built by Custom Coasters International , it is as of today the 2nd longest wooden coaster in Europe , after Colossos , with a track length of 1230m ( 4044 feet ) . This coaster is also the second wooden roller coaster built in France after Walygator Parc 's Anaconda , and the second massive roller coaster of the park after Goudurix , which was built since the park 's opening in 1989 . These two roller coasters were followed by la Trace du Hourra in 2001 , and OzIris in 2012 . No other wooden roller coaster was built in the hexagon until Walibi Rhône-Alpes ' Timber in 2016 . Located in the park 's rear Antique Greece section , not far from Goudurix , The 1232-metre-long coaster has a 30m ( 98-foot ) tall lift hill , a first drop diving straight into a mouth-shaped-tunnel , and two helices , the first one at 572° and the second at 256° . It 's recorded top-speed is 83,7 km/h , and two blue ( one of them was red between 2004 and 2014 ) trains of 7 cars each , hold 56 people at a time enjoying several air-times due to the use of lap-bars as only protection . A safety belt holds each lap-bar down to prevent them from opening at hilltops . A third train , located in the garage located straight between the station and the turn leading to the lift hill , is stored for extra capacity should the need arise . On-ride photos can be purchased . Tonnerre de Zeus is French for Thunder of Zeus . In Greek mythology , Zeus was regarded as the king of gods ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parc Astérix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parc_Astérix', 'summary': "Parc Astérix is a theme amusement park in France , based on the comic book series Asterix by Albert Uderzo and René Goscinny . With more than two million visitors yearly , Parc Astérix is the country 's second biggest theme park after Disneyland Paris and its 14 million annual visitors . It is especially well known in France for its large variety of roller coasters ( including a bobsled one ) ; it has begun incorporating rides and themes from historic cultures such as the Gauls , the Romans , Ancient Greece and recently Ancient Egypt , but always in the visual style of the stories . It is situated approximately 35 km ( 22 mi ) north of Paris , 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Disneyland Paris and 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the historic Château de Chantilly , in the commune of Plailly , in the department of Oise . Opened in 1989 , the park is operated by Compagnie des Alpes ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stampida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stampida', 'summary': 'Stampida is a racing , wooden roller coaster built by Custom Coasters International at PortAventura Park in the resort PortAventura World , Salou , Catalonia , Spain . It is a very rickety roller coaster with many drops and 2 tunnels . It features two parallel tracks with blue and red cars each one , but then they run separately for a while . Finally , they come parallel again to the end of the ride . It shares a part of its route with a kiddie wooden roller coaster named Tomahawk .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PortAventura Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PortAventura_Park', 'summary': 'PortAventura Park is a theme park located in the PortAventura World Resort , 85 km southwest of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , in the municipalities of Salou and Vila-seca , on the Costa Daurada . The park opened on 1 May 1995 under the management of the Tussauds Group which had a 40.01% share in the park , La Caixa ( 33.19% ) , Anheuser-Busch ( 19.9% ) and FECSA ( 6.7% ) . It opened to the general public on 2 May 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomahawk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PortAventura Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PortAventura_Park', 'summary': 'PortAventura Park is a theme park located in the PortAventura World Resort , 85 km southwest of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , in the municipalities of Salou and Vila-seca , on the Costa Daurada . The park opened on 1 May 1995 under the management of the Tussauds Group which had a 40.01% share in the park , La Caixa ( 33.19% ) , Anheuser-Busch ( 19.9% ) and FECSA ( 6.7% ) . It opened to the general public on 2 May 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeus_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Zeus is a wooden roller coaster located at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The ride was built by Custom Coasters International and opened in 1997 . The ride operates with a single train built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company that has five cars each with four seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shivering Timbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shivering_Timbers_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Shivering Timbers is a wooden roller coaster at Michigan 's Adventure in Muskegon County , Michigan . It was developed and built by Custom Coasters International . Opened in May 1998 , Shivering Timbers debuted for the park 's 32nd year in operation and was a success . Construction for the ride began in 1997 . The trains were made by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters . The ride 's out and back layout is 5,383 feet ( 1,641 m ) long , making it the fourth-longest wooden roller coaster in the world . [ citation needed ] The ride has been re-tracked by Martin & Vleminckx and Great Coasters International . Shivering Timbers is the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michigan 's Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_Adventure", 'summary': "Michigan 's Adventure is a 250-acre ( 1.0 km2 ) amusement park in Muskegon County , Michigan , about halfway between Muskegon and Whitehall . It is the largest amusement park in the state and has been owned and operated by Cedar Fair since 2001 . As of 2019 , Michigan 's Adventure has 52 rides , more than any other park in the state . The park also includes an outdoor water park , WildWater Adventure . The park is headlined by seven roller coasters , including Shivering Timbers , a wooden coaster , and a suspended looping coaster , Thunderhawk . The typical operating season is from May through September ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rampage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rampage_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Rampage is a wooden roller coaster located at Alabama Splash Adventure in Bessemer , Alabama . Manufactured by Custom Coasters International , the ride opened to the public on May 23 , 1998 . On March 15 , 2014 , shortly after an announcement that the park had been purchased by Koch Family Parks of Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari , new management announced that the roller coaster would be refurbished . It reopened for the 2015 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama Splash Adventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Splash_Adventure', 'summary': "Alabama Splash Adventure ( previously known as VisionLand , Alabama Adventure and Splash Adventure ) is a water park and amusement park , located off Interstate 20/59 in Bessemer , Alabama , just west of Birmingham and east of Tuscaloosa . It is owned by Koch Family Parks , which consists of members of the family who formerly had minority ownership in Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Excalibur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excalibur_(Funtown_Splashtown_USA)', 'summary': "Excalibur is a wooden roller coaster at Funtown Splashtown USA in Saco , Maine . It is the tallest and longest roller coaster in Northern New England . The ride runs with a single 2-bench Philadelphia Toboggan Company train . The ride 's name is based on King Arthur 's sword ( Excalibur ) . Excalibur is the only wooden roller coaster in the state of Maine , and the first wooden coaster in Maine in 50 years when it first opened . The ride has been retracked by Martin & Vleminckx ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Funtown Splashtown USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funtown_Splashtown_USA', 'summary': 'Funtown Splashtown USA ( commonly referred to as just Funtown ) is a family-owned amusement park located in Saco , Maine , in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twisted Twins Formerly Twisted Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_Chaser_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Storm Chaser is a steel roller coaster at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville , Kentucky . Designed by Alan Schilke and built by Rocky Mountain Construction at an estimated cost of $ 10 million , the ride opened to the public on April 30 , 2016 . It features three inversions utilizing Rocky Mountain Construction 's patented I-Box track technology , a 78-degree drop , and a maximum speed of 52 mph ( 84 km/h ) . Storm Chaser replaced Twisted Twins , a dueling roller coaster that opened in 1998 originally as Twisted Sisters . As a budgetary measure , some of the track and supports from Twisted Twins were reused during construction . Storm Chaser was the second new coaster , following T3 , to open at Kentucky Kingdom since the park reopened to the public in 2014 . It was nominated for Best New Ride For 2016 - an Amusement Today Golden Ticket Award - and placed second behind Dollywood 's Lightning Rod ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Kentucky Kingdom ( formerly called Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom ) is an amusement park in Louisville , Kentucky . The 63-acre ( 25 ha ) park includes a collection of amusement rides and a water park named Hurricane Bay . The park reopened to the public on May 24 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Converted Now known as Storm Chaser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_Chaser_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Storm Chaser is a steel roller coaster at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville , Kentucky . Designed by Alan Schilke and built by Rocky Mountain Construction at an estimated cost of $ 10 million , the ride opened to the public on April 30 , 2016 . It features three inversions utilizing Rocky Mountain Construction 's patented I-Box track technology , a 78-degree drop , and a maximum speed of 52 mph ( 84 km/h ) . Storm Chaser replaced Twisted Twins , a dueling roller coaster that opened in 1998 originally as Twisted Sisters . As a budgetary measure , some of the track and supports from Twisted Twins were reused during construction . Storm Chaser was the second new coaster , following T3 , to open at Kentucky Kingdom since the park reopened to the public in 2014 . It was nominated for Best New Ride For 2016 - an Amusement Today Golden Ticket Award - and placed second behind Dollywood 's Lightning Rod ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of roller coasters', 'section_text': "CCI 's Boulder Dash at Lake Compounce CCI 's Boss at Six Flags St. Louis CCI 's Shivering Timbers at Michigan 's Adventure CCI 's Hurricane at the Myrtle Beach Pavilion CCI 's Tremors at Silverwood See also : Category : Roller coasters manufactured by Custom Coasters International Over the span of 11 years , Custom Coasters International had built 34 roller coasters around the world . [ 5 ] As of 2019 , 29 continue to operate , one is closed , two have been demolished , and two have been converted to steel roller coasters ( Medusa to Medusa Steel Coaster and Twisted Twins to Storm Chaser ) by Rocky Mountain Construction . The roller coasters in the following table are listed in order of installation . [ 6 ]", 'uid': 'Custom_Coasters_International_0', 'intro': 'Custom Coasters International (CCI) was one of the premier wooden roller coaster manufacturers in the world and produced 34 wooden coasters in the short span of eleven years - more than any other company in recent times.'} | null | null | How many rides are located at the park where Zach 's Zoomer is found ? | 52 |
0439a742a870424e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence', 'title': 'Birefringence', 'header': ['Material', 'Crystal system', 'n o', 'n e', 'Δ n'], 'data': [{'value': 'barium borate BaB 2 O 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barium_borate', 'summary': 'Barium borate is an inorganic compound , a borate of barium with a chemical formula BaB2O4 or Ba ( BO2 ) 2 . It is available as a hydrate or dehydrated form , as white powder or colorless crystals . The crystals exist in the high-temperature α phase and low-temperature β phase , abbreviated as BBO ; both phases are birefringent , and BBO is a common nonlinear optical material .'}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.6776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.5534', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.1242', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'beryl Be 3 Al 2 ( SiO 3 ) 6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beryl', 'summary': 'Beryl ( /ˈbɛrəl/ BERR-əl ) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2Si6O18 . Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine . Naturally occurring , hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size , but terminated crystals are relatively rare . Pure beryl is colorless , but it is frequently tinted by impurities ; possible colors are green , blue , yellow , red ( the rarest ) , and white . Beryl is also an ore source of beryllium .'}]}, {'value': 'Hexagonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice_system', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.602', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.557', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.045', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'calcite CaCO 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcite', 'summary': 'Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness , based on scratch hardness comparison , defines value 3 as calcite . Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite . Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C , and vaterite is even less stable .'}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.658', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.486', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.172', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ice H 2 O', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice', 'summary': "Ice /aɪs/ is water frozen into a solid state . Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air , it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color . In the Solar System , ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far away as the Oort cloud objects . Beyond the Solar System , it occurs as interstellar ice . It is abundant on Earth 's surface - particularly in the polar regions and above the snow line - and , as a common form of precipitation and deposition , plays a key role in Earth 's water cycle and climate . It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost , icicles or ice spikes . Ice molecules can exhibit eighteen or more different phases ( packing geometries ) that depend on temperature and pressure . When water is cooled rapidly ( quenching ) , up to three different types of amorphous ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature . When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below −253.15 °C ( 20 K , −423.67 °F ) giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena . Virtually all the ice on Earth 's surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih ( spoken as ice one h ) with minute traces of cubic ice denoted as ice Ic . The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 °C ( 273.15 K , 32 °F ) at standard atmospheric pressure . It may also be deposited directly by water vapor , as happens in the formation of frost ."}]}, {'value': 'Hexagonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice_system', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.309', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.313', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'lithium niobate LiNbO 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lithium_niobate', 'summary': 'Lithium niobate ( LiNbO3 ) is a compound of niobium , lithium , and oxygen . Its single crystals are an important material for optical waveguides , mobile phones , piezoelectric sensors , optical modulators and various other linear and non-linear optical applications . It is a human-made dielectric material that does not exist in nature . Lithium niobate is sometimes referred to by the brand name linobate .'}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '2.272', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.187', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.085', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'magnesium fluoride MgF 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride', 'summary': 'Magnesium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula MgF2 . The compound is a white crystalline salt and is transparent over a wide range of wavelengths , with commercial uses in optics that are also used in space telescopes . It occurs naturally as the rare mineral sellaite .'}]}, {'value': 'Tetragonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetragonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors , so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base ( a by a ) and height ( c , which is different from a ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.380', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.385', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'quartz SiO 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quartz', 'summary': "Quartz is a hard , crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms . The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra , with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra , giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2 . Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth 's continental crust , behind feldspar . Quartz exists in two forms , the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz , both of which are chiral . The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C ( 846 K ; 1,063 °F ) . Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume , it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold . There are many different varieties of quartz , several of which are semi-precious gemstones . Since antiquity , varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings , especially in Eurasia ."}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.544', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.553', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ruby Al 2 O 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruby', 'summary': "A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone , a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide ) . Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires . Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems , together with amethyst , sapphire , emerald , and diamond . The word ruby comes from ruber , Latin for red . The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium . Some gemstones that are popularly or historically called rubies , such as the Black Prince 's Ruby in the British Imperial State Crown , are actually spinels . These were once known as Balas rubies . The quality of a ruby is determined by its color , cut , and clarity , which , along with carat weight , affect its value . The brightest and most valuable shade of red called blood-red or pigeon blood , commands a large premium over other rubies of similar quality . After color follows clarity : similar to diamonds , a clear stone will command a premium , but a ruby without any needle-like rutile inclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated . Ruby is the traditional birthstone for July and is usually pinker than garnet , although some rhodolite garnets have a similar pinkish hue to most rubies . The world 's most valuable ruby is the Sunrise Ruby ."}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.770', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.762', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rutile TiO 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutile', 'summary': 'Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) , and is the most common natural form of TiO2 . Other rarer polymorphs of TiO2 are known including anatase , akaogiite , and brookite . Rutile has one of the highest refractive indices at visible wavelengths of any known crystal and also exhibits a particularly large birefringence and high dispersion . Owing to these properties , it is useful for the manufacture of certain optical elements , especially polarization optics , for longer visible and infrared wavelengths up to about 4.5 μm . Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum . Rutile derives its name from the Latin rutilus , red , in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light . Rutile was first described in 1803 by Abraham Gottlob Werner .'}]}, {'value': 'Tetragonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetragonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors , so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base ( a by a ) and height ( c , which is different from a ) .'}]}, {'value': '2.616', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.903', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.287', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sapphire Al 2 O 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sapphire', 'summary': 'Sapphire is a precious gemstone , a variety of the mineral corundum , consisting of aluminum oxide ( α-Al2O3 ) with trace amounts of elements such as iron , titanium , chromium , vanadium , or magnesium . It is typically blue , but natural fancy sapphires also occur in yellow , purple , orange , and green colors ; parti sapphires show two or more colors . The only color corundum stone that the term sapphire is not used for is red , which is called a ruby . Pink colored corundum may be either classified as ruby or sapphire depending on locale . Commonly , natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in jewelry . They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules . Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires - 9 on the Mohs scale ( the third hardest mineral , after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5 ) - sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications , such as infrared optical components , high-durability windows , wristwatch crystals and movement bearings , and very thin electronic wafers , which are used as the insulating substrates of special-purpose solid-state electronics such as integrated circuits and GaN-based blue LEDs . Sapphire is the birthstone for September and the gem of the 45th anniversary . A sapphire jubilee occurs after 65 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.768', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.760', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'silicon carbide SiC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silicon_carbide', 'summary': 'Silicon carbide ( SiC ) , also known as carborundum /kɑːrbəˈrʌndəm/ , is a semiconductor containing silicon and carbon . It occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite . Synthetic SiC powder has been mass-produced since 1893 for use as an abrasive . Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by sintering to form very hard ceramics that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance , such as car brakes , car clutches and ceramic plates in bulletproof vests . Electronic applications of silicon carbide such as light-emitting diodes ( LEDs ) and detectors in early radios were first demonstrated around 1907 . SiC is used in semiconductor electronics devices that operate at high temperatures or high voltages , or both . Large single crystals of silicon carbide can be grown by the Lely method and they can be cut into gems known as synthetic moissanite .'}]}, {'value': 'Hexagonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice_system', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '2.647', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.693', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.046', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'tourmaline ( complex silicate )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tourmaline', 'summary': 'Tourmaline ( /ˈtʊərməlɪn/ , -/iːn/ TOOR-mə-lin , -\u2060leen ) is a crystalline boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as aluminium , iron , magnesium , sodium , lithium , or potassium . Tourmaline is classified as a semi-precious stone and the gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors .'}]}, {'value': 'Trigonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families , which includes 2 crystal systems ( hexagonal and trigonal ) and 2 lattice systems ( hexagonal and rhombohedral ) . The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice , and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system . There are 52 space groups associated with it , which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral .'}]}, {'value': '1.669', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.638', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−0.031', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'zircon , high ZrSiO 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zircon', 'summary': 'Zircon ( /ˈzɜːrkɒn/ or /ˈzɜːrkən/ ) is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates . Its chemical name is zirconium silicate , and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4 . A common empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is ( Zr1-y , REEy ) ( SiO4 ) 1-x ( OH ) 4x-y . Zircon forms in silicate melts with large proportions of high field strength incompatible elements . For example , hafnium is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4% . The crystal structure of zircon is tetragonal crystal system . The natural colour of zircon varies between colourless , yellow-golden , red , brown , blue and green . Colourless specimens that show gem quality are a popular substitute for diamond and are also known as Matura diamond . The name derives from the Persian zargun , meaning gold-hued . This word is corrupted into jargoon , a term applied to light-colored zircons . The English word zircon is derived from Zirkon , which is the German adaptation of this word . Yellow , orange and red zircon is also known as hyacinth , from the flower hyacinthus , whose name is of Ancient Greek origin .'}]}, {'value': 'Tetragonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetragonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors , so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base ( a by a ) and height ( c , which is different from a ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.055', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'zircon , low ZrSiO 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tetragonal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetragonal', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors , so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base ( a by a ) and height ( c , which is different from a ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.047', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Birefringence_0', 'intro': 'Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with non-cubic crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress. Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in calcite, a crystal having one of the strongest birefringences. However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector).'} | null | null | What is the crystal system of the material that exists in the high-temperature α phase and low-temperature β phase ? | Trigonal |
043a0b58f2517693 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NW_postcode_area', 'title': 'NW postcode area', 'header': ['Postcode district', 'Post town', 'Coverage', 'Local authority area'], 'data': [{'value': 'NW1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "North Western head district : Marylebone ( part ) , Euston , Regent 's Park , Baker Street , Camden Town , Somers Town , Primrose Hill ( part ) and Lisson Grove ( part )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marylebone', 'summary': 'Marylebone ( /ˈmærɪləbən/ or /ˈmærələbən/ , /ˈmærɪbən/ , /ˈmɑːrlɪbən/ , or /ˈmærɪlɪboʊn/ [ unreliable source ? ] ) is an area in the West End of London , England , which is since 1965 part of the City of Westminster , when the latter was much enlarged . Bounded by Oxford Street to the south , Marylebone Road to the north , Edgware Road to the west and Great Portland Street to the east , the area east of Great Portland Street up to Cleveland Street , known as Fitzrovia since the 1940s , was historically East Marylebone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Euston,_London', 'summary': "Euston Road is a road in Central London that runs from Marylebone Road to King 's Cross . The route is part of the London Inner Ring Road and forms part of the London congestion charge zone boundary . It is named after Euston Hall , the family seat of the Dukes of Grafton , who had become major property owners in the area during the mid 19th Century . The road was originally the central section of New Road from Paddington to Islington which opened in 1756 as London 's first bypass . It provided a route along which to drive cattle to Smithfield Market avoiding central London . Traffic increased when major railway stations , including Euston , opened in the mid-19th century and led to the road 's renaming in 1857 . Euston Road was widened in the 1960s to cater for the increasing demands of motor traffic , and the Euston Tower was built around that time . The road contains several significant buildings including the Wellcome Library , the British Library and the St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Regent's_Park", 'summary': "Regent 's Park ( officially The Regent 's Park ) is one of the Royal Parks of London . It occupies high ground in inner north-west London , administratively split between the City of Westminster and the London Borough of Camden ( and historically between Marylebone and Saint Pancras parishes ) . It contains Regent 's University London and London Zoo . The Park was designed by John Nash and James and Decimus Burton . Its construction was financed privately by James after the Crown Estate rescinded its pledge to do so . The park is Grade I ( highest ) listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baker_Street', 'summary': 'Baker Street is a street in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster in London . It is named after builder William Baker , who laid out the street in the 18th century . The street is most famous for its connection to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes , who lived at a fictional 221B Baker Street address on the north of the street . The area was originally high class residential , but now is mainly occupied by commercial premises .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Camden_Town', 'summary': "Camden Town ( /ˈkæmdən/ ( listen ) ) , often shortened to Camden ( also the name for the borough it is in ) , is a district of northwest London , England , 2.5 miles ( 4.1 km ) north of Charing Cross . Historically in Middlesex , it is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Camden , and identified in the London Plan as one of 34 major centres in Greater London . Laid out as a residential district from 1791 and originally part of the manor of Kentish Town and the parish of St Pancras , Camden Town became an important location during the early development of the railways , which reinforced its position on the London canal network . The area 's industrial economic base has been replaced by service industries such as retail , tourism and entertainment . The area now hosts street markets and music venues that are strongly associated with alternative culture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Somers_Town,_London', 'summary': "Somers Town is an inner-city district in North West London . It has been strongly influenced by the three mainline north London railway termini : Euston ( 1838 ) , St Pancras ( 1868 ) and King 's Cross ( 1852 ) , together with the Midland Railway Somers Town Goods Depot ( 1887 ) next to St Pancras , where the British Library now stands . Historically , the name Somers Town was used for the larger triangular area between the Pancras , Hampstead , and Euston Roads , but it is now taken to mean the rough rectangle bounded by Pancras Road , Euston Road , Eversholt Street , Crowndale Road , and the railway approaches to St Pancras station ; that is to say , the area about 200 metres east and west of Chalton Street . Somers Town was originally within the medieval Parish of St Pancras , Middlesex , which in 1900 became the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras . In 1965 the Borough of St Pancras was abolished and its area became part of the London Borough of Camden ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Primrose_Hill', 'summary': "Primrose Hill is a hill of 213 feet ( 65 m ) located on the northern side of Regent 's Park in London . The name was given also to the surrounding district . The hill summit has a clear view of central London , as well as Hampstead and Belsize Park to the north and is adorned by an engraved quotation from William Blake . Nowadays it is one of the most exclusive and expensive residential areas in London and is home to many prominent residents . The Primrose Hill district is surrounded by St John 's Wood to the west , Swiss Cottage to the northwest , Belsize Park to the north , Chalk Farm to the northeast , Camden Town to the east and Regent 's Park itself lies adjacent to the south of the hill itself . The nearest stations to Primrose Hill are Chalk Farm tube station to the northeast and Swiss Cottage tube station to the northwest . The defunct Primrose Hill railway station sits on the railway lines that separate the Primrose Hill area from Camden Town . Amenities of the hill include an outdoor gym known as the Hill Trim Trail , a children 's playground , and toilets , all located on the south side near Primrose Hill bridge which connects to London Zoo and Regent 's Park . The park is Grade II listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisson_Grove', 'summary': 'Lisson Grove is a district and a street of the City of Westminster , London , just to the north of the Inner Ring Road . The area is predominantly residential , with a very high population density and extensive social housing , and is less affluent than Westminster as a whole . The Church Street ward covers roughly the same area .'}]}, {'value': 'Camden , Westminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Camden is a borough in Northwest London ; it forms part of Inner London . Historically in Middlesex , some southern ( more central ) areas of the borough , such as Holborn , are sometimes described as part of the West End of London . The local authority is Camden London Borough Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/City_of_Westminster', 'summary': "The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough that also holds city status . It occupies much of the central area of Greater London including most of the West End . Historically in Middlesex , it is to the west of the ancient City of London , directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , and its southern boundary is the River Thames . The London borough was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London . Upon its creation , it inherited the city status previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from 1900 , which was first awarded to Westminster in 1540 . Aside from numerous large parks and open spaces , the population density of the district is high . Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough , including St James 's Palace , Buckingham Palace , the Palace of Westminster ( Houses of Parliament ) and 10 Downing Street . The borough is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster ; the shopping areas around Oxford Street , Regent Street , Piccadilly and Bond Street ; and the night-time entertainment district of Soho . Much of the borough is residential , and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000 . The local government body is Westminster City Council . A study in 2017 by Trust for London and The New Policy Institute found that Westminster has the third-highest pay inequality of the 32 London boroughs . It also has the second-least affordable private rent for low earners in London , behind only Kensington and Chelsea ."}]}, {'value': 'NW1W', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PO boxes in NW1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'non-geographic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Non-geographic_postcodes', 'summary': 'Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes ( originally , postal codes ) . They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974 , having been devised by the General Post Office ( Royal Mail ) . A full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point . The structure of a postcode is two alphanumeric codes , the first having between two and four characters and the second , three characters . First , one or two letters indicate the postcode area , followed by one or two digits signifying a district within that area . This is followed by a space and then a number denoting a sector within said district , and finally by two letters which are allocated to streets or sides of a street . Postcode areas are often named for a major town or city ( such as B for Birmingham ) but may also be geographic in nature ( such as HS for Outer Hebrides ) . Each postcode area contains a number of post towns which are not themselves alphabetically denoted however each will generally constitute one ( or more ) postcode districts . ( Example : a sizeable part of Southern England is covered by the GU postcode area , named for the town of Guildford . Guildford comprises postal districts GU1 and GU2 . Nearby Woking , a major commuter town 6 miles distant , is a post town within postal district GU22 . ) The central part of the town or city the postcode area is named after will have the number one e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'NW2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cricklewood district : Cricklewood , Dollis Hill , Childs Hill , Golders Green ( part ) , Brent Cross ( part ) , Willesden ( north ) , Neasden ( north )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricklewood', 'summary': "Cricklewood is an area of London , England , which spans the boundaries of three London boroughs : Barnet to the east , Brent to the west and Camden to the south-east . The Crown pub , now the Clayton Crown Hotel , is a local landmark and lies 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) north-west of Charing Cross . Cricklewood was a small rural hamlet around Edgware Road , the Roman road which was later called Watling Street and which forms the boundary between the three boroughs that share Cricklewood . The area urbanised after the arrival of the surface and underground railways in nearby Willesden Green in the 1870s . The shops on Cricklewood Broadway , as Edgware Road is known here , contrast with quieter surrounding streets of largely late-Victorian , Edwardian , and 1930s housing . The area has strong links with Ireland due to a sizeable Irish population . The 35-hectare ( 86-acre ) Gladstone Park lies on the area 's northern periphery . Cricklewood has two conservation areas , the Mapesbury Estate and the Cricklewood Railway Terraces , and in 2012 was awarded £1.65 million from the Mayor of London 's office to improve the area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dollis_Hill', 'summary': "Dollis Hill is an area in northwest London , which consists of the streets surrounding the 35 hectares ( 86 acres ) Gladstone Park . It is served by a London Underground station , Dollis Hill , on the Jubilee line , providing good links to central London . It is in the London Borough of Brent , close to Willesden Green , Neasden and Cricklewood , and in the latter 's postal district ( NW2 ) . The area is mainly residential ( Edwardian terraced and 1920s/30s semi-detached houses ) with a restaurant , greengrocer and convenience stores near the underground station . The Dollis Hill ward has the highest Irish population in London . Dollis Hill played a part in the Second World War as the code-breaking computer used at Bletchley Park was built at the Post Office Research Station in Dollis Hill and the rarely used alternative Cabinet War Room bunker for Winston Churchill 's government was dug underground here ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Childs_Hill', 'summary': "Childs Hill is one of two areas at the south end of the London Borough of Barnet along with Cricklewood which straddles three boroughs . It took its name from Richard le Child , who in 1312 held a customary house and 30 acres of its area . It is a mainly late-19th-century suburban large neighbourhood centred 5 miles ( 8 km ) northwest of Charing Cross bordered by the arterial road Hendon Way in the west and south-west , Dunstan Road in the north , West Heath and Golders Hill Park which form an arm of Hampstead Heath to the east and the borough boundary as to the short south-east border . Child 's Hill reaches relatively high ground in London along its eastern border . Adjoining Hampstead Heath features , less than a mile from the centre of Child 's Hill , the summit of London 's third-highest escarpment . From 1789 to 1847 Child 's Hill hosted an optical telegraph station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Golders_Green', 'summary': 'Golders Green is an area in the London Borough of Barnet in England . A smaller suburban linear settlement , near a farm and public grazing area green of medieval origins , dates to the early 19th century . Its bulk forms a late 19th-century and early 20th-century suburb with a commercial crossroads . The rest is of later build . It is centred approximately 5.5 miles ( 8.5 km ) north west of Charing Cross on the intersection of Golders Green Road and Finchley Road . It was founded as a medieval hamlet in the large parish of Hendon , Middlesex . The parish was heavily superseded by Hendon Urban District in 1894 and by the Municipal Borough of Hendon in 1932 , abolished in 1965 . In the early 20th century it grew rapidly in response to the opening of a tube station of the London Underground , adjacent to the Golders Green Hippodrome which was home to the BBC Concert Orchestra for many years . The area has a wide variety of housing and a busy main shopping street , Golders Green Road . It is known for its large Jewish population as well as for being home to the largest Jewish kosher hub ( located west of Hoop Lane after the rail bridge ) in the United Kingdom , which attracts many Jewish tourists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_Cross', 'summary': 'Brent Cross is an area of the London Borough of Barnet , England , nearby Hendon and Golders Green . It contains the Brent Cross Shopping Centre and the proposed Brent Cross Cricklewood development . The area around Brent Cross is a major place for road traffic , with the A41 Hendon Way/Watford Way flyover over the A406 North Circular Road , and the M1 motorway and A5 Edgware Road at Staples Corner to the west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Willesden', 'summary': "Willesden ( /ˈwɪlzdən/ ) is an area in north west London which forms part of the London Borough of Brent . It is situated 5 miles ( 8 km ) northwest of Charing Cross . It was historically a parish in the county of Middlesex that was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Willesden in 1933 , and has formed part of the London Borough of Brent in Greater London since 1965 . Dollis Hill is also sometimes referred to as being part of Willesden . With its close proximity to affluent neighbourhoods Brondesbury Park , Queen 's Park and Kensal Rise , the area surrounding Willesden Green station has seen increased gentrification in the past several years , with rapidly rising property prices . The Daily Telegraph called Willesden Green one of London 's new middle class areas . The area has a population of 44,295 as of 2011 including the Willesden Green , Dollis Hill and Dudden Hill wards . Willesden Green has one of the city 's highest Irish populations , and is also strongly associated with Afro-Caribbeans and Latin Americans . Willesden is mostly in the NW10 postcode district , but part of it is in the NW2 postcode district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neasden', 'summary': "Neasden /ˈniːzdən/ is a suburban area in northwest London , England . It forms part of the London Borough of Brent . Neasden also includes Brent Park and St Raphael 's Estate ."}]}, {'value': 'Barnet , Brent , Camden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet', 'summary': "The London Borough of Barnet ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a suburban London borough in North London . It forms part of Outer London and is the largest London borough by population with 384,774 inhabitants ; it covers an area of 86.74 square kilometres ( 33 sq mi ) , the fourth highest , and has a population density of 45.8 people per hectare , which ranks it 25th . The borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire . It borders Hertfordshire to the north and five other London boroughs : Camden and Haringey to the southeast , Enfield to the east , as well as Harrow and Brent to the west of the ancient Watling Street ( now the A5 road ) . The borough 's major urban settlements are Hendon , Finchley , Friern Barnet , Chipping Barnet , and Edgware ; there are also rural settlements notably Totteridge and Arkley . The local authority is Barnet London Borough Council , based in Hendon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent', 'summary': "The London Borough of Brent ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a London borough in Northwest London ; it forms part of Outer London . The major areas are Wembley , Kilburn , Willesden , Harlesden and Neasden . It borders the boroughs of Harrow to the northwest , Barnet to the northeast , Camden to the east , the City of Westminster to the southeast , as well as the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , Hammersmith and Fulham and Ealing to the south . Most of the eastern border is formed by the Roman road Watling Street , which is now the modern A5 . Brent has a mixture of residential , industrial and commercial land . Brent is home to Wembley Stadium , one of the country 's biggest landmarks , as well as Wembley Arena . The local authority is Brent London Borough Council ."}]}, {'value': 'NW3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampstead district : Hampstead , Belsize Park , Frognal , Childs Hill ( east ) , South Hampstead ( north ) , Swiss Cottage ( east ) , Primrose Hill ( north ) , Chalk Farm ( west ) , Gospel Oak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampstead', 'summary': 'Hampstead ( /ˈhæmpstɪd/ or /-stɛd/ ) is an area in north London , England . Lying 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) northwest of Charing Cross , it extends from the A5 road ( Roman Watling Street ) to Hampstead Heath , a large , hilly expanse of parkland . The area forms the north-west part of the London Borough of Camden . Hampstead is known for its intellectual , liberal , artistic , musical and literary associations . It has some of the most expensive housing in the London area . Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Belsize_Park', 'summary': "Belsize Park is an area of the London Borough of Camden ( the inner north-west of London ) , England . Electorally it gives its name to a ward of the borough , Belsize mainly overlapping ; however some is part of Hampstead Town and Haverstock when that ward name is used . It is in the south-east of the parish of Hampstead , 3.4 miles ( 5.5 km ) north-west of Charing Cross . It has a station on the Northern line of the London Underground . Some nearby localities are Hampstead village to the north and west , Kentish Town and Gospel Oak to the east , Camden Town to the south-east and Primrose Hill to the south . An expensive residential area , it has restaurants , pubs and cafés lining Haverstock Hill and England 's Lane . Hampstead Heath is a 10- to 12-minute walk away . Primrose Hill park is a 5-minute walk from England 's Lane , one of two green ridges which have views south towards central London and beyond . [ n 1 ] Belsize Park is in the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency whose present MP is Tulip Siddiq . Belsize Park is the headquarters of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts organisation , and also the veterinary firm Village Vet ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frognal', 'summary': 'Frognal is a small area of Hampstead , North West London in the London Borough of Camden . Frognal is reinforced as the name of a minor road , which goes uphill from Finchley Road and at its upper end is in the west of Hampstead village .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Childs_Hill', 'summary': "Childs Hill is one of two areas at the south end of the London Borough of Barnet along with Cricklewood which straddles three boroughs . It took its name from Richard le Child , who in 1312 held a customary house and 30 acres of its area . It is a mainly late-19th-century suburban large neighbourhood centred 5 miles ( 8 km ) northwest of Charing Cross bordered by the arterial road Hendon Way in the west and south-west , Dunstan Road in the north , West Heath and Golders Hill Park which form an arm of Hampstead Heath to the east and the borough boundary as to the short south-east border . Child 's Hill reaches relatively high ground in London along its eastern border . Adjoining Hampstead Heath features , less than a mile from the centre of Child 's Hill , the summit of London 's third-highest escarpment . From 1789 to 1847 Child 's Hill hosted an optical telegraph station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Hampstead', 'summary': 'South Hampstead is part of the London Borough of Camden in inner northwest London . It is commonly defined as the area between : West End Lane in the west , the Chiltern Main Line ( south ) , Broadhurst Gardens north and north-west followed by a non-road line demarcating the south slopes of Hampstead village , west of Belsize Park and north and west of the usually narrowly defined Swiss Cottage neighbourhood . It takes in some of Fitzjohns Avenue leading up to the village , that is of Hampstead , but the exact amount is an arbitrary measure . [ n 1 ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swiss_Cottage', 'summary': 'Swiss Cottage is a district of the London Borough of Camden in England . It is part of Hampstead and is centred on the junction of Avenue Road and Finchley Road , at the tripoint of the postcodes of Hampstead NW3 , Kilburn/West Hampstead NW6 and St Johns Wood NW8 . Swiss Cottage is 3.25 miles ( 5.23 km ) north-northwest of Charing Cross . It is the location of Swiss Cottage tube station .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Primrose_Hill', 'summary': "Primrose Hill is a hill of 213 feet ( 65 m ) located on the northern side of Regent 's Park in London . The name was given also to the surrounding district . The hill summit has a clear view of central London , as well as Hampstead and Belsize Park to the north and is adorned by an engraved quotation from William Blake . Nowadays it is one of the most exclusive and expensive residential areas in London and is home to many prominent residents . The Primrose Hill district is surrounded by St John 's Wood to the west , Swiss Cottage to the northwest , Belsize Park to the north , Chalk Farm to the northeast , Camden Town to the east and Regent 's Park itself lies adjacent to the south of the hill itself . The nearest stations to Primrose Hill are Chalk Farm tube station to the northeast and Swiss Cottage tube station to the northwest . The defunct Primrose Hill railway station sits on the railway lines that separate the Primrose Hill area from Camden Town . Amenities of the hill include an outdoor gym known as the Hill Trim Trail , a children 's playground , and toilets , all located on the south side near Primrose Hill bridge which connects to London Zoo and Regent 's Park . The park is Grade II listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chalk_Farm', 'summary': 'Chalk Farm is a small urban district of northwest London , England immediately north of Camden Town and currently split equally between the electoral wards of Camden Town and Primrose Hill in the south and Haverstock in the north .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gospel_Oak', 'summary': 'Gospel Oak is an inner urban area of north west London in the London Borough of Camden at the very south of Hampstead Heath . The neighbourhood is positioned between Hampstead to the north-west , Dartmouth Park to the north-east , Kentish Town to the south-east , and Belsize Park to the south-west . Gospel Oak lies across the NW5 and NW3 postcodes and is served by Gospel Oak station on the London Overground . The North London Suburb , Gospel Oak , has many schools around it .'}]}, {'value': 'Camden , Barnet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hendon district : Hendon , Brent Cross ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hendon', 'summary': 'Hendon is a London urban area in the Borough of Barnet , 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Charing Cross , between the A41 , A406 and the M1 motorway . Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has been part of Greater London since 1965 . It used to be the home for the London Aerodrome which later became RAF Hendon . From 1972 the site of the RAF station was gradually handed over to the RAF Museum London . Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 which includes the West Hendon and Colindale wards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_Cross', 'summary': 'Brent Cross is an area of the London Borough of Barnet , England , nearby Hendon and Golders Green . It contains the Brent Cross Shopping Centre and the proposed Brent Cross Cricklewood development . The area around Brent Cross is a major place for road traffic , with the A41 Hendon Way/Watford Way flyover over the A406 North Circular Road , and the M1 motorway and A5 Edgware Road at Staples Corner to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentish Town district : Kentish Town , Camden Town ( part ) , Gospel Oak ( part ) , Dartmouth Park , Chalk Farm ( east ) , Tufnell Park ( west )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentish_Town', 'summary': 'Kentish Town is an area of northwest London , England in the London Borough of Camden , immediately north of Camden Town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Camden_Town', 'summary': "Camden Town ( /ˈkæmdən/ ( listen ) ) , often shortened to Camden ( also the name for the borough it is in ) , is a district of northwest London , England , 2.5 miles ( 4.1 km ) north of Charing Cross . Historically in Middlesex , it is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Camden , and identified in the London Plan as one of 34 major centres in Greater London . Laid out as a residential district from 1791 and originally part of the manor of Kentish Town and the parish of St Pancras , Camden Town became an important location during the early development of the railways , which reinforced its position on the London canal network . The area 's industrial economic base has been replaced by service industries such as retail , tourism and entertainment . The area now hosts street markets and music venues that are strongly associated with alternative culture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gospel_Oak', 'summary': 'Gospel Oak is an inner urban area of north west London in the London Borough of Camden at the very south of Hampstead Heath . The neighbourhood is positioned between Hampstead to the north-west , Dartmouth Park to the north-east , Kentish Town to the south-east , and Belsize Park to the south-west . Gospel Oak lies across the NW5 and NW3 postcodes and is served by Gospel Oak station on the London Overground . The North London Suburb , Gospel Oak , has many schools around it .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth_Park', 'summary': 'Dartmouth Park is a district of north London in the London Borough of Camden , on the slope of the hill that rises up to Highgate from Kentish Town . On its west side , it borders Parliament Hill Fields .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chalk_Farm', 'summary': 'Chalk Farm is a small urban district of northwest London , England immediately north of Camden Town and currently split equally between the electoral wards of Camden Town and Primrose Hill in the south and Haverstock in the north .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tufnell_Park', 'summary': "Tufnell Park is an area in north London , England in the London Borough of Islington and London Borough of Camden . Its existence as a district or neighbourhood in Inner London is consolidated by its tube station on the Northern Line which , non-exclusively , serves this area of former farmland last owned by a wealthy branch of the Tufnell family before its development . The station opened in 1907 ; this is also the nearest tube station for the similarly residential Dartmouth Park , a higher area towards the centre of Highgate . The two are separated by part of today 's London Overground line built in the 19th century ; however , Junction Road railway station between the two Park districts closed in 1943 , on the GOBLIN , the spur line of the main Overground loop about 200 metres north of the tube station . Tufnell Park Football Club was a football club based immediately south of the overground railway , where Tufnell Park Playing Fields and a playground is today . One of the top amateur clubs in the country in the early 20th century , it merged in 1950 into Edmonton F.C. , in turn merging in 1973 into Haringey Borough F.C . based at Coles Park , Tottenham ."}]}, {'value': 'Camden , Islington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Islington ( /ˈɪzlɪŋtən/ ( listen ) IZ-ling-tən ) is a London borough in Inner London . The borough includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London . Islington has an estimated population of 215,667 . It was formed in 1965 by merging the former metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury . The merged entity remains the second-smallest borough in London and the third-smallest district in England . The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies , Islington North , the constituency of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , and Islington South & Finsbury , the constituency of Labour Shadow Foreign Secretary and Shadow First Secretary of State Emily Thornberry . The local authority is Islington Council . The borough is home to football club Arsenal , one of the most successful clubs in England and its home Emirates Stadium is one of the largest football stadiums in the country . The southern part of the borough , south of the A501 Pentonville Road and City Road , is part of central London and the central London congestion charging zone . A significant part of the southern section of the borough borders the City of London , with the area to the south west bordering the London Borough of Camden . The central London area includes a number of zone 1 stations including Farringdon and Old Street .'}]}, {'value': 'NW6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kilburn district : Kilburn , Brondesbury , West Hampstead , Queen 's Park , Kensal Green ( part ) , South Hampstead ( south ) , Swiss Cottage ( west )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilburn,_London', 'summary': "Kilburn is an area of London , England , which spans the boundary of two London Boroughs : Camden to the east and Brent to the west . There is also an area in the London Borough of Westminster , known as West Kilburn and sometimes treated as a distinct locality . Kilburn High Road railway station lies 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) north-west of Charing Cross . Kilburn developed from a linear hamlet that grew up on ancient Watling Street ( the modern A5 Road ) , the hamlet took its name from Kilburn Priory , which was built on the banks of Kilburn Brook . Watling Street forms the contemporary boundary between the boroughs of Brent and Camden . The area has London 's highest Irish population , as well as a sizable Afro-Caribbean population . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brondesbury', 'summary': 'Brondesbury ( /ˈbrɒndzbəri/ ) , which includes Brondesbury Park , is an area in the London Borough of Brent , in London , England . The area is traditionally part of the Ancient Parish and subsequent Municipal Borough of Willesden , one of the areas that merged to from the modern borough of Brent . Brondesbury railway station lies 4.1 miles north-west of Charing Cross , and its proximity to the originally Roman A5 road ( the boroughs eastern boundary ) sometimes leads to addresses on the eastern , Camden , side of the road to also be informally described as part of Brondesbury . It was a rural area until several decades after the coming of the railway in the Victorian era . Housing began to be built in earnest across Brondesbury in the late 1860s to 1890s and it became desirable enough to retain a suburban layout and most of the associated original wave of house building . It has long had British , Irish , Jewish , black and south Asian communities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Hampstead', 'summary': 'West Hampstead is an area in the London Borough of Camden in north-west London . Mainly defined by the railway stations of the same name , it is situated between Childs Hill to the north , Frognal and Hampstead to the north-east , Swiss Cottage to the east , South Hampstead to the south-east , Kilburn to the west and south-west , and Cricklewood to the north-west . The area is mainly residential with several small shops , restaurants , cafes , bakeries concentrated on the northern section of West End Lane and around West End Green . It is served by three stations : West Hampstead on the Jubilee line , West Hampstead Overground station and West Hampstead Thameslink station . It is part of the Kilburn postal district ( NW6 ) .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Queen's_Park,_London", 'summary': "Queen 's Park is an area in West London located 3.9 miles ( 6.3 km ) north-west of Charing Cross . The northern half lies in the London Borough of Brent while the southern half lies in the City of Westminster . Known for family-friendly living , the area is centred around a park of 30 acres ( 12 ha ) , which opened in 1887 and was named to honour Queen Victoria . The area takes its name from the park , and in turn gives its name to Queens Park Rangers football club . Architecturally , Queen 's Park is an important historic area , with a unified urban layout with a high level of building preservation . The park is a good example of a Victorian urban green space , and the surrounding streets largely comprise original two- and three-storey Victorian buildings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kensal_Green', 'summary': 'Kensal Green is an affluent area in north-west London , in the London boroughs of Brent and Kensington and Chelsea . The surrounding areas are Harlesden to the West , Willesden to the north , Brondesbury and Queens Park to the east and Notting Hill and White City to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Hampstead', 'summary': 'South Hampstead is part of the London Borough of Camden in inner northwest London . It is commonly defined as the area between : West End Lane in the west , the Chiltern Main Line ( south ) , Broadhurst Gardens north and north-west followed by a non-road line demarcating the south slopes of Hampstead village , west of Belsize Park and north and west of the usually narrowly defined Swiss Cottage neighbourhood . It takes in some of Fitzjohns Avenue leading up to the village , that is of Hampstead , but the exact amount is an arbitrary measure . [ n 1 ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swiss_Cottage', 'summary': 'Swiss Cottage is a district of the London Borough of Camden in England . It is part of Hampstead and is centred on the junction of Avenue Road and Finchley Road , at the tripoint of the postcodes of Hampstead NW3 , Kilburn/West Hampstead NW6 and St Johns Wood NW8 . Swiss Cottage is 3.25 miles ( 5.23 km ) north-northwest of Charing Cross . It is the location of Swiss Cottage tube station .'}]}, {'value': 'Brent , Camden , Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mill Hill district : Mill Hill , Arkley ( part ) , Edgware ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mill_Hill', 'summary': 'Mill Hill is a suburb in the London Borough of Barnet , England . It is situated around 9 miles ( 14 km ) northwest of Charing Cross . Mill Hill was in the historic county of Middlesex until 1965 , when it became part of Greater London . Its population counted 18,451 inhabitants as of 2011 . Mill Hill consists of several distinct parts : the original Mill Hill Village ; the later-developed Mill Hill Broadway ( now the main hub of the area ) ; and Mill Hill East . A further area at the western edge of the suburb , The Hale , is on the borders of Mill Hill and Edgware , and is partly in each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arkley', 'summary': 'Arkley is an area of North London , England , within the London Borough of Barnet . It is located 10.6 miles ( 17.1 km ) north northwest of Charing Cross . It consists of a long village strung out between Barnet and Stirling Corner , roughly centred on the Gate pub , and composed of the ancient hamlets of Barnet Gate , Rowley Green and Arkley . At 482 feet ( 147 m ) above sea level , Arkley is one of the highest points in London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edgware', 'summary': "Edgware ( /ˈɛdʒwɛər/ ) is a suburban town in north London , mostly in the London borough of Barnet but with a small part falling in Harrow . Edgware is centred 9.5 miles ( 15.3 km ) north-northwest of Charing Cross and has its own commercial centre . Edgware has a generally suburban character , typical of the rural-urban fringe . It was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex . The community benefits from some elevated woodland on a high ridge marking the Hertfordshire border of gravel and sand . Edgware is identified in the London Plan as one of the capital 's 35 major centres . It includes the areas of Burnt Oak , The Hale , Edgwarebury , Canons Park , and parts of Queensbury . Edgware is principally a shopping and residential area and one of the northern termini of the Northern line . It has a bus garage , a shopping centre called the Broadwalk , a library , a hospital - Edgware Community Hospital , and two streams - Edgware Brook and Deans Brook , both tributaries of a small brook known as Silk Stream , which in turn merges with the River Brent at Brent Reservoir . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 76,506 and is made up of five wards from both Barnet and Harrow boroughs ."}]}, {'value': 'Barnet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St John 's Wood district : St John 's Wood , Primrose Hill ( south ) , Marylebone ( north ) , Lisson Grove ( north )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_John's_Wood", 'summary': "St John 's Wood is a district in the City of Westminster , west London , lying about 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) northwest of Charing Cross . Traditionally the northern part of the ancient parish and Metropolitan Borough of Marylebone , it extends east to west from Regents Park to the Edgware Road , with the Swiss Cottage area of Hampstead lying to the north . The area is best known for Lord 's Cricket Ground , home of Marylebone Cricket Club , Middlesex CCC , and a regular international Test Cricket venue . It also includes the Abbey Road Studios , well known through its association with the Beatles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Primrose_Hill', 'summary': "Primrose Hill is a hill of 213 feet ( 65 m ) located on the northern side of Regent 's Park in London . The name was given also to the surrounding district . The hill summit has a clear view of central London , as well as Hampstead and Belsize Park to the north and is adorned by an engraved quotation from William Blake . Nowadays it is one of the most exclusive and expensive residential areas in London and is home to many prominent residents . The Primrose Hill district is surrounded by St John 's Wood to the west , Swiss Cottage to the northwest , Belsize Park to the north , Chalk Farm to the northeast , Camden Town to the east and Regent 's Park itself lies adjacent to the south of the hill itself . The nearest stations to Primrose Hill are Chalk Farm tube station to the northeast and Swiss Cottage tube station to the northwest . The defunct Primrose Hill railway station sits on the railway lines that separate the Primrose Hill area from Camden Town . Amenities of the hill include an outdoor gym known as the Hill Trim Trail , a children 's playground , and toilets , all located on the south side near Primrose Hill bridge which connects to London Zoo and Regent 's Park . The park is Grade II listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marylebone', 'summary': 'Marylebone ( /ˈmærɪləbən/ or /ˈmærələbən/ , /ˈmærɪbən/ , /ˈmɑːrlɪbən/ , or /ˈmærɪlɪboʊn/ [ unreliable source ? ] ) is an area in the West End of London , England , which is since 1965 part of the City of Westminster , when the latter was much enlarged . Bounded by Oxford Street to the south , Marylebone Road to the north , Edgware Road to the west and Great Portland Street to the east , the area east of Great Portland Street up to Cleveland Street , known as Fitzrovia since the 1940s , was historically East Marylebone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisson_Grove', 'summary': 'Lisson Grove is a district and a street of the City of Westminster , London , just to the north of the Inner Ring Road . The area is predominantly residential , with a very high population density and extensive social housing , and is less affluent than Westminster as a whole . The Church Street ward covers roughly the same area .'}]}, {'value': 'Westminster , Camden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hyde district : The Hyde , Colindale , Kingsbury , West Hendon , Wembley Park ( part ) , Queensbury ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hyde', 'summary': 'The Hyde is a locality in the London Borough of Barnet in London , United Kingdom , and also lies within Hendon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colindale', 'summary': "Colindale is an area that forms the north-western part of Hendon in London . It lies within the London Borough of Barnet , although the western side of Colindale 's main shopping street on the A5 ( including Colindale Business Park ) falls within the boundaries of Brent . Colindale is an area of suburban character , situated about eight miles ( 12.9 km ) north west of Charing Cross , to the south of Edgware and east of Queensbury ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kingsbury,_London', 'summary': "Kingsbury is a district of northwest London in the London Borough of Brent . The name Kingsbury means The King 's Manor . Its ancient scope stretches north and west to include Queensbury and parts of Kenton and Wembley Park in other directions . Kingsbury was in 2001 a ward and in 2011 was identifiable with the Fryent and Barnhill wards approximately . About 25% of Kingsbury is Fryent Country Park , forming the southern quarter . It is of highly mixed density , ranging from high rise to suburban to a green wildlife reserve in the country park . It is within the The Hyde 's NW9 postal district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Hendon', 'summary': 'West Hendon is an urban area of North West London in the London Borough of Barnet - however its Welsh Harp area is in the London Borough of Brent . It is known as the NW9 area of Hendon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wembley_Park', 'summary': "Wembley Park is a district of the London Borough of Brent , England . It is roughly centred on Bridge Road , a mile northeast of Wembley town centre and 7.6 miles ( 12 km ) northwest from Charing Cross . The name Wembley Park refers to the area that , at its broadest , falls within the limits of a late 18th-century landscaped estate in northern Wembley in the historic Middlesex county . Part of this estate became the location of development in the 1890s after being sold to Edward Watkin and the Metropolitan Railway cutting through the area . Wembley Park was developed into a pleasure and events destination for urban Londoners , with a large fairground made there . It was later also a key area of the Metro-land suburban development in the 1920s - the same decade Empire Stadium was built and the British Empire Exhibition was held . Wembley Park continues to be a recreational centre today , being home to Wembley Stadium , England 's primary football stadium and a major sports and entertainment venue ; as well as Wembley Arena , a concert venue ; among others . Today the area continues new retail and housing development schemes near the stadium complex that have started since the early 2000s . The Chalkhill housing estate is also located in the area . The east is home to large industrial land , called Stadium Industrial Estate , adjacent to Brent Park ; whereas to its north lies Fryent Country Park and to its north-east the Welsh Harp ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queensbury,_London', 'summary': 'Queensbury is an area of northwest London , England , in the southeast of the London Borough of Harrow on the boundary with the London Borough of Brent . The area is split between four postal districts : Harrow HA3 , Stanmore HA7 , Edgware HA8 , and London NW9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnet , Brent , Harrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ is a London borough in north-west London , England , and forms part of Outer London . It borders four other London boroughs - Barnet to the east of ancient Watling Street ( now the A5 road ) , Brent to the south-east , Ealing to the south and Hillingdon to the west - plus the Hertfordshire districts of Three Rivers and Hertsmere to the north . The local authority is Harrow London Borough Council . The London borough was formed in 1965 , based on boundaries that had been established in 1934 . The three main towns of the borough are Harrow proper , Pinner , and Stanmore .'}]}, {'value': 'NW10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willesden district : Willesden , Harlesden , Kensal Green , Brent Park , College Park , Stonebridge , North Acton ( part ) , West Twyford , Neasden ( south ) , Old Oak Common , Park Royal ( north )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willesden', 'summary': "Willesden ( /ˈwɪlzdən/ ) is an area in north west London which forms part of the London Borough of Brent . It is situated 5 miles ( 8 km ) northwest of Charing Cross . It was historically a parish in the county of Middlesex that was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Willesden in 1933 , and has formed part of the London Borough of Brent in Greater London since 1965 . Dollis Hill is also sometimes referred to as being part of Willesden . With its close proximity to affluent neighbourhoods Brondesbury Park , Queen 's Park and Kensal Rise , the area surrounding Willesden Green station has seen increased gentrification in the past several years , with rapidly rising property prices . The Daily Telegraph called Willesden Green one of London 's new middle class areas . The area has a population of 44,295 as of 2011 including the Willesden Green , Dollis Hill and Dudden Hill wards . Willesden Green has one of the city 's highest Irish populations , and is also strongly associated with Afro-Caribbeans and Latin Americans . Willesden is mostly in the NW10 postcode district , but part of it is in the NW2 postcode district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harlesden', 'summary': "Harlesden /ˈhɑːrlzdən/ is an area in the London Borough of Brent , northwest London . Its main focal point is the Jubilee Clock which commemorates Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee . Harlesden has been praised for its vibrant Caribbean culture and unofficially named London 's reggae capital . The population includes people of Afro-Caribbean heritage most notably , as well as Irish , Portuguese , Brazilian and smaller Latin Americans and East Africa groups within the community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kensal_Green', 'summary': 'Kensal Green is an affluent area in north-west London , in the London boroughs of Brent and Kensington and Chelsea . The surrounding areas are Harlesden to the West , Willesden to the north , Brondesbury and Queens Park to the east and Notting Hill and White City to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_Park', 'summary': "Brent Park is an area of Neasden in the London Borough of Brent , northwest London . It is very close to Stonebridge , the St Raphael 's Estate and Wembley Park , being east of Wembley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Park,_London', 'summary': 'College Park is a small mainly residential neighbourhood in Kensal Green , to the north of the borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , London and is near Kensal Green station and Willesden Junction station . It borders the London Borough of Brent to the north and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea to the east . It is part of College Park & Old Oak wards of the United Kingdom . The housing stock in College Park is largely bay-fronted Victorian terraced houses built in the late 1800s . Kenmont Primary School is at its centre and within the neighbourhood is The Mayhew Animal Home .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stonebridge,_London', 'summary': "Stonebridge is a locality in the London Borough of Brent that forms the western part of Harlesden in north west London , England . It is also the name of the largest electoral ward in the borough , which includes Stonebridge itself as well as Park Royal , Brent Park and the St Raphael 's Estate . It is the most populated ward in Brent with a population over 17,000 with the majority of Afro-Caribbean heritage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Acton', 'summary': "North Acton is a place in London , UK , and within the London Borough of Ealing . It is part of Acton and runs adjacent to the industrial district of Park Royal . Historically part of the Municipal Borough of Acton in the county of Middlesex , it has formed part of the London Borough of Ealing since 1965 . It is primarily within the London W3 postal district , although the northern , mainly industrial part of the area is covered by NW10 and overlaps with neighbouring Park Royal , essentially as a satellite region . Park Royal , which is heavily associated with North Acton , and forms part of the same ecclesiastical parish , falls under the NW10 postcode area . Its Church of England parish church is St Gabriel 's Church , North Acton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Twyford', 'summary': 'West Twyford ( also known as Twyford Abbey ) is a small residential area forming a northeastern corner of the London Borough of Ealing directly northeast of Hanger Lane station and north of Park Royal , south of the London Borough of Brent and the River Brent . It was historically an extra-parochial area , then civil parish ( 1866-1926 ) , in Middlesex , England . It is in the small part of its borough having a NW postcode .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neasden', 'summary': "Neasden /ˈniːzdən/ is a suburban area in northwest London , England . It forms part of the London Borough of Brent . Neasden also includes Brent Park and St Raphael 's Estate ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Oak_Common', 'summary': "Old Oak Common is an area of West London , between Harlesden and East Acton . Together with neighbouring Park Royal , the area is intended to become the UK 's largest regeneration scheme , the scale of which has led to Park Royal and Old Oak Common being described as a potential Canary Wharf of West London . The area is traditionally known for its railway depots , particularly Old Oak Common TMD . Further south lies an open area , Wormwood Scrubs Park , and Wormwood Scrubs prison . Willesden Junction station lies to the north of the area . In the mid nineteenth century it was a centre for pig farming ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Park_Royal', 'summary': "Park Royal is an area in West London , England , partly in the London Borough of Brent and partly the London Borough of Ealing . It is the site of the largest business park in London , but despite intensive existing use , the area is , together with adjacent Old Oak Common , intended to become the UK 's largest regeneration scheme . This arises from the areas relatively central location and also the strong and improving transport links which will include ( at Old Oak Common ) , HS2 and the Elizabeth Line . The scale of redevelopment has led to the Park Royal and Old Oak area being described as a potential Canary Wharf of West London . Park Royal was the site of two of the early homes of Queens Park Rangers Football Club ."}]}, {'value': 'Brent , Ealing , Hammersmith and Fulham , Kensington and Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent', 'summary': "The London Borough of Brent ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a London borough in Northwest London ; it forms part of Outer London . The major areas are Wembley , Kilburn , Willesden , Harlesden and Neasden . It borders the boroughs of Harrow to the northwest , Barnet to the northeast , Camden to the east , the City of Westminster to the southeast , as well as the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , Hammersmith and Fulham and Ealing to the south . Most of the eastern border is formed by the Roman road Watling Street , which is now the modern A5 . Brent has a mixture of residential , industrial and commercial land . Brent is home to Wembley Stadium , one of the country 's biggest landmarks , as well as Wembley Arena . The local authority is Brent London Borough Council ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Ealing', 'summary': "The London Borough of Ealing ( /ˈiːlɪŋ/ ( listen ) ) is a London borough in West London . It comprises seven major towns : Acton ( W3 ) , Ealing ( W5 , W13 ) , Greenford ( UB6 ) , Hanwell ( W7 ) , Northolt ( UB5 ) , Perivale ( UB6 ) and Southall ( UB1 , UB2 ) . Ealing is the third largest London borough in population and eleventh largest in area , covering part of west London and a small part of Northwest London . It bridges Inner and Outer London . Ealing 's administrative centre is in Ealing Broadway . Ealing London Borough Council is the local authority . Ealing is the only London Borough to have adopted a flag . Ealing has long been known as the Queen of the Suburbs due to its many parks and tree-lined streets ; the term was coined in 1902 by Ealings borough surveyor , Charles Jones . This is reflected by the tree emblem seen on the Ealing Council logo and Ealing 's coat of arms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a London borough partly in west London ( Hammersmith , West Kensington ) and partly in southwest London ( Fulham ) ; it forms part of Inner London . Traversed by the east-west main roads of the A4 Great West Road and the A40 Westway , many international corporations have offices in the borough . The local council is Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council . The borough is amongst the four most expensive boroughs for residential properties in the United Kingdom , along with Kensington and Chelsea , the City of Westminster and Camden . The borough is unique in London in having three professional football clubs : Chelsea , Fulham and Queens Park Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea', 'summary': "The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea ( RBKC ) is an Inner London borough with royal status . It is the smallest borough in London and the second smallest district in England ; it is one of the most densely populated administrative regions in the United Kingdom . It includes affluent areas such as Notting Hill , Kensington , South Kensington , Chelsea , and Knightsbridge . The borough is immediately west of the City of Westminster and east of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . It contains major museums and universities in Albertopolis , department stores such as Harrods , Peter Jones and Harvey Nichols , and embassies in Belgravia , Knightsbridge and Kensington Gardens . The borough is home to the Notting Hill Carnival , Europe 's largest , and contains many of the most expensive residential properties in the world . The local authority is Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council . Its motto , adapted from the opening words of Psalm 133 , is Quam bonum in Unum habitare , which translates roughly as 'How good it is to dwell in unity ' ."}]}, {'value': 'NW11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golders Green district : Golders Green , Temple Fortune , Hampstead Garden Suburb ( west ) , Hendon ( part ) , Brent Cross ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golders_Green', 'summary': 'Golders Green is an area in the London Borough of Barnet in England . A smaller suburban linear settlement , near a farm and public grazing area green of medieval origins , dates to the early 19th century . Its bulk forms a late 19th-century and early 20th-century suburb with a commercial crossroads . The rest is of later build . It is centred approximately 5.5 miles ( 8.5 km ) north west of Charing Cross on the intersection of Golders Green Road and Finchley Road . It was founded as a medieval hamlet in the large parish of Hendon , Middlesex . The parish was heavily superseded by Hendon Urban District in 1894 and by the Municipal Borough of Hendon in 1932 , abolished in 1965 . In the early 20th century it grew rapidly in response to the opening of a tube station of the London Underground , adjacent to the Golders Green Hippodrome which was home to the BBC Concert Orchestra for many years . The area has a wide variety of housing and a busy main shopping street , Golders Green Road . It is known for its large Jewish population as well as for being home to the largest Jewish kosher hub ( located west of Hoop Lane after the rail bridge ) in the United Kingdom , which attracts many Jewish tourists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Temple_Fortune', 'summary': 'Temple Fortune is a place in the London Borough of Barnet to the north of Golders Green . It is principally a shopping district used by residents of the Hampstead Garden Suburb . Between here and Golders Green , at Hoop Lane are two cemeteries - Golders Green Jewish Cemetery and Golders Green Crematorium . Religious buildings include the Catholic Church of St Edward the Confessor , St. Mary & Archangel Michael Coptic Orthodox Church , and North Western Reform Synagogue ( also known as Alyth Shul ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb', 'summary': 'Hampstead Garden Suburb is an elevated suburb of London , north of Hampstead , west of Highgate and east of Golders Green . It is known for its intellectual , liberal , artistic , musical and literary associations . It is an example of early twentieth-century domestic architecture and town planning in the London Borough of Barnet in northwest London . The master plan was prepared by Barry Parker and Sir Raymond Unwin . Comprising just over 5,000 properties , and home to around 13,000 people , undivided houses with individual gardens are a key feature . The area enjoys landscaped garden squares , several communal parks and Hampstead Heath Extension .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hendon', 'summary': 'Hendon is a London urban area in the Borough of Barnet , 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Charing Cross , between the A41 , A406 and the M1 motorway . Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has been part of Greater London since 1965 . It used to be the home for the London Aerodrome which later became RAF Hendon . From 1972 the site of the RAF station was gradually handed over to the RAF Museum London . Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 which includes the West Hendon and Colindale wards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brent_Cross', 'summary': 'Brent Cross is an area of the London Borough of Barnet , England , nearby Hendon and Golders Green . It contains the Brent Cross Shopping Centre and the proposed Brent Cross Cricklewood development . The area around Brent Cross is a major place for road traffic , with the A41 Hendon Way/Watford Way flyover over the A406 North Circular Road , and the M1 motorway and A5 Edgware Road at Staples Corner to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PO boxes in NW10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'non-geographic', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Postal administration -- List of postcode districts', 'section_text': 'The approximate coverage of the postcode districts , with the historic postal district names shown in italics : [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'NW_postcode_area_0', 'intro': 'The NW (North Western) postcode area, also known as the London NW postcode area, is a group of postcode districts covering part of northwest London, England. It is the successor of the NW sector, originally created as part of the London postal district in 1856.'} | null | null | Which city is Buckingham Palace in ? | Westminster , Camden |
043b03ab0aef9d0c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_alpine_skiing', 'title': 'List of Olympic medalists in alpine skiing', 'header': ['Games', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'], 'data': [{'value': '1988 Calgary details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held February 15-27 at Nakiska on Mount Allan , a new ski area west of Calgary . These Olympics featured the first change in the alpine skiing program in more than 30 years . The Super-G was added and the combined event returned ; it was last contested at the Winter Olympics in 1948 , prior to the addition of the giant slalom .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super G competition of the Calgary 1988 Olympics was held at Nakiska on Monday , February 22 . This was the Olympic debut of the event . The defending world champion was Maria Walliser of Switzerland , who was also the defending World Cup Super G champion , while Michela Figini led the current season . Austria 's Sigrid Wolf won the gold medal , Figini took the silver , and Karen Percy of Canada was the bronze medalist ; Walliser was sixth . The course started at an elevation of 2,039 m ( 6,690 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 507 m ( 1,663 ft ) and a course length of 1.943 km ( 1.21 mi ) . Wolf 's winning time was 79.03 seconds , yielding an average speed of 88.508 km/h ( 55.0 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.145 m/s ( 20.2 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigrid Wolf Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigrid_Wolf', 'summary': "Sigrid Wolf ( born 14 February 1964 ) is an Austrian former Alpine skier . Her first points in the Alpine Skiing World Cup she could gain on March 25 , 1982 , in the Downhill Race at San Sicario by finishing 14th . Her first Top Ten was on March 5 , 1983 , in the Downhill at Mont Tremblant . She came in the spotlight when she placed fourth in the downhill in Santa Caterina in 1985 , being 0.01 sec . behind a medal ( there was a tied silver medal between Ariane Ehrat and Katharina Gutensohn . Being double winner in the World Cup Downhill races at Vail on March 13 and 14 , 1987 , she did stop a four-month phase without a win for the female Austrian team . Winning the Super-G race at Sestriere on November 28 , 1987 , was the first win for the female team of the Austrian Ski Federation in the World Cup since that discipline was established in the season 1982-83 ( it was the race number 19 ) . - She did win another race too ; it happened on January 9 , 1988 , at Lech but she was disqualified at last because violation of the regulation in regard to non correct attaching the bib-number ; Zoë Haas became the winner ( that case is known as the » Stecknadelaffäre von Lech « / » pin scandal of Lech « by insiders - because Sigrid and other racers of the Austrian team did attach the oversized bib-numbers with pins but such a method was n't allowed ) . Sigrid Wolf won the Super-G gold medal at the 1988 Olympics in Calgary ahead of Michela Figini and Karen Percy . This was the first time it was ever arranged a Super-G competition at the Olympic games . One year later she won a silver medal in the same discipline at the World Championships in Vail , Colorado . In the saison 1988-89 she became second in the Super-G World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Michela Figini Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michela_Figini', 'summary': 'Michela Figini ( born 7 April 1966 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Switzerland . She is an Olympic , World Cup , and world champion . Figini made her World Cup debut at age 16 in January 1983 and won the downhill at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo at age 17 . Through 2014 , she remains the youngest Olympic champion in alpine skiing . She won the downhill the following year at the 1985 World Championships . She also came second in the Downhill at the 1987 World Championships , and won a silver medal in the Super-G at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . Figini won 26 World Cup races and overall titles in 1985 and 1988 , as well as four season titles in downhill , one in Super-G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Karen Percy Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Percy', 'summary': "Karen Percy Lowe ( born October 10 , 1966 ) is a Canadian former alpine skier . She was born in Banff , Alberta . She won 2 bronze medals in skiing at the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics , where she was Canada 's flag bearer in the closing ceremony . Until her retirement from the National team in August 1990 , she competed in 107 races on the World Cup circuit with 25-top 10 finishes , four World Championships including two Junior World Championships , and 7 consecutive Canadian National Championships from 1983 to 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canada was the host nation for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . It was the first time that Canada had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , and second time overall , after the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal . Vancouver would eventually host the 2010 Winter Olympics which makes it the second city in Canada to host the Winter Olympics and the third overall .'}]}, {'value': '1992 Albertville details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super G competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel on Tuesday , 18 February . The defending world champion was Ulrike Maier of Austria , while France 's Carole Merle was the defending World Cup Super G champion , and shared the lead in the current season with Heidi Zeller . Deborah Compagnoni of Italy won the gold medal , Merle took the silver , and Katja Seizinger of Germany was the bronze medalist . Maier was fifth , downhill champion Kerrin Lee-Gartner was sixth , and Zeller was eleventh . The winning margin was 1.41 seconds ; through 2018 , it remains the largest in the event 's Olympic history . On the same day at Val-d'Isère , compatriot Alberto Tomba successfully defended his men 's giant slalom title . The Piste du Corbey course started at an elevation of 1,930 m ( 6,332 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 498 m ( 1,634 ft ) and a course length of 1.510 km ( 0.94 mi ) . Campagnoni 's winning time was 81.22 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 66.929 km/h ( 41.6 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.13 m/s ( 20.1 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Deborah Compagnoni Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Compagnoni', 'summary': 'Deborah Compagnoni ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdɛːbora kompaɲˈɲoːni ] ; born 4 June 1970 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992 , 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Carole Merle France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carole_Merle', 'summary': 'Carole Merle ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ka.ʁɔl mɛʁl ] ; born 24 January 1964 ) is a former French Alpine skier . A specialist of Giant Slalom and Super-G , she won 22 World Cup races , 6 World Cup season titles and 1 World Championship gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'France was the host nation for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . It was the third time that France had hosted the Winter Olympic Games ( after the 1924 Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Games in Grenoble ) , and the fifth time overall ( after the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics , both in Paris ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Katja Seizinger Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katja_Seizinger', 'summary': "Katja Seizinger ( born 10 May 1972 ) is a former alpine ski racer , the most successful alpine racer from Germany . Born in Datteln , North Rhine-Westphalia , Seizinger won three Olympic gold and two bronze medals , and won eleven World Cup season titles : two overall , four downhill and five Super-G. She was a three-time winner of Germany 's sportswoman of the year award . With Olympic downhill victories in 1994 and 1998 , she became the first to win consecutive Olympic gold medals in the same alpine speed event , and also the first woman to successfully defend an Olympic alpine title . At the same Olympics Debora Compagnoni had the same record in Giant Slalom , becoming the first athlete to win 3 gold medals in 3 Olympics in a row ( in 2 different speciality ) . Seizinger injured both knees while training in June 1998 , sat out the entire 1999 season , then retired in April ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France . It was the first time that the nation had competed at the Olympic Games following reunification in 1990 . Previously , West Germany and East Germany had sent independent teams to the Games .'}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super G competition of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics was held at Kvitfjell . The defending world champion was Katja Seizinger of Germany , who was also the defending World Cup downhill champion and led the 1994 World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Diann Roffe United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diann_Roffe', 'summary': 'Diann Roffe ( born March 24 , 1967 ) , also known as Diann Roffe-Steinrotter , is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from the United States . Born in Warsaw , New York , she won the Super G at the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway . Roffe also won the silver medal in the giant slalom at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France and a gold medal in the GS at the 1985 World Championships in Bormio , Italy at age 17 . Though she did gain place 8 in the World Cup Giant Slalom Race on March 7 , 1984 , at Lake Placid ( and place 9 in the same discipline on December 15 , 1984 , at Madonna di Campiglio ) , she was unknown more or less , when she did compete in that race on February 6 ( bib-number 19 is significant for not one of the best racers in that discipline ) . In the progress of the race she finished 5th after the first leg ( but only 0.27 sec . behind leading teammate Eva Twardokens who finished 3rd at last ) . In the second leg , Diann was outclass - clocked in 1:09.35 she had a margin of 0.77 second in that leg ( and altogether 0.60 sec . ) to the second placed Elisabeth Kirchler .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Svetlana Gladysheva Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Gladysheva', 'summary': 'Svetlana Alekseyevna Gladysheva ( Russian : Светлана Алексеевна Гладышева , born 13 September 1971 ) is a retired Russian alpine skier . In her early career she had her best results in the downhill , becoming the junior world champion in 1990 , and finishing third at the seniors world championships in 1991 and at the world cups in 1991 and 1992 . Later she was more successful in super-G competitions , winning a world cup in 1996 , and an Olympic silver medal in 1994 . She also competed at the 1992 , 1994 and 1998 Olympics in the downhill and super-G events and finished fifth in 1998 and eighth in 1992 in the downhill . Gladysheva retired from competitions in 1998 , and in 2010 became president of the Russian Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding Federation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Russia competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway . It was the first time the nation had competed at the Winter Olympic Games since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Russian athletes had competed as part of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Isolde Kostner Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isolde_Kostner', 'summary': 'Isolde Kostner ( born 20 March 1975 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won two bronze medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . She was the Italian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events . The speed events were held at Hakuba and the technical events at Shiga Kogen . There were a number of race postponements due to weather ; the events began on 10 February and ended on 21 February .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super-G competition of the Nagano 1998 Olympics was held at Hakuba on Wednesday , February 11 . The defending world champion was Isolde Kostner of Italy , while Germany 's Hilde Gerg was the defending World Cup Super G champion . Defending Olympic champion Diann Roffe had retired from competition in 1994 . This was the opening women 's alpine event of these Olympics . Picabo Street of the United States won the gold medal by one-hundredth of a second , Austria 's Michaela Dorfmeister took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Alexandra Meissnitzer , also of Austria . Gerg was tenth and Kostner eleventh , while downhill gold medalist Katja Seizinger was sixth . Street had never won a super-G event , though she had two World Cup podiums ; her nine World Cup wins were all in downhill . Returning from injuries , this was the final podium of her career ; she was sixth in the downhill , then broke her leg a month later in Switzerland , which ended her presence as a top competitor . The Olympic Course II started at an elevation of 1,486 m ( 4,875 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 587 m ( 1,926 ft ) and a length of 2.115 km ( 1.31 mi ) . Street 's winning time was 78.02 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 97.590 km/h ( 60.6 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.524 m/s ( 24.7 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Picabo Street United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Picabo_Street', 'summary': 'Picabo Street ( /ˈpiːkəbuː/ ; born April 3 , 1971 ) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . She won the super G at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the downhill at the 1996 World Championships , along with three other Olympic and World Championship medals . Street also won World Cup downhill season titles in 1995 and 1996 , the first American woman to do so , along with nine World Cup downhill race wins . Street was inducted into the National Ski Hall of Fame in 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . With Salt Lake City as the host of the 2002 Winter Olympics , a cultural segment of the city was shown at the closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Michaela Dorfmeister Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michaela_Dorfmeister', 'summary': 'Michaela Dorfmeister ( born 25 March 1973 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were both the downhill and the super-G disciplines , although she skied in and had success in giant slalom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer', 'summary': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G took place on February 17 , 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniela Ceccarelli Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniela_Ceccarelli', 'summary': 'Daniela Ceccarelli ( born 25 September 1975 in Rocca Priora ) is an Italian former Alpine skier . In 2002 , she won a surprise gold medal in the Super-G competition in Salt Lake City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . With Torino being the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics , an Italian segment was played at the closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Janica Kostelić Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janica_Kostelić', 'summary': "Janica Kostelić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ janitsa kǒstelitɕ ] ; [ vowel length and tone ? ] born 5 January 1982 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and four-time Olympic gold medalist from Croatia . In addition to the Olympics , she won five gold medals at the World Championships . In World Cup competition , she won thirty individual races , three overall titles , three slalom titles , and four ( unofficial ) combined titles . Kostelic 's accomplishments in professional skiing have led some commentators , writers , and fellow ski racers to regard her as the greatest female ski racer of all time . Kostelić is the only woman to win four gold medals in alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics ( in 2002 and 2006 ) , and the only woman to win three alpine skiing gold medals in one Olympics ( 2002 ) . Kostelić was the World Cup overall champion in 2001 , 2003 and 2006 . On 15 January 2006 , Kostelić became the third woman in World Cup history ( after Swede Pernilla Wiberg and Austrian Petra Kronberger ) to win World Cup races in all of the sport 's five disciplines . On 5 February 2006 Kostelić became the second female skier ( after Petra Kronberger ) to win all five disciplines in one season . In the summer of 2006 , she decided to not compete in the 2007 season , due to chronic knee and back pain . She had endured ten knee surgeries and thyroid surgery during her career . Following a year away from competition , Kostelić announced her retirement from racing in April 2007 , at just 25 years old ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Croatia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Croatia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . Janica Kostelić won four medals ( three gold ) , a record for the most medals ever won by a woman skier at a single Olympics . Croatia had never won any Winter Olympic medals previously .'}]}, {'value': 'Karen Putzer Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Putzer', 'summary': 'Karen Putzer ( born 29 September 1978 ) is a former Italian alpine skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . With Torino being the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics , an Italian segment was played at the closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': '2006 Turin details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G of the 2006 Winter Olympics was held at San Sicario , Italy , on Monday , 20 February ; it was delayed a day due to poor weather conditions . Defending Olympic champion Daniela Ceccarelli was 37th in the current season 's World Cup downhill standings , headed by Michaela Dorfmeister from Austria , followed by teammate Alexandra Meissnitzer . Anja Pärson of Sweden was defending world champion and was fourth in the current season 's super-G standings . Dorfmeister won the gold medal , Janica Kostelić of Croatia took the silver , and Meissnitzer was the bronze medalist ; Pärson was twelfth and Ceccarelli was 31st . Dorfmeister had also won the downhill gold medal five days earlier , and Kostelic 's medal was her sixth at the Olympics . The Fraiteve Olympique course started at an elevation of 2,286 m ( 7,500 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 548 m ( 1,798 ft ) and a course length of 2.331 km ( 1.45 mi ) . Dorfmeister 's winning time was 92.47 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 90.749 km/h ( 56.4 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 5.926 m/s ( 19.4 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michaela Dorfmeister Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michaela_Dorfmeister', 'summary': 'Michaela Dorfmeister ( born 25 March 1973 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were both the downhill and the super-G disciplines , although she skied in and had success in giant slalom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Janica Kostelić Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janica_Kostelić', 'summary': "Janica Kostelić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ janitsa kǒstelitɕ ] ; [ vowel length and tone ? ] born 5 January 1982 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and four-time Olympic gold medalist from Croatia . In addition to the Olympics , she won five gold medals at the World Championships . In World Cup competition , she won thirty individual races , three overall titles , three slalom titles , and four ( unofficial ) combined titles . Kostelic 's accomplishments in professional skiing have led some commentators , writers , and fellow ski racers to regard her as the greatest female ski racer of all time . Kostelić is the only woman to win four gold medals in alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics ( in 2002 and 2006 ) , and the only woman to win three alpine skiing gold medals in one Olympics ( 2002 ) . Kostelić was the World Cup overall champion in 2001 , 2003 and 2006 . On 15 January 2006 , Kostelić became the third woman in World Cup history ( after Swede Pernilla Wiberg and Austrian Petra Kronberger ) to win World Cup races in all of the sport 's five disciplines . On 5 February 2006 Kostelić became the second female skier ( after Petra Kronberger ) to win all five disciplines in one season . In the summer of 2006 , she decided to not compete in the 2007 season , due to chronic knee and back pain . She had endured ten knee surgeries and thyroid surgery during her career . Following a year away from competition , Kostelić announced her retirement from racing in April 2007 , at just 25 years old ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Croatia_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Croatia competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer', 'summary': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on Saturday , February 20 . Andrea Fischbacher of Austria won the gold medal , Tina Maze of Slovenia took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Lindsey Vonn of the United States , who had won gold in the downhill . The Franz 's Super-G course started at an elevation of 1,425 m ( 4,675 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) and a length of 2.005 km ( 1.25 mi ) . Fischbacher 's winning time of 80.14 seconds yielded an average course speed of 90.067 km/h ( 56.0 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.487 m/s ( 24.6 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrea Fischbacher Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Fischbacher', 'summary': 'Andrea Fischbacher ( born 14 October 1985 ) is a retired alpine ski racer from Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina Maze Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tina_Maze', 'summary': "Tina Maze ( Slovene : [ ˈtiːna ˈmaːzɛ ] ; born 2 May 1983 ) is a retired Slovenian World Cup alpine ski racer . Maze is the most successful Slovenian ski racer in history with a career that culminated with two gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics . She was awarded the title of the Slovenian Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 , and with her four medals she is the most decorated Slovenian athlete at the Winter Olympics . Maze started her career as a giant slalom specialist , but later competed in all five alpine skiing disciplines . She is one of seven female racers who has won in all five World Cup disciplines and one of three to do it in a single season . Maze is the 2014 Olympic champion in downhill and giant slalom and the 2015 world champion in downhill and combined . She was also the world champion in giant slalom in 2011 and super-G in 2013 . Maze won a total of 26 World Cup races during her career , and won the World Cup overall title in 2013 . In that season , she won 11 races and tallied a record number of World Cup points - 2414 , beating the previous record of Hermann Maier of 2000 points from the 2000 season . She also won the super-G and giant slalom titles , and finished first in the combined event ( although no globe was awarded ) and finished second in slalom and downhill . Maze also improved Maier 's previous record of podium finishes in a single season ( 22 ) with 24 podiums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Slovenia participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Alpine skier Tina Maze won two silver medals , and cross-country skier Petra Majdič won bronze in the women 's sprint event , despite having crashed into a pit during warm-up , suffering four broken ribs and a punctured lung . Among other notable results were Robert Kranjec 's 6th place in normal hill and 9th place in large hill ski jumping event , Tina Maze 's 9th place in slalom , and Aleš Gorza 's 10th place in giant slalom ."}]}, {'value': 'Lindsey Vonn United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn', 'summary': "Lindsey Caroline Vonn ( née Kildow /kɪldaʊ/ ; born October 18 , 1984 ) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer on the US Ski Team . She won four World Cup overall championships - one of only two female skiers to do so , along with Annemarie Moser-Pröll - with three consecutive titles in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 , plus another in 2012 . Vonn won the gold medal in downhill at the 2010 Winter Olympics , the first one for an American woman . She also won a record eight World Cup season titles in the downhill discipline ( 2008-2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) , five titles in super-G ( 2009-2012 , 2015 ) , and three consecutive titles in the combined ( 2010-2012 ) . In 2016 , she won her 20th World Cup crystal globe title , the overall record for men or women , surpassing Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden , who won 19 globes from 1975 to 1984 . She has the second highest super ranking of all skiers , men or women . Vonn is one of six women to have won World Cup races in all five disciplines of alpine skiing - downhill , super-G , giant slalom , slalom and super combined - and won 82 World Cup races in her career through February 3 , 2018 . Her total of 82 World Cup victories is a women 's record , surpassing Annemarie Moser-Pröll of Austria who had held the record since the 1970s . Only Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden with 86 World Cup victories has more . With her Olympic gold and bronze medals , two World Championship gold medals in 2009 ( plus three silver medals in 2007 and 2011 ) , and four overall World Cup titles , Vonn is the most successful American ski racer and considered one of the greatest of all skiers . In 2010 , Vonn received the Laureus Sportswoman of the Year award and was the United States Olympic Committee 's sportswoman of the year . Injuries caused Vonn to miss parts of several seasons , including almost all of the 2014 season and most of the 2013 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The U.S. team had a historic Winter Games , winning an unprecedented 37 medals . Team USA 's medal haul , which included nine gold , marked the first time since the 1932 Lake Placid Games that the U.S. earned more medals than any other participant . The U.S. alpine ski team rebounded from a disappointing showing in 2006 by having its most successful Olympic performance ever , gathering a total of eight medals . Lindsey Vonn became the first American woman to win gold in the downhill event ; while Bode Miller became the most successful U.S. alpine skier in history after winning gold in the super combined as well as two other medals . Medal winning performances by Julia Mancuso and Andrew Weibrecht contributed to the team 's success . In Nordic combined , the U.S. team ended an 86-year drought during which the United States had not earned a single medal in the sport . Bill Demong won gold in the individual large hill/10 km , and Johnny Spillane won silver in both the individual normal hill/10 km and the individual large hill/10 km . Demong , Spillane , Todd Lodwick and Brett Camerota also won silver in the team event . Short track speed skater Apolo Ohno surpassed Bonnie Blair as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete in history with a total of eight medals in his Olympic career . Ohno gave the US relay team the final push for the bronze in the 5000 meter relay , and earned silver and bronze medals in the 1500 and 1000 meter individual events respectively . Women 's 1000 meter silver medalist Katherine Reutter broke a streak dating back to 1994 in which no American woman had medaled in an individual short track event ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Russia from 9-22 February at Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , east of Sochi .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia , on Saturday , 15 February . Anna Fenninger from Austria won the race , getting her first Olympic medal . Maria Höfl-Riesch of Germany won the silver medal , and Nicole Hosp of Austria finished third . Of the 2010 medalists , only Tina Maze participated and finished fifth ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Fenninger Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Fenninger', 'summary': 'Anna Veith ( née Fenninger ; born 18 June 1989 ) is an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . She was the overall World Cup champion for the 2014 and 2015 seasons . Born in Hallein , Veith is from the village of Adnet in Salzburg and made her World Cup debut at age 17 in November 2006 . She competed in all five alpine disciplines , but omitted slalom as of January 2012 . Her first major success was becoming world champion in the super combined in 2011 , without having won a World Cup race before . At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , Veith won the super-G at Rosa Khutor for her first Olympic medal , and at the end of the season she won the World Cup overall and giant slalom titles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Austria competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The team was composed of 132 athletes in 14 sports , consisting of 90 men and 42 women . The 132 athletes is 27 more than the country 's previous largest Winter Olympics team . Originally Benjamin Raich was scheduled to carry the flag at the opening ceremony , however he withdrew after he decided to skip the combined competition , thus delaying his arrival in Sochi . Nordic combined athlete Mario Stecher was named his replacement . The Austrian Olympic Committee received a Russian letter containing a kidnap threat against Alpine skier Bernadette Schild and skeleton pilot Janine Flock during the Sochi Games . On 23 February , skier Johannes Dürr was suspended from the Winter Olympics after testing positive for EPO ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Höfl-Riesch', 'summary': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch ( German pronunciation : [ maʁiːaː høːfl ʁiːʃ ] ; née Riesch , born 24 November 1984 ) is a former German World Cup alpine ski racer . She is a three-time Olympic champion , two-time world champion , and an overall World Cup champion . Höfl-Riesch made her World Cup debut in February 2001 and won gold medals in slalom and super combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She won the World Cup overall title in 2011 . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , she defended her super combined title to win her third Olympic gold medal , and also won a silver medal in the super-G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The first round of nominations was on 18 December , the second round on 23 January . Germany sent 153 athletes ( 76 men , 77 women ) . Chef de Mission was Michael Vesper . The outfitting was held in January at the Erding Air Base . During the Games , Germany had a German House , that was located in the village of Estosadok , on the Mzymta River , 4 kilometers ( 2.5 mi ) upstream from Krasnaya Polyana ( Mountain Cluster ) . German president Joachim Gauck did not attend the 2014 Winter Olympics . He has not said publicly that the decision was a political gesture . On 21 February it was announced that biathlete Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle had tested positive for methylhexanamine and was sent home from Sochi .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicole Hosp Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Hosp', 'summary': 'Nicole Hosp ( German pronunciation : [ niːkɔl hɔsp ] ; born 6 November 1983 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . She competed in all five disciplines and was a world champion , three-time Olympic medalist , and an overall World Cup champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Austria competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The team was composed of 132 athletes in 14 sports , consisting of 90 men and 42 women . The 132 athletes is 27 more than the country 's previous largest Winter Olympics team . Originally Benjamin Raich was scheduled to carry the flag at the opening ceremony , however he withdrew after he decided to skip the combined competition , thus delaying his arrival in Sochi . Nordic combined athlete Mario Stecher was named his replacement . The Austrian Olympic Committee received a Russian letter containing a kidnap threat against Alpine skier Bernadette Schild and skeleton pilot Janine Flock during the Sochi Games . On 23 February , skier Johannes Dürr was suspended from the Winter Olympics after testing positive for EPO ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the PyeongChang 2018 Olympics was held at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre in PyeongChang on Saturday , 17 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Ester Ledecká Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ester_Ledecká', 'summary': 'Ester Ledecká ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈɛstɛr ˈlɛdɛtskaː ] , born 23 March 1995 ) is a Czech snowboarder and alpine skier . At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , Ledecká won gold medals in the super-G in alpine skiing , and in the parallel giant slalom in snowboarding , becoming the first person to win two gold medals at the same Winter Olympics using two different types of equipment ( skis and snowboard ) . She was the second woman to win Olympic gold in two separate disciplines but the first to do so at the same Winter Olympics . She was the first Czech to win the parallel giant slalom in snowboarding at the FIS Snowboard World Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Czech Republic competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 93 competitors in 13 sports . They won seven medals in total : two gold , two silver and three bronze , ranking 14th in the medal table .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna Veith Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Veith', 'summary': 'Anna Veith ( née Fenninger ; born 18 June 1989 ) is an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . She was the overall World Cup champion for the 2014 and 2015 seasons . Born in Hallein , Veith is from the village of Adnet in Salzburg and made her World Cup debut at age 17 in November 2006 . She competed in all five alpine disciplines , but omitted slalom as of January 2012 . Her first major success was becoming world champion in the super combined in 2011 , without having won a World Cup race before . At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , Veith won the super-G at Rosa Khutor for her first Olympic medal , and at the end of the season she won the World Cup overall and giant slalom titles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 105 competitors in 12 sports . They won 14 medals in total : five gold , three silver and six bronze ; ranking 10th in the medal table .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina Weirather Liechtenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tina_Weirather', 'summary': 'Christina Tina Weirather ( born 24 May 1989 ) is a Liechtensteiner World Cup alpine ski racer . She won a bronze medal in Super-G for Liechtenstein at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Liechtenstein competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 . On 17 February , Tina Weirather won the bronze medal in alpine skiing and became Liechtenstein 's first Olympic medalist since the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , when Paul Frommelt won the bronze medal in the Men 's slalom . The country ranked 28th in the medal table ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Super-G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_alpine_skiing_6', 'intro': 'Alpine skiing is an Olympic sport, contested at the Winter Olympic Games. The first Winter Olympics, held in 1924, included nordic skiing, but the first alpine skiing events were not held until 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. A combined event was held for both men and women in 1936. The International Ski Federation (FIS) decided that ski instructors could not compete in 1936 because they were professionals, and the Olympics were meant for amateur athletes. Because of this, Austrian and Swiss skiers boycotted the events, although some Austrians decided to compete for Germany.'} | null | null | What medal did the athlete who was a world champion , three-time Olympic medalist and an overall World Cup champion win ? | Bronze |
043c09b1d1103f6c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball triples records', 'header': ['Player', 'Triples', 'Team', 'Season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chief Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Wilson', 'summary': 'John Owen Chief Wilson ( August 21 , 1883 - February 22 , 1954 ) was an American professional baseball right fielder in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1916 . He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates , and St. Louis Cardinals . Wilson played minor league baseball for three teams until the end of 1907 , when he signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates . After spending six seasons with the organization , Wilson was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals , where he spent the last three seasons of his major league career and with whom he played his last game on October 1 , 1916 . Wilson is best known for setting the single-season record for triples in 1912 with 36 , a record that still stands .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1912 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Dave Orr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Orr', 'summary': "David L. Orr ( September 29 , 1859 - June 2 , 1915 ) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball from 1883 through 1890 . Orr played most of his career in the American Association for the New York Metropolitans ( 1883-1887 ) , Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1888 ) and Columbus Solons ( 1889 ) . He also played for the New York Gothams in the National League for one game in 1883 and for the Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders of the Players ' League in 1890 . Orr was one of the best hitters in baseball during his major league career . He never hit below .305 for a full season , and his career batting average of .342 is the eleventh highest in major league history , and the third highest for a right-handed hitter . He was also regarded as the hardest-hitting batsman of his era . His 31 triples in 1886 was a major league record that stood for 25 years and has only been exceeded once . He was also the first batter to compile more than 300 total bases in a season . Despite his weight ( 250 pounds at 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) ) , Orr was also a solid defensive performer with a .973 fielding average . He twice led the American Association in range factor by a first baseman . In 1886 , he led the Association 's first basemen in putouts and fielding percentage , and in 1889 he led in assists with 61 . Orr hit .371 in 1890 , but his career was cut short by a stroke suffered during an exhibition game at the end of the 1890 season ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Metropolitans ( AA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Metropolitans', 'summary': 'Metropolitan Club ( New York Metropolitans or the Mets ) was a 19th-century professional baseball team that played in New York City from 1880 to 1887 . ( The New York Metropolitan Baseball Club was the name chosen in 1961 for the New York Mets , who began play in 1962 . )'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1886_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1886 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Heinie Reitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinie_Reitz', 'summary': 'Henry Peter Reitz ( June 29 , 1867 - November 10 , 1914 ) , nicknamed Heinie , was an American second baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Baltimore Orioles , Washington Senators , and Pittsburgh Pirates . He was born in Chicago .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_(19th_century)', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Orioles were a 19th-century American Association and National League ( organized 1876 ) baseball team from 1882 to 1899 . The early ball club , which featured numerous future Hall of Famers , finished in first place three consecutive years ( 1894-1895-1896 ) and won the Temple Cup national championship series in 1896 and 1897 . Despite their success , the dominant Orioles were contracted out of the League after the 1899 season , when the N.L . reduced its number of teams and franchises from 12 to 8 , with a list of teams and cities limited to just the northeastern United States which endured for the next half-century . This controversial action resulting in the elevation of the former Western League by leaders such as Ban Johnson ( 1864-1931 ) , into a newly-organized American League in 1901 of which the new reorganized Baltimore Orioles were a prominent member for its first two seasons which waged war on the elder Nationals .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1894_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1894 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Perry Werden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Werden', 'summary': 'Percival Wheritt Perry Werden ( July 21 , 1865 - January 9 , 1934 ) was an American baseball player . He was a first baseman for the St. Louis Maroons ( 1884 ) , Washington Nationals ( 1888 ) , Toledo Maumees ( 1890 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1891 ) , St. Louis Browns ( 1892-1893 ) and Louisville Colonels ( 1897 ) .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Browns ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns_(NL)', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Davis_(1900s_first_baseman)', 'summary': 'Harry H. Davis ( July 19 , 1873 - August 11 , 1947 ) was a Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the New York Giants ( 1895-96 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1896-98 ) , Louisville Colonels ( 1898 ) , Washington Senators ( 1898-99 ) , Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901-11 , 1913-17 ) , and Cleveland Naps ( 1912 ) .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1897_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1897 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'George Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Davis_(baseball)', 'summary': "George Stacey Davis ( August 23 , 1870 - October 17 , 1940 ) was an American professional baseball shortstop and manager in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century . Davis also spent multiple seasons as a third baseman and center fielder , and lesser amounts of time at other positions . He broke into the major leagues in 1890 and played through 1909 . He is ranked among the top 100 players of all-time in several statistical categories . Davis was a switch hitter . After his playing career , Davis managed the Amherst College baseball team for several years . He died in a mental institution , suffering the effects of syphilis . Not much was known about Davis 's life or career until the 1990s , when he gained some recognition from the city historian of his hometown of Cohoes , New York . He was elected to the Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}]}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1893_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1893 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Thompson', 'summary': 'Samuel Luther Big Sam Thompson ( March 5 , 1860 - November 7 , 1922 ) was an American professional baseball player from 1884 to 1898 and with a brief comeback in 1906 . At 6 feet , 2 inches , the Indiana native was one of the larger players of his day and was known for his prominent handlebar mustache . He played as a right fielder in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Wolverines ( 1885-1888 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1889-1898 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 1906 ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 . Thompson had a .331 career batting average and was one of the most prolific run producers in baseball history . His career run batted in ( RBI ) to games played ratio of .923 ( 1,305 RBIs in 1,410 games ) remains the highest in major league history . In 1895 , Thompson averaged 1.44 RBIs per game , and his 166 RBIs in 1887 ( in only 127 games ) remained the major league record until 1921 when Babe Ruth collected 168 ( albeit in 152 games ) . Thompson still holds the major league record for most RBIs in a single month with 61 in August 1894 while playing for the Phillies . Manager Bill Watkins in 1922 called Thompson the greatest natural hitter of all time . Defensively , Thompson was known to have one of the strongest arms of any outfielder in the early decades of the game . He still ranks among the all-time major league leaders with 61 double plays from the outfield ( 16th all time ) and 283 outfield assists ( 12th all time ) . Thompson also had good speed on the base paths and , in 1889 , he became the first major league player to reach 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases in the same season .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1914_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1914 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiki Cuyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiki_Cuyler', 'summary': "Hazen Shirley Cuyler ( /ˈkaɪˈkaɪ ˈkaɪlər/ ; August 30 , 1898 - February 11 , 1950 ) , nicknamed Kiki , was an American professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates , Chicago Cubs , Cincinnati Reds , and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1921 until 1938 . Cuyler led the National League ( NL ) in stolen bases four times , runs scored two times and had a batting average of over .350 on four separate occasions . His 26 triples in 1925 were the second most triples in any season after 1900 . He compiled over 200 hits in three separate seasons and won the World Series in 1925 with the Pirates . A career .321 hitter , he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968 via the Veteran 's Committee ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1925 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoeless_Joe_Jackson', 'summary': "Joseph Jefferson Jackson ( July 16 , 1887 - December 5 , 1951 ) , nicknamed Shoeless Joe , was an American outfielder who played Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the early 1900s . He is remembered for his performance on the field and for his association with the Black Sox Scandal , in which members of the 1919 Chicago White Sox participated in a conspiracy to fix the World Series . As a result of Jackson 's association with the scandal , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , Major League Baseball 's first commissioner , banned Jackson from playing after the 1920 season despite his exceptional play in the 1919 World Series , in which he led both teams in several statistical categories and set a World Series record with 12 base hits . Since then , Jackson 's guilt has been fiercely debated with new accounts claiming his innocence and urging Major League Baseball to reconsider his banishment . As a result of the scandal , Jackson 's career was abruptly halted in his prime , ensuring him a place in baseball lore . Jackson played for three Major League teams during his 12-year career . He spent 1908-1909 as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics and 1910 with the minor league New Orleans Pelicans before joining the Cleveland Naps at the end of the 1910 season . He remained in Cleveland through the first part of 1915 ; he played the remainder of the 1915 season through 1920 with the Chicago White Sox . Later in life , Jackson played ball under assumed names throughout the south . Jackson , who played left field for most of his career , currently has the third-highest career batting average in major league history . In 1911 , Jackson hit for a .408 average . It is still the sixth-highest single-season total since 1901 , which marked the beginning of the modern era for the sport ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Naps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Naps', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Reilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Reilly_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Good Reilly [ Long John ] ( October 5 , 1858 - May 31 , 1937 ) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who hit 69 home runs and batted .289 during his ten-year career . In 1888 , he hit 13 home runs with 103 RBI and a .321 batting average .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1890_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1890 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'George Treadway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Treadway', 'summary': 'George B. Treadway ( November 11 , 1866 - November 5 , 1928 ) was an American baseball player in the National League from 1893 to 1896 . He played for the Baltimore Orioles for one season , the Brooklyn Grooms for two seasons , and finished off his career with two games for the Louisville Colonels . He was a lifetime .285 hitter , with 13 home runs and 227 runs batted in . He did have a solid year in 1894 with Baltimore , batting .330 , hitting 26 triples , and driving in 102 runs .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Bridegrooms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridegrooms', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League ( founded 1876 ) from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , California , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals , the New York Giants , also in the National League , relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Connor', 'summary': 'Roger Connor ( July 1 , 1857 - January 4 , 1931 ) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player . He played for several teams , but his longest tenure was in New York , where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants . He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion . Connor hit 138 home runs during his 18-year career , and his career home run record stood for 23 years after his retirement in 1897 . Connor owned and managed minor league baseball teams after his playing days . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by its Veterans Committee in 1976 . Largely forgotten after his retirement , Connor was buried in an unmarked grave until a group of citizens raised money for a grave marker in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants / St. Louis Browns ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns_(NL)', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1903_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1903 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Larry Doyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Doyle_(baseball)', 'summary': "Lawrence Joseph Doyle ( July 31 , 1886 - March 1 , 1974 ) , nicknamed Laughing Larry , was an American second baseman in Major League Baseball from 1907 to 1920 who played almost his entire career for the New York Giants . The National League 's outstanding second baseman during the 1910s , he was awarded the 1912 Chalmers Award as the league 's best player , and won the 1915 batting title with a .320 average . The team captain and top everyday star on three consecutive pennant winners ( 1911-13 ) , his .408 career slugging average was the top mark by an NL second baseman when he retired , as were his career totals in hits ( 1887 ) , doubles ( 299 ) , triples ( 123 ) , total bases ( 2654 ) and extra base hits ( 496 ) . He ended his career among the major league leaders in career games ( 5th , 1730 ) , putouts ( 9th , 3635 ) , assists ( 9th , 4654 ) , total chances ( 9th , 8732 ) and double plays ( 5th , 694 ) at second base , and set Giants franchise records for career games , at bats and doubles , each of which was broken by Bill Terry ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1911_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1911 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Freeman', 'summary': 'John Frank Buck Freeman ( October 30 , 1871 - June 25 , 1949 ) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century . Listed at 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) and 169 lb ( 77 kg ) , he both batted and threw left-handed . Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era , his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Senators ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1891–99)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators were a 19th-century baseball team . The team was also known as the Washington Statesmen and the Washington Nationals . The team played at Boundary Field . The team started out in the American Association as the Washington Statesmen in 1891 . The American Association folded after that season , and the team was purchased by J. Earl Wagner , who would own the team for the remainder of its existence . The Statesmen moved to the National League for the 1892 season , becoming the Senators . When the NL contracted from twelve teams to eight after the 1899 season , the Senators were one of the teams eliminated . The Senators did not fare well in their nine years as a franchise , which might have been the reason they were contracted . Washington never had a winning season and compiled a winning percentage of 0.366 . Among their more famous players were Deacon McGuire and Hall of Famer Jim O'Rourke . After a one-year hiatus , the Senators returned , but they were no longer the same franchise that played at Boundary Field . In fact the Original Senators were the first of three teams , all called the Washington Senators , and were in the Capital continuously until the third Senators franchise left to become the Texas Rangers ."}]}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1899_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1899 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Long_(outfielder)', 'summary': 'Thomas Augustus Long ( June 1 , 1890 - June 15 , 1972 ) , was a professional baseball outfielder in the Major Leagues from 1911-1917 . He played for the Washington Senators and St. Louis Cardinals . In 418 games over five seasons , Long posted a .269 batting average ( 401-for-1489 ) with 148 runs , 6 home runs and 140 RBI . He finished his career with a .928 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions . In 1915 , he led the National League in triples with 25 .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1915_in_baseball', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1915 throughout the world .'}]}], 'section_title': '25 triples in one season', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records_3', 'intro': 'There are various Major League Baseball records for triples.'} | null | null | What is the team of the player who died on January 9 , 1934 ? | St. Louis Browns ( NL ) |
043ce53159af37d8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1968 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Gammoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohamed_Gammoudi', 'summary': 'Mohammed Tlili ben Abdallah ( Arabic : محمد التليلي بن عبدالله ) , also known as Moham ( m ) ed Gammoudi , ( born February 11 , 1938 ) is a Tunisian athlete who competed as a long distance runner in international track and field competitions . He represented Tunisia in the Tokyo , Mexico City , and Munich Olympiads and recorded four medals , including a gold medal in the 5000 metres event in Mexico City . Gammoudi was also competitive at 10,000 metres . Born in Sidi Aïch , in Tunisia , Mohammed Gammoudi was one of the pioneers of the African long distance running revolution that changed the face of the sport in the final decades of the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '35:25.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hill', 'summary': 'Ronald Ron Hill MBE ( born 25 September 1938 ) is an English runner and clothing entrepreneur . He was the second man to break 2:10 in the marathon ; he set world records at four other distances , but never laid claim to the marathon world record . [ nb 1 ] He has run two Olympic Marathons ( Tokyo 1964 and Munich 1972 ) , and has a personal marathon record of 2:09:28 . In 1970 , Hill won the 74th Boston Marathon in a course record 2:10:30 . He also won gold medals for the marathon at the European Championships in 1969 and the Commonwealth Games in 1970 . Hill lays claim to the longest streak of consecutive days running , running every day for 52 years and 39 days from 1964 to 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '35:26.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Fowler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(runner)', 'summary': "Henry Roy Fowler ( 26 March 1934 - 27 June 2009 ) was an English long-distance runner who competed mainly in track and cross country running competition . His greatest achievement was a gold medal at the International Cross Country Championships in 1963 . He won five other medals at that competition , including an individual bronze in 1968 and team gold medals with England in 1966 and 1968 . Fowler 's sole high level track medal was a bronze in the 10,000 metres at the 1962 European Athletics Championships . He had won that event at the AAA Championships that year in a Commonwealth record time of 27:49.8 minutes . He also represented England at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and was a four-time champion at the World Masters Athletics Championships in the over-40s category ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '35:31.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy Texereau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '35:34.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Freary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '35:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariano Haro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariano_Haro', 'summary': 'Mariano Haro Cisneros ( born May 27 , 1940 ) is a former Spanish athlete , competing in the long-distance events . He was born in Becerril de Campos . Haro ran almost compulsively using his gifted legs to run errands and handle odd jobs . [ citation needed ] He soon became prominently competitive in a sport he hardly chose . In the 1960s he won almost every 5,000 and 10,000 meter event held in Spain . [ citation needed ] His closest Spanish competitor was Javier Alvarez Salgado . Haro placed 4th in the 10,000-meter 1972 Summer Olympics final at Munich in an epic battle against Lasse Virén , Emiel Puttemans , Miruts Yifter , and Frank Shorter . He qualified for the 5,000-meter final in those Games , but defaulted at the eleventh hour . He also competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics at the age of 36 , placing 6th in the 10,000-meter event . Traditionally a cross-country runner , he was runner-up in the Cross World Championships in 1972 , 1973 , 1974 and 1975 ; a Spanish National Cross champion from 1971 through 1977 ; and two-time winner of the International Lasarte Cross Country race in 1974 and 1975 . Haro held Spanish national records in all distances from 1,500 meters to 20 km . He also still holds the Spanish record in the hour race .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '35:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Rushmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '35:42.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Zammel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Zammel', 'summary': "Ahmed Zairi Zammel ( born 12 October 1944 ) is a Tunisian long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 5000 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '35:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noel Tijou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noel_Tijou', 'summary': "Noël Tijou ( born 12 December 1941 ) is a French long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '35:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian McCafferty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_McCafferty', 'summary': 'Ian John McCafferty ( born 24 November 1944 ) is a Scottish former long-distance runner . He won the silver medal at the 1970 Commonwealth Games 5000 metres when he recorded a time of 13:23.34 . This was one of the greatest races of all time . Reigning European 5000 metres champion Ian Stewart set a new European record and the two Scots , moved up to second and third on the world all-time list . In the race McCafferty defeated the current world record holder Ron Clarke , and Olympic 1,500 metres champion Kip Keino . McCafferty also finished sixth in the Commonwealth 1,500 metres in a time of 3:42.2 . McCafferty was Scottish 5000 metres champion in 1971 , and was also three times the Scottish champion in the mile run . He also won the AAA Indoor Championships on three occasions for two miles/3000 metres . He won the Junior race at the 1964 International Cross Country Championships . He represented Great Britain at the 1972 Munich Olympics . Competing over the 5000 m , he finished in 11th place with a time of 13:43.2 minutes . He was quicker in the heats , having won that race in a time of 13:38.2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '36:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derek Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Graham', 'summary': 'Derek Graham ( born 3 September 1941 ) is a retired distance athlete from Northern Ireland . The first Northern Irish runner to break 4 minutes for the mile , he was ranked number 1 in the U.K. and Ireland over 2 miles/3000 m , 3 miles/5000 m and cross country at various periods in the 1960s . He was selected for nine consecutive International cross country races ( later to be recognised as the World Cross country ) , finishing second in 1966 in Rabat , Morocco . He competed in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics for Great Britain , finishing seventh in his initial heat for the 5000m race . He also competed in the 1966 European Championships , and the 1966 and 1970 Commonwealth Games . He was the Irish record holder for various distances [ which ? ] through this time . At the 1970 Commonwealth Games , Graham picked up a virus which later developed into myalgic encephalomyelitis , ultimately ending his athletics career .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '36:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Maiz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '36:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Álvarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Álvarez_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Javier Alvarez ( born 18 December 1943 ) is a Spanish former long-distance runner , born in Vigo , who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '36:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'René Jourdan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '36:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucien Rault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucien_Rault', 'summary': "Lucien Rault ( borm March 30 , 1936 in Plouguenast ) is a French long-distance runner . He represented France in the 1976 Olympics at the age of 40 . He had an extensive career in cross country running with his national squad at the International Cross Country Championships and then the IAAF World Cross Country Championships . Five days before his 42nd birthday , he was the # 2 runner on the French World Championship team at the 1978 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , his first world championship . He is the current ratified world record holder in the masters M45 5000 metres . He has also held the M35 and M40 records and the M35 and M40 records at 10000 metres . He began running at age 15 . He ran in the 1964 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , and 1972 International Cross Country Championships , then the 1974 , 1975 , 1976 and 1978 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , culminating with the championship . He also won the 1973 Corrida de Houilles . He had an example of longevity from his teammate on the early cross country teams as Olympic gold medalist Alain Mimoun was setting records into his 50s . Rault later surpassed some of Mimoun 's records . He won his first French national Championship at 10000 metres in 1973 , at the age of 37 ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '36:19.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Hogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Hogan_(athlete)', 'summary': "James Joseph Jim Hogan ( né Cregan ; 28 May 1933 - 10 January 2015 ) was an Irish distance runner who competed for both Ireland and Great Britain . He was born in Croom , County Limerick , Ireland . Hogan 's athletic career saw him compete for Ireland at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and for Great Britain at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City . He won the marathon title at the 1966 European Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '36:22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Said', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '36:24.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lachie Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lachie_Stewart', 'summary': "Joseph Laughlin ( Lachie ) Stewart ( born 22 June 1943 in Vale of Leven , West Dunbartonshire ) is a Scottish former distance runner , and an inductee in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame . Stewart 's athletic career saw him compete at the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh , where he won Gold in the 10,000 meters over Ron Clarke of Australia , and the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich"}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '36:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '36:27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Wright', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '36:28.4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Men 's ( 7.5 mi / 12.1 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1968_International_Cross_Country_Championships_0', 'intro': "The 1968 International Cross Country Championships was held in Tunis, Tunisia, at the Hippodrome de Kassar-Said on March 17, 1968. The women's championship was held one week later in Blackburn, England at the Witton Country Park on March 23, 1968. A report on the men's event as well as on the women's event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published."} | null | null | What is the South American territory of the country of the runner who finished at time 35:48 for the men 's 7.5 mile event of 1968 International Cross Country Championships ? | French Guiana |
043e0258ceef2909 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Hospital_Invitational_Criterium', 'title': 'Presbyterian Hospital Invitational Criterium', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Country', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Dominguez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Dominguez', 'summary': 'Iván Domínguez ( born May 28 , 1976 in Havana ) is a Cuban professional road bicycle racer for the Franco MRI Racing Team . In 2009 Dominguez also known as The Cuban Missile acquired U.S. citizenship . Dominguez originally rode for the Cuban National Team on the track and was a Pan-American Gold Medalist in 1997 . He defected in 1998 to live with his uncle in Miami . He spoke no English and worked in a shoe factory before starting to become successful in local bike races in Miami . His opportunity to return to high level bicycle racing came in 2000 via the elite amateur Cycle Science ( FL ) racing team . The small team was built around him and toured in a refurbished bus from Florida to California to New England and back to Wisconsin before he signed his first professional contract in August . He turned professional in 2001 , when offered a spot on the Saturn Professional Cycling Team . In 2004 , he switched to Colavita Olive Oil presented by Bolla Wines and he rode for Health Net Presented by Maxxis in 2005 , before joining Toyota-United in 2006 . In November 2008 Rock Racing announced that they had reached a deal for Dominguez to ride for them the following year . On December 10 , 2008 , Fuji-Servetto announced that Dominguez had signed , causing Rock Racing to remove him from their roster , however as of June 2009 Dominguez has gone from Fuji-Servetto to Rock Racing as one of their sprinters . He was a sprinter and was widely regarded as one of the best sprinters racing in America .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '2:00:51.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Jose Haedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Jose_Haedo', 'summary': 'Juan José Haedo ( born 26 January 1981 ) is an Argentine former professional road racing cyclist and track cyclist , who rode professionally between 2003 and 2014 . He is the brother of Lucas Sebastián Haedo . Haedo started his career on the track before turning professional on the road in 2003 with Colavita-Bolla . After a year in the United Stages with the Toyota - United Pro Cycling Team he joined Team CSC in 2007 . Haedo had a successful career with CSC picking up notable stage wins in the Tour of California , Critérium du Dauphiné , Tirreno Adriatico and Vuelta a España . He competed with the team until the end of 2012 , when he joined Jamis-Hagens Berman . After retiring he stayed with the team as an assistant director .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '1:51:16.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shawn Milne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Milne', 'summary': 'Shawn Milne ( born November 9 , 1981 ) is a professional road bicycle racer from Gloucester , Massachusetts , United States . In 2009 , he rode in events on the USA Cycling National Racing Calendar and UCI Continental Circuits for Team Type 1 . On May 31 , 2009 , he won the Air Force Cycling Classic . He was selected to represent the United States at the 2002 and 2003 Under 23 World Road Race Championships . Milne was a member of the 2000 Gloucester High School national champion and national record-setting indoor track distance medley relay team along with Josh Palazola , Tristan Colangelo and Ngai Otieno .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:58:45.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Pipp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Pipp', 'summary': 'Frank Pipp ( born May 22 , 1977 in Iron Mountain , Michigan ) is a former American cyclist . He was professional from 2005 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:55:19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alejandro Borrajo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Borrajo', 'summary': 'Alejandro Alberto Borrajo ( born 24 April 1980 in Viedma , Río Negro ) is an Argentine professional road racing cyclist . His other brother , Armando Borrajo , committed suicide on December 18 , 2010 , having been kidnapped for two days . Alejandro broke his arm , trying to intervene .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Veilleux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Veilleux', 'summary': 'David Veilleux ( born 26 November 1987 ) is a Canadian former professional cyclist , who competed as a professional between 2011 and 2013 . He is best known for his victories in the Italian semi-classic Tre Valli Varesine in 2012 and winning a stage of the 2013 Critérium du Dauphiné .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Cantwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Cantwell', 'summary': 'Jonathan Cantwell ( 8 January 1982 - 6 November 2018 ) was an Australian professional road bicycle racer who rode for UCI Professional Continental Team Drapac Cannondale Holistic Development Team .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:52:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jake Keough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Keough', 'summary': "Jake Keough ( born June 18 , 1987 in Sandwich , Massachusetts ) is a former American cyclist . He is Luke Keough 's brother ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:55:35', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Men 's winners", 'section_text': "The men 's criterium runs along a course along Tryon Street between 2nd and 7th Streets throughout Uptown Charlotte . [ 2 ] The race has a total distance of 50 miles ( 80 km ) . [ 3 ]", 'uid': 'Presbyterian_Hospital_Invitational_Criterium_0', 'intro': 'The Presbyterian Hospital Invitational Criterium, or Charlotte Criterium, is an annual criterium bicycle race along an 1.2 miles (2 km) course located in Uptown, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. With the inaugural race occurring in 2004, this was known as the Bank of America Criterium through the 2006 race, when the name and sponsorship was changed to its current name for the 2007 event. Its $125,000 purse is the largest for this type of event in the United States. The race serves as a benefit for the Brain Tumor Fund of the Carolinas, and is an officially sanctioned race as part of the USA CRITS Tour.'} | null | null | In what year was the winner the one who started his career on the track before turning professional on the road in 2003 with Colavita-Bolla ? | 2005 |
043e1cd1228e3794 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Zhuoyan', 'title': 'He Zhuoyan', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Tramp 鹿鼎记', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Tramp_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Royal Tramp is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha 's novel The Deer and the Cauldron . Produced by Zhang Jizhong and Huayi Brothers , the series consists of 50 episodes , filmed in high definition . The series was first broadcast on Jiangsu TV in China in 2008 and was subsequently aired on TVB in Hong Kong and other countries ."}]}, {'value': "Shuang'er", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron_characters', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters from the novel The Deer and the Cauldron by Jin Yong . Some of these characters previously appeared in another novel Sword Stained with Royal Blood , which is also written by Jin Yong . Some of these characters are based on historical figures , such as the Kangxi Emperor , Oboi , Wu Sangui , Chen Yuanyuan , Princess Changping , Zheng Keshuang , Feng Xifan , Galdan Boshugtu Khan , Sophia Alekseyevna , Wu Liuqi and Zha Jizuo ( a purported ancestor of Jin Yong ) .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paladins in Troubled Times 大唐游侠传', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paladins_in_Troubled_Times', 'summary': "Paladins in Troubled Times is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Liang Yusheng 's novel Datang Youxia Zhuan . The series was produced by Zhang Jizhong , and starred Victor Huang , Shen Xiaohai , TAE , He Zhuoyan , Liu Tianyue and Lu Chen . It was first broadcast on CCTV in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wang Yanyu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Datang_Youxia_Zhuan', 'summary': 'Datang Youxia Zhuan is a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng . It was first serialised between 1 January 1963 and 14 June 1964 in the Hong Kong newspaper Ta Kung Pao . The novel is the first part of a trilogy , and is followed by Longfeng Baochai Yuan and Huijian Xinmo .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bing Sheng 兵圣', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bing_Sheng', 'summary': 'Bing Sheng is a 2008 Chinese television series produced by Zhang Jizhong , starring Zhu Yawen , Li Tai , Hu Jing , Zhao Yi , He Zhuoyan , Xu Huanhuan , Tu Men and Wu Ma . It is loosely based on the life of the ancient Chinese militarist Sun Tzu , who wrote The Art of War . It was first broadcast on Changde TV in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guo Moli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber 倚天屠龙记', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Heaven_Sword_and_Dragon_Saber_(2009_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber is a Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha 's novel of the same title . It is a final instalment of a television trilogy produced by Zhang Jizhong , preceded by The Legend of the Condor Heroes ( 2003 ) and The Return of the Condor Heroes ( 2006 ) . Unlike the previous adaptations , this remake is the first to be primarily based on the third edition of the novel . The series was first broadcast on Wenzhou TV in China in October 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Xiaozhao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Heaven_Sword_and_Dragon_Saber_characters', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters from the wuxia novel The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber by Jin Yong . Some of these characters are fictionalised personas of , or are based on , actual historical figures , such as Zhu Yuanzhang , Chang Yuchun , Xu Da , Zhang Sanfeng and Chen Youliang .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nonstop 青春进行时', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonstop_(Chinese_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Nonstop is the Chinese version of the popular Korean sitcom Nonstop .'}]}, {'value': 'He Zhuoyan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salvation Woman Soldier Hui Situ 拯救女兵司徒慧', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Situ Hui', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Journey to the West 西游记', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(2011_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Journey to the West is a Chinese television series adapted from the novel of the same title . Production for the 66 episodes long series started on 12 September 2009 , and it was first broadcast in mainland China on 28 July 2011 on TVS . The series was produced by Zhang Jizhong and was released a year later than another television series of the same title ( broadcast on Zhejiang Satellite TV ) , but with a different cast and crew .'}]}, {'value': 'Albino rat', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xing Ming Shi Ye 刑名师爷', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xia Fengyi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Journey of the Fortune God 财神有道', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orchid Fairy', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'He_Zhuoyan_1', 'intro': 'He Zhuoyan (born 26 November 1988) is a Chinese actress and singer. She was one of the top ten finalists of the 2005 Hangzhou Super Girl singing contest. In 2006, she emerged as champion of the Zhang Jizhong category of the Chinese Yahoo Three Directors Star Search programme. She signed on with the talent agency Huayi Brothers in the same year and acted in a number of period and wuxia-themed television series produced by Zhang Jizhong. In 2007, she became the youngest person to obtain an award in the Forbes China Celebrity 100, winning the Celebrity with the Most Potential Award at the age of 18.'} | null | null | What is the role played in the film that is loosely based on the life of the ancient Chinese militarist Sun Tzu ? | Guo Moli |
043f1a3e49515481 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_features', 'title': 'List of lunar features', 'header': ['Valley', 'Dimension', 'Eponym', 'Crater'], 'data': [{'value': 'Vallis Alpes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Alpes', 'summary': 'Vallis Alpes ( Latin for Alpine Valley ) is a lunar valley feature that bisects the Montes Alpes range . It extends 166 km from the Mare Imbrium basin , trending east-northeast to the edge of the Mare Frigoris . The valley is narrow at both ends and widens to a maximum width of about 10 km along the middle stretch . The selenographic coordinates of the center of this feature are 49°13′N 3°38′E / 49.21°N 3.63°E / 49.21 ; 3.63 . The valley floor is a flat , lava-flooded surface that is bisected by a slender , broken , cleft-like rille . The center rille is a challenging target for telescope observation from the Earth and described as , notoriously hard to spot . The rille itself is longer than the valley proper , at 196.65 km ± 10.98 km , and has a width of 0.58 km ± 0.09 km and depth of 77.69 m ± 28.07 m. The sides of the valley rise from the floor to the surrounding highland terrain , a blocky , irregular surface . The southern face of the valley is straighter than the northern side , which is slightly bowed and uneven . The more rugged edges of the valley lie at the narrow west-southwest end that cuts through the mountain range . Most likely this valley is a graben that was subsequently flooded with magma from Mare Imbrium and Mare Frigoris . However , the valley could have been formed by stress fractures due to expansion of the mantle or contraction after solidification of regolith . It is not dissimilar to other linear features radiating from Mare Imbrium , and the impact event which created the Imbrium basin may have also led to the stresses creating Vallis Alpes .'}]}, {'value': '166 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin name meaning Alpine valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin', 'summary': 'Latin ( Latin : lingua latīna , IPA : [ ˈlɪŋɡʷa laˈtiːna ] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet . Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome , known as Latium . Through the power of the Roman Republic , it became the dominant language in Italy , and subsequently throughout the western Roman Empire . Latin has contributed many words to the English language . In particular , Latin ( and Ancient Greek ) roots are used in English descriptions of theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . By the late Roman Republic ( 75 BC ) , Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence and author Petronius . Late Latin is the written language from the 3rd century and the colloquial form Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages , such as French , Italian , Portuguese , Romanian , Catalan and Spanish in the 6th to 9th centuries . Medieval Latin was used as a literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance which used Renaissance Latin . Later , Early Modern Latin and New Latin evolved . Latin was used as the language of international communication , scholarship and science until well into the 18th century , when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars ( including the Romance languages ) .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vallis Baade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Baade', 'summary': 'Vallis Baade is a 203 km long sinuous valley on the Moon running south-southeast from the crater Baade and centered at 45°54′S 76°12′W / 45.9°S 76.2°W / -45.9 ; -76.2 ( south of the Montes Cordillera ) . It has the same namesake as the crater , the German astronomer Walter Baade . This is one of several valleys that radiate away from the southeast edge of the Mare Orientale circular impact basin , the other two being Vallis Inghirami and Vallis Bouvard .'}]}, {'value': '203 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Baade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Baade', 'summary': 'Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade ( March 24 , 1893 - June 25 , 1960 ) was a German astronomer who worked in the United States from 1931 to 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baade_(crater)', 'summary': 'Baade is a lunar impact crater that is located near the southwest limb of the Moon on the near side , to the southwest of the enormous Mare Orientale impact basin . The area to the east of this crater forms the junction between the 280-km-long Vallis Bouvard to the north and the narrower , 160-km-long Vallis Baade to the south-southeast . Both valleys radiate away from the impact basin to the north . The outer wall of Baade remains sharp-edged , with little appearance of erosion due to subsequent impacts . The rim is generally circular , with some terracing of the inner wall . The crater interior is rough and irregular , with a generally bowl-shaped appearance that lacks a sharply defined floor . There is no central peak at the midpoint of the interior , and no craterlets of note mark the surface . This crater lies within the Mendel-Rydberg Basin , a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Bohr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Bohr', 'summary': 'Vallis Bohr is a valley on the Moon stretching due south of the crater Einstein . This wide cleft has a length of about 80 kilometers , and is radial to the Mare Orientale impact basin further to the south . The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 12°24′N 86°36′W / 12.4°N 86.6°W / 12.4 ; -86.6 . Vallis Bohr is a chain of secondary craters from the Orientale impact to the south .'}]}, {'value': '80 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niels Bohr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niels_Bohr', 'summary': "Niels Henrik David Bohr ( Danish : [ nels ˈpoɐ̯ˀ ] ; 7 October 1885 - 18 November 1962 ) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory , for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 . Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research . Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom , in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level ( or orbit ) to another . Although the Bohr model has been supplanted by other models , its underlying principles remain valid . He conceived the principle of complementarity : that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory properties , like behaving as a wave or a stream of particles . The notion of complementarity dominated Bohr 's thinking in both science and philosophy . Bohr founded the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen , now known as the Niels Bohr Institute , which opened in 1920 . Bohr mentored and collaborated with physicists including Hans Kramers , Oskar Klein , George de Hevesy , and Werner Heisenberg . He predicted the existence of a new zirconium-like element , which was named hafnium , after the Latin name for Copenhagen , where it was discovered . Later , the element bohrium was named after him . During the 1930s , Bohr helped refugees from Nazism . After Denmark was occupied by the Germans , he had a famous meeting with Heisenberg , who had become the head of the German nuclear weapon project ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohr_(crater)', 'summary': 'Bohr is a lunar impact crater that is located near the western lunar limb , in the area that is affected by librations . It is attached to the southwestern rim of the larger , eroded Vasco da Gama formation , and to the southeast of the crater Einstein . The crater was observed for the first time in 1963 by Arthus and Ewen Whitaker in the book Rectified Lunar Atlas . The rim of Bohr is worn and eroded , and a pair of small , bowl-shaped craters lies across the western rim . The rim to the northeast has been shored up by the adjacent Vasco da Gama , but the remainder forms an irregular ring of rugged ground . To the southwest of Bohr is Vallis Bohr , a valley trending in a north-south direction . This long cleft is most likely associated with the formation of the Mare Orientale farther to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Bouvard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Bouvard', 'summary': 'Vallis Bouvard is a 284-km-long valley on the Moon , centered at 38°18′S 83°06′W / 38.3°S 83.1°W / -38.3 ; -83.1 . It begins at the southern rim of the crater Shaler , and winds its way to the south-southeast towards Baade . This is one of several such valleys that radiate away from the southeast edge of the Mare Orientale circular impact basin , the other two being Vallis Inghirami and Vallis Baade . It was formed by a secondary crater chain . The valley was named after Alexis Bouvard .'}]}, {'value': '284 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexis Bouvard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard', 'summary': 'Alexis Bouvard ( 27 June 1767 - 7 June 1843 ) was a French astronomer . He is particularly noted for his careful observations of the irregularities in the motion of Uranus and his hypothesis of the existence of an eighth planet in the solar system .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vallis Capella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Capella', 'summary': 'Capella is a lunar impact crater 49 km ( 30 mi ) in diameter that lies to the north of the Mare Nectaris , in a rugged region with many small impact craters . It was named after Roman astronomer Martianus Capella . It intrudes slightly into the eastern rim of the crater Isidorus , a feature only slightly smaller in diameter . The wall of Capella is low but relatively thick and irregular , with a large promontory intruding on the south-eastern side . The crater is crossed by a deep rift , the Vallis Capella , which passes directly through Capella from the north rim through the southeast side of the wall , and extends out both sides for a combined distance of 110 kilometers . This feature was formed by a chain of craters . In the middle of the crater is a wide , round peak with a craterlet at the top . The western side of the crater is dotted with impact debris , forming clusters of small hills .'}]}, {'value': '49 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martianus Capella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martianus_Capella', 'summary': "Martianus Minneus Felix Capella was a Latin prose writer of Late Antiquity ( fl . c. 410-420 ) , one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education . His single encyclopedic work , De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ( On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury , also called De septem disciplinis On the seven disciplines ) is an elaborate didactic allegory written in a mixture of prose and elaborately allusive verse . Martianus often presents philosophical views based on Neoplatonism , the Platonic school of philosophy pioneered by Plotinus and his followers . Like his near-contemporary Macrobius , who also produced a major work on classical Roman religion , Martianus never directly identifies his own religious affiliation . Much of his work occurs in the form of dialogue , and the views of the interlocutors may not represent the author 's own ."}]}, {'value': 'Capella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capella_(crater)', 'summary': 'Capella is a lunar impact crater 49 km ( 30 mi ) in diameter that lies to the north of the Mare Nectaris , in a rugged region with many small impact craters . It was named after Roman astronomer Martianus Capella . It intrudes slightly into the eastern rim of the crater Isidorus , a feature only slightly smaller in diameter . The wall of Capella is low but relatively thick and irregular , with a large promontory intruding on the south-eastern side . The crater is crossed by a deep rift , the Vallis Capella , which passes directly through Capella from the north rim through the southeast side of the wall , and extends out both sides for a combined distance of 110 kilometers . This feature was formed by a chain of craters . In the middle of the crater is a wide , round peak with a craterlet at the top . The western side of the crater is dotted with impact debris , forming clusters of small hills .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Inghirami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Inghirami', 'summary': 'Vallis Inghirami ( latin for Inghirami Valley ) is a valley on far side of the Moon which is a natural satellite of planet Earth . Diameter of the valley is about 145 km . Lunar co-ordinates of the valley are 43°48′S 72°12′W / 43.8°S 72.2°W / -43.8 ; -72.2 . Valley is named after Giovanni Inghirami . Valley was approved by IAU in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': '148 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Inghirami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Inghirami', 'summary': 'Giovanni Inghirami , Sch.P. , ( April 16 , 1779 - August 15 , 1851 ) was an Italian astronomer , as well as being a Catholic priest and Piarist . There is a valley on the moon named Vallis Inghirami after him as well as a crater .'}]}, {'value': 'Inghirami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inghirami_(crater)', 'summary': 'Inghirami is a lunar impact crater that is located toward the southwestern limb of the Moon . It lies to the southwest of the large walled plain Schickard . Northwest of Inghirami is the wide Vallis Inghirami , a wide , straight valley that is radial to the Mare Orientale impact basin . The valley has a length of about 140 kilometers and ends at the northern edge of the crater . Inghirami is located near the southeastern edge of the immense skirt of ejecta that surrounds the Mare Orientale . This material has formed linear ridges and valleys that continue across most of the crater rim and interior from the northwestern face . Much of the outer rim has been modified by this impact material , and the most intact part of the rim lies along the southeast edge . The partly buried rim of this crater is roughly circular and somewhat irregular . There are some shelves and terraces along the sides , but these features are moderately eroded . A few small craters lie along or near the rim . The most notable crater on the interior floor is a small impact beside the eastern inner wall . The interior floor retains its ridges , streaky appearance across much of the crater , with only an area by the eastern rim being relatively flat and featureless .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Palitzsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Palitzsch', 'summary': 'The surface of the Moon has many features , including mountains and valleys , craters , and maria - wide flat areas that look like seas from a distance but are probably solidified molten rock . Some of these features are listed .'}]}, {'value': '132 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johann Palitzsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Palitzsch', 'summary': "Johann Georg Palitzsch ( 11 June 1723 - 21 February 1788 ) was a German astronomer who became famous for recovering Comet 1P/Halley ( better known as Halley 's Comet ) on Christmas Day , 1758 . The periodic nature of this comet had been deduced by its namesake Edmond Halley in 1705 , but Halley had died before seeing if his prediction would come true . Raised to become a successful farmer under a strict stepfather , Palitzsch secretly studied as much astronomy as he could from the books he could afford . He learned contemporary astronomy from the book Vorhof der Sternwissenschaft ( The Forecourt of Astronomy ) by Christian Pescheck . He learned Latin and , at age 21 , inherited the farm , which allowed him to construct his own botanical garden , library , laboratory , and museum . He received support from various benefactors , including the future King . But the wars between Prussia and Austria interrupted his ambitions . Upon his death on 21 February 1788 Palitzsch left behind a library of 3518 books , partly consisting of handwritten copies he had created from scientific works too expensive for him to purchase . A crater and a vallis ( valley ) on the Moon are named after him . The asteroid 11970 Palitzsch also is named after him ."}]}, {'value': 'Palitzsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palitzsch_(crater)', 'summary': 'Palitzsch is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southeast part of the Moon , near the southeast rim of the crater Petavius . Just to the southwest of Palitzsch is Hase , while to the east-southeast is Legendre . The northeast rim of Palitzsch forms the southern end of Vallis Palitzsch , a lunar valley that follows the eastern rim of Petavius for a distance of about 110 kilometers . The crater rim is relatively low and inconspicuous , while the floor forms a depression in the surface that follows the contours of the neighboring valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Planck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Planck', 'summary': "Vallis Planck is a long , linear valley located on the far side of the Moon . It is oriented radially to the huge Schrödinger basin , and was most likely formed by that impact . The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 58°24′S 126°06′E / 58.4°S 126.1°E / -58.4 ; 126.1 , and it has a length of 451 km . This cleft in the surface crosses the western part of the huge walled plain Planck , and it was named after that feature ( which has an eponym of Max Planck ) . The southern edge closest to Schrödinger begins near the northeastern outer rampart of the crater Grotrian . It then continues to the north-northwest , where it suffers a disruption where it crosses the crater Fechner . The remainder of the feature continues to the northwestern outer rim of the walled plain Planck , until terminating near Pikel'ner K ."}]}, {'value': '451 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Planck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Planck', 'summary': 'Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck , ForMemRS ( German : [ ˈplaŋk ] ; English : /ˈplæŋk/ ; 23 April 1858 - 4 October 1947 ) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 . The Canadian Patriot publication describes Max Planck as a classical pianist and revolutionary physicist . Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics , but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory , which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes . In 1948 , the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society ( of which Planck was twice president ) was renamed the Max Planck Society ( MPS ) . The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions .'}]}, {'value': 'Planck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Planck_(crater)', 'summary': 'Planck is a large lunar impact crater , approximately 319 kilometers in diameter , that is located in the southern hemisphere of the Moon , on the far side as seen from the Earth . It lies to the west of the walled plain Poincaré , another enormous formation only slightly larger than Planck . Both formations are larger than the walled plain Bailly , the largest crater on the near side . Lying across the southeast rim of Planck is the crater Prandtl , to the northeast is Hildegard , and to the west is Fechner .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Rheita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Rheita', 'summary': 'Vallis Rheita is a linear valley on the near side of the Moon . It is located in the southeastern quadrant , and is oriented radially to Mare Nectaris . This valley appears to share a common origin with the Vallis Snellius to the northeast , as both are oriented radially with Mare Nectaris . The center of the valley lies at selenographic coordinates 42°30′S 51°30′E / 42.5°S 51.5°E / -42.5 ; 51.5 , and it has a length of 445 km . At its maximum extent this valley has a width of about 30 km , but it narrows to 10 km at the southeastern extreme . It is the second longest such valley on the near side of the Moon , being exceeded only by Vallis Snellius . Vallis Rheita has been eroded by a series of impacts , and several notable craters lie along the length of this valley . Near the northwestern end is the crater Rheita , for which this formation was named . Further to the southeast is the crater Young , nearly centered across the valley . Next to Young is Young D , also lying across the valley but less distorted by the rift . Further southeast are the craters Mallet and Reimarus , the later located near the difficult-to-discern terminus . The satellite crater Mallet D , next to Mallet , also overlays part of the valley .'}]}, {'value': '445 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Maria_Schyrleus_of_Rheita', 'summary': 'Anton ( or Antonius ) Maria Schyrleus ( also Schyrl , Schyrle ) of Rheita ( 1604-1660 ) ( ( in Czech ) Antonín Maria Šírek z Reity ) was an astronomer and optician . He developed several inverting and erecting eyepieces , and was the maker of Keplers telescope . Things appear more alive with the binocular telescope , he wrote , doubly as exact so to speak , as well as large and bright . His binocular telescope is the precursor to our binoculars . .'}]}, {'value': 'Rheita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rheita_(crater)', 'summary': 'Rheita is a lunar impact crater located in the southwestern sector of the Moon . It was named after Czech astronomer and optician Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita . It lies to the northeast of the crater Metius , and northwest of Young . The southwestern rim overlies the edge of Vallis Rheita , a long lunar valley stretching for over 200 kilometers on a line running northeast to southwest . At its widest the valley is 25 kilometers wide and a kilometer deep . The rim of Rheita remains well-defined with a sharp lip and a terraced inner wall . The rim overlaps a slightly smaller crater to the east , and has a pair of small impact craters in the northern wall . The crater floor is flat and it has a central peak .'}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Schrödinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Schrödinger', 'summary': 'Vallis Schrödinger ( Latin for Schrödinger Valley ) is a long , nearly linear valley that lies on the far side of the Moon . It is oriented radially to the huge Schrödinger basin and most likely was formed during the original impact that created Schrödinger .'}]}, {'value': '310 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erwin Schrödinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erwin_Schrödinger', 'summary': "Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger ( UK : /ˈʃrɜːdɪŋər/ , US : /ˈʃroʊ- , ˈʃreɪ-/ ; German : [ ˈɛɐ̯viːn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ ] ; 12 August 1887 - 4 January 1961 ) , sometimes written as Erwin Schrodinger or Erwin Schroedinger , was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in quantum theory : the Schrödinger equation provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time . In addition , he was the author of many works on various aspects of physics : statistical mechanics and thermodynamics , physics of dielectrics , colour theory , electrodynamics , general relativity , and cosmology , and he made several attempts to construct a unified field theory . In his book What Is Life ? Schrödinger addressed the problems of genetics , looking at the phenomenon of life from the point of view of physics . He paid great attention to the philosophical aspects of science , ancient and oriental philosophical concepts , ethics , and religion . He also wrote on philosophy and theoretical biology . He is also known for his Schrödinger 's cat thought-experiment ."}]}, {'value': 'Schrödinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schrödinger_(crater)', 'summary': "Schrödinger is a large lunar impact crater of the form traditionally called a walled plain and is named after Erwin Schrödinger . It is located near the south lunar pole on the far side of the Moon , and can only be viewed from orbit . The smaller crater Ganswindt is attached to the southwestern rim of Schrödinger , and intrudes slightly into the inner wall . Adjacent to the south is the crater Nefed'ev . Farther to the southwest is the crater Amundsen . Schrödinger possesses a wide outer rim that has been slightly rounded due to subsequent impacts . But the rim remains well-defined , and traces of terraces can be seen along the inner surface . The ejecta on the exterior forms an irregular outer rampart that extends for up to 100 kilometers . The Schrödinger impact basin is one of a few locations on the Moon that show evidence of geologically recent volcanic activity . A geological study of the basin shows evidence of lava flows and eruptions from vents . There is also older volcanic material and material scattered because of impacts . Within the interior is a second ring approximately half the diameter of the outer rim ."}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Schröteri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Schröteri', 'summary': "Schroter 's Valley , frequently known by the Latinized name Vallis Schröteri , is a sinuous valley or rille on the surface of the near side of the Moon . It is located on a rise of continental ground , sometimes called the Aristarchus plateau , that is surrounded by the Oceanus Procellarum to the south and west and the Mare Imbrium to the northwest . At the southern edge of this rise are the craters Aristarchus and Herodotus . This is the largest sinuous rille on the Moon . It begins at a 6 km diameter crater located 25 km to the north of Herodotus . ( The start of the rille has been termed the Cobra 's Head by some observers , due to its resemblance to a snake . ) From the crater it follows a meandering path , first to the north , then setting a course toward the northwest , before finally bending back to the south until it reaches a 1 km high precipice at the edge of the Oceanus Procellarum . The rille has a maximum width of about 10 km , then gradually narrows to less than a kilometer near its terminus . The origins of this rille are believed to be volcanic . The interior floor has been resurfaced and is very level . However , there is a slender rille located on the floor , which can be photographed from Earth with a good telescope and good seeing . The rille has been the subject of numerous transient lunar phenomena observations ."}]}, {'value': '168 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johann Hieronymus Schröter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Hieronymus_Schröter', 'summary': 'Johann Hieronymus Schröter ( 30 August 1745 , Erfurt - 29 August 1816 , Lilienthal ) was a German astronomer .'}]}, {'value': 'Schröter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schröter_(lunar_crater)', 'summary': "Schröter is a lunar impact crater near the mid-part of the Moon , on the eastern Mare Insularum . It was named after German astronomer Johann Hieronymus Schröter . It lies to the north of the craters Sömmering and Mösting . To the southeast of the crater rim is a rille named the Rima Schröter . This cleft begins at a small crater in the mare , then follows a line to the south-southeast . The rim of Schröter is heavily worn and eroded , with a wide gap in the southern wall and a deep indentation to the southeast . There is no central peak at the crater 's midpoint . A widely spaced row of tiny craters forms a line westwards from the north rim of Schröter . Professor W. H. Pickering produced drawings of this crater displaying eruptions of steam that he believed he witnessed . This transient lunar phenomenon was not confirmed by other observers . To the north of Schröter , beginning with the satellite crater Schröter W , is a region of irregular terrain . This area includes an array of linear dark surface markings that appear to criss-cross ."}]}, {'value': 'Vallis Snellius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallis_Snellius', 'summary': 'Vallis Snellius is a linear valley on the near side of the Moon . It is located in the rugged southeastern part of the visible surface , to the south of the Mare Fecunditatis . This feature is radial to the Mare Nectaris basin to the west-northwest , much like Vallis Rheita to the southwest , and the two likely share a common origin . The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 31°06′S 56°00′E / 31.1°S 56.0°E / -31.1 ; 56.0 , and it has a maximum length of 592 km , making it the longest named valley on the Moon . Although linear , this valley is irregular in shape and has been heavily worn by impact erosion , making it difficult to trace across the surface . The crater Snellius from which it is named lies across the valley , which cuts through the southern half of the crater floor . Near the northern part of the valley is the crater Borda .'}]}, {'value': '592 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willebrord Snell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willebrord_Snell', 'summary': 'Willebrord Snellius ( born Willebrord Snel van Royen ) ( 13 June 1580 - 30 October 1626 ) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician , known in the English-speaking world as Snell . In the west , especially the English speaking countries , his name is attached to the law of refraction of light . ( It is now known that this law was already known to Ibn Sahl in 984 . The same law was also investigated by Ptolemy and in the Middle Ages by Witelo , but due to lack of adequate mathematical instruments ( trigonometric functions ) their results were saved as tables , not functions . ) The lunar crater Snellius is named after Willebrord Snellius . The Royal Netherlands Navy has named three survey ships after Snellius , including a currently-serving vessel .'}]}, {'value': 'Snellius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snellius_(crater)', 'summary': 'Snellius is a lunar impact crater located near the southeast limb of the Moon . The rim of Snellius is heavily worn and eroded , with overlapping craterlets . The floor is somewhat irregular and uneven . The western rim marks the start of the Vallis Snellius , one of the longest valleys on the Moon . It continues nearly 500 kilometers to the northwest to near the edge of Mare Nectaris . Its origin is most likely associated with the formation of the lunar mare . To the northeast is the large crater Petavius . South of Snellius is the crater Stevinus . Just to the northwest is Snellius A , a crater with a notable ray system that overlaps the southwest reaches of Mare Fecunditatis to the north . It is named after Dutch astronomer , mathematician and physicist , Willebrord Snellius .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Valleys', 'section_text': 'Several large lunar valleys have been given names . Most of them are named after a nearby crater ; see the list of craters on the Moon for more information .', 'uid': 'List_of_lunar_features_0', 'intro': 'The surface of the Moon has many features, including mountains and valleys, craters, and maria - wide flat areas that look like seas from a distance but are probably solidified molten rock. Some of these features are listed.'} | null | null | What is the diameter of the crater named after the author of De septem disciplinis ? | 49 km |
04425ba04dd47675 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'title': '2002 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Events', 'Gross capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Deer Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deer_Valley', 'summary': 'Deer Valley is an alpine ski resort in the Wasatch Range , located 36 miles ( 58 km ) east of Salt Lake City , in Park City , Utah , United States . The resort , known for its upscale amenities , is consistently ranked among the top ski resorts in North America . Deer Valley was a venue site during 2002 Winter Olympics , hosting the freestyle moguls , aerial , and alpine slalom events . It also regularly hosts competitions for the International Ski Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing ( slalom ) , freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': '13,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E_Center', 'summary': 'The Maverik Center , originally known as the E Center , is a 12,000 seat multi-purpose arena located in West Valley City , Utah , United States . Construction on the arena started in 1996 and was completed in time to hold its first event on September 22 , 1997 . The arena is owned by West Valley City , and managed by Centennial Management Group , Inc. During the 2002 Winter Olympics it served as the main venue for the ice hockey events , and as the venue for ice sledge hockey during the 2002 Winter Paralympics . Today the arena is home to the Utah Grizzlies , and it is also a major venue in the area for numerous concerts and live touring productions .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at the E Center in West Valley City and Peaks Ice Arena in Provo , Utah . The men 's and women 's tournaments were won by Canada , who defeated the host United States in both finals ."}]}, {'value': '10,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park City Mountain Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_City_Mountain_Resort', 'summary': "Park City Mountain Resort is a ski resort in the western United States in Park City , Utah , located 32 miles ( 51 km ) east of Salt Lake City . Park City , as the ski resort and area is known , contains several training courses for the U.S . Ski Team , including slalom and giant slalom runs . During the 2002 Winter Olympics the resort hosted the snowboarding events and the men 's and women 's alpine giant slalom events . Opened in 1963 , the resort has been a major tourist attraction for skiers from all over the United States , as well as a main employer for many of Park City 's citizens . The resort was purchased by Vail Resorts in 2014 and combined the resort with neighboring Canyons Resort via an interconnect gondola to create the largest lift-served ski resort in the United States . During the ski season , most slopes and lifts are open from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing ( giant slalom ) , snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': '16,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peaks Ice Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peaks_Ice_Arena', 'summary': "Peaks Ice Arena is an indoor Ice hockey and Figure skating arena in Provo , Utah , United States , located 43 miles ( 69 km ) south of Salt Lake City . It was built , along with the Maverik Center ( originally known as the E Center ) in West Valley City , to serve as an ice hockey and figure skating practice venue for the 2002 Winter Olympics . It currently serves as the home of the BYU Cougars men 's ice hockey team , Peaks Youth Hockey Association , several high school teams , the Peaks Figure Skating Club , as well as a Learn-to-Skate USA program for beginning skaters of all ages ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salt Lake Ice Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_Ice_Center', 'summary': "Vivint Smart Home Arena is an indoor arena located in Salt Lake City , Utah . The building is owned by the Miller Family Legacy Trust . The arena is the home of the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and has been the home venue for other professional athletic teams such as the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League and the Utah Starzz of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . It seats 18,306 for basketball , has 56 luxury suites , and 668 club seats . Opened in 1991 , the arena was known as the Delta Center , under a naming rights deal with Delta Air Lines , which has a hub at Salt Lake City International Airport . Salt Lake City-based EnergySolutions purchased the naming rights in November 2006 , after Delta decided not to renew their 15-year contract due to filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy the year prior . From 2006 to 2015 , it was known as EnergySolutions Arena . On October 26 , 2015 , the arena was renamed as part of a 10-year naming rights contract with the Provo-based home security system provider Vivint . The arena was also home to the figure skating and short track speed skating competitions of the 2002 Winter Olympics , where it was referred to as the Salt Lake Ice Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating , short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'All figure skating events in 2002 Winter Olympics were held at the Salt Lake Ice Center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': '17,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snowbasin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowbasin', 'summary': 'Snowbasin Resort is a ski resort in the western United States , located in Weber County , Utah , 33 miles ( 53 km ) northeast of Salt Lake City , on the back side of the Wasatch Range . Opened 81 years ago in 1939 , as part of an effort by the city of Ogden to restore the Wheeler Creek watershed , it is one of the oldest continually operating ski resorts in the United States . One of the owners in the early days was Aaron Ross . Over the next fifty years Snowbasin grew , and after a large investment in lifts and snowmaking by owner Earl Holding , Snowbasin hosted the 2002 Winter Olympic alpine skiing races for downhill , combined , and super-G . The movie Frozen was filmed there in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing ( combined , downhill , super-G )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soldier Hollow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soldier_Hollow', 'summary': 'Soldier Hollow is a cross-country ski venue located at the mouth of a hollow of the same name about 53 miles ( 85 km ) southeast of Salt Lake City in Wasatch Mountain State Park in northwestern Wasatch County , Utah , United States . The venue was created for the 2002 Winter Olympics , and during the games it hosted the biathlon , cross-country skiing , and the cross country skiing portion of the Nordic combined events . :81-82 Since hosting the Olympics , it has been developed as a cross-country skiing , tubing , and snowshoeing venue , while featuring mountain biking and golfing in the summer . On May 1 , 2016 , the venue operation contract transferred from the Soldier Hollow Legacy Foundation to the Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation , which owns and operates several Olympic and Paralympic legacy venues elsewhere in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing portion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The cross-country skiing events at the 2002 Winter Olympics were marred by drug problems . The winners of three races were disqualified after blood tests showed that three skiers had overly high red blood cell counts indicating the use of darbepoetin , a drug used to treat anemia . At the time , the drug was not specifically listed in the International Olympic Committee 's ( IOC ) list of banned substances , but the Olympic rules generally prohibit doping of any kind , in accordance with its charter . After two years and several lawsuits in Olympic and Swiss courts , the skiers in question ( Johann Mühlegg of Spain , and Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova of Russia ) were stripped of all their medals from the 2002 Games . See the external links below for the official IOC press releases containing detailed information of the doping cases and their resolution , including initial , intermediate , and final amended results . This article gives the final medalists as decided on by the IOC in early 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 2002 Winter Olympics , consisted of three events held over ten days , from 9 February to 22 February . The ski jumping part took place in Park City , while the cross-country part took place in Soldier Hollow . This was the first Winter Olympics to have two individual Nordic Combined events : the 10 km individual normal hill ( sprint ) and the 10 km individual large hill ( individual ) .'}]}, {'value': '15,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ice Sheet at Ogden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ice_Sheet_at_Ogden', 'summary': 'The Ice Sheet at Ogden , also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet , is located 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden . The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a recreational training center for curling , ice hockey , and figure skating . During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events .'}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place from February 11 to February 18 in Ogden , Utah :'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah Olympic Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Oval', 'summary': 'The Utah Olympic Oval is an indoor speed skating oval located 14 miles ( 23 km ) southwest of Salt Lake City , in Kearns , Utah . The Oval was built for the 2002 Winter Olympics and it hosted the long track speed skating events for the 2002 games . Inside the facility the 400 meter skating track surrounds two international sized ice sheets , and is itself surrounded by a 442 meter running track . Due to its high altitude , 4,675 feet ( 1,425 m ) , and the associated low air resistance , ten Olympic records and nine world records were set at the Oval during the 2002 games , the largest number of world records ever set at one event .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held over fourteen days , from 9 to 23 February . Ten events were contested at the Utah Olympic Oval .'}]}, {'value': '5,236', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah Olympic Park ( bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton track )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Park', 'summary': 'The Utah Olympic Park is a winter sports park built for the 2002 Winter Olympics , and is located 28 miles ( 45 km ) east of Salt Lake City near Park City , Utah , United States . During the 2002 games the park hosted the bobsleigh , skeleton , luge , ski jumping , and Nordic combined events . It still serves a training center for Olympic and development level athletes . Other facilities in addition to the ski jumps and bobsled track located on site include a 2002 Winter Olympics and Ski Museum , day lodge , summer aerial training splash pool , ziplines , and a mountain coaster .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Park_Track', 'summary': 'The Utah Olympic Park Track is a bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton track in the United States , located in the Utah Olympic Park near Park City , Utah . During the 2002 Winter Olympics in nearby Salt Lake City , the track hosted the bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton events . Today the track still serves as a training center for Olympic and development level athletes , and hosts numerous local and international competitions . It is one of two tracks in the nation , the other is at Mt . Van Hoevenberg near Lake Placid , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh , luge , skeleton , Nordic combined ( ski jumping portion ) , ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Three bobsleigh events were competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics , at Utah Olympic Park . The competition took place between February 16 and February 23 , 2002 . For the first time since 1932 , Olympic bobsleigh added a new event , with the first ever women 's competition , won by Jill Bakken and Vonetta Flowers of the United States . The men 's competitions comprised four heats . Teams raced in the first and third heats in the order of the draw . The second heat was raced in order of ranking after the first heat , and the fourth heat is raced in order of the ranking after the first three heats . Total time for the four heats determined the final rank . The two-woman competition utilized two heats , under the same format ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Luge competition at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games was held at Utah Olympic Park in Park City . Three events were staged , taking place from February 10 to February 14 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Skeleton returned to the program of the Winter Olympic Games for the first time in 54 years at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City . This was the first time Olympic competitions in skeleton were held during an Olympics outside of St. Moritz . Both men and women competed , with medals awarded after five runs down the course . Both events were contested on February 20 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 2002 Winter Olympics , consisted of three events held from 10 February to 13 February , taking place at Park City .'}]}, {'value': '18,100 ( ski jumping ) 15,000 ( sliding track )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Venues -- Competitive venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': "The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002, was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC), the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee. Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games, after Missouri, New York, California, and Georgia. These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The opening ceremony was held on February 8, 2002, and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24, 2002. Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters. Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics, although the two subsequent host cities' populations were larger. Following a trend, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games, with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals. The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid. Nevertheless, from sporting and business standpoints, this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs."} | null | null | When did the venue with the capacity of 16,000 first open up ? | 1963 |
044289ba756fad9b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_playoff_series', 'title': 'List of NHL playoff series', 'header': ['Opponent', 'S', 'Occurrences', 'GP', 'Rec', '%'], 'data': [{'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1994 , 1999 , 2001 , 2016 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1968 Stanley Cup playoffs , to decide the 1968 championship of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) was the first after the expansion from six to twelve teams . The playoff system was thus expanded from a four-team to an eight-team tournament , and was designed so that four of the new expansion teams would qualify for the postseason . The defending champion Toronto Maple Leafs did not qualify and a new champion would be crowned . The Montreal Canadiens would defeat the St. Louis Blues in four straight to win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1970_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1969-70 NHL season was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League . For the third straight season , the St. Louis Blues reached the Stanley Cup finals , and for the third straight year , the winners of the expansion West Division were swept four games to none . This time , however , it was at the hands of the Boston Bruins , as the defending champions Montreal Canadiens narrowly missed the playoffs , something that did not happen again for the next quarter century . With both the Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs missing the 1970 Stanley Cup playoffs , it was the first time in league history that neither of the NHL 's two Canadian teams ( at the time ) qualified for the playoffs ( something that has happened only once since , in 2016 , when all of the league 's then seven Canadian teams missed the playoffs ) . It was also the final season that teams wore their colored jerseys at home until the 2003-04 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1971_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1970-71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League . Two new teams , the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division . The Chicago Black Hawks were moved to the West Division . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1972_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1971-72 NHL season was the 55th season of the National Hockey League . Fourteen teams each played 78 games . The Boston Bruins beat the New York Rangers four games to two for their second Stanley Cup in three seasons in the finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 4 , after the conclusion of the 1983-84 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 19 with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the four time defending champion New York Islanders 5-2 to win the Stanley Cup Finals four games to one , the franchise 's first Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1985_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 10 , after the conclusion of the 1984-85 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 30 with the champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 8-3 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1986_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , after the conclusion of the 1985-86 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 24 with the champion Montreal Canadiens defeating the Calgary Flames 4-1 to win the series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup . This was the last time to date that all active Canadian teams have qualified in the same season . It is also the second time that all seven active teams at the time qualified , the first occurring three years earlier . The playoffs of 1986 saw three first place teams eliminated in the opening round and the fourth , Edmonton , bowed out in the second . This would be the last time that all six Sutter brothers would participate in the playoffs in the same year . The Montreal Canadiens decided to go with a rookie goaltender by the name of Patrick Roy . This decision proved to be a good one just like when the Canadiens rode rookie goalie Ken Dryden to a Stanley Cup championship in 1971 . In the Final , the Canadiens beat the Calgary Flames , who were also riding a rookie netminder , Mike Vernon . Patrick Roy won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff MVP and had a sparkling 1.92 goals against average along with 15 wins . St. Louis forwards Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko led the playoffs in scoring with 21 points despite missing the finals ; this feat was not repeated until 1999 . The 1986 playoffs marked the first time that all four former WHA teams made the playoffs in the same year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1989_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1989 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 5 , after the conclusion of the 1988-89 NHL season . This was the final year that all of the Division Semifinals began with teams playing the first four games in a span of five days . The playoffs concluded on May 25 with the champion Calgary Flames defeating the Montreal Canadiens 4-2 to win the Stanley Cup Final series four games to two . It remains the last time that the Cup Finals was contested between two Canadian hockey teams . Montreal finished the regular season with 115 points , only two behind the league leader Calgary . They had last faced each other in 1986 , with Montreal winning in five games . Calgary was only the second opposing team in NHL history to win a Stanley Cup at the Montreal Forum ( the New York Rangers defeated the Montreal Maroons in 1928 ) and the first and only to do so against the Canadiens . Flames defenceman Al MacInnis won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP , while Lanny McDonald , who ended the regular season with exactly 500 goals , got his name on the Cup in his last ever NHL game . Flames co-owner Sonia Scurfield became the first Canadian woman to have her name inscribed on the Stanley Cup . Wayne Gretzky and the Los Angeles Kings met the defending champion Oilers in the first round . Gretzky and the Kings defeated the defending Stanley Cup champions after falling behind 3 games to 1 . In the second round the Kings were swept by the eventual champion Calgary Flames in four games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 3 , 1991 , following the 1990-91 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the first of the 25 consecutive years in which the Detroit Red Wings qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs until their streak finally ended in 2017 . Their streak is tied for the third longest in NHL history , and was the longest active playoff appearance streak in the four major American professional sports . The finals concluded on May 25 with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Minnesota North Stars in the final series four games to two . Pittsburgh forward Mario Lemieux was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . This was the first NHL playoffs without any series sweeps since the 1972-73 season . In addition , this season set the record for most playoff games played with 92 , which stood until 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began after the conclusion of the 1993-94 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven game series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships ; and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New York Rangers defeated the Vancouver Canucks in the seventh game of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . For the first time since joining the NHL , all four former WHA teams ( Edmonton , Hartford , Quebec , and Winnipeg ) failed to make the playoffs . Wayne Gretzky also missed the playoffs for the first time in his career . Conversely , the San Jose Sharks became the first post-1990 expansion team to make the playoffs . All series played between Central and Pacific Division teams had a 2-3-2 format to reduce travel . This remains the last time that two Canadian teams made it to the conference finals in the same year , let alone faced each other in that particular round .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 11 , 2001 , and ended on June 9 , 2001 , when the Western Conference champion Colorado Avalanche defeated the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils to win its second Stanley Cup . Defenceman Ray Bourque , who had a 21-year tenure in Boston , won his first Stanley Cup in his final professional year . Joe Sakic , Swedish center Peter Forsberg , defenceman Rob Blake , and goalkeeper Patrick Roy claimed the Stanley Cup for the final time in their careers . Roy was also awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy , his third , the most by any player . No hat tricks were scored in the 2001 playoffs , and goaltenders combined for a record 19 shutouts . This was the first of ten consecutive seasons the Florida Panthers missed the playoffs , the longest playoff drought in NHL history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2016 and ended on June 12 , 2016 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . For only the second time in league history ( 1970 being the only other time ) , none of the NHL 's Canadian-based teams , seven in total , qualified for the postseason . In addition , for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979 , all four former WHA teams ( the Edmonton Oilers , Arizona Coyotes , Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche ) missed the playoffs . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings ' 25-season playoff appearance streak , the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history . The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999-2000 season - both times winning their division - and fifth time in franchise history . For the fourth time in six years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . And , for only the second time ever ( 1996 being the only other time ) , both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2006 , and only the third time in league history , all Original Six teams who made the playoffs ( three in total ) were eliminated in the first round . The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs , ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history . For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons , a team from California was in the Western Conference Final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 10 , 2019 , after the 2018-19 NHL season , and concluded on June 12 , 2019 , with the St. Louis Blues winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Boston Bruins four games to three in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Tampa Bay Lightning made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to thirteen seasons , the current longest streak . The Carolina Hurricanes made the playoffs for the first time since 2009 , ending a nine-year playoff drought . For the second season in a row , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs were the only Original Six teams to make the playoffs , marking the fifth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 , 2018 ) that only two Original Six teams clinched a playoff berth . For the first time since 2004 , both Southern California teams , the Anaheim Ducks and Los Angeles Kings , missed the playoffs . For the second time in League history ( 2018 ) , both the Detroit Red Wings and Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs . For the first time in NHL history , all division winners were eliminated in the first round as all the wild-cards advanced to the second round . The Columbus Blue Jackets won a playoff series for the first time , defeating the first-place Lightning in four games , and marking the first time in Stanley Cup playoff history that the Presidents ' Trophy winners were swept in the opening round , and the first time since 2012 that the Presidents ' Trophy winners were defeated in the opening round . They were soon followed by the Calgary Flames , who with their five-game loss to the Colorado Avalanche , ensured that for the first time in NHL history , neither of the conference number one seeds advanced to the second round ."}]}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.429', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 , 1991 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 4 , after the conclusion of the 1983-84 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 19 with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the four time defending champion New York Islanders 5-2 to win the Stanley Cup Finals four games to one , the franchise 's first Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 3 , 1991 , following the 1990-91 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the first of the 25 consecutive years in which the Detroit Red Wings qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs until their streak finally ended in 2017 . Their streak is tied for the third longest in NHL history , and was the longest active playoff appearance streak in the four major American professional sports . The finals concluded on May 25 with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Minnesota North Stars in the final series four games to two . Pittsburgh forward Mario Lemieux was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . This was the first NHL playoffs without any series sweeps since the 1972-73 season . In addition , this season set the record for most playoff games played with 92 , which stood until 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 16 , 1997 , following the completion of the 1996-97 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Playoffs ended on June 7 , with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in a four-game sweep to win their eighth Stanley Cup championship in their history , and their first in 42 years . Red Wings goaltender Mike Vernon was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff 's Most Valuable Player . It was also the first time since 1967 that the Boston Bruins failed to qualify for the playoffs , ending their 29-year consecutive playoffs appearances record ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 12 , 2000 , and concluded on June 10 . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for Conference Quarterfinals , Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals , with each conference champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history . Devils defenseman Scott Stevens was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year . This would not happen again until 2014 , when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs . For the first time in history , only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs ( Toronto and Detroit ) . This would only happen again in 2001 ( Toronto and Detroit ) , 2007 ( New York Rangers and Detroit ) , 2018 ( Boston and Toronto ) , and 2019 ( Boston and Toronto ) . Also for the first time , the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season . In addition , both conference finals went to the maximum seven games . This did not happen again until 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 11 , 2001 , and ended on June 9 , 2001 , when the Western Conference champion Colorado Avalanche defeated the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils to win its second Stanley Cup . Defenceman Ray Bourque , who had a 21-year tenure in Boston , won his first Stanley Cup in his final professional year . Joe Sakic , Swedish center Peter Forsberg , defenceman Rob Blake , and goalkeeper Patrick Roy claimed the Stanley Cup for the final time in their careers . Roy was also awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy , his third , the most by any player . No hat tricks were scored in the 2001 playoffs , and goaltenders combined for a record 19 shutouts . This was the first of ten consecutive seasons the Florida Panthers missed the playoffs , the longest playoff drought in NHL history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2003 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 9 , 2003 , following the 2002-03 regular season . The playoffs concluded on June 9 , 2003 , with the New Jersey Devils defeating the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in seven games . The 16 qualifying teams played best-of-seven series in the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and finals . Each conference champion proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . These playoffs marked the first time the Minnesota Wild qualified , in only their third season in the NHL . The Minnesota Wild , a sixth-seed , made an unlikely advance to the Western Conference Finals as underdogs after being down three games to one in two consecutive rounds . This , along with the Canucks ' comeback against the Blues , made for three 3-1 series comebacks in the playoffs , the second time this had happened in NHL playoff history . Despite losing to the Devils in the Stanley Cup Finals , Mighty Ducks goaltender Jean-Sebastien Giguere was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player during the playoffs , marking only the fifth time that the Trophy had ever been awarded to a player on the losing team ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Blackhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1982 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 7 , after the conclusion of the 1981-82 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 16 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Vancouver Canucks 3-1 to win the Final series four games to none and win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1983_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1983 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 5 , after the conclusion of the 1982-83 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 17 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Edmonton Oilers 4-0 to win the Final series four games to none and win the Stanley Cup for the fourth consecutive season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 4 , after the conclusion of the 1983-84 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 19 with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the four time defending champion New York Islanders 5-2 to win the Stanley Cup Finals four games to one , the franchise 's first Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1985_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 10 , after the conclusion of the 1984-85 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 30 with the champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 8-3 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1990_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1990 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 5 , 1990 , following the 1989-90 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the last time that the Detroit Red Wings missed the playoffs until 2017 . They would make the playoffs for 25 consecutive seasons from 1991 to 2016 , excluding 2005 , when the season was cancelled . Since entering the NHL as expansion teams in the 1967-68 NHL season this was the first and only time to date that both the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins missed the playoffs in the same season . The playoffs concluded on May 24 with the Edmonton Oilers winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Boston Bruins in the final series four games to one . Edmonton goaltender Bill Ranford was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 3 , 1991 , following the 1990-91 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the first of the 25 consecutive years in which the Detroit Red Wings qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs until their streak finally ended in 2017 . Their streak is tied for the third longest in NHL history , and was the longest active playoff appearance streak in the four major American professional sports . The finals concluded on May 25 with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Minnesota North Stars in the final series four games to two . Pittsburgh forward Mario Lemieux was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . This was the first NHL playoffs without any series sweeps since the 1972-73 season . In addition , this season set the record for most playoff games played with 92 , which stood until 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Avalanche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 12 , 2000 , and concluded on June 10 . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for Conference Quarterfinals , Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals , with each conference champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history . Devils defenseman Scott Stevens was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year . This would not happen again until 2014 , when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs . For the first time in history , only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs ( Toronto and Detroit ) . This would only happen again in 2001 ( Toronto and Detroit ) , 2007 ( New York Rangers and Detroit ) , 2018 ( Boston and Toronto ) , and 2019 ( Boston and Toronto ) . Also for the first time , the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season . In addition , both conference finals went to the maximum seven games . This did not happen again until 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League began on April 7 , 2004 , following the 2003-04 regular season . The playoffs ended with the Tampa Bay Lightning winning the Stanley Cup with a seven-game series win over the Calgary Flames on June 7 . It was Tampa Bay 's first Stanley Cup victory . It was the Flames ' third final appearance , as they came this far in 1986 and 1989 , winning the latter . The 16 qualified teams , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven games for Conference Quarterfinals , Semifinals and Finals . The winner of each conference proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . The format was identical to the one introduced for the 1999 playoffs . These playoffs marked the first time the Nashville Predators qualified , being in their sixth season in the NHL . Champions Tampa Bay saw playoff action for the third time . This would be the last time that all eastern Canadian teams would make the playoffs together until 2013 . Also , this was the last time , until 2019 that both Southern California teams , the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks , missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 21 , 2006 , following the 2005-06 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , seeded one through eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the Conference Quarterfinals . The conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Finals concluded on June 19 with the Carolina Hurricanes winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Edmonton Oilers in the final series four games to three . Carolina goaltender Cam Ward was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . The Edmonton Oilers would miss the playoffs each year thereafter until 2017 . This was also the last time that the Pittsburgh Penguins missed the playoffs . While the 2005-06 season introduced a shootout to break ties after five minutes of four-on-four overtime , the Stanley Cup playoffs retained their traditional format of unlimited 20-minute periods of five-on-five sudden-death overtime to break ties . The Western Conference made history in the first round when all four series were won by the lower-seeded teams ( conversely , all four series in the Eastern Conference were won by the higher-seeded teams ) . The eighth- and lowest-seeded Oilers proceeded to win the Western Conference and participate in the Stanley Cup Finals . Four Canadian teams qualified for the playoffs this year , this total was not equaled again until 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , 1995 , 1998 , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1992 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 18 , after the conclusion of the 1991-92 NHL season . It was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup , and it was won by the Pittsburgh Penguins , defeating the Chicago Blackhawks . The 1992 playoffs saw history being made , as for the first time ever , all four division winners were eliminated in the same round . In the division finals , the Norris Division champion Detroit Red Wings were swept by the Chicago Blackhawks in four straight games , and the Montreal Canadiens , who had won the Adams Division , suffered the same fate at the hands of the Boston Bruins . The Pittsburgh Penguins eliminated the Patrick Division titlists , the New York Rangers , in six games , while the Vancouver Canucks , the Smythe Division toppers , fell to the Edmonton Oilers , also in six games . A record 54 games were played in the first round , with six of the eight series going the full seven games , in addition three series featured teams coming back from 3-1 series deficits , the most in a single playoff year ; this record was equaled in 2003 . The only two series that did n't go seven games were the Oilers ' six-game win over the Kings , and the Blackhawks ' six-game win over the Blues . This was the last year the Hartford Whalers and Minnesota North Stars qualified for the playoffs . The franchises would not reach the post-season again until 1999 and 1994 respectively . By the time each franchise reached the playoffs again , they were known as the Carolina Hurricanes and the Dallas Stars , respectively . Video replay was used to decide a playoff game for the first time in game six of the Detroit-Minnesota division semifinal . Sergei Fedorov of the Red Wings appeared to hit the crossbar behind Minnesota goalie Jon Casey during the first overtime , but after the North Stars iced the puck immediately afterward , referee Rob Shick called for a video review , which determined that the puck had entered the goal just below the crossbar and caromed off the frame at the back of the net ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League was played between May 6 and June 24 , 1995 . The 1994-95 NHL regular season was shortened to 48 games , and the playoffs pushed to a later date , due to a lockout . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . In the Final , the New Jersey Devils swept the favored Detroit Red Wings in four games to win their first championship . This was the only time Patrick Roy missed the playoffs in his career . His team , the Montreal Canadiens , missed the playoffs for the first time since 1970 . The Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators missed the playoffs this year . Montreal and Ottawa would not miss the playoffs in the same year again until 2016 , when all Canadian teams missed the playoffs . The Quebec Nordiques played their last ever playoff series during this time . They would move to Denver , Colorado during the summer . For the first time since 1980 , no league semifinal/conference final games were played in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 2000 , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 12 , 2000 , and concluded on June 10 . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for Conference Quarterfinals , Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals , with each conference champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history . Devils defenseman Scott Stevens was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year . This would not happen again until 2014 , when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs . For the first time in history , only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs ( Toronto and Detroit ) . This would only happen again in 2001 ( Toronto and Detroit ) , 2007 ( New York Rangers and Detroit ) , 2018 ( Boston and Toronto ) , and 2019 ( Boston and Toronto ) . Also for the first time , the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season . In addition , both conference finals went to the maximum seven games . This did not happen again until 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977 , 1981 , 1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1976-77 NHL season was the 60th season of the National Hockey League . The Kansas City Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado , and became the Colorado Rockies and the California Golden Seals moved to Cleveland , Ohio , and became the Cleveland Barons . The Montreal Canadiens once again dominated the playoffs as , for the second straight year , they swept their opponent four games to none in the final series for the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1981_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1981 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1980-81 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 21 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Minnesota North Stars 5-1 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks', 'summary': 'The Anaheim Ducks are a professional ice hockey team based in Anaheim , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . Since their inception , the Ducks have played their home games at the Honda Center . The club was founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a name based on the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks . Disney sold the franchise in 2005 to Henry and Susan Samueli , who along with then-general manager Brian Burke , changed the name of the team to the Anaheim Ducks before the 2006-07 season . The Ducks have made the playoffs 14 times , won six Pacific Division titles ( 2006-07 , 2012-13 , 2013-14 , 2014-15 , 2015-16 , 2016-17 ) , two Western Conference championships ( 2002-03 and 2006-07 ) , and one Stanley Cup ( 2006-07 ) .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003 , 2008 , 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2003 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 9 , 2003 , following the 2002-03 regular season . The playoffs concluded on June 9 , 2003 , with the New Jersey Devils defeating the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in seven games . The 16 qualifying teams played best-of-seven series in the conference quarterfinals , semifinals , and finals . Each conference champion proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . These playoffs marked the first time the Minnesota Wild qualified , in only their third season in the NHL . The Minnesota Wild , a sixth-seed , made an unlikely advance to the Western Conference Finals as underdogs after being down three games to one in two consecutive rounds . This , along with the Canucks ' comeback against the Blues , made for three 3-1 series comebacks in the playoffs , the second time this had happened in NHL playoff history . Despite losing to the Devils in the Stanley Cup Finals , Mighty Ducks goaltender Jean-Sebastien Giguere was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player during the playoffs , marking only the fifth time that the Trophy had ever been awarded to a player on the losing team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , 2008 , after the 2007-08 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The Buffalo Sabres became the second team to miss the playoffs after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in the prior season . This would not happen again until 2015 . The Finals ended on June 4 , 2008 with the Detroit Red Wings defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two to win their eleventh championship and their fourth in eleven seasons . It was the first championship in the 16-year career of Red Wings winger Dallas Drake , who retired following the season . Red Wings winger Henrik Zetterberg was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' Most Valuable Player . Sidney Crosby and Zetterberg led the tournament with 27 points ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 16 , 2014 and ended June 13 , 2014 when the Los Angeles Kings defeated the New York Rangers four games to one in the Stanley Cup Final . For the first time since 1973 , only one Canadian team qualified for the playoffs : the Montreal Canadiens . This was also the first time since the 1978 Stanley Cup playoffs that no playoff games were played in Western Canada . The Detroit Red Wings increased their consecutive playoff appearance streak to 23 seasons , the longest streak at the time and the fifth longest streak in NHL history . The Dallas Stars ended the league 's third longest active playoff appearance drought , qualifying for the postseason for the first time in six years . For the third time in four years , all three California-based teams again made the playoffs . The Columbus Blue Jackets won their first franchise playoff game on April 19 , 2014 , and their first ever franchise playoff home game at Nationwide Arena on April 23 , 2014 , both against the Pittsburgh Penguins . Three Original Six teams reached the Conference Finals , the first time this has occurred since 1979 . The 2013-14 playoffs opening round featured leads changing hands more so than any other year . After the Anaheim Ducks rallied from a 4-2 deficit to defeat the Dallas Stars in game six of their opening round series on April 27 , 2014 , an NHL record was broken for most multi-goal comebacks by all teams in the opening round , with ten . In all four rounds combined in the previous year 's playoffs , there were only eight such victories . It also marked just the fourth time in NHL playoff history that a team who led a series 3-0 in a seven-game series failed to advance , when the San Jose Sharks lost to the Los Angeles Kings in game seven of the opening round on April 30 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980 , 1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1980 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1979-80 NHL season . This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association ( WHA ) as expansion franchises , and thus the playoffs were also expanded from 12 to 16 teams . Two for those former WHA clubs , the Edmonton Oilers and the Hartford Whalers , made the playoffs in their first season in the NHL . The playoffs concluded on May 24 when the New York Islanders defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 5-4 to win the Final series four games to two and win the Stanley Cup . It was the Islanders ' first Stanley Cup win and was the first of four consecutive Stanley Cup wins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1983_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1983 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 5 , after the conclusion of the 1982-83 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 17 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Edmonton Oilers 4-0 to win the Final series four games to none and win the Stanley Cup for the fourth consecutive season .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971 , 1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1970-71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League . Two new teams , the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division . The Chicago Black Hawks were moved to the West Division . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1980 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1979-80 NHL season . This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association ( WHA ) as expansion franchises , and thus the playoffs were also expanded from 12 to 16 teams . Two for those former WHA clubs , the Edmonton Oilers and the Hartford Whalers , made the playoffs in their first season in the NHL . The playoffs concluded on May 24 when the New York Islanders defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 5-4 to win the Final series four games to two and win the Stanley Cup . It was the Islanders ' first Stanley Cup win and was the first of four consecutive Stanley Cup wins ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973 , 1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1972-73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League . Sixteen teams each played 78 games . Two new teams , the New York Islanders and the Atlanta Flames , made their debuts . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Chicago Black Hawks four games to two in the Stanley Cup Final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1980 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1979-80 NHL season . This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association ( WHA ) as expansion franchises , and thus the playoffs were also expanded from 12 to 16 teams . Two for those former WHA clubs , the Edmonton Oilers and the Hartford Whalers , made the playoffs in their first season in the NHL . The playoffs concluded on May 24 when the New York Islanders defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 5-4 to win the Final series four games to two and win the Stanley Cup . It was the Islanders ' first Stanley Cup win and was the first of four consecutive Stanley Cup wins ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began after the conclusion of the 1993-94 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven game series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships ; and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New York Rangers defeated the Vancouver Canucks in the seventh game of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . For the first time since joining the NHL , all four former WHA teams ( Edmonton , Hartford , Quebec , and Winnipeg ) failed to make the playoffs . Wayne Gretzky also missed the playoffs for the first time in his career . Conversely , the San Jose Sharks became the first post-1990 expansion team to make the playoffs . All series played between Central and Pacific Division teams had a 2-3-2 format to reduce travel . This remains the last time that two Canadian teams made it to the conference finals in the same year , let alone faced each other in that particular round .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League began on April 11 , 2007 . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The series ended on June 6 with the Anaheim Ducks defeating the Ottawa Senators in five games to win their first ever championship . For the first time in NHL history , neither of the two teams that played in the previous year 's Stanley Cup Finals ( the Carolina Hurricanes and the Edmonton Oilers ) qualified for the playoffs . For the first time since 1994 , all four former WHA teams ; Carolina ( formerly the Hartford Whalers ) , Colorado ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , Edmonton , and Phoenix ( formerly the Winnipeg Jets ) missed the playoffs in the same year , this would not happen again until 2013 . Also for the first time since 1994 , the Philadelphia Flyers missed the playoffs . This was the only time that the Atlanta Thrashers qualified for the playoffs in their twelve years in Georgia ( they became the new Winnipeg Jets in 2011 ) . Only two Original Six teams made the playoffs this year , the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings ( this included the Montreal Canadiens ' and the Toronto Maple Leafs ' first absence from the tournament together since 1970 ) . This only happened twice before in 2000 and 2001 , and would not happen again until 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1981 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1980-81 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 21 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Minnesota North Stars 5-1 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1981 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1980-81 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 21 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Minnesota North Stars 5-1 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1968 Stanley Cup playoffs , to decide the 1968 championship of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) was the first after the expansion from six to twelve teams . The playoff system was thus expanded from a four-team to an eight-team tournament , and was designed so that four of the new expansion teams would qualify for the postseason . The defending champion Toronto Maple Leafs did not qualify and a new champion would be crowned . The Montreal Canadiens would defeat the St. Louis Blues in four straight to win the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2016 and ended on June 12 , 2016 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . For only the second time in league history ( 1970 being the only other time ) , none of the NHL 's Canadian-based teams , seven in total , qualified for the postseason . In addition , for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979 , all four former WHA teams ( the Edmonton Oilers , Arizona Coyotes , Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche ) missed the playoffs . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings ' 25-season playoff appearance streak , the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history . The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999-2000 season - both times winning their division - and fifth time in franchise history . For the fourth time in six years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . And , for only the second time ever ( 1996 being the only other time ) , both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2006 , and only the third time in league history , all Original Six teams who made the playoffs ( three in total ) were eliminated in the first round . The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs , ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history . For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons , a team from California was in the Western Conference Final ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville Predators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_Predators', 'summary': "The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville , Tennessee . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998 . Their television broadcasting rights are held by Fox Sports Tennessee , and radio broadcasting rights are held by WPRT-FM . The club was founded in 1998 when the NHL granted an expansion franchise to Craig Leipold . After five seasons , the Predators qualified for their first Stanley Cup playoffs during the 2003-04 season . In 2008 , ownership of the club was transferred from Leipold to a locally based ownership group . The Predators advanced to their first Stanley Cup Finals in 2017 , but were defeated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games . In the following season , the Predators won their first Presidents ' Trophy and Central Division title . The Predators are presently affiliated with the minor league teams Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League and Florida Everblades of the ECHL ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 10 , 2019 , after the 2018-19 NHL season , and concluded on June 12 , 2019 , with the St. Louis Blues winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Boston Bruins four games to three in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Tampa Bay Lightning made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to thirteen seasons , the current longest streak . The Carolina Hurricanes made the playoffs for the first time since 2009 , ending a nine-year playoff drought . For the second season in a row , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs were the only Original Six teams to make the playoffs , marking the fifth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 , 2018 ) that only two Original Six teams clinched a playoff berth . For the first time since 2004 , both Southern California teams , the Anaheim Ducks and Los Angeles Kings , missed the playoffs . For the second time in League history ( 2018 ) , both the Detroit Red Wings and Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs . For the first time in NHL history , all division winners were eliminated in the first round as all the wild-cards advanced to the second round . The Columbus Blue Jackets won a playoff series for the first time , defeating the first-place Lightning in four games , and marking the first time in Stanley Cup playoff history that the Presidents ' Trophy winners were swept in the opening round , and the first time since 2012 that the Presidents ' Trophy winners were defeated in the opening round . They were soon followed by the Calgary Flames , who with their five-game loss to the Colorado Avalanche , ensured that for the first time in NHL history , neither of the conference number one seeds advanced to the second round ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils', 'summary': "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark , New Jersey . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City , Missouri , in 1974 . The Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies . In 1982 , they moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey and took their current name . For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey , the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena ( later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena ) . Before the 2007-08 season , the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark . The franchise was poor to mediocre in the eight years before moving to New Jersey , a pattern that continued during the first five years in New Jersey as they failed to make the Stanley Cup playoffs and never finished higher than fifth in their division . Their fortunes began to turn around following the hiring of president and general manager Lou Lamoriello in 1987 . Under Lamoriello 's stewardship , the Devils made the playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , including 13 berths in a row from 1997 to 2010 , and finished with a winning record every season from 1992-93 to 2009-10 . They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times , most recently in 2009-10 , before transferring to the newly created Metropolitan Division as part of the NHL 's realignment in 2013 . The Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times , winning in 1994-95 , 1999-2000 and 2002-03 , and losing in 2000-01 and 2011-12 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 12 , 2000 , and concluded on June 10 . The 16 teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for Conference Quarterfinals , Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals , with each conference champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history . Devils defenseman Scott Stevens was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year . This would not happen again until 2014 , when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs . For the first time in history , only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs ( Toronto and Detroit ) . This would only happen again in 2001 ( Toronto and Detroit ) , 2007 ( New York Rangers and Detroit ) , 2018 ( Boston and Toronto ) , and 2019 ( Boston and Toronto ) . Also for the first time , the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season . In addition , both conference finals went to the maximum seven games . This did not happen again until 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Islanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Islanders', 'summary': "The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team splits its home games between Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale , New York , and Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . They are the last team in any major professional North American sport to win four consecutive championships . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987-88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to Barclays Center following the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1981 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1980-81 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 21 with the champion New York Islanders defeating the Minnesota North Stars 5-1 to win the Final series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 3 , 1991 , following the 1990-91 regular season . The 16 teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the first of the 25 consecutive years in which the Detroit Red Wings qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs until their streak finally ended in 2017 . Their streak is tied for the third longest in NHL history , and was the longest active playoff appearance streak in the four major American professional sports . The finals concluded on May 25 with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Minnesota North Stars in the final series four games to two . Pittsburgh forward Mario Lemieux was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . This was the first NHL playoffs without any series sweeps since the 1972-73 season . In addition , this season set the record for most playoff games played with 92 , which stood until 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Dallas Stars', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NHL_playoff_series_9', 'intro': 'This is a complete listing of National Hockey League (NHL) playoff series, grouped by franchise. Series featuring relocated teams[nb 1] are kept with their ultimate relocation franchises. Bolded years indicate wins. Years in italics indicate series in progress. Tables are sorted first by the number of series, then the number of wins, and then alphabetically.'} | null | null | In what season did the Pittsburgh Penguins increase their post season streak appearance to 13 ? | 2019 |
04454f861004c2ed | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Engineers_recipients_of_the_Victoria_Cross', 'title': 'List of Royal Engineers recipients of the Victoria Cross', 'header': ['Name', 'Date', 'Conflict', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adam Archibald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Archibald', 'summary': 'Adam Archibald VC ( 14 January 1879 - 10 March 1957 ) was a Scottish First World War recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . In 1915 , Archibald enlisted with the 7th Durham Light Infantry before transferring to the 218th Field Company , Royal Engineers during the second battle of the Sambre . At the age of 39 , he was awarded the Victoria Cross for action while his unit was attempting to bridge the Sambre-Oise Canal . Archibald received his medal from King George V at Buckingham Palace in May 1919 . From his citation :'}]}, {'value': '4 November 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Sambre-Oise Canal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sambre–Oise_Canal', 'summary': "The Canal de la Sambre à l'Oise is a canal in northern France . It forms a connection between the canalised river Sambre ( Meuse basin ) at Landrecies and the Oise ( Seine basin ) at La Fère . The canal is 71 kilometres ( 44 mi ) long , and has 38 locks . The junction made at La Fère is with a branch of the Canal de Saint-Quentin , while the Canal latéral à l'Oise is joined 10.5 km further downstream at Chauny . It was used by the standard Freycinet-gauge péniches , 38.50 metres ( 126.3 ft ) long , and 5.05 metres ( 16.6 ft ) in beam , carrying up to 250 tonnes . The canal , also a popular waterway for boats heading south from the Netherlands and Belgium to the central French waterways , had to be closed in 2006 when two aqueducts were found to be in danger of failing . Funding has been put in place by the owner , Voies Navigables de France , and the local authorities , with support from the State , and it is expected to reopen the canal throughout in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fenton Aylmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_Fenton_Aylmer,_13th_Baronet', 'summary': "Lieutenant-General Sir Fenton John Aylmer , 13th Baronet VC KCB ( 5 April 1862 - 3 September 1935 ) was an Anglo-Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross . He was in command of the first failed efforts to break the siege of Kut in 1916 . From a military background , Aylmer was commissioned into the Indian Army , and immediately involved in fierce fighting on the north-west frontier . In a singularly heroic action , still in his twenties , he helped rescue Townshend 's garrison at Chitral , spearheading the relief column . For his valorous conduct he was awarded the Victoria Cross , and rapid promotion through the officer class ."}]}, {'value': '2 December 1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunza-Nagar Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunza-Nagar_Campaign', 'summary': 'The Hunza-Nagar Campaign was fought in 1891 by troops of the British Raj against the princely states of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit Agency ( now part of the Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan ) . It is known in Pakistan as the Anglo-Brusho War . When Mortimer Durand , Secretary for State of India was appointed administrator of the Gilgit Agency , he opened up the region by building roads , telegraph , and mail systems while maintaining a dialogue with the Mir of Gilgit . He intended to improve the road from Kashmir through Hunza and Nagar and up to the frontier with Russia . The Mirs of Nagar and Hunza saw this as a threat to their natural advantage of remoteness . In 1890 , Durant reinforced Chalt Fort that was near the border due to the rumor that Nagar and Hunza fighters were about to attack it , and continued redeveloping the road up to the fort . In May 1891 , Nagar and Hunza sent a warning to Durant not to continue work on the road to the fort and to vacate the fort , which was on the Gilgit side of the border , else they would regard it as an act of war . Durant reinforced the fort and accelerated the road construction to it , causing Nagar and Hunza to see this as an escalation and so they stopped mail from the British Resident in Chinese Turkmenistan through their territory . British India regarded this as a breach of their 1889 agreement with Hunza , and after an ultimatum was issued and ignored they initiated the Anglo-Brusho Campaign of 1891 . Hunza and Nagar came under a British protectorate in 1893 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nilt', 'summary': "Nilt is a town in Gilgit District , Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan . It is located at 36°15'0N 74°25'0E with an elevation of 2260 metres ( 7417 feet ) . This area was conquered by the British in 1891 as part of the Hunza-Nagar Campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Sever Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Sever_Bell', 'summary': "Colonel Mark Sever Bell , VC , CB ( 15 May 1843 - 26 June 1906 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Born in the Australian colony of New South Wales , his family travelled to England when he was an infant . He was educated at King 's College School and King 's College London , where he was made a Fellow in 1890 . Bell was 30 years old , and a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers , British Army during the First Ashanti Expedition when the following deed took place on 4 February 1874 at the Battle of Ordashu , Ashanti ( now Ghana ) for which he was awarded the VC :"}]}, {'value': '4 February 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third Anglo-Ashanti War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars', 'summary': 'The Anglo-Ashanti Wars were a series of five 19th-century conflicts that took place between 1824 and 1900 , between the Ashanti Empire - in the Akan interior of the Gold Coast - and the British Empire and its allies . The wars were mainly due to Ashanti attempts to establish a stronghold over the coastal areas of present-day Ghana . Coastal peoples such as the Fante and the Ga came to rely on British protection against Ashanti incursions .'}]}, {'value': 'Ordashu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Ordashu', 'summary': 'The Battle of Ordashu was a battle fought on 4 February 1874 during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War when Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated the Ashantis . The attack was led by the 42nd Regiment of Foot . Lieutenant Mark Sever Bell won the Victoria Cross during the action .'}]}, {'value': 'John Chard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Chard', 'summary': "Colonel John Rouse Merriott Chard VC ( 21 December 1847 - 1 November 1897 ) was a British Army officer who received the Victoria Cross , the highest military decoration for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces . He earned the decoration for his role in the defence of Rorke 's Drift in January 1879 where he commanded a small British garrison of 139 soldiers that successfully repulsed an assault by some 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The battle was recreated in the film Zulu in which Chard was portrayed by Stanley Baker . Born near Plymouth , Chard attended the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich and was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in July 1868 . He was involved with the construction of fortifications in the Bermuda Garrison ( three years ) and at Malta ( two years ) before he was deployed to southern Africa at the start of the Anglo-Zulu War . At the end of the war he returned to a hero 's welcome in England and was invited to an audience with Queen Victoria . After a series of overseas postings he took up his final position in Perth , Scotland . He retired from the army as a colonel in 1897 after he was diagnosed with terminal cancer and died at his brother 's home in Somerset later that year ."}]}, {'value': '22-23 January 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglo-Zulu War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War', 'summary': "The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . Frere , on his own initiative , without the approval of the British government [ d ] and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu , had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878 , to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply , including disbanding his army and abandoning key cultural traditions . [ e ] Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand after this ultimatum was not met . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles , including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana , followed by the defeat of a large Zulu army at Rorke 's Drift by a small force of British troops . The war eventually resulted in a British victory and the end of the Zulu nation 's dominance of the region ."}]}, {'value': "Rorke 's Drift", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke's_Drift", 'summary': "The Battle of Rorke 's Drift , also known as the Defence of Rorke 's Drift , was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War . The successful defence of the mission station of Rorke 's Drift , under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead , followed Britain 's defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and continued into the following day . Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors . The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke 's Drift came very close to defeating the much smaller garrison , but were repelled . Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders , along with a number of other decorations and honours ."}]}, {'value': 'Brett Cloutman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Cloutman', 'summary': "Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Brett Mackay Cloutman VC MC KC ( 7 November 1891 - 15 August 1971 ) was a British Army officer who was awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Brett Cloutman was educated at Berkhamsted School , Bishop 's Stortford College and London University where he was a member of the Royal Engineers contingent of the university 's Officers ' Training Corps . At the outbreak of World War I Cloutman enlisted as a Rifleman in the Rangers ( 12th Battalion , London Regiment ) , reached the rank of Lance-Corporal , and in 1915 was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Kent ( Fortress ) Engineers , a Territorial Force unit ."}]}, {'value': '6 November 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Pont-sur-Sambre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pont-sur-Sambre', 'summary': 'Pont-sur-Sambre is a commune in the Nord department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'Clifford Coffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_Coffin', 'summary': 'Major General Clifford Coffin VC CB DSO & Bar ( 10 February 1870 - 4 February 1959 ) was an officer in the British Army and was a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '31 July 1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Westhoek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westhoek_(region)', 'summary': 'Westhoek ( Dutch for west corner ) or Maritime Flanders ( French : Flandre maritime ) is a region in Belgium and France and includes the following areas :'}]}, {'value': 'James Morris Colquhoun Colvin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Morris_Colquhoun_Colvin', 'summary': 'Colonel James Morris Colquhoun Colvin VC ( 26 August 1870 - 7 December 1945 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '16-17 September 1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Mohmand Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Mohmand_Campaign', 'summary': 'The First Mohmand campaign was a British military campaign against the Mohmands from 1897 to 1898 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohmand Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohmand_Valley', 'summary': 'Mohmand ( or Momand ) ( Pashto : مومند ) is a Pashtun tribe son of Daulatyar tribe grandson of Ghoryakhel mainly live in Nangarhar , Afghanistan and Mohmand Agency , Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'James Lennox Dawson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Lennox_Dawson', 'summary': 'Colonel James Lennox Dawson VC ( 25 December 1891 - 15 February 1967 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Dawson enlisted into the 5th Cameronians in November 1914 , but transferred to the Royal Engineers in March 1915 .'}]}, {'value': '13 October 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Hohenzollern Redoubt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hohenzollern_Redoubt', 'summary': 'The Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt took place from 13-19 October 1915 , at the Hohenzollern Redoubt ( Hohenzollernwerk ) near Auchy-les-Mines in France , on the Western Front in World War I . In the aftermath of the Battle of Loos ( 25 September - 8 October 1915 ) , the 9th ( Scottish ) Division captured the strongpoint and then lost it to a German counter-attack . The British attack on 13 October failed and resulted in 3,643 casualties , mostly in the first few minutes . In the British Official History , J. E. Edmonds wrote that The fighting [ from 13-14 October ] had not improved the general situation in any way and had brought nothing but useless slaughter of infantry .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert James Thomas Digby-Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_James_Thomas_Digby-Jones', 'summary': 'Robert James Thomas Digby-Jones ( 27 September 1876 - 6 January 1900 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '6 January 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ladysmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal', 'summary': 'Ladysmith is a city in the Uthukela District of KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa . It lies 230 kilometres ( 140 mi ) north-west of Durban and 365 kilometres ( 227 mi ) south-east of Johannesburg . Important industries in the area include food processing , textiles , and tyre production . Motor vehicle tyres are produced by Sumitomo Rubber South Africa in the nearby township of Steadville . Ladysmith is the seat for both the Alfred Duma Local Municipality and Uthukela District Municipality . In 1900 , the unincorporated town of Oyster Harbour ( established c. 1898 ) on the east coast of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada , was renamed Ladysmith by James Dunsmuir , in honour of the British lifting the siege of Ladysmith in South Africa ( 28 February 1900 ) during the Second Boer War .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Frank Durrant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Frank_Durrant', 'summary': 'Thomas Frank Durrant VC ( 17 October 1918 - 28 March 1942 ) was a soldier in the British Army during the Second World War and a posthumous English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . His award of the Victoria Cross was unique in that it is the only award given to a soldier in a naval action and it was on the recommendation of the enemy commander .'}]}, {'value': '28 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'St Nazaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid', 'summary': 'The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot was a British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German-occupied France during the Second World War . The operation was undertaken by the Royal Navy and British Commandos under the auspices of Combined Operations Headquarters on 28 March 1942 . St Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large German warship in need of repairs , such as Tirpitz , sister ship of Bismarck , to return to home waters by running the gauntlet of the Home Fleet of the Royal Navy and other British forces , via the English Channel or the GIUK gap . The obsolete destroyer HMS Campbeltown , accompanied by 18 smaller craft , crossed the English Channel to the Atlantic coast of France and was rammed into the Normandie dock gates . The ship had been packed with delayed-action explosives , well-hidden within a steel and concrete case , that detonated later that day , putting the dock out of service until 1948 . A force of commandos landed to destroy machinery and other structures . German gunfire sank , set ablaze , or immobilised virtually all the small craft intended to transport the commandos back to England . The commandos fought their way through the town to escape overland but many surrendered when they ran out of ammunition or were surrounded by the Wehrmacht defending Saint-Nazaire . Of the 611 men who undertook the raid , 228 returned to Britain , 169 were killed and 215 became prisoners of war . German casualties included over 360 dead , some of whom were killed after the raid when Campbeltown exploded . To recognise their bravery , 89 members of the raiding party were awarded decorations , including five Victoria Crosses . After the war , St Nazaire was one of 38 battle honours awarded to the Commandos .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard Craufurd Elphinstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Craufurd_Elphinstone', 'summary': 'Major General Sir Howard Craufurd Elphinstone , VC , KCB , CMG ( 12 December 1829 - 8 March 1890 ) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '18 June 1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_War', 'summary': "The Crimean War ( French : Guerre de Crimée ; Russian : Кры́мская война́ , romanized : Krymskaya voyna or Russian : Восто́чная война́ , romanized : Vostochnaya voyna , lit . 'Eastern War ' ; Turkish : Kırım Savaşı ; Italian : Guerra di Crimea ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance made up of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at the Ottoman Empire 's expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a greater confusion of purpose , yet they led to a war noted for its notoriously incompetent international butchery . While the churches worked out their differences and came to an agreement , Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down . Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection . Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to . When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement , Nicholas recanted and prepared for war . Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853 . The war started in the Balkans in July 1853 , when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities ( now part of Romania ) , which were under Ottoman suzerainty , then began to cross the Danube ."}]}, {'value': 'Sevastopol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854–1855)', 'summary': "The siege of Sevastopol ( at the time called in English the siege of Sebastopol ) lasted from October 1854 until September 1855 , during the Crimean War . The allies ( French , Ottoman , and British ) landed at Eupatoria on 14 September 1854 , intending to make a triumphal march to Sevastopol , the capital of the Crimea , with 50,000 men . The 56-kilometre ( 35 mi ) traverse took a year of fighting against the Russians . Major battles along the way were Alma ( September 1854 ) , Balaklava ( October 1854 ) , Inkerman ( November 1854 ) , Tchernaya ( August 1855 ) , Redan ( September 1855 ) , and , finally , Malakoff ( September 1855 ) . During the siege , the allied navy undertook six bombardments of the capital , on 17 October 1854 ; and on 9 April , 6 June , 17 June , 17 August , and 5 September 1855 . Sevastopol is one of the classic sieges of all time . The city of Sevastopol was the home of the Tsar 's Black Sea Fleet , which threatened the Mediterranean . The Russian field army withdrew before the allies could encircle it . The siege was the culminating struggle for the strategic Russian port in 1854-55 and was the final episode in the Crimean War . During the Victorian Era , these battles were repeatedly memorialized . The siege of Sevastopol was the subject of Crimean soldier Leo Tolstoy 's Sebastopol Sketches and the subject of the first Russian feature film , Defence of Sevastopol . The Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's poem The Charge of the Light Brigade and Robert Gibb 's painting The Thin Red Line ."}]}, {'value': 'George de Cardonnel Elmsall Findlay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_de_Cardonnel_Elmsall_Findlay', 'summary': 'Colonel George de Cardonnel Elmsall Findlay VC MC & Bar ( 20 August 1889 - 26 June 1967 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Findlay was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in January 1910 . He was awarded a Military Cross for gallantry at the Battle of Passchendale after which he took command of 409 ( Lowland ) Field Company , a territorial company in June 1917 .'}]}, {'value': '4 November 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Sambre-Oise Canal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sambre–Oise_Canal', 'summary': "The Canal de la Sambre à l'Oise is a canal in northern France . It forms a connection between the canalised river Sambre ( Meuse basin ) at Landrecies and the Oise ( Seine basin ) at La Fère . The canal is 71 kilometres ( 44 mi ) long , and has 38 locks . The junction made at La Fère is with a branch of the Canal de Saint-Quentin , while the Canal latéral à l'Oise is joined 10.5 km further downstream at Chauny . It was used by the standard Freycinet-gauge péniches , 38.50 metres ( 126.3 ft ) long , and 5.05 metres ( 16.6 ft ) in beam , carrying up to 250 tonnes . The canal , also a popular waterway for boats heading south from the Netherlands and Belgium to the central French waterways , had to be closed in 2006 when two aqueducts were found to be in danger of failing . Funding has been put in place by the owner , Voies Navigables de France , and the local authorities , with support from the State , and it is expected to reopen the canal throughout in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Graham', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Sir Gerald Graham , VC , GCB , GCMG ( 27 June 1831 - 17 December 1899 ) was a senior British Army commander in the late 19th century and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '18 June 1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_War', 'summary': "The Crimean War ( French : Guerre de Crimée ; Russian : Кры́мская война́ , romanized : Krymskaya voyna or Russian : Восто́чная война́ , romanized : Vostochnaya voyna , lit . 'Eastern War ' ; Turkish : Kırım Savaşı ; Italian : Guerra di Crimea ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance made up of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at the Ottoman Empire 's expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a greater confusion of purpose , yet they led to a war noted for its notoriously incompetent international butchery . While the churches worked out their differences and came to an agreement , Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down . Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection . Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to . When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement , Nicholas recanted and prepared for war . Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853 . The war started in the Balkans in July 1853 , when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities ( now part of Romania ) , which were under Ottoman suzerainty , then began to cross the Danube ."}]}, {'value': 'Sevastopol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854–1855)', 'summary': "The siege of Sevastopol ( at the time called in English the siege of Sebastopol ) lasted from October 1854 until September 1855 , during the Crimean War . The allies ( French , Ottoman , and British ) landed at Eupatoria on 14 September 1854 , intending to make a triumphal march to Sevastopol , the capital of the Crimea , with 50,000 men . The 56-kilometre ( 35 mi ) traverse took a year of fighting against the Russians . Major battles along the way were Alma ( September 1854 ) , Balaklava ( October 1854 ) , Inkerman ( November 1854 ) , Tchernaya ( August 1855 ) , Redan ( September 1855 ) , and , finally , Malakoff ( September 1855 ) . During the siege , the allied navy undertook six bombardments of the capital , on 17 October 1854 ; and on 9 April , 6 June , 17 June , 17 August , and 5 September 1855 . Sevastopol is one of the classic sieges of all time . The city of Sevastopol was the home of the Tsar 's Black Sea Fleet , which threatened the Mediterranean . The Russian field army withdrew before the allies could encircle it . The siege was the culminating struggle for the strategic Russian port in 1854-55 and was the final episode in the Crimean War . During the Victorian Era , these battles were repeatedly memorialized . The siege of Sevastopol was the subject of Crimean soldier Leo Tolstoy 's Sebastopol Sketches and the subject of the first Russian feature film , Defence of Sevastopol . The Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's poem The Charge of the Light Brigade and Robert Gibb 's painting The Thin Red Line ."}]}, {'value': 'William Hackett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hackett_(VC)', 'summary': 'William Hackett VC ( 11 June 1873 - 27 June 1916 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '22-23 June 1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée', 'summary': 'Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France .'}]}, {'value': 'Reginald Clare Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reginald_Clare_Hart', 'summary': 'General Sir Reginald Clare Hart , VC , GCB , KCVO ( 11 June 1848 - 18 October 1931 ) , was an Irish British Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '31 January 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Anglo-Afghan War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War', 'summary': "The Second Anglo-Afghan War ( Pashto : د افغان-انګرېز دويمه جګړه ) was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880 , when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty , the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan . The war was part of the Great Game between the British and Russian empires . The war was split into two campaigns - the first began in November 1878 with the British invasion of Afghanistan . The British were quickly victorious and forced the Amir - Sher Ali Khan to flee . Ali 's successor Mohammad Yaqub Khan immediately sued for peace and the Treaty of Gandamak was then signed on 26 May 1879 . The British sent an envoy and mission led by Sir Louis Cavagnari to Kabul but on 3 September this mission was massacred and the conflict was reignited by Ayub Khan which led to the abdication of Yaqub . The second campaign ended in September 1880 when the British decisively defeated Ayub Khan outside Kandahar . A new Amir - Abdur Rahman Khan selected by the British , ratified and confirmed the Gandamak treaty once more . When the British and Indian soldiers had withdrawn , the Afghans agreed to let the British attain all of their geopolitical objectives , as well as create a buffer between the British Raj and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Bazar Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bazar_Valley', 'summary': 'The Bazar Valley campaign of 1908 was a punitive expedition against the Zakka Khel clan of the Afridi , a Pakhtun tribe inhabiting the mountains on the Peshawar border of the North West Frontier province of British India . It was undertaken by the Bazar Valley Field Force , under the command of General Sir James Willcocks . The campaign began on 12 February 1908 , and was concluded by a jirga and peace in March 1908 . The satirical magazine , Punch , characterised the campaign as Willcocks Weekend War . The main British Army elements were the Seaforth Highlanders and the 37th Lancers . Regiments of the British Indian Army included sections of the 45th and 53rd Sikhs , the Madras Sappers and 5 Gorkha Rifles . Archibald Percival , 1st Earl Wavell took part in this campaign as a junior officer .'}]}, {'value': 'Lanoe Hawker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanoe_Hawker', 'summary': 'Lanoe George Hawker , VC , DSO ( 30 December 1890 - 23 November 1916 ) was a British flying ace of the First World War . Having seven credited victories , he was the third pilot to receive the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry awarded to British and Commonwealth servicemen . He was killed in a dogfight with the famous German flying ace Manfred von Richthofen ( The Red Baron ) , who described him as the British Boelcke .'}]}, {'value': '25 July 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Passendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Passendale', 'summary': 'Passendale ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈpɑsə ( n ) daːlə ] ) or Passchendaele ( /ˈpæʃəndeɪl/ ; obsolete spelling , retained in English ; West Flemish : Passchendoale ) is a rural Belgian village in the Zonnebeke municipality of West Flanders province . It is close to the town of Ypres , situated on the hill ridge separating the historical wetlands of the Yser and Leie valleys . It is also commonly known as a battlefield and the name of a campaign during World War I , the Battle of Passchendaele .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Jarvis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Jarvis_(VC)', 'summary': 'Charles Alfred Jarvis VC ( 29 March 1881 - 19 November 1948 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Jarvis was born in the Admiralty Buildings , Saltoun Place , Fraserburgh , Aberdeenshire on 29 March 1881 . His father was a coastguard and also called Charles Alfred Jarvis . He lived most of his early life in Carnoustie , Angus , where there is now a memorial to him . He was also honoured by Fraserburgh in 2014 . He joined the Royal Engineers in 1899 and travelled with his unit to Singapore . He was transferred to the reserve in 1907 . In civilian life , Jarvis was a metalworker and a member of the Walthamstow Branch of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers . At the outbreak of World War I he was recalled to service . He was 33 years old , and a lance-corporal in the 57th Field Company , Royal Engineers , British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC ( the first VC of the war ) . Only three weeks into the war on 23 August 1914 at Jemappes , Belgium , Lance-Corporal Jarvis worked for 1½ hours under heavy fire , in full view of the enemy and finally succeeded in firing charges for the demolition of a bridge . He was wounded in the process .'}]}, {'value': '23 August 1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Jemappes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jemappes', 'summary': 'Jemappes ( in older texts also : Jemmapes ) is a Walloon town in south-western Belgium , province Hainaut . Since 1973 , it is part of the city Mons . Jemappes is known for the Battle of Jemappes between the French and Austrian armies in 1792 . During the French occupation of Belgium ( 1792-1814 ) , there was a département named after the Battle of Jemappes , Jemmape . Jemappes was also a battleground in the First World War .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Henry Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Johnson', 'summary': 'Frederick Henry Johnson VC ( 15 August 1890 - 26 November 1917 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '25 September 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Hill 70', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_70', 'summary': 'The Battle of Hill 70 took place in the First World War between the Canadian Corps and four divisions of the German 6th Army . The battle took place along the Western Front on the outskirts of Lens in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France between 15 and 25 August 1917 . The objectives of the assault were to inflict casualties and to draw German troops away from the 3rd Battle of Ypres and to make the German hold on Lens untenable . The Canadian Corps executed an operation to capture Hill 70 and then establish defensive positions from which combined small-arms and artillery fire , some of which used the new technique of predicted fire , would repel German counter-attacks and inflict as many casualties as possible . The goals of the Canadian Corps were only partially accomplished ; the Germans were prevented from transferring local divisions to the Ypres Salient but failed to draw in troops from other areas . A later attempt by the Canadian Corps to extend its position into the city of Lens failed but the German and Canadian assessments of the battle concluded that it succeeded in its attrition objective . The battle was costly for both sides and many casualties were suffered from extensive use of poison gas , including the new German Yellow Cross shell containing the blistering agent sulphur mustard ( mustard gas ) .'}]}, {'value': 'William Henry Johnston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Johnston', 'summary': 'William Henry Johnston VC ( 21 December 1879 - 8 June 1915 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Born 21 December 1879 in Leith , Edinburgh to Maj. William Johnston and Mary Johnston . Johnston was a captain in the 59th Field Company , Corps of Royal Engineers , British Army . He was 34 years old , on 14 September 1914 during the Race to the Sea at Missy , France , in the First World War , he performed an act of bravery for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross . His citation read :'}]}, {'value': '14 September 1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Missy-sur-Aisne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy-sur-Aisne', 'summary': 'Missy-sur-Aisne is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Howard Kirby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Howard_Kirby', 'summary': 'Group Captain Frank Howard Kirby , VC , CBE , DCM ( 12 November 1871 - 8 July 1956 ) was a British military officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '2 June 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': 'Delagoa Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delagoa_Bay', 'summary': "Maputo Bay ( Portuguese : Baía de Maputo ) , formerly also known as Delagoa Bay from Baía da Lagoa in Portuguese , is an inlet of the Indian Ocean on the coast of Mozambique , between 25° 40 ' and 26° 20 ' S , with a length from north to south of over 90 km long and 32 km wide ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Royal Engineer recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Royal_Engineers_recipients_of_the_Victoria_Cross_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Royal Engineers recipients of the Victoria Cross.The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration that may be bestowed upon members of the British or Commonwealth armed forces for acts of valour or gallantry performed in the face of the enemy. Within the British honours system and those of many Commonwealth nations it is the highest award a soldier can receive for actions in combat. It was established in 1856 and since then has been awarded 1,356 times, including three service personnel who were awarded the VC twice. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War. The traditional explanation of the source of the gunmetal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the siege of Sevastopol. Recent research has thrown doubt on this story, suggesting a variety of origins. The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously. Between 1897 and 1901, several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy in 1902, six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC, but not officially awarded the medal. In 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men. The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous. Due to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £400,000 at auction.'} | null | null | This Anglo-Irish Lieutenant-General received his Victoria Cross for helping rescue Townshend 's garrison at Chitral in a conflict known in Pakistan as what ? | Anglo-Brusho War |
04467206a03f1d6b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Slovakia_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Slovakia at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veronika Velez-Zuzulová', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veronika_Velez-Zuzulová', 'summary': "Veronika Velez-Zuzulová ( née Zuzulová ; born 15 July 1984 ) is a retired Slovakian alpine ski racer . Born in Bratislava , she specialised in the slalom and is the most successful Slovak alpine skier in recent years . She was coached by her father , Timotej Zuzula , and Vladimír Kovár . In April 2012 , she married coach Romain Velez and added her maiden name to her married name becoming Velez-Zuzulová . Velez-Zuzulová started skiing at age 3 ; at 14 she won the Trofeo Topolino in Italy , an unofficial children 's world championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danka Barteková', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danka_Barteková', 'summary': "Danka Barteková ( 19 October 1984 in Trenčín , Czechoslovakia ) is a Slovak skeet shooter . Barteková finish 8th at Women 's Skeet event at the 2008 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal in Women 's Skeet at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She also competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics . In 2012 , she was elected to the IOC Athletes ' Commission . She will serve as an IOC member for eight years ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting', 'summary': "Shooting is the act or process of discharging a projectile from a ranged weapon ( such as a gun , slingshot , crossbow , or bow ) . Even the acts of launching/discharging artillery , darts , grenades , rockets and guided missiles can be considered acts of shooting . When using a firearm , the act of shooting is often called firing as it involves initiating a combustion process ( deflagration ) . Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field , in shooting sports , hunting or in combat . The person involved in the shooting activity is called a shooter . A skilled , accurate shooter is a marksman or sharpshooter , and a person 's level of shooting proficiency is referred to as their marksmanship ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zdeno Chára', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zdeno_Chára', 'summary': "Zdeno Chára ( Slovak pronunciation : [ ˈzdɛnɔ ˈxaːra ] ; born 18 March 1977 ) is a Slovak professional ice hockey defenseman who serves as captain of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy while playing for the Bruins in the 2008-09 season . Standing at 6 feet 9 inches ( 2.06 m ) tall , Chára is the tallest person ever to play in the NHL . He is also the second European-born and raised captain to win the Stanley Cup ( in 2011 ) , and the first born and trained in a country within the Iron Curtain . [ notes 1 ] As of the 2019-20 season , Chára is the tallest and oldest active NHL player as well as the last defenseman to have played in the NHL in the 1990 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jozef Gönci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jozef_Gönci', 'summary': "Jozef Gönci ( born March 18 , 1974 in Košice ) is a Slovak sport shooter , specialising in the 50 m Rifle and 10 m Air Rifle . Gönci won independent Slovakia 's first ever Olympic Medal , a bronze in Atlanta in 1996 . He won another bronze medal eight years later at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting', 'summary': "Shooting is the act or process of discharging a projectile from a ranged weapon ( such as a gun , slingshot , crossbow , or bow ) . Even the acts of launching/discharging artillery , darts , grenades , rockets and guided missiles can be considered acts of shooting . When using a firearm , the act of shooting is often called firing as it involves initiating a combustion process ( deflagration ) . Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field , in shooting sports , hunting or in combat . The person involved in the shooting activity is called a shooter . A skilled , accurate shooter is a marksman or sharpshooter , and a person 's level of shooting proficiency is referred to as their marksmanship ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Žigmund Pálffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Žigmund_Pálffy', 'summary': 'Žigmund Pálffy ( Slovak pronunciation : [ ˈʒiɡmunt ˈpaːlfi ] ; born May 5 , 1972 ) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey player . He was nicknamed Žigo in Slovak and Ziggy in English . He played right wing for the New York Islanders , Los Angeles Kings , and Pittsburgh Penguins between 1993 and 2006 . He announced his retirement in January 2006 , and his comeback from retirement in the summer of 2007 . Pálffy signed a contract to play for his boyhood club HK 36 Skalica in the 2007-08 season and continued to do so until the end of his career . He also retracted his decision from 2005 never to play for the Slovak national team again by participating at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , where he was also the flagbearer . In July 2013 , he announced his definite retirement .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Kaliská', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elena_Kaliská', 'summary': 'Elena Kaliská ( born 19 January 1972 ) is a Slovak slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 1988 . Competing in four Summer Olympics , she won two gold medals in the K1 event , earning them in 2004 and 2008 . Kaliská also won five medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with two golds ( K1 : 2005 , K1 team : 2011 ) , two silvers ( K1 : 2007 , K1 team : 2009 ) and a bronze ( K1 team : 2014 ) . She has won the overall World Cup title 6 times ( 2000-2001 , 2003-2006 ) , which is a record among women . At the European Championships she won a total of 16 medals ( 8 golds , 4 silvers and 4 bronzes ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoe slalom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoe_slalom', 'summary': 'Canoe slalom ( previously known as whitewater slalom ) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream gates on river rapids in the fastest time possible . It is one of the two kayak and canoeing disciplines at the Summer Olympics , and is referred to by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as Canoe/Kayak Slalom . The other Olympic canoeing discipline is canoe sprint . Wildwater canoeing is a non-Olympic paddlesport .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Marx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Marx', 'summary': "Walter Marx ( born 17 May 1978 in Poprad ) is a Slovak luger who competed from 1993 to 2006 . Competing in two Winter Olympics , he earned his best finish of ninth in the men 's doubles event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . Marx carried the Slovak flag at the 2006 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony . Marx 's best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was seventh in the men 's doubles event at Park City , Utah in 2005 . He served as a technical delegate to the FIL World Luge Championships 2009 in Lake Placid , New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge', 'summary': "A luge /luːʒ/ is a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleds supine ( face up ) and feet-first . A luger steers by using their calf muscles to flex the sled 's runners or by exerting opposite shoulder pressure to the seat . Racing sleds weigh 21-25 kg ( 46-55 lb ) for singles and 25-30 kg ( 55-66 lb ) for doubles . Luge is also the name of an Olympic sport . Lugers can reach speeds of 140 km/h ( 87 mph ) . Austrian Manuel Pfister reached a top speed of 154 km/h ( 96 mph ) on a track in Whistler , Canada , prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics . Lugers compete against a timer in one of the most precisely timed sports in the world - to one one-thousandth of a second on artificial tracks . The first recorded use of the term luge dates to 1905 and derives from the Savoy/Swiss dialect of the French word luge , meaning small coasting sled ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michal Martikán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michal_Martikán', 'summary': 'Michal Martikán ( Slovak pronunciation : [ ˈmixal ˈmaɾtikaːn ] ; born 18 May 1979 ) is a Slovak slalom canoeist who has been competing at the international level since 1994 . In 1996 he became the first athlete to win an Olympic gold medal for Slovakia since the country gained independence in 1993 . In total he won 5 Olympic medals ( 2 golds , 2 silvers and 1 bronze ) , which is the most among all slalom paddlers . He has also won the World Championship title in the C1 individual category four times . He is considered by many the greatest C1 slalom paddler alive .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoe slalom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoe_slalom', 'summary': 'Canoe slalom ( previously known as whitewater slalom ) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream gates on river rapids in the fastest time possible . It is one of the two kayak and canoeing disciplines at the Summer Olympics , and is referred to by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as Canoe/Kayak Slalom . The other Olympic canoeing discipline is canoe sprint . Wildwater canoeing is a non-Olympic paddlesport .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Róbert Petrovický', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Róbert_Petrovický', 'summary': 'Róbert Petrovický ( Slovak pronunciation : [ ˈɾɔːbɛɾt ˈpɛtɾɔʋitskiː ] ; born 26 October 1973 ) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey right winger . He played in the NHL for the Hartford Whalers , Dallas Stars , St. Louis Blues , Tampa Bay Lightning and the New York Islanders . In 2009/2010 season he played for Dinamo Riga in the Kontinental Hockey League . He captained team Slovakia at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Petrovicky was the last Hartford Whaler and Springfield Indian to be active in professional hockey .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slavomír Kňazovický', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slavomír_Kňazovický', 'summary': 'Slavomír Kňazovický ( born 3 May 1967 in Piešťany ) is a Czechoslovak-Slovak sprint canoer who competed from the early 1990s to the early 2000s ( decade ) . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he won a silver in the C-1 500 m event at Atlanta in 1996 . An out-and-out sprinter , his preferred distance was in fact the 200 m ( not included on the Olympic schedule ) . In 1997 he became European C-1 200 m champion in Plovdiv , Bulgaria . The following year he won the silver medal in Szeged , Hungary . In 1999 he was a bronze medallist at both the World and European Championships . Kňazovický also earned a bronze in the C-4 500 m event at the 1994 World championships in Mexico City . Kňazovický is now the coach of the current Slovakian number one Marián Ostrčil .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoe sprint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoe_sprint', 'summary': 'Canoe sprint is a sport in which athletes race canoes or kayaks on calm water .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Bátory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Bátory', 'summary': "Ivan Bátory ( born 3 May 1975 ) is a Slovak cross-country skier who has competed at the international senior level of cross-country skiing since 1993 . He was born in Liptovský Mikuláš and lives in Uhorská Ves . Bátory competed in all eight World Ski Championships from 1995 to 2009 ( best finish : sixth in 15 km at Val di Fiemme in 2003 ) , all five Winter Olympics from 1994 to 2010 ( best result : eighth in team sprint at Turin in 2006 ) , and all three Tour de Ski events from 2006-07 to 2008-09 . Bátory 's best World Cup results are three third places from Kiruna ( 1999 , 10 km classical ) , Davos ( 2001 , 15 km classical ) , and Beitostølen ( 2005 , 15 km classical ) . His best World Championships result is sixth place in the 15 km classical event in Val di Fiemme in 2003 , and his best Olympic result is eighth place in the team sprint in Turin in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing', 'summary': 'Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain , rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance . Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity ; however , some still use it as a means of transportation . Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved , sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for the sport . Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing , from which all skiing disciplines evolved , including alpine skiing , ski jumping and Telemark skiing . Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward ( classic style ) or side-to-side in a skating motion ( skate skiing ) , aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow . It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes , including Northern Europe , Canada , Russia , the United States , Australia and New Zealand . Competitive cross-country skiing is one of the Nordic skiing sports . Cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship are the two components of biathlon , ski-orienteering is a form of cross-country skiing , which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jozef Lohyňa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jozef_Lohyňa', 'summary': 'Jozef Lohyňa ( born 1963 ) is a Slovak wrestler . He was born in Zlaté Moravce . He won an Olympic bronze medal in Freestyle wrestling in 1988 , competing for Czechoslovakia . He represented Czechoslovakia at the 1992 Olympics , and competed for Slovakia at the 1996 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amateur_wrestling', 'summary': 'Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport wrestling . [ citation needed ] There are two international wrestling styles performed in the Olympic Games : freestyle and Greco-Roman . Both styles are under the supervision of United World Wrestling ( UWW ; formerly known as FILA , from the French acronym for International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles ) . A similar style , commonly called collegiate ( also known as scholastic or folkstyle ) , is practiced in colleges and universities , secondary schools , middle schools , and among younger age groups in the United States . Where the style is not specified , this article refers to the international styles of competition on a mat . In February 2013 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) voted to remove the sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics onwards . On 8 September 2013 , the IOC announced that wrestling would return to the Summer Olympics in 2020 . The rapid rise in the popularity of the combat sport mixed martial arts ( MMA ) has increased interest in amateur wrestling due to its effectiveness in the sport and it is considered a core discipline .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Šťastný', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Šťastný', 'summary': "Peter Šťastný ( Slovak pronunciation : [ ˈpɛtɛɾ ˈʃcastniː ] ; born 18 September 1956 ) , also known colloquially as Peter the Great and Stosh , is a retired Slovak-Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) from 1980 to 1995 . Stastny is the second highest scorer of the 1980s , after Wayne Gretzky . During his time with the Quebec Nordiques , Stastny became a Canadian citizen . From 2004 to 2014 , he served as a Member of the European Parliament for Slovakia . During his NHL career , he played with the Quebec Nordiques , New Jersey Devils , and St. Louis Blues . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998 and ranks 34th all time in NHL points ( and second overall for players born in Slovakia ) . In 2017 , Šťastný was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . He is the father of current Vegas Golden Knights forward Paul Stastny ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Slovakia at theOlympicsIOC codeSVKNOCSlovak Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olympic.sk ( in Slovak ) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances1996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances1994199820022006201020142018Other related appearances Hungary ( 1896–1912 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1920–1992 ) This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Slovakia at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Slovakia_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Slovakia at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'} | null | null | Where were the Olympics held when the flag bearer for Slovakia was Zdeno Chára ? | Sochi |
0446b11ec83c9739 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today', 'title': 'Amusement Today', 'header': ['Category', '2000 Recipient', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Best Amusement Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Baunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Wooden Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Raven , Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Raven_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "The Raven is a wooden roller coaster at Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari 's Halloween section in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . It was designed and built beginning in 1994 by the now-defunct roller coaster manufacturer Custom Coasters International , with the help of designers Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill ; it opened on May 6 , 1995 . The Raven takes its name from Edgar Allan Poe 's poem The Raven and features sudden drops and turns which mimic the flight of a raven . From 2000 to 2003 , The Raven was voted the world 's Best Wooden Roller Coaster at the Golden Ticket Awards , which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine . It was named an ACE Roller Coaster Landmark by American Coaster Enthusiasts on June 23 , 2016 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Ind', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Steel Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnum XL-200 , Cedar Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnum_XL-200', 'summary': 'Magnum XL-200 , colloquially known as simply Magnum , is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Dynamics at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . When it opened in 1989 , it was the tallest , fastest , and steepest complete-circuit roller coaster in the world as well as the first hypercoaster - a roller coaster that exceeds 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height . Some have credited Magnum with starting a period in the industry known as the roller coaster wars , in which amusement parks competed with one another at a rapid pace to build the next tallest and fastest roller coaster . More than 40 million people had ridden Magnum as of 2009 . Magnum XL-200 held the title of tallest roller coaster in the world until 1994 when Pepsi Max Big One opened at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom . Amusement Today presented Magnum with its Best Steel Roller Coaster Golden Ticket Award for three consecutive years from 1998 to 2000 . As of 2014 [ update ] , it was ranked thirteenth in the world by the same publication .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friendliest Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Ind', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleanest Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Landscaping', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busch Gardens Williamsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg', 'summary': "Busch Gardens Williamsburg ( formerly known as Busch Gardens Europe and Busch Gardens : The Old Country ) is a 383-acre ( 1.55 km2 ) theme park located in James City County , Virginia , United States . Located about sixty miles ( 100 km ) northwest of Virginia Beach , the park was developed by Anheuser-Busch ( A-B ) and is owned by SeaWorld Entertainment . It opened on May 16 , 1975 , adjacent to Anheuser-Busch 's brewery and near its other developments including the Kingsmill Resort complex . The park is themed around various European countries and as such was originally called Busch Gardens : The Old Country . In 1993 , the park was renamed Busch Gardens Williamsburg before briefly being named Busch Gardens Europe in 2006 until it returned to the Williamsburg name in 2008 . Similarly , its sister park in Florida was originally called Busch Gardens : The Dark Continent until it was officially renamed Busch Gardens Tampa Bay until a brief switch to Busch Gardens Africa from 2006 to 2008 . In 2015 , the estimated attendance of 2.78 million makes it the twentieth most-visited park in the US . In addition to its landscaping and European theme , Busch Gardens is widely known for its roller coasters , including Griffon , Alpengeist , and Apollo 's Chariot , which won No . 4 best steel coaster in 2012 from the Golden Ticket Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Williamsburg , Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Food', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoebels Amusement Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoebels_Amusement_Resort', 'summary': "Knoebels Amusement Resort ( /kəˈnoʊbəlz/ ) is a family-owned and operated amusement park , picnic grove , and campground in Elysburg , Pennsylvania . Opened in 1926 , it is America 's largest free-admission park . The park has more than 60 rides including three wooden roller coasters , one steel roller coaster , a 1913 carousel , and a haunted house dark ride . The amusement park is owned and operated by the Knoebel ( pronounced kuh-NO-bel ) family , who also operate a lumber yard next to the park . The park 's name has traditionally been spelled Knoebels without the apostrophe , and appears that way on all official park advertising and correspondence . The park straddles the line between Northumberland and Columbia Counties . The complex is mainly in the Columbia County townships of Cleveland and Franklin and is in Ralpho Township on the Northumberland County side of the South Branch Roaring Creek . The park and its rides have won awards from organizations such as Amusement Today , American Coaster Enthusiasts , and the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions . In 2014 , Travel Channel rated Knoebels one of their Top 10 Family Friendly Amusement Parks in the United States . America 's Number One Amusement Park In 2008 , the parks dark ride was the subject of a one-hour documentary , Laff In The Darks Behind The Scenes At Knoebels Haunted House ."}]}, {'value': 'Elysburg , Pa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Shows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six Flags Fiesta Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas', 'summary': "Six Flags Fiesta Texas , formerly Fiesta Texas , is a theme park located in La Cantera , San Antonio , Texas . It is owned and operated by Six Flags . The park was built by Gaylord Entertainment Company and opened on March 14 , 1992 as the first business in the district of San Antonio . The park was later purchased by Time Warner in 1996 , who turned it into a Six Flags park . Spanning 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , the park was originally built to become a destination performance arts park with its focus on the musical culture of the state of Texas . The park 's current icon is Scream which can be seen from all around the park as well as outside the property . The vibrant colors of Scream can also be seen from the intersection of Loop 1604 and Interstate 10 , as well as miles away from Six Flags Fiesta Texas . Most of the other attractions at the park are hidden due to the park being surrounded by a rock quarry wall , but some key visible rides include the SkyScreamer , the Crow 's Nest Ferris wheel in Fiesta Bay Boardwalk , the lift hill of Superman : Krypton Coaster and the lift hill of Iron Rattler ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Ride Theming', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dueling Dragons , Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Challenge', 'summary': "Dragon Challenge ( known as Dueling Dragons from 1999 to 2010 ) was a pair of intertwined , inverted roller coasters in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter area of Universal Studios ' Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida , United States . The ride was themed to two chasing dragons , one side being a Chinese Fireball and the other a Hungarian Horntail . It featured a layout in which the two trains shared adjacent lift hills but traversed two unique courses . The ride was designed by Bolliger & Mabillard of Switzerland . The Chinese Fireball dragon reached a top speed of 60 mph , and the Hungarian Horntail dragon reached a top speed of 55 mph . Both versions featured five inversions and a total ride time of 2 minutes and 25 seconds . When Islands of Adventure opened on May 28 , 1999 , the ride was called Dueling Dragons and was located in The Lost Continent area with the two trains named Fire and Ice . During much of the ride 's history , the trains were dispatched simultaneously , providing three near-miss encounters along the courses . However , after two injuries related to loose objects hitting riders on the other coaster , the roller coasters were dispatched separately . After a renovation period , the attraction reopened in mid-March 2010 , and was officially renamed as Dragon Challenge with The Wizarding World of Harry Potter grand opening on June 18 , 2010 . In July 2017 , Universal Orlando officials announced that Dragon Challenge would close on September 4 , 2017 . The coasters had reached the end of their service life , and the park demolished the two coasters to make way for a new attraction , Hagrid 's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure , which opened on June 13 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure', 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Master Blaster , Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_Blaster_(Schlitterbahn)', 'summary': 'Master Blaster is a type of uphill water coaster at Schlitterbahn New Braunfels Waterpark in Texas , USA . Master Blaster opened in 1996 in the Schlitterbahn East section of the park as the anchor attraction to a second themed area called Blastenhoff . The ride is 65 feet tall and 1,100 feet long .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Park Capacity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Indoor Attraction', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man , Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Spider-Man', 'summary': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man is a motion-based 3D dark ride located at the Islands of Adventure , Orlando and Universal Studios Japan , Osaka theme parks , based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man . Built for Islands of Adventure 's opening in 1999 , the attraction is a hybrid ride combining special roving motion vehicles with 3D projection , elaborate physical sets , and both practical and tactile effects . The ride turns park guests into last minute reporters of the Daily Bugle , and after boarding a vehicle known as the Scoop , the rider learns that the Sinister Syndicate has captured the Statue of Liberty with an anti-gravity gun . This evil group is made up of five famous Spider-Man villains ; Doctor Octopus , Scream , Electro , Hydro-Man , and the Hobgoblin , and it is up to Spider-Man to defeat the villains and save the guests . The attraction took three years to produce , with many new technologies and techniques being developed . The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man has received critical acclaim , winning several awards including the Golden Ticket Award for Best Dark Ride for twelve consecutive years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure', 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Non-coaster Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man , Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Spider-Man', 'summary': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man is a motion-based 3D dark ride located at the Islands of Adventure , Orlando and Universal Studios Japan , Osaka theme parks , based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man . Built for Islands of Adventure 's opening in 1999 , the attraction is a hybrid ride combining special roving motion vehicles with 3D projection , elaborate physical sets , and both practical and tactile effects . The ride turns park guests into last minute reporters of the Daily Bugle , and after boarding a vehicle known as the Scoop , the rider learns that the Sinister Syndicate has captured the Statue of Liberty with an anti-gravity gun . This evil group is made up of five famous Spider-Man villains ; Doctor Octopus , Scream , Electro , Hydro-Man , and the Hobgoblin , and it is up to Spider-Man to defeat the villains and save the guests . The attraction took three years to produce , with many new technologies and techniques being developed . The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man has received critical acclaim , winning several awards including the Golden Ticket Award for Best Dark Ride for twelve consecutive years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure', 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "No host park , the awards were announced from Amusement Today 's Arlington , Texas office", 'uid': 'Amusement_Today_19', 'intro': 'Amusement Today is a monthly periodical that features articles, news, pictures and reviews about all things relating to the amusement park industry, including parks, rides, and ride manufacturers. The trade newspaper, which is based in Arlington, Texas, United States, was founded in January 1997 by Gary Slade, Virgil E. Moore III and Rick Tidrow. In 1997, Amusement Today won the Impact Award in the services category for Best New Product from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA). A year later, in 1998, the magazine founded the Golden Ticket Awards, for which it has become best known for throughout the amusement park industry. On January 2, 2001, Slade bought out his two partners, giving him sole ownership of the paper. The paper has two full-time and two part-time staff members at its Arlington office, along with two full-time writers and several freelance writers in various parts of the world.'} | null | null | When did the amusement park that received the Best Shows award in 2000 begin operating ? | March 14 , 1992 |
0446b843bc913e79 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2001_Winter_Universiade', 'title': 'Figure skating at the 2001 Winter Universiade', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'TFP', 'SP', 'FS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Serov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Serov', 'summary': 'Roman Serov ( born 16 December 1976 in Moscow ) is a Russian-born figure skater and skating coach who has also competed for Israel . He won two medals on the Grand Prix series and is a two-time Israeli national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hu Xiaoou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '4.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makoto Okazaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makoto_Okazaki_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Makoto Okazaki ( 岡崎 真 , Okazaki Makoto , born May 8 , 1976 ) is a Japanese former competitive figure skater . He is the 2001 Winter Universiade bronze medalist and placed eighth at the 2002 Four Continents Championships . Okazaki retired from competitive skating in 2002 and began working as a coach . He is also an ISU Technical Specialist for Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '5.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriel Monnier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Monnier', 'summary': 'Gabriel Monnier ( born 10 May 1977 ) is a French former competitive figure skater . He is the 2002 French national champion and won four senior international medals . He reached the free skate at four ISU Championships , achieving his best result , 10th , at the 2002 Europeans in Lausanne .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '7.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanislav Timchenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanislav_Timchenko', 'summary': "Stanislav Valeryevich Timchenko ( Russian : Станислав Валерьевич Тимченко , born 11 January 1983 ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater . He is the 2002 Skate Canada International bronze medalist , 2002 World Junior bronze medalist , and 2001 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final champion . He retired from competition in 2004 and performed with Igor Bobrin 's Ice Miniature Theatre in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '8.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Vassilevski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Vasilevsky_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Alexei Georgiyevich Vasilevsky ( Russian : Алексей Георгиевич Василевский , born March 5 , 1980 in Moscow ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater . He won two silver medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix ( JGP ) series and bronze at the 1998-99 JGP Final in Detroit . He also won six senior international medals , including gold at the 2003 Winter Universiade in Tarvisio , Italy . His highest placement at an ISU Championship was 9th at the 1997 World Junior Championships in Seoul and his highest placement at the Russian Championships was 4th , which he achieved in 1999 . He was coached by Elena Tchaikovskaia in Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '10.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Meier', 'summary': 'Patrick Meier ( born 15 March 1976 in Winterthur ) is a Swiss former competitive figure skater . He is the 1995 Karl Schäfer Memorial silver medalist and a seven-time Swiss national champion . Meier began skating at the age of six . He represented Switzerland at the European Figure Skating Championships , the World Figure Skating Championships , and the 1998 Winter Olympics , where he placed 22nd . Meier became the first Swiss skater to perform a triple axel in competition , at the 1995 Karl Schäfer Memorial . He studied law at the University of Zürich .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Davydov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Davydov_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Sergei Dmitriyevich Davydov ( Russian : Серге́й Дмитриевич Давыдов , born 2 March 1979 in Rostov-on-Don ) is a former competitive figure skater who represented Belarus and Russia . For Belarus , he is the 2006 Cup of China silver medalist , two-time Nebelhorn Trophy champion , and eight-time ( 2001-2008 ) Belarusian national champion . He competed at two Olympics and placed as high as 7th at the World Championships ( 2003 ) and 4th at the European Championships ( 2007 ) . For Russia , he is the 1998 World Junior silver medalist . After retirement from the competitive figure skating Davydov became a coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '12.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kensuke Nakaniwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kensuke_Nakaniwa', 'summary': 'Kensuke Nakaniwa ( 中庭 健介 , Nakaniwa Kensuke , born October 15 , 1981 ) is a Japanese former competitive figure skater . He is a two-time Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion , the 2003 Winter Universiade bronze medalist , and a three-time Japan national medalist . He finished in the top ten at three Four Continents Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '12.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Grzegorczyk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Grzegorczyk', 'summary': 'Robert Grzegorczyk ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈrɔbɛrt ɡʐɛˈɡɔrt͡ʂɨk ] ; born 19 February 1973 ) is a Polish former competitive figure skater . He is an eight-time Polish national champion . Grzegorczyk started skating at age seven in Gdańsk and moved to Łódź at 14 . He retired from competitive skating following the 2000-01 season . He has a degree as a sport teacher from the Academy of Warsaw .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '13.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eiji Iwamoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiji_Iwamoto', 'summary': 'Eiji Iwamoto ( 岩本 英嗣 , Iwamoto Eiji , born August 1 , 1980 ) is a Japanese former competitive figure skater . He is the 1999 Triglav Trophy champion and competed at the 2000 World Junior Championships , where he placed 24th . He competed in three seasons of the ISU Junior Grand Prix , winning the silver medal at the 1998 event in Mexico . His highest placement at the senior Japanese Championships was 6th . Iwamoto retired from competitive skating following his graduation from university . He now works as a coach and choreographer .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '17.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Kozlov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Kozlov_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Alexei Kozlov ( born 8 June 1979 , in Tallinn ) is an Estonian former competitive figure skater . He is the 1997 Ondrej Nepela Memorial silver medalist , the 1998 Piruetten bronze medalist , and a three-time ( 2001 , 2003 & 2004 ) Estonian national champion . He reached the free skate at two ISU Championship , finishing 14th at the 1998 Junior Worlds in Saint John , New Brunswick , Canada , and 18th at the 2001 Europeans in Bratislava , Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '17.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelo Dolfini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelo_Dolfini', 'summary': 'Angelo Dolfini ( born 8 October 1978 in Pavia ) is an Italian former competitive figure skater . He is a four-time Italian national champion ( 1999-2002 ) and competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics , placing 26th . He was coached by Petra Ruhrmann from childhood until the end of his competitive career . Dolfini studied literature at the University of Pavia . He is an International Technical Specialist for Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '20.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juraj Sviatko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juraj_Sviatko', 'summary': 'Juraj Sviatko ( born 22 October 1980 ) is a Slovak former competitive figure skater . He is a six-time national champion and placed 8th at the 1998 World Junior Championships . As a senior , his highest placement was 17th at the 2002 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '21.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Rylov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Rylov', 'summary': 'Sergei Rylov ( Russian : Серге́й Рылов , born 19 November 1975 ) is a former competitive figure skater who competed for Russia until 1997 and then for Azerbaijan until the end of his career , in 2002 . He is a three-time ( 1998-2000 ) Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist , the 1995 Grand Prix International St. Gervais bronze medalist , the 1997 Skate Israel bronze medalist , and a four-time ( 1999-02 ) Azerbaijan national champion . He represented Azerbaijan at the 2002 Winter Olympics , where he placed 24th .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': '22.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oleksandr Smokvin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleksandr_Smokvin', 'summary': "Oleksandr Smokvin ( Ukrainian : Олександр Смоквін ; born 15 August 1979 ) is a Ukrainian former competitive figure skater . He won bronze medals at the 1997 European Youth Olympic Festival , 1998 ISU Junior Grand Prix in Ukraine , and 2001 Crystal Skate of Romania . In 1999 , he was named in Ukraine 's team to the World Junior Championships in Zagreb ; he qualified for the free skate and finished 24th overall . In 2007 , Smokvin skated with Anette Bøe in Isdans , Norway 's version of Dancing on Ice . He works as a coach at Oslo Skøiteklub in Oslo . One of his students is Juni Marie Benjaminsen ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '22.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margus Hernits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margus_Hernits', 'summary': 'Margus Hernits , also credited as Margus Kulkov ( born October 2 , 1976 ) is an Estonian former competitive figure skater . An eight-time Estonian national champion , he competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Winter Olympics , placing 20th and 27th respectively . After retiring from competition , he became a technical specialist and vice-president of the Estonian Skating Union .'}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '24.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuri Litvinov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Litvinov', 'summary': 'Juri Litvinov ( also romanized as Yuriy Litvinov , born May 6 , 1978 ) is a Kazakhstani former competitive figure skater . He is a multiple national champion of Kazakhstan and competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics , World Championships , and Four Continents Championships . He moved to the United States with his then-coach Sergei ( Sergey ) Korovin in 1996 . Litvinov retired from competition in 2003 . As of 2018 , he is a certified professional ice skating coach , holding certifications with the United States Figure Skating Association , Professional Skaters Association , and USA Hockey . He coaches figure skating and hockey at MedStar Capitals Iceplex in Arlington , Virginia and Mt . Vernon Recreation Center in Alexandria , Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '27.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tero Hämäläinen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '28.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bartosz Domański', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartosz_Domański', 'summary': 'Bartosz Domański ( born 25 August 1980 ) is a Polish former competitive figure skater . He is the 2002 and 2003 Polish national champion . He competed twice at the European Figure Skating Championships and three times at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships . He and Sabina Wojtala used to coach each other . He is not related to Przemysław Domański .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '30.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Figure_skating_at_the_2001_Winter_Universiade_0', 'intro': "Figure skating was contested at the 2001 Winter Universiade. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies singles, pair skating, and ice dancing."} | null | null | What other country was represented by the figure skater who was born in the country that is the largest country in the world by area and ranked 1st at the 2001 Winter Universiade ? | Israel |
0447049388700596 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_outlying_landing_field', 'title': 'Naval outlying landing field', 'header': ['Field name', 'FAA ID', 'Location', 'Naval air station'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Barin', 'summary': 'Naval Outlying Field Barin ( IATA : NHX , ICAO : KNBJ , FAA LID : NBJ ) is a United States Navy airfield located in Foley , a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'NBJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foley , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foley,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Foley is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States . The 2010 census lists the population of the city as 14,618 . Foley is a principal city of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Baldwin County .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cabaniss Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NGW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corpus Christi , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas', 'summary': "Corpus Christi ( /ˌkɔːrpəs ˈkrɪsti/ ; Latin : Body of Christ ) , colloquially Corpus , is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas . The county seat of Nueces County , it also extends into Aransas , Kleberg , and San Patricio Counties . It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio . Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay . Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties . The city 's population was estimated to be 326,554 in 2018 , making it the eighth-most populous city in Texas . The Corpus Christi metropolitan area had an estimated population of 442,600 . It is also the hub of the six-county Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice Combined Statistical area , with a 2013 estimated population of 516,793 . The Port of Corpus Christi is the fifth-largest in the United States . The region is served by the Corpus Christi International Airport . The city 's name means body of Christ in Latin . The name was given to the settlement and surrounding bay by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519 , as he discovered the lush semitropical bay on the Catholic feast day of Corpus Christi ."}]}, {'value': 'Corpus Christi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Corpus_Christi', 'summary': 'Naval Air Station Corpus Christi ( IATA : NGP , ICAO : KNGP , FAA LID : NGP ) , is a United States Navy naval air base located six miles ( 10 km ) southeast of the central business district ( CBD ) of Corpus Christi , in Nueces County , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Choctaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Choctaw', 'summary': "Choctaw Naval Outlying Field ( IATA : NFJ , ICAO : KNFJ , FAA LID : NFJ ) is the United States Navy 's designation for an auxiliary airfield that was originally constructed during World War II as Eglin Field ( now Eglin AFB ) Auxiliary Field # 10 . It is located 16.6 miles northeast of Pensacola , Florida ."}]}, {'value': 'NFJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milton , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton,_Florida', 'summary': 'Milton is a city in Santa Rosa County , Florida . It is the county seat of Santa Rosa County , and is located in the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Pensacola Metropolitan Area . Milton is located in the geographic center of Santa Rosa County , it is bordered by Pace to the west , and the Blackwater River to the east . As of 2010 , the population of Milton was 8,826 . The town was incorporated in 1844 and is home to Naval Air Station Whiting Field . The population was 7,045 at the 2000 census . In 2004 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 8,044 . The population estimate for 2013 was 9,323 . Milton is part of the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Coupeville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Coupeville', 'summary': 'Naval Outlying Field Coupeville - or NOLF Coupeville - ( ICAO : KNRA , FAA LID : NRA ) is a military airport located two miles ( 3 km ) southeast of Coupeville , Washington , in Island County . The airfield is owned and operated by the United States Navy . NOLF Coupeville nearly touches State Route 20 and is about 10 miles south of the Whidbey Island Naval Air Station .'}]}, {'value': 'NRA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coupeville , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coupeville,_Washington', 'summary': 'Coupeville is a town on Whidbey Island , in Island County , Washington , United States . It is the county seat of Island County . The population was 1,831 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Whidbey Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whidbey_Island', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whidbey Island ( NASWI ) ( IATA : NUW , ICAO : KNUW , FAA LID : NUW ) is a naval air station of the United States Navy located on two pieces of land near Oak Harbor , on Whidbey Island , in Island County , Washington . The main portion of the base , Ault Field , is about three miles north of Oak Harbor . The other section , called the Seaplane Base for the PBY Catalina flying boats once based there , holds most of the island 's Navy housing as well as the air station 's main Navy Exchange and DeCA Commissary . The NASWI commanding officer also has command of a lightly used [ not verified in body ] satellite airfield , Naval Outlying Landing Field ( NOLF ) Coupeville , on central Whidbey Island at 48°11′24″N 122°37′48″W / 48.19000°N 122.63000°W / 48.19000 ; -122.63000 ( Naval Outlying Field Coupeville ) , roughly nine miles south of Ault Field . Primarily used for Field Carrier Landing Practice ( FCLP ) by carrier-based jets , this field has no permanently assigned personnel . NASWI supports the MH-60S Seahawk helicopter and the EA-18G Growler , P-3C Orion , P-8 Poseidon , EP-3E ARIES and C-40 Clipper fixed-wing aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'Holley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NOLF_Holley', 'summary': 'NOLF Holley , also called Holley NOLF , was a naval outlying landing field of the larger Naval Air Station Whiting Field located within the city limits of the community of Navarre , Florida . The two runways were each 3,600 feet ( 1,097.3 meters ) long , respectively . The runways were restricted to limited military use only ; however , in 2017 , the Gulf Power company was authorized to build a solar power plant on the facility grounds . The plant now provides power for some 18,000 homes . The solar panels completely cover what was once the runways .'}]}, {'value': 'NKL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navarre , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navarre,_Florida', 'summary': 'Navarre is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Santa Rosa County in the northwest Florida Panhandle . It is a major bedroom community for mostly U.S. military personnel , federal civil servants , local population , retirees and defense contractors . Due to Navarre Beach and the four miles of beach front on the Gulf of Mexico thereof , as well as several miles of beaches within the Navarre Beach Marine Park and the Gulf Islands National Seashore , it has a small , but rapidly growing community of nature enthusiasts and tourists . Navarre has quickly grown from being a sleepy town of a little over 1,500 in the 1970s to a town with a population of 42,300 , as of a 2014 [ update ] estimate . Navarre is about 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Pensacola and about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Fort Walton Beach . The community is roughly centered on the junction of U.S. Route 98 and State Road 87 . It is part of the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area ( more commonly referred to as the Pensacola Metro Area ) , and is the second largest community in the metropolitan area , according to a 2014 study . Navarre is also part of the Fort Walton Beach-Navarre-Wright Urbanized Area . It is known for the natural environment , swimming , picnic spots , and the Navarre Beach Marine Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Imperial Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Imperial_Beach', 'summary': 'Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach or NOLF Imperial Beach ( IATA : NRS , ICAO : KNRS , FAA LID : NRS ) is a United States Navy facility for helicopters , situated on 1,204 acres ( 5 km2 ) approximately 14 miles ( 23 km ) south of San Diego and within the city limits of Imperial Beach , California . It is known as The Helicopter Capital of the World .'}]}, {'value': 'NRS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imperial Beach , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Imperial Beach is a residential beach city in San Diego County , California , with a population of 26,324 at the 2010 census . The city is the southernmost city in California and the West Coast of the United States . It is in the South Bay area of San Diego County , 14.1 miles ( 22.7 km ) south of downtown San Diego and 5 miles ( 8 km ) northwest of downtown Tijuana , Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'North Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_North_Island', 'summary': 'Naval Air Station North Island or NAS North Island ( IATA : NZY , ICAO : KNZY , FAA LID : NZY ) is located at the north end of the Coronado peninsula on San Diego Bay and is the home port of several aircraft carriers of the United States Navy . It is part of the largest aerospace-industrial complex in the United States Navy - Naval Base Coronado ( NBC ) in San Diego County , California . The Commanding Officer of NAS North Island ( a.k.a . NASNI ) is also the Commanding Officer , Naval Base Coronado ( NBC ) . As such , he commands or administers NASNI and seven other Naval facilities : Naval Amphibious Base Coronado ( NABC ) ; Outlying Field Imperial Beach ; Silver Strand Training Complex ; Remote Training Site , Warner Springs ; Mountain Warfare Training Camp Michael Monsoor ; Camp Morena ; and Naval Auxiliary Landing Facility San Clemente Island . NBC , with only its commands in the metropolitan San Diego Area , brackets the city of Coronado from the entrance to San Diego Bay to the Mexican border . NAS North Island itself is host to 23 aviation squadrons and 80 additional tenant commands and activities , one of which , the Fleet Readiness Center Southwest , is the largest aerospace employer in San Diego .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NJW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meridian , Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Meridian is the seventh largest city in the state of Mississippi , United States . It is the county seat of Lauderdale County and the principal city of the Meridian , Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area . Along major highways , the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson , Mississippi ; 154 mi ( 248 km ) southwest of Birmingham , Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans , Louisiana ; and 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis , Tennessee . Established in 1860 , at the junction of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi , Meridian built an economy based on the railways and goods transported on them , and it became a strategic trading center . During the American Civil War , General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian ( February 1864 ) . Rebuilt after the war , the city entered a Golden Age . It became the largest city in Mississippi between 1890 and 1930 , and a leading center for manufacturing in the South , with 44 trains arriving and departing daily . Union Station , built in 1906 , is now a multi-modal center , with access to Amtrak and Greyhound Buses averaging 242,360 passengers per year . Although the economy slowed with the decline of the railroad industry , the city has diversified , with healthcare , military , and manufacturing employing the most people in 2010 . The population within the city limits , according to 2008 census estimates , is 38,232 , but a population of 232,900 in a 45-mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526,500 in a 65-mile ( 105 km ) radius , of which 104,600 and 234,200 people respectively are in the labor force , feeds the economy of the city . The area is served by two military facilities , Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field , which employ over 4,000 people . NAS Meridian is home to the Regional Counter-Drug Training Academy ( RCTA ) and the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Meridian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Meridian', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Meridian or NAS Meridian ( ICAO : KNMM , FAA LID : NMM ) is a military airport located 11 miles northeast of Meridian , Mississippi in Lauderdale County and Kemper County , and is one of the Navy 's two jet strike pilot training facilities ."}]}, {'value': 'Pace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NVI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wallace , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallace,_Florida', 'summary': 'Wallace is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County , Florida , United States . Its population was 1,785 as of the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'San Nicolas Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_San_Nicolas_Island', 'summary': "Naval Outlying Field San Nicolas Island or NOLF San Nicolas Island ( ICAO : KNSI , FAA LID : NSI ) is a military airport located on San Nicolas Island , in Ventura County , California . The airport is administered by Naval Base Ventura County and is one of several Naval Outlying Landing Fields operated by the US Navy . The airport 's ICAO identifier is KNSI . Although most U.S. airports and airbases use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA , NOLF San Nicolas Island is assigned NSI by the FAA , The IATA has assigned NSI to Nsimalen International Airport in Yaoundé , Cameroon ."}]}, {'value': 'NSI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Nicolas Island , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Nicolas_Island,_California', 'summary': "San Nicolas Island ( Tongva : Haraasnga ) is the most remote of California 's Channel Islands , located 61 miles ( 98 km ) from the nearest point on the mainland coast . It is part of Ventura County . The 14,562 acre ( 58.93 km2 or 22.753 sq mi ) island is currently controlled by the United States Navy and is used as a weapons testing and training facility , served by Naval Outlying Field San Nicolas Island . The uninhabited island is defined by the United States Census Bureau as Block Group 9 , Census Tract 36.04 of Ventura County , California . The Nicoleño Native American tribe inhabited the island until 1835 . As of the 2000 U.S. Census , the island has since remained officially uninhabited , though the census estimates that at least 200 military and civilian personnel live on the island at any given time . The island has a small airport , though the 10,000 foot runway is the second longest in Ventura County ( slightly behind the 11,102 ft. at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu ) . Additionally , there are several buildings including telemetry reception antennas ."}]}, {'value': 'Point Mugu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Point_Mugu', 'summary': 'Naval Air Station Point Mugu is a former United States Navy air station that operated from 1942 to 2000 in California . In 2000 , it merged with nearby Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme to form Naval Base Ventura County ( NBVC ) . At Point Mugu , NBVC operates two runways and encompasses a 36,000 square mile sea test range , anchored by San Nicolas Island . The range allows the military to test and track weapons systems in restricted air- and sea-space without encroaching on civilian air traffic or shipping lanes . The range can be expanded through interagency coordination between the U.S. Navy and the Federal Aviation Administration . Telemetry data can be tracked and recorded using technology housed at San Nicolas Island , Point Mugu and Laguna Peak , a Tier 1 facility also controlled by NBVC .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Santa_Rosa', 'summary': 'Naval Outlying Field ( NOLF ) Santa Rosa ( ICAO : KNGS , FAA LID : NGS ) is a military use airport located five nautical miles ( 9 km ) southeast of the central business district of Milton , in Santa Rosa County , Florida , United States . It is owned by the United States Navy and has four asphalt paved runways ( 5/23 , 9/27 , 14/32 , 18/36 ) all of which are 4,500 by 150 feet ( 1,372 x 46 m ) . The airfield is under the control of Commander , Training Air Wing FIVE at NAS Whiting Field , Florida . This airport is assigned a three-letter location identifier of NGS by the Federal Aviation Administration , but it does not have an International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) airport code ( the IATA assigned NGS to Nagasaki Airport in Japan ) .'}]}, {'value': 'NGS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milton , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton,_Florida', 'summary': 'Milton is a city in Santa Rosa County , Florida . It is the county seat of Santa Rosa County , and is located in the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Pensacola Metropolitan Area . Milton is located in the geographic center of Santa Rosa County , it is bordered by Pace to the west , and the Blackwater River to the east . As of 2010 , the population of Milton was 8,826 . The town was incorporated in 1844 and is home to Naval Air Station Whiting Field . The population was 7,045 at the 2000 census . In 2004 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 8,044 . The population estimate for 2013 was 9,323 . Milton is part of the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Saufley Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Saufley_Field', 'summary': 'Saufley Field ( IATA : NUN , ICAO : KNUN , FAA LID : NUN ) is a military airport and support facility located five nautical miles ( 9 km ) west of the central business district of Pensacola , in Escambia County , Florida , United States . It is an active U.S. Navy facility and a former Naval Air Station , with its non-aviation activity now known as NETPDC Saufley Field . Although still listed as a Naval Outlying Field ( NOLF ) in flight information publications ( FLIP ) , its previous aeronautical role as NOLF Saufley Field in support of primary Student Naval Aviator training at Training Air Wing FIVE at nearby NAS Whiting Field has been suspended pending runway and airfield upgrades and it is currently listed in the FLIP as a closed facility for aircraft operations . As Naval Education and Training Professional Development Center ( NETPDC ) Saufley Field , the facility also function as a shore installation for various naval activities that are part of the greater Pensacola naval complex . Saufley Field is located 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of NAS Pensacola .'}]}, {'value': 'NUN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pensacola , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Spencer Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Spencer', 'summary': 'Naval Outlying Field Spencer ( ICAO : KNRQ , FAA LID : NRQ ) is a military airport located two miles ( 3 km ) northeast of Pace , Florida , in Santa Rosa County . It is owned by the United States Navy . NOLF Spencer is one mile north of U.S. Highway 90 , 3.5 miles west of the City of Milton , just over 6 miles east of the Escambia River and about 7 miles southwest of NAS Whiting Field . This airfield is situated on 640 acres ( 259 ha ) and has eight runways , all 1800 feet long by 200 feet wide . These runways are arranged to make two squares , one whose vertices approximately point North , South , East and West , and another which lies directly on top but is rotated 45° . Its mission is to support helicopter operations of the Naval Air Training Command and it remains under the control of Commander , Training Air Wing FIVE at nearby NAS Whiting Field . Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA , Naval Outlying Field Spencer is assigned NRQ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA .'}]}, {'value': 'NRQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pace , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pace,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pace is a census-designated place in Santa Rosa County , Florida , United States . The population estimate was 34,235 in 2018 . It is part of the Pensacola Metropolitan Statistical Area . Pace has experienced exponential growth , and has evolved from a small , rural community into a thriving suburb of Pensacola . Known for having a low crime rate , high performing schools , and a fast growing economy , Pace has experienced a large increase of population . From 2000 to 2010 , the Pace CDP population growth percentage was 171.1% .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Summerdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Summerdale', 'summary': 'Naval Outlying Field Summerdale ( ICAO : KNFD , FAA LID : NFD ) is a military use airport located in Summerdale , a town in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States . It is under the operational control of NAS Whiting Field and is used for flying training . Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA , this airport is assigned NFD by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA .'}]}, {'value': 'NFD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summerdale , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summerdale,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Summerdale is a rural town in south-central Baldwin County , Alabama , United States . It is the site of the Naval Outlying Field Summerdale . At the 2010 census the population was 862 . It is part of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Whiting Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Whiting_Field', 'summary': "Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton , Florida , with some outlying fields near Navarre , Florida , in south and central Santa Rosa County , and is one of the Navy 's two primary pilot training bases ( the other being NAS Corpus Christi , Texas ) . NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , Coast Guard , and Air Force student pilots , as well as those of several allied nations . NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five ( TRAWING 5 ) . NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base . Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field ( KNSE ) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field ( KNDZ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Webster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Webster', 'summary': 'Webster Outlying Field ( ICAO : KNUI , FAA LID : NUI ) is an airport located two miles ( 3 km ) west of St. Inigoes , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'NUI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Inigoes , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Inigoes,_Maryland', 'summary': "St. Inigoes , sometimes called St. Inigoes Shores , is a small , rural , unincorporated farming , fishing and crabbing community at the southern end of St. Mary 's County in the U.S. state of Maryland that is undergoing a transition to small residential subdevelopment plots . Its eastern side is bordered by a number of coves and creeks that are connected to the St. Marys River , a brackish tidal river , near where it feeds into the mouth of the Potomac River and close to its entry point into the Chesapeake Bay . It is a part of the site of the first colonial settlement in Maryland ( along with neighboring St. Mary 's City ) and is also therefore part of the fourth colonial settlement in North America . St. Inigoes is also the site of the oldest Catholic parish in the United States , dating back to the 1640s . St. Ignatius Roman Catholic Church , which is located in St. Inigoes , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . The parish is still active today . It also hosts a small naval air facility called Webster Field , as well as Coast Guard Station St. Inigoes , and is the site of the USS Tulip Civil War monument . St. Inigoes also has a small commercial area with a general store , a pool hall and a gas station . On the western side of St. Inigoes is a small waterfront park and a public boat landing ."}]}, {'value': 'Patuxent River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Patuxent_River', 'summary': 'Naval Air Station Patuxent River ( IATA : NHK , ICAO : KNHK , FAA LID : NHK ) , also known as NAS Pax River , is a United States naval air station located in St. Marys County , Maryland , on the Chesapeake Bay near the mouth of the Patuxent River . It is home to Headquarters , Naval Air Systems Command ( NAVAIR ) , the U.S . Naval Test Pilot School , the Atlantic Test Range , and serves as a center for test and evaluation and systems acquisition relating to naval aviation . Commissioned on April 1 , 1943 , on land largely acquired through eminent domain , the air station grew rapidly in response to World War II and continued to evolve through the Cold War to the present .'}]}, {'value': 'Whitehouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NEN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksonville , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida', 'summary': "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida as well as the southeastern United States , and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . It is the seat of Duval County , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits . As of 2018 , Jacksonville 's population was estimated to be 903,889 . The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,523,615 and is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Florida . Jacksonville is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River in the First Coast region of northeast Florida , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Georgia state line and 328 miles ( 528 km ) north of Miami . The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast . The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline , one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States . Under British rule , a settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British . A platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain ; it was named after Andrew Jackson , the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States . Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . Its riverine location facilitates Naval Station Mayport , Naval Air Station Jacksonville , the U.S. Marine Corps Blount Island Command , and the Port of Jacksonville , Florida 's third largest seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAS_Jacksonville', 'summary': 'Naval Air Station Jacksonville ( NAS Jacksonville ) ( IATA : NIP , ICAO : KNIP , FAA LID : NIP ) is a large naval air station located approximately eight miles ( 13 km ) south of the central business district of Jacksonville , Florida , United States .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Naval_Outlying_Landing_Field_0', 'intro': 'An outlying landing field, or Naval outlying landing field, is an auxiliary airfield, associated with a Naval Air Station, used by the United States Navy. Having no based units or aircraft, and minimal facilities, an outlying landing field is used as a low-traffic location for flight training, without the risks and distractions of other traffic at a naval air station or other airport.'} | null | null | In what county is the field in Barin ? | Baldwin County |
0447eb4b83ac050d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_India', 'title': 'List of shopping malls in India', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Year', 'Size ( gross leasable area )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spencer Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Plaza', 'summary': "Spencer Plaza ( Tamil : ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா ) is a shopping mall located on Anna Salai in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and is one of the modern landmarks of the city . Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer 's department store , it is the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built . It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city , which were developed in the second half of the 1990s . As of March 2010 , it is the 11th largest mall in the country , with a gross lettable area of 530,000 sq ft ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Salai , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Salai', 'summary': 'Anna Salai , formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It starts at the Cooum Creek , south of Fort St George , leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount , and ends at the Kathipara Junction in Guindy . Beyond the Kathipara Junction , a branch road arises traversing westwards to Poonamallee to form the Mount-Poonamallee Road while the main branch continuing southwards to Chennai Airport , Tambaram and beyond to form Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road or NH45 ) . Anna Salai , which is more than 400 years old , is acknowledged as the most important road in Chennai city . The head offices of many commercial enterprises and public buildings are located along Anna Salai . It is the second longest road in Chennai , after Poonamallee High Road . There were several flyover projects under proposal along the stretch , many of which have been shelved owing to the construction of the Chennai Metro Rail project , which runs along the median of the road . Anna Salai Head Post office , one of the most important post offices in the city , is located on this road . It was established in 1854 as Mount Road SO as a non-gazetted delivery office . With the growth of commerce and urbanization , this SO was upgraded to gazetted in the year 1955 . Nomenclature of this Head Post office was changed from Mount Road Head Post office to Anna Road Head Post office on 15 September 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chennai', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': '530,000 sq ft ( 49,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chennai Citi Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai_Citi_Centre', 'summary': 'The Chennai Citi Centre is a shopping mall in Mylapore , Chennai , India . It opened on 3 March 2006 and is located on Radhakrishnan Salai . According to Cushman and Wakefield , a global real estate consultancy firm , it is one of the most expensive shopping malls in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai , Mylapore , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mylapore', 'summary': 'Mylapore ( Mayilāppūr ) is a neighborhood in the central part of the city of Chennai , India . It is one of the oldest residential parts of the city . It is also called Thirumayilai . The locality is claimed to be the birthplace of the celebrated Tamil philosopher Valluvar . Mylapore is known for its tree-lined avenues , Kapaleeshwarar Temple , Katcheri seasons and Ramakrishna Math among many others . Portuguese invaded and demolished the original Kapaleeshwarar Temple and built San Thome Basilica which houses the tomb of Thomas the Apostle .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '117,600 sq ft ( 10,930 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ampa Skywalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ampa_Skywalk', 'summary': 'Ampa Skywalk is a shopping mall in Chennai , India . With three floors of retail space , it has outlets for major clothing and apparel brands , a seven-screen multiplex , a games zone and a food court .'}]}, {'value': 'Poonamallee High Road , Aminjikarai , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poonamallee_High_Road', 'summary': "EVR Periyar Salai ( EVR High Road ) , earlier known as Poonamallee High Road ( NH 48 ) , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It is the longest road in Chennai . Running from east to west , the 14-kilometre ( 8.7 mi ) road starts at Muthuswamy Bridge near Madras Medical College at Park Town and ends near Maduravoyal Junction via Kilpauk , Aminjikarai , Anna Nagar Arch , Arumbakkam , Koyambedu . It further continues west towards Poonamallee and traverses Sriperumbudur , Walajapet , and Ranipet . The road , particularly along its eastern end , has some of the most impressive civic institutions and heritage structures of the city , including the Ripon Building ( the seat of civic body ) , the Victoria Public Hall ( the city 's Town Hall ) , the Central train station , the Moore Market ( razed in the late 20th century ) , Madras Medical College , and St Andrews Kirk . It connects two of the vital transport installations of the city , viz . Chennai Central railway station and the CMBT . The road has more hospitals than any other roads in the city and is popularly known as the city 's 'Med street ' . The road is named after the noted Social activist and politician Periyar E. V. Ramasamy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aminjikarai', 'summary': 'Aminjikarai , originally Amaindakarai , is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The arterial Poonamallee High Road ( NH 4 ) runs through it . Aminjikarai was annexed to Madras District in the year 1946 , and Arumbakkam and Anna Nagar were carved out of Aminjikarai in the 1950s and 1970s . The Nelson Manickam Road that traverses through Aminjikarai is an important commercial road in Chennai city .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '315,000 sq ft ( 29,300 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Express Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Express_Avenue', 'summary': 'Express Avenue ( Tamil : எக்ஸ்ப்ரெஸ் அவென்யூ ) is a shopping mall in Chennai promoted by Express Infrastructure , A division of Express Newspapers Pvt . Ltd . It is home to the largest gaming arcade in South India . Built at a cost of ₹7,500 million ( US $ 110 million ) , the 1,750,000-square-foot ( 163,000 m2 ) mall has 10 anchor tenants and 150 vanilla tenants .'}]}, {'value': 'Whites Road , Royapettah , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whites_Road,_Chennai', 'summary': "Whites Road in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India branches off from Anna Salai , Chennai 's arterial road near National Insurance Company after Thousand Lights Mosque and reaches up to Royapettah Clock Tower near Wesley Church . Chennai 's famous Express Avenue shopping mall is located on this road . Major institutions located at this road includes"}, {'url': '/wiki/Royapettah', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '900,000 sq ft ( 84,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandra Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandra_Mall', 'summary': 'Chandra Metro Mall is a shopping mall located at Virugambakkam , Chennai . The Mall with a built up area of 1.43 lakh sq.ft was opened on 9 April 2011 . The mall has a five screen multiplex with a capacity of 1300 seats called as INOX-NATIONAL operated by INOX Leisure . The mall has Food Bazaar , E-Zone , Pantaloons as its major Anchors . The Food court is spread over an area of 10000 sq.ft . The mall was built after demolishing the erstwhile National Theatre .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcot Road , Virugambakkam , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_Road', 'summary': 'Arcot Road ( also known as N. S. Krishnan Salai ) ( SH-113 ) is one of the main arterial roads of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It runs for 12 kilometres and connects Nungambakkam with Porur . The road was constructed during the early 1940s and has been responsible for the development of the outlying areas on the western fringes of Chennai city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virugambakkam', 'summary': "Virugambakkam is a residential neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is an important residential area of and is famous for its schools , market , residential colonies and residences of film artists . Virugambakkam had some of Chennai 's oldest film studios . Virugambakkam is one of the important localities of Chennai and owes its growth to the expansion of the city in the post-independence period . Prior to the establishment of residential colonies , Virugambakkam was a village covered by paddy fields , mangoe orchards and casurina trees . Virugambakkam was first included within the Chennai city limits in 1977 along with other villages like Saligramam . Virugambakkam is well-connected with the heart of Chennai city through roads . Buses running through Arcot Road link Virugambakkam with the more inner suburbs of Chennai city ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143,130 sq ft ( 13,297 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coromandel Plaza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navalur , OMR , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navalur', 'summary': 'Navalur is a rapidly growing south suburban of Chennai , India and located just 5 km from Sholinganalur junction along Old Mahabalipuram Road . Navalur is located between Sholinganallur and Kelambakkam and comes under Thiruporur taluk of Chengalpattu district . This area was once a village ( around 2010 ) but with the advent of IT Companies and the rapid development of the Old Mahabalipuram Road ( New Mount road of Chennai ) , it has become a bustling and most demanded location in Chennai . Proximity to employment opportunities , good asset appreciation , outstanding road Infrastructure , proximity to beaches at ECR and other entertainment venues continues to attract more residents to this suburb . Navalur has become The Shopping Hub for Zone-2 ( Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam ) localities of OMR Road , due to the availability of International and National brand stores along with VIVIRA mall and The Marina mall . Sholinganalur-Navalur-Siruseri zone consists of around 40% IT professionals in Chennai especially in ELCOT and SIPCOT campus . Moreover this zone will create another 1 lakh IT jobs in next few years [ when ? ] due to huge land availability and many builders are constructing Grade-A IT parks here . With this huge development in short period of time in terms of both commercial and residential developments , Navalur is considered as The Next Velachery in Chennai . Navalur comes under Zone-2 ( Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam ) of OMR Road . According to recent survey , Chennai city will have a population of 15 million people by 2030 ( current population in 2019 is 11 million ) . Since population has already reached saturation point till Sholinganallur in OMR Road , more people ( around 10 lakh people ) will start migrating in Sholinganallur - Kelambakkam stretch till 2030 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Mahabalipuram_Road', 'summary': 'State Highway 49A also known as Rajiv Gandhi Salai and Rajiv Gandhi IT Expressway or just IT Expressway is a major road connecting Chennai , Tamil Nadu with Mahabalipuram in Kanchipuram district , Tamil Nadu . It is 45 km long and was earlier known as the Old Mahabalipuram Road ( OMR ) . The road starts from Madhya Kailash Temple on Sardar Patel Road in South-East Chennai and terminates on East Coast Road near Mahabalipuram .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spectrum Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spectrum_Mall_(Chennai)', 'summary': 'Spectrum Mall ( formerly known as Grand Venus Mall ) is a shopping mall located in Perambur , Chennai , India . It is the first mall in North Chennai . The mall was developed at the site of erstwhile Venus theater on Paper Mills Road in Perambur . The mall is spread over an area of 160,000 square feet with two levels of retail shopping and a five screen multiplex . It has two levels of basement parking with capacity of 200 cars and 800 two wheelers . The mall is developed and promoted by Ganga Foundations . The mall has Big Bazaar as its anchor store The mall was soft launched in September 2011 as Grand Venus Mall . It was rebranded as Spectrum mall and was officially launched in September 2012 along with its multiplex S2 Cinemas .'}]}, {'value': 'Paper Mills Road , Perambur , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perambur', 'summary': 'Perambur is a neighbourhood in the northern region of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is 4 km from Chennai Central station . In Tamil , perambur means bamboo and ur means city or place . Before British rule , this place was widely regarded as a place which was a bamboo forest , around the Huzur Gardens area , which currently houses the Simpsons Pvt . Ltd . This area was annexed to Chennai in 1742 AD . Perambur is a notable railway town in the Indian Railways landscape as it is home to the Vande Bharat Express , produced at the Integral Coach Factory located here and also the presence of Chennai Rail Museum , in addition to the railway station serving to decongest the Chennai Central station by serving as a major alighting point for long distance trains passing through or terminating in the city from the North-Western end . The station is considered as the oldest railway station in the city after Royapuram . During the 2015 floods when most areas of Chennai was stranded in water , Perambur was the safest place available in Chennai . The water level came down rapidly and the people had their normal life restored much faster than other places in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '160,000 sq ft ( 15,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramee Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramee_Mall', 'summary': 'Ramee Mall is a shopping mall located in Anna Salai at Teynampet , Chennai . The mall with 2,25,000 sq.ft of built up area was opened in March 2012 . Built by Dubai-based Ramee group , the mall occupies the first three floors of the property . The remaining 15 floors are occupied by Hyatt Regency Chennai .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna Salai , Teynampet , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Salai', 'summary': 'Anna Salai , formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It starts at the Cooum Creek , south of Fort St George , leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount , and ends at the Kathipara Junction in Guindy . Beyond the Kathipara Junction , a branch road arises traversing westwards to Poonamallee to form the Mount-Poonamallee Road while the main branch continuing southwards to Chennai Airport , Tambaram and beyond to form Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road or NH45 ) . Anna Salai , which is more than 400 years old , is acknowledged as the most important road in Chennai city . The head offices of many commercial enterprises and public buildings are located along Anna Salai . It is the second longest road in Chennai , after Poonamallee High Road . There were several flyover projects under proposal along the stretch , many of which have been shelved owing to the construction of the Chennai Metro Rail project , which runs along the median of the road . Anna Salai Head Post office , one of the most important post offices in the city , is located on this road . It was established in 1854 as Mount Road SO as a non-gazetted delivery office . With the growth of commerce and urbanization , this SO was upgraded to gazetted in the year 1955 . Nomenclature of this Head Post office was changed from Mount Road Head Post office to Anna Road Head Post office on 15 September 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Teynampet', 'summary': 'Teynampet is one of the busiest commercial localities in the city of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '225,000 sq ft ( 20,900 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bergamo_(Shopping_mall)', 'summary': 'Bergamo is a shopping mall located in Nungambakkam , Chennai , India . It is located on Khader Nawaz Khan Road and spread over 40,000 sq.ft . The mall opened in August 2012 with Louis Vuitton as its first store . The mall is designed by DSP architects and built by KKA Buildtech at a cost of ₹10 Crore . It is considered to be the first luxury mall in Chennai , and the third in India . The building is designed to house 24 stores , each with an area ranging from 1600 sq . ft to 2000 sq . ft. Named after an Italian city , the white three storey building is influenced by classical Italian architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Khader Nawaz Khan Road , Nungambakkam , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nungambakkam', 'summary': 'Nungambakkam is a locality in downtown Chennai , India . The neighborhood abounds with multi-national commercial establishments , important government offices , foreign consulates , sprawling educational institutions , shopping malls , sporting facilities , tourist spots , star hotels , restaurants , and cultural centers . Nungambakkam is also a prime residential area in Chennai . The adjoining regions of Nungambakkam include Egmore , Chetput ( Chetpet ) , T. Nagar , Kodambakkam , Choolaimedu and Kilpauk .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Souk Grandé Mall Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Souk_Grandé_Mall_Chennai', 'summary': "Gold Souk Grandé is a shopping mall , in the city of Chennai , India . The project was unveiled in April 2009 by actress Shobana . It is located next to Crescent Engineering College in Chennai and will be operational by first quarter of 2015 . This is creating a record for itself by becoming the longest project in gestation period and construction period . Spread in the total built up area of 800,000 sq ft ( 74,000 m2 ) , the mall will have five floors with gross leasable area of 600,000 sq ft ( 56,000 m2 ) dedicated to hypermarket , anchors , vanilla brands , multiplex , food court , QSR and Ramada Hotel . Pizza Hut was operating on the ground floor but has been replaced by Papa John 's pizza . The mall is part of the Gold Souk chain of malls located throughout India and is a brand of Gurgaon-based retail and property developer , Aerens Gold Souk Group . The Gold Souk Grande Chennai is Arena Group 's first venture in Tamil Nadu ."}]}, {'value': 'GST Road , Vandalur , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vandalur', 'summary': 'Vandalur is a census town and residential locality in Southern part of the metropolitan city of Chennai Tamil Nadu . It is a neighbourhood in the southwestern part of Chennai . Vandalur serves as the southern gateway to Chennai city . It has the Arignar Anna Zoological Park , which contain some rare species of wild flora and fauna . The neighbourhood is served by Vandalur railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway network .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800,000 sq ft ( 74,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Forum Vijaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya', 'summary': "Forum Vijaya Mall is a shopping mall located in Vadapalani , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , developed by Prestige Group . This mall is spread over 6,36,000 square feet of retail space . More than 100 shops occupy its four floors . This mall distinguishes itself by being local by housing Chennai-based brands in the mall such as Spar Hypermarket , RmKV , Lifestyle , Max , Marks & Spencer , Westside , Fab India and Via South . It is also home to SPI Cinema 's Palazzo multiplex and an IMAX screen as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcot Road , Vadapalani , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_Road', 'summary': 'Arcot Road ( also known as N. S. Krishnan Salai ) ( SH-113 ) is one of the main arterial roads of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It runs for 12 kilometres and connects Nungambakkam with Porur . The road was constructed during the early 1940s and has been responsible for the development of the outlying areas on the western fringes of Chennai city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vadapalani', 'summary': 'Vadapalani is a neighbourhood in the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It is known for its film studios and the Vadapalani Andavar Temple , which is an important pilgrimage centre . Situated in the western part of Chennai , Vadapalani is an important bus terminus on Arcot Road . Vadapalani is one of the busiest and densely populated areas in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '636,000 sq ft ( 59,100 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix Market City ( Chennai )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Market_City_(Chennai)', 'summary': 'Phoenix Market City ( Chennai ) is a shopping mall developed by Phoenix Mills Limited located in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It was opened in January 2013 and is the largest mall in the city . It was the fourth largest mall in India in 2018 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Velachery , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velachery', 'summary': 'Velachery is a residential area in southern Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The growth of the neighbourhood during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in south Chennai . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business-class information technology corridor popularly called the OMR ; the more mature and well-connected GST road and the central business districts of the city , which has more relevance to the history of Chennai . Velachery as a whole draws a perfect balance between old and new Chennai and is a phenomenon in terms of growth and development .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,150,000 sq ft ( 107,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VR Mall Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VR_Chennai', 'summary': 'VR Chennai ( Tamil : வி . ஆர் . சென்னை ) is a shopping mall located on Jawaharlal Nehru Road in Anna Nagar West , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . This mall was opened to the public on the 18 June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jawaharlal Nehru Road , Anna Nagar , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road,_Chennai', 'summary': 'The Inner Ring Road ( IRR ) also known as Jawaharlal Nehru Salai or 100 Feet road or State Highway 2 is a major transportation corridor encircling the city of Chennai . It was developed by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ) . It is 25.2 km long with three distinct arms viz. , Northern arm , Central arm and Southern arm , connecting SH 49A ( Rajiv Gandhi Salai ) in Tiruvanmiyur , Velachery main road at Vijayanagar , NH 45 ( GST road ) at Kathipara , NH 4 at Koyambedu , NH 205 at Padi , NH 5 at Madhavaram and joins SH 104 ( TPP Road ) at Manali .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Nagar', 'summary': 'Anna Nagar ( formerly known as Naduvakkarai ) , is a neighbourhood in the metropolitan city of Chennai , India . Named after the Tamil leader C. N. Annadurai , it is located in the north-western part of Chennai and forms a part of the Aminjikarai taluk and the Anna Nagar Zone . It is one of the prime residential areas in Chennai and is home to several prominent doctors , lawyers and politicians . Real estate prices are among the highest in the city . A recent addition to the area is VR Chennai Mall , located near Shanthi Colony and Thirumangalam junction . Anna Nagar is the first and the only township in Chennai to follow a standard addressing system followed in the western world . One of the primary landmarks in Anna Nagar is the Anna Nagar Tower , built in 1968 as part of the World Trade Fair . Other important locations include the Anna Arch , Chinthamani , Blue Star , 14 shops , Shanthi Colony , Thirumangalam junction , Padi grade separator , Anna Nagar East , and the Anna Nagar West bus depot . Anna Nagar has several established schools and colleges , places of worship , shopping areas with both independent shops and chain stores , and numerous restaurants . The 2nd avenue is an arterial road in Anna Nagar which has emerged as a hub for several restaurants and shops . There are also a number of midsize hospitals and nursing homes catering to the local population .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000,000 sq ft ( 186,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookefields Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookefields_Mall', 'summary': 'Brookefields is a shopping mall located on Brookebond Road ( Krishnasamy Road ) in Coimbatore , India . It was opened in 2009 . The mall has outlets from major clothing and apparel brands and a 06-screens multiplex cinema , along with a food court serving multi-cuisine dishes .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooke Bond Road , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '450,000 sq ft ( 42,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fun Republic Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fun_Republic_Mall_(Coimbatore)', 'summary': "Fun Republic Mall is a shopping mall in Peelamedu , Coimbatore , India . This shopping mall was inaugurated on 19 August 2012 and Managed by E-city Ventures which is part of the Essel Group . It is located on the arterial Avinashi Road on a 3.5 acre site . The mall has 6 levels with a total area of 3.25 lakh sq.ft . Shoppers Stop is its anchor store and occupies over 79,000 sq . ft . The mall also features a five screen multiplex operated by Cinépolis theatre with a capacity of 1,119 seats , and a McDonald 's restaurant spread over 3,470 sq . ft on two floors in addition to its food court . Barbeque Nation has outlet in the Mall at 3rd Floor ."}]}, {'value': 'Avinashi Road , Peelamedu , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peelamedu', 'summary': 'Peelamedu is a neighborhood 11°01′36″N 77°01′16″E / 11.0266292°N 77.0212188°E / 11.0266292 ; 77.0212188 in the Eastern part of the Coimbatore city . It is governed by Coimbatore Municipal Corporation . Peelamedu has a railway station and a Regional Passport center . Peelamedu B-6 Police station is located opposite to Fun Republic Mall . It is a major commercial center , and one of the oldest residential parts of the city . The growth of Peelamedu during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in Coimbatore . The rapid growth of Peelamedu as a commercial and residential hub could be attributed to its geographical advantage in terms of the connectivity to other parts of the city . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business class Information Technology corridor . The Peelamedu area stretches from Nava India to the Coimbatore International Airport near SITRA , encompassing major educational institutions , hospitals , and Industries . Major textile and wet grinder industries and a considerable number of foundries and motor/pump industries of the district are also located here . It is the educational hub of Coimbatore , with renowned Medical , Paramedical , Engineering , Arts & Science colleges and many famous schools situated here . Peelamedu is also home to many major hospitals like PSG hospitals , Medical College Hospital , Aravind Eye Hospital and the Kovai Medical Center , Gopal Naidu schools and Hospital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '325,000 sq ft ( 30,200 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prozone Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prozone_Mall_(Coimbatore)', 'summary': 'Prozone Mall-Coimbatore is one of the largest vertically designed shopping malls in India , covering over 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m2 ) . It was opened on 19 July 2017 at Sivanandapuram , Saravanampatti Road , Coimbatore .'}]}, {'value': 'Sivanandapuram , Coimbatore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vishaal de Mal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vishaal_de_Mal', 'summary': "Vishaal de Mal is a shopping mall in the city of Madurai , Tamil Nadu . It is the first large format mall in southern Tamil Nadu , and the city 's first integrated multi-utility mall ."}]}, {'value': 'Chinna Chockikulam , Madurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madurai', 'summary': 'Madurai ( /ˈmædjʊraɪ/ MAD-yuu-ry , also US : /ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/ MAH-də-RY ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District , the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India . Located on the banks of River Vaigai , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia . Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language , and the third Tamil Sangam , a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city . The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE , being mentioned by Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire , and Kautilya , a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya . Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur . The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled , at different times , by the Pandyas , Cholas , Madurai Sultanate , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Carnatic kingdom , and the British East India Company British Raj . The city has a number of historical monuments , with the Meenakshi Amman Temple and the Tirumalai Nayak Palace being the most prominent . Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu . The city is home to various automobile , rubber , chemical and granite manufacturing industries . Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College , Homeopathic Medical College , Madurai Law College , Agricultural College and Research Institute . Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '230,000 sq ft ( 21,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Milan'em Mall", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Milan'em_Mall", 'summary': "Milan'em Mall is a shopping mall in K.K . Nagar , Madurai , India . It was opened on 28 September 2009 and is the first shopping mall in Madurai . Built in a half acre site , the mall has five floors with a total area of 90,000 sq.ft . The mall has a food court in the third floor along with water zorbing for kids . The atrium of the mall is used to host cultural events ."}]}, {'value': 'K.K . Nagar , Madurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madurai', 'summary': 'Madurai ( /ˈmædjʊraɪ/ MAD-yuu-ry , also US : /ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/ MAH-də-RY ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District , the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India . Located on the banks of River Vaigai , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia . Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language , and the third Tamil Sangam , a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city . The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE , being mentioned by Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire , and Kautilya , a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya . Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur . The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled , at different times , by the Pandyas , Cholas , Madurai Sultanate , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Carnatic kingdom , and the British East India Company British Raj . The city has a number of historical monuments , with the Meenakshi Amman Temple and the Tirumalai Nayak Palace being the most prominent . Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu . The city is home to various automobile , rubber , chemical and granite manufacturing industries . Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College , Homeopathic Medical College , Madurai Law College , Agricultural College and Research Institute . Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,000 sq ft ( 8,400 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tamil Nadu', 'section_text': 'Express Avenue , Chennai Spencer Plaza , Chennai', 'uid': 'List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kolkata_14', 'intro': 'This is a list of shopping malls in India, sortable by name, location, year opened and size.'} | null | null | What is the location of the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built ? | Anna Salai , Chennai |
044a001852c4cd7f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today', 'title': 'Amusement Today', 'header': ['Category', '2019 Recipient', 'Location/Park'], 'data': [{'value': 'Best New Attraction Installation', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hagrid 's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hagrid's_Magical_Creatures_Motorbike_Adventure", 'summary': 'Hagrids Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure is a steel roller coaster located at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter - Hogsmeade section of Universal Orlandos Islands of Adventure theme park . The attraction , manufactured by Intamin , opened on June 13 , 2019 . Universal described the roller coaster as a highly-themed roller coaster that will take us into a different corner of the wizarding world , where guests will encounter some of their favorite characters and creatures . The attraction replaced the Dragon Challenge roller coasters , which closed on September 4 , 2017 . At $ 300M it is also the most expensive roller coaster ever built , surpassing the previous record of $ 100M by Expedition Everest . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Universal's_Islands_of_Adventure", 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Best New Roller Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel Curtain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_Curtain_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Steel Curtain is a steel roller coaster at Kennywood amusement park in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania , near Pittsburgh . Themed to the Pittsburgh Steelers , the ride is located on the former site of the Log Jammer , a flume ride which closed in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kennywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennywood', 'summary': "Kennywood is an amusement park located in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania . The park first opened on May 30 , 1899 , as a trolley park attraction at the end of the Mellon family 's Monongahela Street Railway . It was purchased in 1906 by F. W. Henninger and Andrew McSwigan , both of whom later formed the family-owned Kennywood Entertainment Company . The company later sold Kennywood , along with four other parks , in 2007 to Parques Reunidos , an international entertainment operator based in Spain . The amusement park features various structures and rides dating back to the early 1900s . Along with Rye Playland Park , it is one of only two amusement parks designated as a National Historic Landmark . Kennywood is also one of only thirteen trolley parks in the United States that remains in operation ."}]}, {'value': 'Best New Family Attraction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millennium Falcon : Smugglers Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_Falcon:_Smugglers_Run', 'summary': "Star Wars : Millennium Falcon - Smugglers Run is a motion simulator attraction , based on the Star Wars film series created by George Lucas . Located in Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge , the attraction opened on May 31 , 2019 in Disneyland , and opened on August 29 , 2019 in Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Park guests are seated in a 6-passenger motion simulator , themed after the Millennium Falcon . Guests go on an interactive smuggling mission with each guest on the attraction being assigned a different crew role . The attraction features appearances by Hondo Ohnaka , a character first seen in The Clone Wars , played by Robert Nairne and voiced by Jim Cummings ; and Chewbacca , played by Joonas Suotamo . The story is set between the films The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) and The Rise of Skywalker ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Disneyland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disneyland', 'summary': "Disneyland Park , originally Disneyland , is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California , opened on July 17 , 1955 . It is the only theme park designed and built to completion under the direct supervision of Walt Disney . It was originally the only attraction on the property ; its official name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s . It is the oldest Disney Park in the world . Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s . He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit ; however , he soon realized that the proposed site was too small . After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project , Disney bought a 160-acre ( 65 ha ) site near Anaheim in 1953 . Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17 , 1955 . Since its opening , Disneyland has undergone expansions and major renovations , including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966 , Bear Country ( now Critter Country ) in 1972 , Mickey 's Toontown in 1993 , and Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge in 2019 . Opened in 2001 , Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland 's original parking lot . Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world , with 726 million visits since it opened ( as of December 2018 ) . In 2018 , the park had approximately 18.6 million visits , making it the second most visited amusement park in the world that year , behind only Magic Kingdom , the very park it inspired ."}]}, {'value': 'Best New Water Park Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cutback Water Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Water Country USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_Country_USA', 'summary': "Water Country USA is a water park in Williamsburg , Virginia , United States . It is the Mid-Atlantic 's largest water park , and it offers live entertainment , shops and restaurants , water rides , and other family attractions , all of which have a 1950s or 1960s surf theme . It is owned by SeaWorld Entertainment . The park is just a few miles away from Busch Gardens Williamsburg , with which it shares clientele . Multi-park passes are available , and a parking pass at Water Country USA is valid for same-day entry to Busch Gardens Williamsburg ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Innovation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yukon Striker locker storage system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukon_Striker', 'summary': "Yukon Striker is a steel roller coaster located at Canada 's Wonderland in Vaughan , Ontario . Designed as a dive coaster from manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard , the ride opened to the general public on 3 May 2019 in place of SkyRider , a roller coaster that was removed from the park in 2014 . Featuring a height of 68 metres ( 223 ft ) , a length of 1,105 metres ( 3,625 ft ) , and a maximum speed of 130 km/h ( 81 mph ) , Yukon Striker is the world 's tallest , longest , and fastest Dive Coaster , sharing its height record with Valravn at Cedar Point . Its four inversions and drop length of 75 metres ( 245 ft ) also set world records among Dive Coaster models ."}]}, {'value': "Canada 's Wonderland", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada's_Wonderland", 'summary': "Canada 's Wonderland is a 134-hectare ( 330-acre ) theme park located in Vaughan , Ontario , a suburb approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north of Downtown Toronto . Opened in 1981 by the Taft Broadcasting Company and The Great-West Life Assurance Company as the first major theme park in Canada , it remains the country 's largest . The park , currently owned by Cedar Fair , has been the most visited seasonal amusement park in North America for several consecutive years . As a seasonal park , Canada 's Wonderland is open daily from May to Labour Day , with weekend openings in late April and after Labour Day until October 27th . They removed Halloween day Halloween Haunt due to the transition between Halloween Haunt and Winterfest With seventeen roller coasters , Canada 's Wonderland is ranked second in the world by number of roller coasters , after Six Flags Magic Mountain ( 19 coasters ) and tied with Cedar Point ( 17 coasters ) . The 134-hectare ( 330-acre ) park includes an 8-hectare ( 20-acre ) water park named Splash Works . The park holds Halloween Haunt , a Halloween-themed event , each fall , as well as special events throughout the season , including various food festivals , as well as Celebration Canada , a month-long Canada Day festival , among others . Beginning in 2019 , the park launched WinterFest , a holiday-themed event that would extend the park 's operating season to late December . The park was known as Paramount Canada 's Wonderland when it was owned by National Amusements via Paramount Parks from 1993 to 2006 . Following Cedar Fair 's purchase of the park in 2006 , Paramount was dropped from the name . In 2018 , it was the most visited seasonal amusement park in North America as well as the second most visited Cedar Fair amusement park , behind Knott 's Berry Farm in California with an estimated 3.79 million visitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europa-Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europa-Park', 'summary': "Europa-Park is the largest theme park in Germany , and the second most popular theme park resort in Europe , following Disneyland Paris . Europa-Park is located in Rust , in south-western Germany , between Freiburg im Breisgau and Strasbourg ( in neighboring France ) . The park is home to 13 roller coasters , the oldest being Alpenexpress Enzian , a powered coaster that speeds through a diamond mine , and the newest coaster being the Ba-a-a Express , a small kiddie roller coaster . Europa-Park has very high capacity roller coasters and attractions meaning the park can accommodate approximately 60,000 guests per day . It counted 5.7 million visitors in 2017 . It is also the location of the Euro Dance Festival . Since 2014 , Europa-Park has been named the world 's best amusement park by the Golden Ticket Awards . In November 2019 , Europa-Park 's Rulantica water park opened , along with a new themed hotel Krønasår ."}]}, {'value': 'Rust , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rust,_Germany', 'summary': 'Rust is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany . It is also the home of the famous theme park Europa-Park . The Renaissance era Balthasar Castle is now part of the theme park . The protected floodplain forest Taubergießen is adjacent to Rust .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas', 'summary': 'New Braunfels ( /ˈbrɔːnfɛlz/ ( listen ) BRAWN-felz ) is a city in Comal and Guadalupe counties in the U.S. state of Texas known for its Germanic Heritage . It is the seat of Comal County . The city covers 44.9 square miles ( 116 km2 ) and has a 2018 estimated population of 84,612 .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Family Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch Wonderland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Wonderland', 'summary': "Dutch Wonderland is a 48-acre ( 19 ha ) amusement park just east of Lancaster , Pennsylvania in East Lampeter Township , appealing primarily to families with small children . The park 's theme is a Kingdom for Kids . The entrance to the park has a stone imitation castle façade , which was built by Earl Clark , a potato farmer , before he opened the park in 1963 . The Clark family sold Dutch Wonderland in 2001 to Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company . They also operate Wonderland Mini-Golf , and Old Mill Stream Campground at the same location and the Gift Shop at Kitchen Kettle Village , in nearby Intercourse , Pennsylvania . On November 12 , 2010 , Hershey Entertainment announced that they sold Dutch Wonderland to Palace Entertainment . [ not verified in body ] The park has 32 rides , plus a tropical-themed interactive water play area called Duke 's Lagoon . The park also has an extended season , open for Happy Hauntings and Dutch Winter Wonderland events for Halloween and Christmas . The park is part of a larger area in Lancaster zoned for entertainment , dining , lodging , and conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkɪstər/ LANG-kə-stər ) is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvania 's Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States . With a population of 59,322 , it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvania 's cities . The Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766 , making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the U.S. and second largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area . The city 's primary industries include healthcare , tourism , public administration , manufacturing , and both professional and semi-professional services . Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than cities such as Boston or San Francisco , despite controversy among residents . Lancaster was home to James Buchanan , the nation 's 15th president , and to congressman and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Wildlife/Marine Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SeaWorld Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando', 'summary': 'SeaWorld Orlando is a theme park and marine zoological park , in Orlando , Florida . It is owned and operated by SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment . When combined with its neighbor Discovery Cove and Aquatica , it forms SeaWorld Parks and Resorts Orlando , an entertainment complex consisting of the three parks and many hotels . In 2018 , SeaWorld Orlando hosted an estimated 4.594 million guests , ranking it the 10th most visited amusement park in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Fla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Fla.', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wildebeest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wildebeest', 'summary': 'The wildebeest ( /ˈwɪldɪbiːst/ WIL-dih-beest , /ˈvɪl-/ VIL- , plural wildebeest , wildebai or wildebeests ) , also called the gnu ( /njuː/ NEW or /nuː/ NOO ) , is an antelope in the genus Connochaetes . It belongs to the family Bovidae , which includes antelopes , cattle , goats , sheep , and other even-toed horned ungulates . Connochaetes includes two species , both native to Africa : the black wildebeest or white-tailed gnu ( C. gnou ) , and the blue wildebeest or brindled gnu ( C. taurinus ) . Fossil records suggest these two species diverged about one million years ago , resulting in a northern and a southern species . The blue wildebeest remained in its original range and changed very little from the ancestral species , while the black wildebeest changed more as adaptation to its open grassland habitat in the south . The most obvious way of telling the two species apart are the differences in their colouring and in the way their horns are oriented . In East Africa , the blue wildebeest is the most abundant big-game species ; some populations perform an annual migration to new grazing grounds , but the black wildebeest is merely nomadic . Breeding in both takes place over a short period of time at the end of the rainy season and the calves are soon active and are able to move with the herd , a fact necessary for their survival . Nevertheless , some fall prey to large carnivores , especially the spotted hyena . Wildebeest often graze in mixed herds with zebra , which gives heightened awareness of potential predators . They are also alert to the warning signals emitted by other animals such as baboons . Wildebeest are a tourist attraction but compete with domesticated livestock for pasture and are sometimes blamed by farmers for transferring diseases and parasites to their cattle .'}]}, {'value': 'Splashin Safari', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Wooden Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Phoenix is a wooden roller coaster located at the Knoebels Amusement Resort in Elysburg , Pennsylvania . Prior to its purchase by Knoebels and its subsequent relocation in the mid-1980s , it was operated under the name The Rocket at Playland Park in San Antonio , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Knoebels Amusement Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoebels_Amusement_Resort', 'summary': "Knoebels Amusement Resort ( /kəˈnoʊbəlz/ ) is a family-owned and operated amusement park , picnic grove , and campground in Elysburg , Pennsylvania . Opened in 1926 , it is America 's largest free-admission park . The park has more than 60 rides including three wooden roller coasters , one steel roller coaster , a 1913 carousel , and a haunted house dark ride . The amusement park is owned and operated by the Knoebel ( pronounced kuh-NO-bel ) family , who also operate a lumber yard next to the park . The park 's name has traditionally been spelled Knoebels without the apostrophe , and appears that way on all official park advertising and correspondence . The park straddles the line between Northumberland and Columbia Counties . The complex is mainly in the Columbia County townships of Cleveland and Franklin and is in Ralpho Township on the Northumberland County side of the South Branch Roaring Creek . The park and its rides have won awards from organizations such as Amusement Today , American Coaster Enthusiasts , and the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions . In 2014 , Travel Channel rated Knoebels one of their Top 10 Family Friendly Amusement Parks in the United States . America 's Number One Amusement Park In 2008 , the parks dark ride was the subject of a one-hour documentary , Laff In The Darks Behind The Scenes At Knoebels Haunted House ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Steel Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fury 325', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fury_325', 'summary': "Fury 325 is a steel roller coaster located at Carowinds amusement park in Charlotte , North Carolina . Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard , Fury 325 opened to the public on March 28 , 2015 . It features a 6,602-foot-long ( 2,012 m ) track that reaches a maximum height of 325 feet ( 99 m ) , making it the fifth-tallest roller coaster in the world and the tallest overall among roller coasters that use a traditional chain lift hill . Riders experience speeds of up to 95 miles per hour ( 153 km/h ) , winding through high-speed curves and passing over and under the park 's main entrance . Fury 325 has also been voted the world 's best steel coaster in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards for four consecutive years beginning in 2016 , ending Millennium Force 's six-year streak ."}]}, {'value': 'Carowinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carowinds', 'summary': 'Carowinds is a 407-acre ( 165 ha ) amusement park , located adjacent to Interstate 77 in Charlotte , North Carolina . Although it has an official North Carolina address , the park is located along the North Carolina-South Carolina state line , with a portion of the park also located in Fort Mill , South Carolina . The park opened on March 31 , 1973 , at a cost of $ 70 million . This was the result of a four-year planning period spearheaded by Charlotte businessman Earl Patterson Hall , who was inspired to build the park by a 1956 trip to Disneyland and a dream of bringing the two states closer together . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company , Carowinds also features a 27-acre ( 81,000 m2 ) water park , Carolina Harbor , which is included with park admission . The park has a Halloween event called SCarowinds and a winter event called WinterFest .'}]}, {'value': "Best Kids ' Area", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Pigeon Forge , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Pigeon Forge is a mountain resort city in Sevier County , Tennessee , in the southeastern United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 5,875 . Situated just 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Pigeon Forge is a tourist destination that caters primarily to Southern culture and country music fans . The city 's attractions include Dollywood and Dollywood 's Splash Country as well as numerous gift shops , outlet malls , amusement rides , and musical theaters ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Guest Experience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Pigeon Forge , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Pigeon Forge is a mountain resort city in Sevier County , Tennessee , in the southeastern United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 5,875 . Situated just 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Pigeon Forge is a tourist destination that caters primarily to Southern culture and country music fans . The city 's attractions include Dollywood and Dollywood 's Splash Country as well as numerous gift shops , outlet malls , amusement rides , and musical theaters ."}]}, {'value': 'Breakout Family Entertainment Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C.J . Barrymores', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton Township , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Macomb_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Clinton Charter Township is a charter township and a census-designated place ( CDP ) of Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is a part of Metro Detroit . As of the 2010 census , the township had a total population of 96,796 , and is Michigan 's most populous township . It is also the tenth largest municipality in Michigan . The township is socioeconomically diverse , a mix of middle class communities and also including many upscale and exclusive areas that many notable people , such as Eminem , call home . Clinton Township is home to many parks , notably George George Memorial Park . The main branch of the Clinton River , for which the township was named , runs through Clinton Township ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Halloween Event of 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halloween Horror Nights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halloween_Horror_Nights', 'summary': "Halloween Horror Nights ( formerly known as Fright Nights ) is an annual special event that occurs at Universal Studios theme parks in Florida , California , Singapore , and Japan . The parks remain operational during the day and transition to Halloween Horror Nights at night . The Halloween-themed event occurs during the fall season and features haunted houses , scare zones and live entertainment , many of which use Universal Studios ' characters . Its intended audience are teenagers and young adults ."}]}, {'value': 'Universal Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Orlando', 'summary': "The Universal Orlando Resort , commonly known as Universal Orlando Studios and Universal Studios Orlando , formerly Universal Studios Escape or simply Universal , is an American theme park and entertainment resort complex based in Orlando , Florida . The resort is operated by Universal Parks & Resorts . It is wholly owned by NBCUniversal , a division of Comcast . Universal Orlando is the second-largest resort in Greater Orlando , after the Walt Disney World resort , covering 541 acres of land . Universal Orlando consists of two theme parks ( Universal Studios Florida and Universal 's Islands of Adventure ) , a water park ( Volcano Bay ) , a night-time entertainment complex ( Universal CityWalk Orlando ) , six Loews Hotels ( Loews Portofino Bay Hotel , Hard Rock Hotel , Loews Royal Pacific Resort , Cabana Bay Beach Resort , Loews Sapphire Falls Resort , Universals Aventura Hotel ) , and an upcoming park , Epic Universe . All of the hotel resorts offer Early Park Admission into The Wizarding World of Harry Potter and Universals Volcano Bay . Additionally , the Loews Portofino Bay Hotel , Hard Rock Hotel and Loews Royal Pacific Resort offer free unlimited Universal Express Pass for use at participating rides at Universal Studios Florida and Universals Islands of Adventure . There are similar products valid at Volcano Bay , Halloween Horror Nights , and Rock the Universe . Universal Orlando is one of the most visited resorts in the world , with an annual attendance of 21 million in 2017 . Universal Orlando is the flagship resort of Universal Parks & Resorts , especially due to the competitive nature between the resort and Walt Disney World ."}]}, {'value': 'Most Beautiful Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busch Gardens Williamsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg', 'summary': "Busch Gardens Williamsburg ( formerly known as Busch Gardens Europe and Busch Gardens : The Old Country ) is a 383-acre ( 1.55 km2 ) theme park located in James City County , Virginia , United States . Located about sixty miles ( 100 km ) northwest of Virginia Beach , the park was developed by Anheuser-Busch ( A-B ) and is owned by SeaWorld Entertainment . It opened on May 16 , 1975 , adjacent to Anheuser-Busch 's brewery and near its other developments including the Kingsmill Resort complex . The park is themed around various European countries and as such was originally called Busch Gardens : The Old Country . In 1993 , the park was renamed Busch Gardens Williamsburg before briefly being named Busch Gardens Europe in 2006 until it returned to the Williamsburg name in 2008 . Similarly , its sister park in Florida was originally called Busch Gardens : The Dark Continent until it was officially renamed Busch Gardens Tampa Bay until a brief switch to Busch Gardens Africa from 2006 to 2008 . In 2015 , the estimated attendance of 2.78 million makes it the twentieth most-visited park in the US . In addition to its landscaping and European theme , Busch Gardens is widely known for its roller coasters , including Griffon , Alpengeist , and Apollo 's Chariot , which won No . 4 best steel coaster in 2012 from the Golden Ticket Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Williamsburg , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Williamsburg is a city in the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 14,068 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 14,896 . Located on the Virginia Peninsula , Williamsburg is in the northern part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . It is bordered by James City County and York County . Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation , a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers . The city served as the capital of the Colony and Commonwealth of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution . The College of William & Mary , established in 1693 , is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South ; its alumni include three U.S. Presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation 's early history . The city 's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg , the restored Historic Area of the city . Along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown , Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle , which attracts more than four million tourists each year . Modern Williamsburg is also a college town , inhabited in large part by William & Mary students and staff ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Christmas Event of 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smoky Mountain Christmas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Food', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoebels Amusement Resort', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elysburg , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elysburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Elysburg is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Ralpho Township , Northumberland County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is seventy miles north of Harrisburg . The population was 2,194 at the 2010 census . The area 's biggest attraction is Knoebels Amusement Park , which is known for having two wooden roller coasters and free admission ."}]}, {'value': 'Best New Show', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reubens Swashbuckling Adventure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Dollar City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Dollar_City', 'summary': "Silver Dollar City is a theme park in the US state of Missouri . Opened on May 1 , 1960 , the park is located between Branson and Branson West off of Missouri Route 76 on the Indian Point peninsula of Table Rock Lake . The park is an 1880s-themed experience that fits Branson 's vision as a family-friendly vacation destination with down-home charm . Silver Dollar City 's operating season runs from mid-March until late December , with the park closed during the months of January and February . Silver Dollar City is owned by Herschend Family Entertainment ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Host Park : Silverwood Theme Park The Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards were announced on September 9 , 2019 at Silverwood Theme Park '", 'uid': 'Amusement_Today_0', 'intro': 'Amusement Today is a monthly periodical that features articles, news, pictures and reviews about all things relating to the amusement park industry, including parks, rides, and ride manufacturers. The trade newspaper, which is based in Arlington, Texas, United States, was founded in January 1997 by Gary Slade, Virgil E. Moore III and Rick Tidrow. In 1997, Amusement Today won the Impact Award in the services category for Best New Product from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA). A year later, in 1998, the magazine founded the Golden Ticket Awards, for which it has become best known for throughout the amusement park industry. On January 2, 2001, Slade bought out his two partners, giving him sole ownership of the paper. The paper has two full-time and two part-time staff members at its Arlington office, along with two full-time writers and several freelance writers in various parts of the world.'} | null | null | How many guests attend the park located in a mountain resort city in Sevier County , Tennessee in a typical season ? | 3 million |
044afc7601773a1a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Hemsworth', 'title': 'Liam Hemsworth', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knowing_(film)', 'summary': "Knowing is a 2009 science fiction thriller film directed by Alex Proyas and starring Nicolas Cage . The project was originally attached to a number of directors under Columbia Pictures , but it was placed in turnaround and eventually picked up by Escape Artists . Production was financially backed by Summit Entertainment . Knowing was filmed in Docklands Studios Melbourne , Australia , using various locations to represent the film 's Boston-area setting . The film was released on March 20 , 2009 , in the United States . The DVD and Blu-ray media were released on July 7 , 2009 . Knowing grossed $ 186.5 million at the worldwide box office , plus $ 27.7 million with home video sales , against a production budget of $ 50 million . It met with mixed reviews , with praise for the acting performances , visual style and atmosphere , but criticism over some implausibilities and the ending ."}]}, {'value': 'Spencer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triangle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triangle_(2009_British_film)', 'summary': 'Triangle is a 2009 psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Smith and starring Melissa George and Michael Dorman . The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 October 2009 . George portrays a single mother who goes on a boating trip with several friends . When they are forced to abandon their ship , they board a derelict ocean liner , where they become convinced that someone is stalking them .'}]}, {'value': 'Victor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Last Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Song_(2010_film)', 'summary': "The Last Song is a 2010 American coming-of-age teen romantic drama film developed alongside Nicholas Sparks ' 2009 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Julie Anne Robinson in her feature film directorial debut and co-written by Sparks and Jeff Van Wie . The Last Song stars Miley Cyrus , Liam Hemsworth , and Greg Kinnear , and follows a troubled teenager as she reconnects with her estranged father and falls in love during a summer in a quiet Southern United States beach town . Sparks was approached to write both the film 's screenplay and the novel . Sparks completed the screenplay in January 2009 , prior to the completion of the novel , making The Last Song his first script to be optioned for film . The setting , originally in North Carolina like the novel , relocated to Georgia after the states had campaigned for months to host production . Upon beginning production in Tybee Island , Georgia , and nearby Savannah , The Last Song became the first movie to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . Filming lasted from June 15 to August 18 , 2009 , with much of it occurring on the island 's beach and pier . The Last Song was released by Touchstone Pictures on March 31st , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Will Blakelee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunger Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunger_Games_(film)', 'summary': "The Hunger Games is a 2012 American dystopian science fiction-adventure film directed by Gary Ross and based on Suzanne Collinss 2008 novel of the same name . It is the first installment in The Hunger Games film series and was produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , with a screenplay by Ross , Collins , and Billy Ray . The film stars Jennifer Lawrence , Josh Hutcherson , Liam Hemsworth , Woody Harrelson , Elizabeth Banks , Lenny Kravitz , Stanley Tucci , and Donald Sutherland . The story takes place in a dystopian post-apocalyptic future in the nation of Panem , where a boy and a girl from each of the nation 's 12 Districts are chosen annually as tributes and forced to compete in The Hunger Games , an elaborate televised fight to the death . Katniss Everdeen ( Jennifer Lawrence ) volunteers to take her younger sister 's place , and with her district 's male tribute , Peeta Mellark ( Josh Hutcherson ) , travels to the Capitol to train and compete in the games . Development of The Hunger Games began in March 2009 when Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement with Color Force , which had acquired the rights a few weeks earlier . Collins collaborated with Ray and Ross to write the screenplay . The screenplay expanded the character of Seneca Crane to allow several developments to be shown directly to the audience and Ross added several scenes between Crane and Coriolanus Snow . The main characters were cast between March and May 2011 . Principal photography began in May 2011 and ended in September 2011 , with filming taking place in North Carolina . The film was released on March 21 , 2012 , in some European countries and in the US and UK on March 23 , 2012 , in both conventional theaters and digital IMAX theaters . Japan received it last , on September 28 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gale Hawthorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gale_Hawthorne', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters in The Hunger Games trilogy , a series of young adult science fiction novels by Suzanne Collins that were later adapted into a series of four feature films . The actors who portray these characters are given in List of The Hunger Games cast members .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Expendables 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Expendables_2', 'summary': 'The Expendables 2 is a 2012 American action film directed by Simon West , written by Richard Wenk and Sylvester Stallone and based on a story by Ken Kaufman , David Agosto and Wenk . Brian Tyler returned to score the film . It is the sequel to the 2010 action film The Expendables , and stars Sylvester Stallone , Jason Statham , Jet Li , Dolph Lundgren , Chuck Norris , Terry Crews , Randy Couture , Liam Hemsworth , Jean-Claude Van Damme , Bruce Willis , and Arnold Schwarzenegger . The story follows the mercenary group known as the Expendables as they undertake a seemingly simple mission which evolves into a quest for revenge against rival mercenary Jean Vilain , who murdered one of their own and threatens the world with a deadly weapon . It is the second installment in The Expendables film series . Principal photography took place over 14 weeks ( beginning in September 2011 ) on an estimated $ 100 million budget . Film locations included Bulgaria , Hong Kong and New Orleans . Controversy arose over the accidental death of a stuntman and environmental damage caused during filming in Bulgaria . The film was released in Europe on August 16 , 2012 and in North America the following day . The Expendables 2 grossed over $ 310 million worldwide , with its greatest success outside North America . Critics generally considered the film an improvement over its predecessor ( citing an increased use of humor and action scenes ) , but its plot and dialogue received negative reviews . A tie-in downloadable video game was released on July 31 , 2012 as a prequel to the events of the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy The Kid Timmons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love and Honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_and_Honor_(2013_film)', 'summary': "Love and Honor is a 2013 romantic drama film directed by Danny Mooney . It is Mooney 's feature-film directorial debut . The film , based on a true story of a Michigan soldier , takes place during the Vietnam War and is set in Ann Arbor and surrounding areas . The story follows a soldier who , after being dumped by his girlfriend , decides to return home secretly from war with his best friend to win her back ."}]}, {'value': 'Mickey Wright', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paranoia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paranoia_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Paranoia is a 2013 American thriller film directed by Robert Luketic . Barry L. Levy and Jason Hall wrote the screenplay , loosely based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder . It stars Liam Hemsworth , Gary Oldman , Amber Heard , and Harrison Ford . The film was released on August 16 , 2013 and bombed at the box office , grossing $ 16 million against a budget of $ 35 million . It was described as clichéd and unoriginal by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , where it has a 7% approval rating .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Cassidy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_State_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Empire State is a 2013 American crime drama film based on a true story , centered on two childhood friends who rob an armored car depository , and the NYPD officer who stands in their way . Directed by Dito Montiel and starring Dwayne Johnson , Liam Hemsworth and Emma Roberts , the film was released straight to DVD and Blu-ray on September 3 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Potamitis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunger Games : Catching Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire', 'summary': "The Hunger Games : Catching Fire is a 2013 American dystopian science fiction adventure film based on Suzanne Collins ' dystopian novel Catching Fire ( 2009 ) , the second installment in The Hunger Games trilogy . The film is the sequel to The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) and the second installment in The Hunger Games film series , produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , with co-production by Lionsgate Films and distributed by Lionsgate Entertainment . Francis Lawrence directed the film , with a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt ( credited as Michael deBruyn ) . Adding to the existing cast , the supporting cast was filled out with Philip Seymour Hoffman , Jeffrey Wright , Sam Claflin , Lynn Cohen , Jena Malone , and Amanda Plummer . Filming began on September 10 , 2012 , in Atlanta , Georgia , before moving to Hawaii . The plot of Catching Fire takes place a few months after the previous installment ; Katniss Everdeen and fellow District 12 tribute Peeta Mellark have returned home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games . Throughout the story , Katniss senses that a rebellion against the oppressive Capitol is simmering throughout the districts . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire premiered in London on November 11 , 2013 and was theatrically released on November 15 , 2013 , in Brazil ; November 20 in Finland , Sweden , and Norway ; November 21 in the United Kingdom ; and November 22 in IMAX , in the United States . The film set records for the biggest November opening weekend and biggest three- and five-day Thanksgiving box-office totals , surpassing the first film 's box office grosses . It ranks as the 22nd-highest-grossing film at the domestic box office and the highest-grossing film at the domestic box office of 2013 , becoming the first 2-D film since The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) to top the yearly box office , as well as having a lead female top the box office since The Exorcist ( 1973 ) . The film has grossed over $ 865 million worldwide and is the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2013 and the highest-grossing entry in The Hunger Games series . The film was followed by The Hunger Games : Mockingjay , a two-part sequel and finale of the franchise : Part 1 was released on November 21 , 2014 , in the United States , and Part 2 on November 20 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gale Hawthorne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cut Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cut_Bank_(film)', 'summary': 'Cut Bank ( also known as Hell Town ) is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Matt Shakman and written by Roberto Patino . Starring Liam Hemsworth , Billy Bob Thornton , John Malkovich , Teresa Palmer , and Michael Stuhlbarg , the film was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival . It was released in the United States on April 3 , 2015 , in a limited release and through video on demand by A24 Films .'}]}, {'value': 'Dwayne McLaren', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Mockingjay_–_Part_1', 'summary': "The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction adventure film directed by Francis Lawrence with a screenplay by Peter Craig and Danny Strong . It is the first of two films based on Suzanne Collins ' novel Mockingjay , the final book in The Hunger Games trilogy , and the third installment in The Hunger Games film series , produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik and distributed by Lionsgate . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Jennifer Lawrence , Josh Hutcherson , Liam Hemsworth , Woody Harrelson , Elizabeth Banks , Julianne Moore , Philip Seymour Hoffman , Jeffrey Wright , Stanley Tucci , and Donald Sutherland . Principal photography for both parts of the film began on September 23 , 2013 , in Atlanta , before moving to Paris for two weeks of filming and officially concluding on June 20 , 2014 , in Berlin . The story continues to follow Katniss Everdeen ; having twice survived the Hunger Games , Katniss finds herself in District 13 . Under the leadership of President Coin and the advice of her trusted friends , Katniss reluctantly becomes the symbol of a mass rebellion against the Capitol and fights to save Peeta and a nation moved by her courage . It is the sequel to The Hunger Games : Catching Fire and was followed by the concluding entry , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 . Mockingjay - Part 1 was released on November 21 , 2014 in the United States . Like its predecessors , the film was a commercial success grossing $ 55 million on its opening day , making it the largest opening day of 2014 and the sixth-largest in November . The film went to the No . 1 spot during its opening weekend with a $ 273.8 million worldwide gross , becoming the biggest opening of 2014 and marking The Hunger Games film series as the only franchise to have three films earn over $ 100 million in a weekend . The film earned over $ 755 million worldwide , making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 2014 and the second-highest-grossing entry in The Hunger Games series ."}]}, {'value': 'Gale Hawthorne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dressmaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dressmaker_(2015_film)', 'summary': "The Dressmaker is a 2015 Australian revenge comedy-drama film written and directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse , based on the 2000 novel of the same name by Rosalie Ham . It stars Kate Winslet as a femme fatale in the title role of the dressmaker , Myrtle Tilly Dunnage , who returns to a small Australian town to take care of her ailing , mentally unstable mother . The film explores the themes of revenge and creativity and was described by Moorhouse as Clint Eastwood 's Unforgiven with a sewing machine . The project was first developed in 2000 , and Ham wrote a treatment herself . After initial attempts failed , Sue Maslin bought the rights to the novel and hired Moorhouse to direct and write the screenplay . Production took place in Melbourne and across Victoria , Australia in late 2014 . The film had its world premiere at 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on 14 September 2015 and had a theatrical release on 29 October 2015 in Australia and New Zealand . It opened at the number 1 spot at the Australian and New Zealand box offices and became the second highest-grossing Australian film of 2015 and eleventh highest-grossing film of all time at Australian box office . Despite receiving mixed critical reviews , with praise going towards Winslet 's performance and criticism focusing on its uneven tone , The Dressmaker led the 5th AACTA Awards with thirteen nominations . These included Best Film , Best Direction , Best Production Design , Best Original Music Score , Best Sound , Best Editing , Best Cinematography and won Best Lead Actress , Best Supporting Actress , Best Supporting Actor , Best Costume Design and People 's Choice Award for Favourite Australian Film ."}]}, {'value': 'Ted McSwiney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Mockingjay_–_Part_2', 'summary': "The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 is a 2015 dystopian science fiction adventure film directed by Francis Lawrence , with a screenplay by Peter Craig and Danny Strong . It is the fourth and final installment in The Hunger Games film series , and the second of two films based on the novel Mockingjay , the final book in The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins . An American-German co-production , the film was produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , and distributed by Lionsgate . It features an ensemble cast that includes Jennifer Lawrence , Josh Hutcherson , Liam Hemsworth , Woody Harrelson , Elizabeth Banks , Julianne Moore , Philip Seymour Hoffman , and Donald Sutherland . Hoffman died in February 2014 , marking his final film role . The story continues from The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 with Katniss Everdeen ( Lawrence ) preparing to win the war against President Snow ( Sutherland ) and the tyrannical Capitol . Together with Peeta , Gale , Finnick , and others , she travels to the Capitol to kill Snow . Principal photography on both parts of Mockingjay began on September 23 , 2013 in Atlanta , before moving to Paris for two weeks of back-to-back filming and officially concluding on June 20 , 2014 , in Berlin and at Babelsberg Studio , which served as a co-producer . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 premiered in Berlin on November 4 , 2015 , and was theatrically released in the United States on November 20 , 2015 , in 2D and IMAX , and internationally in 2D , 3D , RealD Cinema , and IMAX 3D in select territories ; it is the only film in the series widely released in 3D . Falling below expectations internationally and domestically with a $ 102.7 million gross during its opening weekend in North America , the film had the sixth-biggest opening in 2015 , but held at number one at the international box office for four consecutive weekends . The film grossed over $ 653 million worldwide , making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 2015 and the lowest-grossing of the four films in the franchise , but still a commercial success . Mockingjay - Part 2 received generally positive reviews from critics , for its performances ( particularly Lawrence , Hutcherson and Sutherland 's ) , screenplay , musical score and action sequences , though it was criticized for splitting the final adaptation into two separate parts ."}]}, {'value': 'Gale Hawthorne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence Day : Resurgence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_Day:_Resurgence', 'summary': "Independence Day : Resurgence is a 2016 American epic science fiction disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by Emmerich , Dean Devlin , Nicolas Wright , James A . Woods , and James Vanderbilt . A sequel to the 1996 film Independence Day , it stars an ensemble cast featuring Liam Hemsworth , Jeff Goldblum , Bill Pullman , Maika Monroe , Jessie Usher , Travis Tope , William Fichtner , Charlotte Gainsbourg , Judd Hirsch , Brent Spiner , Angelababy and Sela Ward . The film takes place twenty years after the events of the first film , during which the United Nations has collaborated to form Earth Space Defense , an international military defense and research organization . Through reverse engineering , the world has fused the power of alien technology with humanity 's and laid the groundwork to resist a second invasion . Plans for a sequel to Independence Day began as early as 2001 , with 20th Century Fox eventually green-lighting the project in 2014 . Principal photography began in April 2015 at locations primarily in New Mexico but also in the Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah , which were featured in the original . Independence Day : Resurgence was released in the United States on June 24 , 2016 , twenty years after the release of Independence Day , in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D , grossing $ 389.7 million worldwide at the box office . It received negative reactions from critics and audiences and was considered a box office disappointment ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake Morrison', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Duel_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'The Duel is a 2016 American western film directed by Kieran Darcy-Smith and written by Matt Cook . The film stars Liam Hemsworth , Emory Cohen , Woody Harrelson and Alice Braga . The film was released for limited release and video on demand on June 24 , 2016 , by Lionsgate Premiere . It was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on August 23 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Kingston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Is n't It Romantic", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Isn't_It_Romantic_(2019_film)", 'summary': "Is n't It Romantic is a 2019 American satirical fantasy romantic comedy film directed by Todd Strauss-Schulson and written by Erin Cardillo , Dana Fox , and Katie Silberman . The film stars Rebel Wilson as a woman who finds herself in a world where everything around her plays out like a cliche PG-13 romantic comedy . Liam Hemsworth , Adam DeVine , and Priyanka Chopra appear in supporting roles . The film was theatrically released in the United States on February 13 , 2019 , by Warner Bros. Pictures , and in international territories by Netflix on February 28 , 2019 . It grossed over $ 48 million on a $ 31 million budget and received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised Wilson 's performance ."}]}, {'value': 'Blake', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killerman', 'summary': 'Killerman is a 2019 American action crime film starring Liam Hemsworth , Emory Cohen , Diane Guerrero , Zlatko Buric , Suraj Sharma , and Nickola Shreli . It was theatrically released in the United States on August 30 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Moe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyle', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Liam_Hemsworth_0', 'intro': "Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor. He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera Neighbours and Marcus in the children's television series The Elephant Princess. In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in The Last Song (2010), as Gale Hawthorne in The Hunger Games film series (2012-2015), and as Jake Morrison in Independence Day: Resurgence (2016). Hemsworth's older brothers, Luke and Chris, are also actors."} | null | null | When was the movie where Liam played the role of Victor released in the UK ? | 16 October 2009 |
044b5133b14e62be | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Otoe_County,_Nebraska', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Otoe County, Nebraska', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arbor Lodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbor_Lodge_State_Historical_Park_and_Arboretum', 'summary': 'Arbor Lodge State Historical Park and Arboretum is a mansion and arboretum located at 2600 Arbor Avenue , Nebraska City , Nebraska , United States . The park is a National Historic Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1969 . The 52-room neo-colonial house began in 1855 for J . Sterling Morton , originator of Arbor Day and Secretary of Agriculture in the 1890s under President Grover Cleveland . The house was originally a modest 4-room frame structure on 160 acres ( 65 ha ) . It was extended several times , most recently in 1903 , and in later years served as the summer home for his son Joy Morton , founder of Morton Salt Company . The mansion features Victorian and Empire furnishings , many of which were owned by the Mortons . Its sun parlor contains a fine Tiffany skylight with grape trellis design . Trees were a central interest of J . Sterling Morton . He imported trees from all over the country in order to test their suitability to create windbreaks and otherwise break up the monotony of the great plains . The house is surrounded by 270 varieties of trees and shrubs , including gardens , apple orchards , and acres of oaks , maples , chestnuts , and pines , including at least 10 state-champion trees .'}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1969 ( # 69000135 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arbor Lodge State Park , west of Nebraska City 40°40′49″N 95°52′42″W / 40.680278°N 95.878333°W / 40.680278 ; -95.878333 ( Arbor Lodge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbor_Lodge_State_Park', 'summary': 'Arbor Lodge State Historical Park and Arboretum is a mansion and arboretum located at 2600 Arbor Avenue , Nebraska City , Nebraska , United States . The park is a National Historic Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1969 . The 52-room neo-colonial house began in 1855 for J . Sterling Morton , originator of Arbor Day and Secretary of Agriculture in the 1890s under President Grover Cleveland . The house was originally a modest 4-room frame structure on 160 acres ( 65 ha ) . It was extended several times , most recently in 1903 , and in later years served as the summer home for his son Joy Morton , founder of Morton Salt Company . The mansion features Victorian and Empire furnishings , many of which were owned by the Mortons . Its sun parlor contains a fine Tiffany skylight with grape trellis design . Trees were a central interest of J . Sterling Morton . He imported trees from all over the country in order to test their suitability to create windbreaks and otherwise break up the monotony of the great plains . The house is surrounded by 270 varieties of trees and shrubs , including gardens , apple orchards , and acres of oaks , maples , chestnuts , and pines , including at least 10 state-champion trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boscobel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boscobel_(Nebraska_City,_Nebraska)', 'summary': "Boscobel is a historic two-story house in Nebraska City , Nebraska . It was built in 1879 for Rollin M. Rolfe , a grocer , banker and co-founder of the Midland Pacific Railway who served on Nebraska City 's city council as a Republican in 1873 . The house was designed in the Italianate style , with paneled and bracketed cornice and stone quoins . Rolfe moved out of the house in 1886 . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 17 , 1976 . It was deemed a fine example of Italianate style in Nebraska , though like other surviving examples it is modest in its implementation of the style , forgoing extra flourishes . The name Boscobel , as applied apparently first to the 1632-built Boscobel House in England , associated with the escape of King Charles II after being defeated by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester , was believed to derive from the Italian phrase bosco bello meaning in the midst of fair woods ."}]}, {'value': 'June 17 , 1976 ( # 76001133 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Nebraska City on Steamwagon Rd . 40°40′59″N 95°52′36″W / 40.683056°N 95.876667°W / 40.683056 ; -95.876667 ( Boscobel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 29 , 1992 ( # 92000737 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unnamed stream , southwest of Nebraska City 40°41′45″N 95°53′01″W / 40.69572°N 95.88361°W / 40.69572 ; -95.88361 ( Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 29 , 1992 ( # 92000733 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County road over an unnamed stream , 4.1 miles ( 6.6 km ) southwest of Lorton 40°34′01″N 96°05′26″W / 40.566944°N 96.090556°W / 40.566944 ; -96.090556 ( Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorton,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Lorton is a village in Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 41 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Creek Cemetery and Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 21 , 2011 ( # 11000102 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast corner of County Road P and S. 70th Rd . 40°34′04″N 95°48′08″W / 40.567778°N 95.802222°W / 40.567778 ; -95.802222 ( Camp Creek Cemetery and Chapel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Creek School , Otoe County District No . 54', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Creek_School,_Otoe_County_District_No._54', 'summary': "Camp Creek School , Otoe County District No . 54 , in Otoe County , Nebraska near Nebraska City , Nebraska , was built in 1870-75 . Its building is one of few surviving one-room schoolhouses in Nebraska . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . It is a one-story brick building , built in 1870-75 , which was covered in stucco between 1922 and 1924 because the brick was detiorating . It faces south onto east-west Q Road , at S. 69th Rd. , about three miles west of the Missouri River . Its National Register nomination in 1980 stated : Otoe County District # 54 , one of the few surviving one-room schools in Nebraska , is a link to the territorial beginnings of our state . Its long history illustrates the hardships and struggles of the pioneers and their determination to sacrifice to give their children better opportunities than had been theirs back in the eastern states from which they poured in as the land was opened up to settlement . The school was the first home of the church around which developed the Camp Creek community grouped about a Congregational church and the Camp Creek Cemetery . The church is no more , a victim of the automobile and the Depression of the 1930 's . The school house is still in use , but it will soon close and the district be dissolved because of declining enrollment in this day when the small family farm , too , is passing . The second building of the Camp Creek School was a source of community pride , its neat red brick structure harmonizing with the style of the church a mile directly west , and meeting the recommendations of the county superintendent for suitable accommodations in which to educate the youth ."}]}, {'value': 'June 5 , 1980 ( # 80002459 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6903 Q Rd 40°33′08″N 95°48′42″W / 40.55228°N 95.81164°W / 40.55228 ; -95.81164 ( Camp Creek School , Otoe County District No . 54 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Army of the Republic ( G.A.R . ) Memorial Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic_Memorial_Hall_(Nebraska_City,_Nebraska)', 'summary': 'The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Hall , also known as William Baumer Post No . 24 , Grand Army of the Republic ( GAR ) , and as the Civil War Veterans Museum , is a historic building located at 908 ( now 910 ) 1st Corso in Nebraska City , Nebraska , in the United States . The hall was built in 1894-95 . In 1994 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 1994 ( # 94000067 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '908 1st Corso 40°40′33″N 95°51′25″W / 40.67592°N 95.85689°W / 40.67592 ; -95.85689 ( Grand Army of the Republic ( G.A.R . ) Memorial Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmony School , School District No . 53', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony_School,_School_District_No._53', 'summary': 'Harmony School , School District # 53 , built in 1879 , is an historic Carpenter Gothic-style country one-room schoolhouse located in rural Otoe County , Nebraska , near Nebraska City . The building was used for its intended purpose until 1997 when it was closed . It is now privately owned . On July 22 , 2005 , Harmony School was added to the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'July 22 , 2005 ( # 05000723 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6265 Q Rd . 40°33′09″N 95°52′20″W / 40.55239°N 95.87214°W / 40.55239 ; -95.87214 ( Harmony School , School District No . 53 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kregel Wind Mill Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kregel_Wind_Mill_Company', 'summary': 'The Kregel Wind Mill Company made wind wheel water pumping windmills in Nebraska City , Nebraska starting in the 1879 . It is the present day Kregel Windmill Factory Museum .'}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 1993 ( # 93000061 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1416 Central Ave. 40°40′37″N 95°51′49″W / 40.676944°N 95.86361°W / 40.676944 ; -95.86361 ( Kregel Wind Mill Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George F. Lee Octagon Houses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_F._Lee_Octagon_Houses', 'summary': 'The George F. Lee Octagon Houses were built by farmer and carpenter George F. Lee south of Nebraska City , Nebraska near the Missouri River . The first one constructed was a frame octagon house , whose date of construction is unknown ; the second , a brick octagon house , was built in 1872 across the road from the first . On November 23 , 1977 , they were added to the National Register of Historic Places . Only the wooden house survives .'}]}, {'value': 'November 23 , 1977 ( # 77000834 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of Nebraska City off U.S. Route 73 40°34′18″N 95°48′05″W / 40.571674°N 95.801498°W / 40.571674 ; -95.801498 ( George F. Lee Octagon Houses )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_73', 'summary': "U.S. Route 73 ( US 73 ) is a north-south United States highway that runs for 113 miles ( 182 km ) from northeast Kansas to southeast Nebraska . The highway 's southern terminus is Bonner Springs , Kansas at I-70 . Its northern terminus is near Dawson , Nebraska at US 75 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Nemaha River Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 29 , 1992 ( # 92000720 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County road over the Little Nemaha River , 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) northwest of Dunbar 40°40′58″N 96°02′43″W / 40.68264°N 96.04517°W / 40.68264 ; -96.04517 ( Little Nemaha River Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunbar,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Dunbar is a village in Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 187 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joachim Massow-Charles and Annie Schutz House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 28 , 2012 ( # 12000567 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4250 F Rd . 40°42′39″N 96°03′34″W / 40.710704°N 96.059395°W / 40.710704 ; -96.059395 ( Joachim Massow-Charles and Annie Schutz House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunbar,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Dunbar is a village in Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 187 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayhew Cabin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayhew_Cabin', 'summary': "The Mayhew Cabin ( officially Mayhew Cabin & Historic Village , also known as John Brown 's Cave ) , in Nebraska City , Nebraska , is the only Underground Railroad site in Nebraska officially recognized by the National Park Service . It is included among the sites of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom ."}]}, {'value': 'February 11 , 2011 ( # 11000013 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 4th Corso 40°40′24″N 95°52′12″W / 40.673333°N 95.87003°W / 40.673333 ; -95.87003 ( Mayhew Cabin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 22 , 2016 ( # 16000106 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '810 1st Corso 40°40′33″N 95°51′20″W / 40.675955°N 95.855570°W / 40.675955 ; -95.855570 ( Memorial Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morton-James Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morton-James_Public_Library', 'summary': 'The Morton-James Public Library is a library in the city of Nebraska City , in the southeastern part of the state of Nebraska , in the Midwestern United States . The building , located at 923 1st Corso , has been described as a modest , yet fine example of the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture in Nebraska . In 1976 , it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1976 ( # 76001134 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '923 First Corso 40°40′32″N 95°51′26″W / 40.675441°N 95.85736°W / 40.675441 ; -95.85736 ( Morton-James Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City Burlington Depot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 8 , 1997 ( # 97000881 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast intersection of 6th Street and 7th Corso 40°40′13″N 95°51′09″W / 40.67019°N 95.85256°W / 40.67019 ; -95.85256 ( Nebraska City Burlington Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1976 ( # 76001135 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by 5th Ave. , 3rd St. , 19th St. , and 1st Corso 40°40′43″N 95°51′30″W / 40.678611°N 95.858333°W / 40.678611 ; -95.858333 ( Nebraska City Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otoe County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otoe_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'The Otoe County Courthouse is home to the county seat of Otoe County , Nebraska in Nebraska City , Nebraska . The building contains both the Nebraska City Court and the Otoe County Court along with the government and law enforcement offices of both . The building sits at 1021 Central Avenue in Nebraska City . The courthouse is currently on the National Register of Historic Places and the oldest public building in the state of Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1976 ( # 76001136 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th St. and Central Ave. 40°40′34″N 95°51′30″W / 40.676193°N 95.858264°W / 40.676193 ; -95.858264 ( Otoe County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Benedict 's Catholic Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Benedict's_Catholic_Church_(Nebraska_City,_Nebraska)", 'summary': "St. Benedict 's Catholic Church is a Catholic church in Nebraska City , Nebraska , United States . It is on the National Register of Historic Places . The church parish was founded in 1856 and its building , completed in 1861 , is the oldest brick church in the state of Nebraska . The church 's address is 411 5th Rue , Nebraska City , Nebraska . It is a brick vernacular Romanesque structure featuring buttresses and entry tower . Its exterior walls were noticed to be spreading in 1948 , and it was feared the roof would collapse . The walls were dismantled , reinforced and then rebuilt using primarily original brick ."}]}, {'value': 'January 27 , 1983 ( # 83001100 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "411 5th Rue 40°40′11″N 95°50′28″W / 40.66972°N 95.84111°W / 40.66972 ; -95.84111 ( St. Benedict 's Catholic Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South 13th Street Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1976 ( # 76001137 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by 12th Street , 14th Street , 1st Corso , and 6th Corso 40°40′24″N 95°51′39″W / 40.673333°N 95.860833°W / 40.673333 ; -95.860833 ( South 13th Street Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Nebraska City is a city in , and the county seat of , Otoe County , Nebraska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,289 . The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state , as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855 . [ full citation needed ] Nebraska City is home of Arbor Day , the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center ( which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition ) , and the Mayhew Cabin , the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Otoe_County,_Nebraska_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Otoe County, Nebraska. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Otoe County, Nebraska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 26 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. Another two properties that were once listed have been removed.'} | null | null | What does the city contain a station of , that holds a landmark that is also known as John Brown 's Cave ? | the Underground Railroad |
044bbbe8eca0010e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Utah_State_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of Utah State University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year ( s )', 'Degree ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nathan Baldwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathaniel_Baldwin', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Baldwin ( December 1 , 1878 - January 19 , 1961 ) was the inventor of an improved telephonic earphone , amongst many other inventions , and a supporter of the early Mormon fundamentalist movement .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inventor of headphones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Headphones', 'summary': "Headphones ( or head-phones in the early days of telephony and radio ) traditionally refer to a pair of small loudspeaker drivers worn on or around the head over a user 's ears . They are electroacoustic transducers , which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound . Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately , in contrast to a loudspeaker , which emits sound into the open air for anyone nearby to hear . Headphones are also known as earspeakers , earphones or , colloquially , cans . Circumaural ( 'around the ear ' ) and supra-aural ( 'over the ear ' ) headphones use a band over the top of the head to hold the speakers in place . Another type , known as earbuds or earpieces consist of individual units that plug into the user 's ear canal . A third type are bone conduction headphones , which typically wrap around the back of the head and rest in front of the ear canal , leaving the ear canal open . In the context of telecommunication , a headset is a combination of headphone and microphone . Headphones connect to a signal source such as an audio amplifier , radio , CD player , portable media player , mobile phone , video game console , or electronic musical instrument , either directly using a cord , or using wireless technology such as Bluetooth , DECT or FM radio . The first headphones were developed in the late 19th century for use by telephone operators , to keep their hands free . Initially the audio quality was mediocre and a step forward was the invention of high fidelity headphones . Headphones are made in a range of different audio reproduction quality capabilities ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary L. Cleave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave', 'summary': 'Mary Louise Cleave ( born 5 February 1947 ) is an American engineer and a former NASA astronaut . She also served from 2004 to 2007 as NASA Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate .'}]}, {'value': '1975 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M.S . Biology Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASA astronaut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard F. Daines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_F._Daines', 'summary': "Richard Frederick Daines ( February 17 , 1951 - February 26 , 2011 ) was an American physician and served as the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Health from 2007 through 2010 . Afterward , he was a visiting scholar at the New York Academy of Medicine , focusing on policies that promote obesity prevention . Richard Daines was born in Preston , Idaho and grew up in Logan , Utah . Daines graduated from Utah State University in 1974 and served as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Bolivia from 1970 to 1972 . He then attended medical school at Cornell University Medical College and graduated in 1978 . He completed his residency in internal medicine at New York Hospital . He was board certified in internal medicine . He worked as a physician in New York City for over 25 years . At St. Barnabas Hospital in the Bronx , where he began practicing in 1978 , his skills and compassion coupled with his ability to speak fluent Spanish made him a valued member of the staff and a favorite among his patients . In 1994 he became the hospital 's Senior Vice President for Professional Affairs and Medical Director . In 2000 , he became Medical Director at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in Manhattan , and served as President and CEO there from 2002 to 2007 . He often worked shifts in the emergency department there to observe first hand the care patients received ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioner of Health for New York State ; head of the New York Department of Health', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Department_of_Health', 'summary': 'The New York State Department of Health ( NYSDOH ) is the department of the New York state government responsible for public health . It is headed by Health Commissioner Howard A. Zucker , M.D. , J.D. , who was appointed by Governor Andrew M. Cuomo and confirmed by the State Senate on May 5 , 2015 . Its regulations are compiled in title 10 of the New York Codes , Rules and Regulations .'}]}, {'value': 'Julia F. Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_F._Knight', 'summary': 'Julia Frandsen Knight is an American mathematician , specializing in model theory and computability theory . She is the Charles L. Huisking Professor of Mathematics at the University of Notre Dame and director of the graduate program in mathematics there . Knight did her undergraduate studies at Utah State University , graduating in 1964 , and earned her Ph.D. from the University of California , Berkeley in 1972 under the supervision of Robert Lawson Vaught . In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S . Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathematician in model theory and computability theory at the University of Notre Dame , Fellow of the American Mathematical Society', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Model_theory', 'summary': 'In mathematics , model theory is the study of classes of mathematical structures ( e.g . groups , fields , graphs , universes of set theory ) from the perspective of mathematical logic . The objects of study are models of theories in a formal language . A set of sentences in a formal language is one of the components that form a theory . A model of a theory is a structure ( e.g . an interpretation ) that satisfies the sentences of that theory . Model theory recognizes and is intimately concerned with a duality : it examines semantical elements ( meaning and truth ) by means of syntactical elements ( formulas and proofs ) of a corresponding language : in a summary definition , dating from 1973 ,'}, {'url': '/wiki/Computability_theory', 'summary': 'Computability theory , also known as recursion theory , is a branch of mathematical logic , of computer science , and of the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees . The field has since expanded to include the study of generalized computability and definability . In these areas , recursion theory overlaps with proof theory and effective descriptive set theory . Basic questions addressed by recursion theory include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society', 'summary': 'The American Mathematical Society ( AMS ) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship , and serves the national and international community through its publications , meetings , advocacy and other programs . The society is one of the four parts of the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics and a member of the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'George Piranian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Piranian', 'summary': 'George Piranian ( Armenian : Գևորգ Փիրանեան ; May 2 , 1914 - August 31 , 2009 ) , was a Swiss-American mathematician of Swiss and Armenian descent . Piranian was internationally known for his research in complex analysis , his association with Paul Erdős , and his editing of the Michigan Mathematical Journal .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S . Agriculture , M.S . Botany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathematician in complex analysis ; founded the Michigan Mathematical Journal with Paul Erdős , Fritz Herzog and Arthur J. Lohwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Complex_analysis', 'summary': 'Complex analysis , traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable , is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbers . It is useful in many branches of mathematics , including algebraic geometry , number theory , analytic combinatorics , applied mathematics ; as well as in physics , including the branches of hydrodynamics , thermodynamics , and particularly quantum mechanics . By extension , use of complex analysis also has applications in engineering fields such as nuclear , aerospace , mechanical and electrical engineering . [ citation needed ] As a differentiable function of a complex variable is equal to the sum of its Taylor series ( that is , it is analytic ) , complex analysis is particularly concerned with analytic functions of a complex variable ( that is , holomorphic functions ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Mathematical_Journal', 'summary': 'The Michigan Mathematical Journal ( established 1952 ) is published by the mathematics department at the University of Michigan . An important early editor for the Journal was George Piranian . Historically , the Journal has been published a small number of times in a given year ( currently four ) , in all areas of mathematics . The current Managing Editor is Mircea Mustaţă .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Erdős', 'summary': "Paul Erdős ( Hungarian : Erdős Pál [ ˈɛrdøːʃ ˈpaːl ] ; 26 March 1913 - 20 September 1996 ) was a renowned Hungarian mathematician . He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures of the 20th century . He was known both for his social practice of mathematics ( he engaged more than 500 collaborators ) and for his eccentric lifestyle ( Time magazine called him The Oddball 's Oddball ) . He devoted his waking hours to mathematics , even into his later years - indeed , his death came only hours after he solved a geometry problem at a conference in Warsaw . Erdős pursued and proposed problems in discrete mathematics , graph theory , number theory , mathematical analysis , approximation theory , set theory , and probability theory . Much of his work centered around discrete mathematics , cracking many previously unsolved problems in the field . He championed and contributed to Ramsey theory , which studies the conditions in which order necessarily appears . Overall , his work leaned towards solving previously open problems , rather than developing or exploring new areas of mathematics . Erdős published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime , a figure that remains unsurpassed . He firmly believed mathematics to be a social activity , living an itinerant lifestyle with the sole purpose of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians . Erdős 's prolific output with co-authors prompted the creation of the Erdős number , the number of steps in the shortest path between a mathematician and Erdős in terms of co-authorships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fritz_Herzog', 'summary': "Fritz Herzog ( 6 December 1902 to 21 November 2001 ) was an American mathematician , known for his work in complex analysis and power series . He was born in Germany and studied at the University of Berlin until 1934 when he moved to United States . He received his Ph.D. degree at Columbia University on a thesis entitled Systems of Algebraic Mixed Difference Equations advised by Joseph Ritt ( 1934 ) . Herzog was an electrical engineering research associate at Cornell University ( 1938-43 ) , working with Michel G. Malti on dynamo research . Together they solved an important electric power problem on balancing dynamos , which had remained open since the days of Michael Faraday a century before . Most of his career was spent at Michigan State University ( 1943-73 ) where he gave name to the Fritz Herzog Prize Endowment Fund . Herzog died at East Lansing of prostate cancer . He had a wife named Helen ( née ' Korngold ) Herzog"}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_J._Lohwater', 'summary': 'Arthur John Jack Lohwater ( October 20 , 1922 - June 10 , 1982 in Cleveland ) was an American mathematician . He obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at University of Rochester ( 1951 ) , on the dissertation The Boundary Values of a Class of Analytic Functions , advised by Wladimir Seidel . Later he joined the faculty at University of Michigan and Case Western Reserve University . He was editor of Mathematical Reviews ( 1962-65 ) . With Norman Steenrod and Sydney Gould he established important ties with Russian mathematicians , beginning with a conferences in Moscow ( 1956 , 58 ) and resulting in a dictionary . Lohwater died after long battle with lung cancer . He was married to the mathematician Marjorie White Lohwater ( 1925-2007 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Archimedes Plutonium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archimedes_Plutonium', 'summary': 'A Usenet personality was a particular kind of Internet celebrity , being an individual who gained a certain level of notoriety from posting on Usenet , a global network of computer users with a vast array of topics for discussion . Since its inception , Usenet newsgroups have attracted a wide variety of people posting all manner of fact , fiction , theories , opinions , and beliefs . Some Usenet posters achieved a certain amount of fame ( or infamy ) and celebrity within Usenet circles because of their unusual , non-mainstream ideas , or because their writings and responses are considered especially humorous or bizarre .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MEd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As Ludwig van Ludvig , notable Usenet personality', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usenet_celebrity', 'summary': 'A Usenet personality was a particular kind of Internet celebrity , being an individual who gained a certain level of notoriety from posting on Usenet , a global network of computer users with a vast array of topics for discussion . Since its inception , Usenet newsgroups have attracted a wide variety of people posting all manner of fact , fiction , theories , opinions , and beliefs . Some Usenet posters achieved a certain amount of fame ( or infamy ) and celebrity within Usenet circles because of their unusual , non-mainstream ideas , or because their writings and responses are considered especially humorous or bizarre .'}]}, {'value': 'Gene P. Weckler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reticon', 'summary': "The Reticon Corporation was incorporated in January 1971 in Sunnyvale CA . It is one of several semiconductor companies formed in the '60s and '70s by former employees of Fairchild Semiconductor . Intel , another one of these companies , was an early investor , holding a 22% share in the company ."}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S . Electrical Engineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Rad-icon Imaging Corporation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shang Fa Yang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shang_Fa_Yang', 'summary': 'Shang Fa Yang ( Chinese : 楊祥發 ; pinyin : Yáng Xiángfā ; November 10 , 1932 - February 12 , 2007 ) was a Taiwanese-American plant scientist and a professor at the University of California , Davis . He was awarded the Wolf Prize in Agriculture and elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ph.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Research unlocked key to prolonging freshness in fruits and flowers ; 1991 Wolf Prize in Agriculture , considered the Nobel Prize of Agriculture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Agriculture', 'summary': 'The Wolf Prize in Agriculture is awarded once a year by the Wolf Foundation in Israel . It is one of the six Wolf Prizes established by the Foundation and awarded since 1978 ; the others are in Chemistry , Mathematics , Medicine , Physics and the Arts . The Prize is sometimes considered the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in Agriculture .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Science', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Utah_State_University_alumni_7', 'intro': 'This list of Utah State University alumni includes notable graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Utah State University (USU), a public, land-grant, research university located in Logan, Utah. This list does not contain the names of presidents or faculty of the university, unless they happen also to be alumni. Founded in 1888 under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act as the Agricultural College of Utah, USU has grown to more than 28,000 students. Although it is headquartered in Logan, USU operates throughout the state of Utah through five regional campuses and more than 20 distance education sites. On June 13, 1899, graduates of the Agricultural College of Utah met to create the Alumni Association. Today, the Alumni Association is located in the historic David B. Haight Alumni Center, which was dedicated July 11, 1991. Alumni chapters exist in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Washington DC. USU boasts more than 180,000 alumni, who are found in every U.S. state and more than 100 countries.'} | null | null | In what month did the 1937 graduate die ? | August |
044d0d6b503da2de | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Foster', 'title': 'Ben Foster', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1996-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flash Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_Forward', 'summary': "Flash Forward is a Disney Channel Original Series produced in Canada for preteens and teenagers which was originally previewed on both Disney Channel and ABC from 1995 to 1996 with its main run starting from 1997 to 1999 . The series first aired as a 4-episode limited-run preview on The Disney Channel from December 14 , 1995 to January 6 , 1996 . Starting on September 14 , 1996 , the series aired as a special nationwide preview-run on ABC 's Saturday morning lineup . On January 1 , 1997 , the series premiered on The Disney Channel with a special New Year 's Day 5-hour , 10-episode marathon , and on January 5 , the series moved to its regular time slot on Saturdays and Sundays . The show focuses on the lives of two best friends and neighbors since birth , Tucker and Rebecca , and their respective adventures as they travel through the world of eighth grade with their other best friends , Christine and Miles . The show was produced by Atlantis Films in association with Disney Channel and Buena Vista International , Inc . Flash Forward is best known for being the first series branded under the Disney Channel Original Series label . A third season was originally renewed , but it strangely never happened ."}]}, {'value': 'Tucker Tuck James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_Forward', 'summary': "Flash Forward is a Disney Channel Original Series produced in Canada for preteens and teenagers which was originally previewed on both Disney Channel and ABC from 1995 to 1996 with its main run starting from 1997 to 1999 . The series first aired as a 4-episode limited-run preview on The Disney Channel from December 14 , 1995 to January 6 , 1996 . Starting on September 14 , 1996 , the series aired as a special nationwide preview-run on ABC 's Saturday morning lineup . On January 1 , 1997 , the series premiered on The Disney Channel with a special New Year 's Day 5-hour , 10-episode marathon , and on January 5 , the series moved to its regular time slot on Saturdays and Sundays . The show focuses on the lives of two best friends and neighbors since birth , Tucker and Rebecca , and their respective adventures as they travel through the world of eighth grade with their other best friends , Christine and Miles . The show was produced by Atlantis Films in association with Disney Channel and Buena Vista International , Inc . Flash Forward is best known for being the first series branded under the Disney Channel Original Series label . A third season was originally renewed , but it strangely never happened ."}]}, {'value': "Lead role ; 26 episodes Nominated - Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series ( 1997 , 1998 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gemini_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Children's_or_Youth_Program_or_Series", 'summary': "The Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series is a Canadian Screen Award that honours performances in English language children 's television produced in Canada ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'You Wish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/You_Wish_(TV_series)', 'summary': "You Wish is an American fantasy sitcom that ran from September 26 , 1997 to June 19 , 1998 . It started as part of ABC 's TGIF programming on Friday nights for the fall of 1997 , along with Sabrina , the Teenage Witch , Boy Meets World , and Teen Angel ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Future Shock', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': "I 've Been Waiting for You", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I've_Been_Waiting_for_You_(film)", 'summary': "I 've Been Waiting for You is a 1998 made-for-TV horror/slasher film directed by Christopher Leitch . The film is based on the 1997 novel Gallows Hill written by Lois Duncan ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breakfast with Einstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakfast_with_Einstein', 'summary': 'Breakfast with Einstein is a 1998 American television film directed by Craig Shapiro . It stars Thomas Gottschalk , Priscilla Presley , Shia LaBeouf and Ben Foster .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freaks and Geeks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freaks_and_Geeks', 'summary': "Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series created by Paul Feig and executive-produced by Judd Apatow that aired on NBC during the 1999-2000 television season . The show follows gifted high schooler Lindsay Weir , who befriends a gang of slacker freaks , and her younger brother Sam , as he and his geek friends navigate high school . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired . A fan campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three of the remaining episodes in July 2000 , with the rest of the unaired episodes airing that fall on Fox Family Channel . The series has appeared in numerous lists of the greatest television shows of all time , including lists by Time , Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide . It launched several of its young actors ' careers , such as James Franco , Seth Rogen , Jason Segel , Busy Philipps , John Francis Daley , Martin Starr , and Linda Cardellini ."}]}, {'value': 'Eli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Law_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Family Law is an American legal drama television series created by Paul Haggis , that aired on CBS from September 20 , 1999 to May 27 , 2002 . This series starring Kathleen Quinlan as divorced lawyer Lynn Holt , who attempted to start her own law firm after her husband left both her and their law practice , taking all of their clients with him . From September of 2018 until April of 2019 , reruns of the show have aired on Start TV , but have since returned in October . The show also starred Christopher McDonald as opportunistic , ambulance-chasing attorney Rex Weller , Julie Warner as Lynn 's friend Danni ( and the one member of her former firm 's staff who did not defect with Lynn 's ex-husband ) , and Dixie Carter as pit bull divorce attorney Randi King . Later cast additions included Tony Danza , Cristián de la Fuente , Salli Richardson and Meredith Eaton as Emily Resnick , an ambitious attorney hoping to make partner . Edwin Starr 's 1970 hit song , War was used as the series ' opening title theme ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Nelson', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : A Mother 's Son", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Public', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Public', 'summary': 'Boston Public is an American drama television series created by David E. Kelley and broadcast on Fox . Set in Boston , the series centers on Winslow High School , a fictional public high school in the Boston Public Schools district . It features a large ensemble cast and focuses on the work and private lives of the various teachers , students , and administrators at the school . It aired from October 2000 to January 2004 . Its slogan was Every day is a fight . For respect . For dignity . For sanity .'}]}, {'value': 'Max Warner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bang Bang You 're Dead", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bang_Bang_You're_Dead_(film)", 'summary': "Bang Bang You 're Dead is a 2002 American crime thriller drama film starring Tom Cavanagh and Ben Foster . It is based on the play of the same name by William Mastrosimone . The film was first screened publicly at the Seattle International Film Festival in June 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Trevor Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Television film Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children 's Programming", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Performer_in_Children's_Programming", 'summary': "The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children 's Programming is an Emmy award given to performers in television programming aimed towards children . During the 1970s and 1980s , guest performers in dramatic specials and regular performers on children 's series competed in the same category . However , starting in 1989 , separate categories for performances in children 's series and performances in children 's specials were created and used until after 2007 when all categories related to Children 's Specials were dropped . The youngest Emmy nominee , Jodelle Ferland , was nominated in this category in 2001 at the age of six . The youngest Emmy winner , Bindi Irwin , won the award in 2008 at the age of nine ."}]}, {'value': '2003-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six Feet Under', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Six Feet Under is an American drama television series created and produced by Alan Ball . It premiered on the premium network HBO in the United States on June 3 , 2001 , and ended on August 21 , 2005 , spanning five seasons and 63 episodes . It depicts the lives of the Fisher family , who run a funeral home in Los Angeles , along with their friends and lovers . The ensemble drama stars Peter Krause , Michael C. Hall , Frances Conroy , Lauren Ambrose , Freddy Rodriguez , Mathew St. Patrick , and Rachel Griffiths as the central characters . It was produced by Actual Size Films and The Greenblatt/Janollari Studio , and was shot on location in Los Angeles and in Hollywood studios . Six Feet Under received widespread critical acclaim , particularly for its writing and acting , and consistently drew high ratings for the HBO network . It is regarded as one of the greatest television series of all time , included on TIME magazine 's All-TIME 100 TV Shows , The Guardian 's 100 Best TV Shows of the 21st Century list , and Empire magazine 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list . The show 's finale has also been described as one of the greatest television series finales . The series won numerous awards , including nine Emmy Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and a Peabody Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Russell Corwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Six_Feet_Under_characters', 'summary': "The following is a list of descriptions for characters on the HBO television series Six Feet Under , which aired for five seasons , from 2001 to 2005 . While the series ends in 2005 , the finale ( Everyone 's Waiting ) was met with universal acclaim from both critics and viewers alike , who cited the fact that the finale looked decades forward to the end of each main character 's life , as shown in the biographies below . Much of this extended storyline is triggered by the death of Nate in the one of the last episodes of the series , Ecotone ."}]}, {'value': '22 episodes ( 1 uncredited ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2004 ) Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Drama_Series', 'summary': 'The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest ensemble acting achievements in drama series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Drama_Series', 'summary': 'The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest ensemble acting achievements in drama series .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dead Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dead_Zone_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Dead Zone , a.k.a . Stephen King 's Dead Zone ( in USA ) is an American/Canadian science fiction drama television series starring Anthony Michael Hall as Johnny Smith , who discovers he has developed psychic abilities after a coma . The show , credited as based on characters from Stephen King 's 1979 novel of the same name , first aired in 2002 , and was produced by Lionsgate Television and CBS Paramount Network Television ( Paramount Network Television ( 2002-2006 ) for the USA Network . The show was originally commissioned for UPN , but the network dropped the show and it was picked up by USA . The series was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada for its first five seasons . The sixth and last season was billed as The season that changes everything and production was moved to Montreal . The Dead Zone was expected to be renewed for a seventh season but due to then-low ratings and the high production costs , the series was canceled in December 2007 without a proper series finale . Some rumors spread that Syfy would pick up the series after it was canceled by USA , but no plans came to fruition . Rumors of a television film have all but faded with time ."}]}, {'value': 'Darren Foldes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Last Goodbye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Goodbye_(Dead_Zone)', 'summary': 'The following is a list of episodes from the USA Network original series The Dead Zone . The series premiered on June 16 , 2002 and ended on September 16 , 2007 , with a total of 80 episodes over the course of 6 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Name Is Earl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl', 'summary': "My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom television series created by Greg Garcia that aired on the NBC television network from September 20 , 2005 , to May 14 , 2009 , in the United States . It was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and starred Jason Lee as Earl Hickey , the title character . The series also starred Ethan Suplee , Jaime Pressly , Nadine Velazquez , and Eddie Steeples . The series was filled with hapless blue-collar figures and situated in an unnamed Southern state filled with palm trees . In spite of their foibles , the characters were treated with pathos , an extension of the show 's essential premise , as stated by Earl speaking about himself to introduce each episode in Season 1 :"}]}, {'value': 'Glenn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robot Chicken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robot_Chicken', 'summary': 'Robot Chicken is an American stop motion sketch comedy television series , created and executive produced for Adult Swim by Seth Green and Matthew Senreich along with co-head writers Douglas Goldstein and Tom Root . The writers , especially Green , also provide many of the voices . Senreich , Goldstein , and Root were formerly writers for the popular action figure hobbyist magazine ToyFare . Robot Chicken has won an Annie Award and six Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Orville Redenbacher / Time traveller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orville_Redenbacher', 'summary': 'Orville Clarence Redenbacher ( July 16 , 1907 - September 19 , 1995 ) was an American businessman most often associated with the brand of popcorn that bears his name that is now owned by ConAgra . The New York Times described him as the agricultural visionary who all but single-handedly revolutionized the American popcorn industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Voice ; episode : Executed by the State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robot_Chicken_(season_6)', 'summary': "The sixth season of the stop-motion television series Robot Chicken originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim . Season six officially began on September 9 , 2012 , on Adult Swim , with Robot Chicken DC Comics Special and will contain a total of twenty episodes . The first of the regular Season 6 episodes aired on September 16 , 2012 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ben_Foster_(actor)_1', 'intro': 'Benjamin A. Foster (born October 29, 1980) is an American actor. He has had roles in films including The Punisher (2004), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Alpha Dog (2006), The Messenger (2009), Pandorum (2009), The Mechanic (2011), Contraband (2012), Kill Your Darlings (2013), Lone Survivor (2013), The Program (2015), and Leave No Trace (2018). He was nominated for a Saturn Award and a Satellite Award for his role in 3:10 to Yuma (2007) and won an Independent Spirit Award for portraying Tanner Howard in Hell or High Water (2016).'} | null | null | How many total awards has the most recently made show won ? | 7 |
044d22951c83e0c0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Sutton Coldfield transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Operator', 'System'], 'data': [{'value': '570.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T2', 'summary': 'DVB-T2 is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Second Generation Terrestrial ; it is the extension of the television standard DVB-T , issued by the consortium DVB , devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television . DVB has been standardized by ETSI . This system transmits compressed digital audio , video , and other data in physical layer pipes ( PLPs ) , using OFDM modulation with concatenated channel coding and interleaving . The higher offered bit rate , with respect to its predecessor DVB-T , makes it a system suited for carrying HDTV signals on the terrestrial TV channel ( though many broadcasters still use plain DVB-T for this purpose ) . As of 2019 [ update ] , it was implemented in broadcasts in the United Kingdom ( Freeview HD , eight channels across two multiplexes , plus an extra multiplex in Northern Ireland carrying three SD channels ) , Italy ( Europa 7 HD , twelve channels ) , Finland ( 21 channels , five in HD ) , Germany ( six HD ( 1080p50 ) channels , with 40 in planning ) , the Netherlands ( Digitenne , 30 HD ( 1080p50 ) channels ) , Sweden ( five channels ) , Thailand ( 41 SD , 9 HD channels ) Flanders ( 18 SD Channels ) , Serbia ( eight channels ) , Ukraine ( 32 SD and HD channels in four nationwide multiplexes ) , Croatia ( two pay-TV multiplexes , one experimental multiplex to be used for regular TV broadcasting in HEVC and 1080p50 once legacy DVB-T transmissions cease ) , Denmark ( two pay-TV multiplexes with 20 channels ) , Romania ( 8 SD channels , 1 HD channel ) and some other countries .'}]}, {'value': '586.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '618.166 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '39+', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '626.166 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '40+', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '642.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '650.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '666.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '674.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '714.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comux', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sutton_Coldfield_transmitting_station_2', 'intro': 'The Sutton Coldfield transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility located in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, England. In terms of population covered, it is the third most important transmitter in the UK, after Crystal Palace in London and Winter Hill near Bolton.'} | null | null | Where are the operator headquarters of the 33 UHF operator ? | Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire |
044da6edc1f354b1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NRW_Trophy', 'title': '2011 NRW Trophy', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'Total points', 'SD', 'FD'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ksenia Korobkova / Daniil Gleichengauz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniil_Gleichengauz', 'summary': "Daniil Markovich Gleichengauz ( Russian : Даниил Маркович Глейхенгауз , born 3 June 1991 ) is a Russian former ice dancer and single skater . In single skating , he is the 2007 Russian junior national bronze medalist and competed at the 2007 World Junior Championships , placing 19th . He was coached by Viktor Kudriavtsev . Gleichengauz began competing in ice dancing in the 2010-11 season , with partner Ksenia Korobkova . They made their international debut the following season , winning the junior title at the 2011 NRW Trophy . They were coached by Alexander Zhulin and Oleg Volkov . After his father 's death , Gleichengauz retired from his competitive career and began performing in Ilia Averbukh 's ice show . Later he began coaching and in 2014 he became a choreographer in Eteri Tutberidze 's team at Sambo-70 in Moscow . His mother , Lyudmila Borisovna Shalashova , former ballet dancer and ballet teacher , who also worked with Eteri Tutberidze 's team , died on 29 August 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '131.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shari Koch / Christian Nüchtern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shari_Koch', 'summary': 'Shari Koch ( born 23 September 1993 ) is a German competitive ice dancer . With skating partner Christian Nüchtern , she is the 2014 Bavarian Open silver medalist , 2017 Winter Universiade bronze medalist , and 2019 German national champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Nüchtern', 'summary': 'Christian Nüchtern ( born 28 January 1992 ) is a German competitive ice dancer . With skating partner Shari Koch , he is the 2014 Bavarian Open silver medalist , 2017 Winter Universiade bronze medalist , and 2019 German national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '129.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeria Loseva / Denis Lunin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '127.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betina Popova / Yuriy Vlasenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betina_Popova', 'summary': 'Betina Vadimovna Popova ( Russian : Бетина Вадимовна Попова , born 2 November 1996 ) is a Russian retired competitive ice dancer . With partner Sergey Mozgov , she was the 2017 CS Warsaw Cup champion . With former partner Yuri Vlasenko , she was the 2014-15 JGP Final bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '124.29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra Nazarova / Maxim Nikitin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Nazarova', 'summary': 'Oleksandra ( Alexandra ) Yevhenivna Nazarova ( Ukrainian : Олександра Євгенівна Назарова ; born 30 November 1996 ) is a Ukrainian ice dancer . With partner Maxim Nikitin , she is the 2015 World Junior bronze medalist and 2012 Youth Olympic silver medalist . On the senior level , they are the 2017 Winter Universiade champions , 2014 CS Warsaw Cup silver medalists , 2016 Cup of Nice bronze medalists , four-time Ukrainian national champions ( 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2020 ) and qualified a spot for Ukraine at the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maxim_Nikitin', 'summary': 'Maxim Kostiantynovych Nikitin ( Ukrainian : Максим Костянтинович Нікітін ; born 5 October 1994 ) is a Ukrainian ice dancer . With partner Oleksandra Nazarova , he is the 2015 World Junior bronze medalist and 2012 Youth Olympic silver medalist . On the senior level , they are the 2017 Winter Universiade champions , 2014 CS Warsaw Cup silver medalists , 2016 Cup of Nice bronze medalists , four-time Ukrainian national champions ( 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2020 ) and qualified a spot for Ukraine at the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '117.08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sofia Sforza / Francesco Fioretti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia_Sforza', 'summary': 'Sofia Sforza ( born 22 July 1995 ) is an Italian ice dancer . With former partner Francesco Fioretti , she placed as high as 10th at the World Junior Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Francesco_Fioretti', 'summary': 'Francesco Fioretti ( born 14 May 1993 ) is an Italian ice dancer . With his skating partner , Jasmine Tessari , he has won six international medals and is a four-time Italian national medalist . They have competed in the final segment at one ISU Championship . With Sofia Sforza , he placed as high as 10th at the World Junior Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '113.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alessia Busi / Andrea Fabbri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alessia_Busi', 'summary': 'Alessia Busi ( born 10 May 1994 , in Milan ) is an Italian ice dancer . With partner Andrea Fabbri , she is a two-time ( 2012 , 2013 ) Italian national junior silver medalist and finished 17th at the 2013 World Junior Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Fabbri', 'summary': 'Andrea Fabbri ( born 5 October 1992 ) is an Italian ice dancer , who currently competes with Carolina Moscheni . With his previous partner Misato Komatsubara , he won five international medals , including silver at the 2015 CS Ice Challenge .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '112.37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lindsay Pousset / Louis Thauron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Thauron', 'summary': 'Louis Thauron ( born 5 August 1995 ) is a French ice dancer who competes with partner Adelina Galyavieva . With Angélique Abachkina , he represented France at four World Junior Championships , finishing within the top ten at three editions ( 2015-2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '110.73', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daria Korotitskaya / Maxim Spodyrev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '110.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karina Uzurova / Ilyas Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karina_Uzurova', 'summary': 'Karina Uzurova ( born 25 January 1997 ) is a Kazakhstani former ice dancer . With Ilias Ali , she competed in the final segment at two ISU Championships and finished sixth at the 2015 Winter Universiade .'}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '109.78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katharina Müller / Justin Gerke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katharina_Müller', 'summary': 'Katharina Müller ( born 12 September 1995 ) is a German competitive ice dancer . With her skating partner Tim Dieck , she is the 2020 German national champion and has won seven senior international medals , including gold at the 2016 and 2018 NRW Trophy and silver at the 2016 International Cup of Nice . They placed 12th at the 2015 World Junior Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '107.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Çağla Demirsal / Berk Akalın', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Çağla_Demirsal', 'summary': 'Çağla Demirsal ( born January 23 , 1995 ) is a Turkish ice dancer . With partner Berk Akalın , she is the 2011 Turkish national champion and placed 14th at the 2013 World Junior Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Berk_Akalın', 'summary': 'Berk Akalın ( born January 20 , 1995 ) is a Turkish ice dancer . With partner Çağla Demirsal , he is the 2011 Turkish national champion and placed 14th at the 2013 World Junior Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '106.24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathrin Häuser / Sevan Lerche', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '102.12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephanie Baadsgaard Snider / Stepan Dubrovskiy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '100.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liudmilla Sosnitskaya / Yury Karasev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '100.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hannah Rauthmann / Matthias Rauthmann', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '96.86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dana Wehner / Tim Dieck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Dieck', 'summary': 'Tim Dieck ( born 7 April 1996 ) is a German competitive ice dancer . With his skating partner Katharina Müller , he is 2020 German national champion and has won seven senior international medals , including gold at the 2016 and 2018 NRW Trophy and silver at the 2016 International Cup of Nice . They placed 12th at the 2015 World Junior Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '95.29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anika Vogel / Lasse Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '94.94', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tara Rolls / Francois Mallet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '94.82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katelouise Bagnall / Rory Shanahan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '93.69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Junior results -- Ice dancing ( Junior ) [ 4 ]', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_NRW_Trophy_7', 'intro': "The 2011 NRW Trophy was an international figure skating competition during the 2011-2012 season. An annual event organized by the Skating Union of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), it has been sanctioned by the Deutsche Eislauf Union and the International Skating Union since 2007. Figure skaters compete in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The competition was held in Dortmund, Germany in two parts. The Ice Dance Trophy, in which ice dancers competed at the senior, junior, and novice levels, was held from 4-6 November 2011. The singles and pairs portion, also with senior, junior, and novice levels, was held from 29 November to 4 December 2011. The NRW Trophy was designated as one of the events at which ice dancers could try to achieve a minimum score."} | null | null | What Grand Duchy was in the territory of the country of the pair ranked 4th at the 2011 NRW Trophy ? | Grand Duchy of Moscow |
044e16c1c32309ce | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Hawks_men's_ice_hockey", 'title': "North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey", 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Team ( s )', 'Years', 'Stanley Cups'], 'data': [{'value': 'Corban Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corban_Knight', 'summary': 'Corban Knight ( born September 10 , 1990 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward for Barys Nur-Sultan of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . He was a fifth round selection , 135th overall , by the Florida Panthers in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , but was traded to the Calgary Flames after the Panthers were unable to sign him to a contract . Knight played four seasons of college hockey with the University of North Dakota and was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award in 2012-13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CGY , FLA , PHI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_Panthers', 'summary': "The Florida Panthers are a professional ice hockey team based in the Miami metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team initially played their home games at Miami Arena , before moving to the BB & T Center in 1998 . Located in Sunrise , Florida , the Panthers are the southernmost team in the NHL . The team 's local broadcasting rights have been held by Fox Sports Florida ( formerly SportsChannel Florida ) since 1996 . The Panthers began playing in the 1993-94 NHL season . The team has made one appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals , in 1996 , the only season in which the Panthers have ever won a playoff series , eventually losing the Finals to the Colorado Avalanche . Since then , the Panthers have only qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs four times , never advancing past the first round , since 1996 . The club is affiliated with one minor league team , the Springfield Thunderbirds of the American Hockey League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': '2013-Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul LaDue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_LaDue', 'summary': 'Paul LaDue ( born September 6 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Ontario Reign of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , while under contract to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was drafted by the Kings in the sixth round , 181st overall , in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LAK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '2016-Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Lee_(ice_hockey,_born_1987)', 'summary': 'Brian Lee ( born March 26 , 1987 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player . Lee played in the National Hockey League with the Ottawa Senators , who drafted him in the first round , ninth overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft , and the Tampa Bay Lightning .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OTT , TBL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning', 'summary': 'The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club has won one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003-04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Julien BriseBois serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2007-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Ludwig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Ludwig', 'summary': 'Craig Lee Ludwig ( born March 15 , 1961 ) is an American former professional hockey player . He played as a defenceman in the National Hockey League from 1982-1999 and was renowned for his shot-blocking ability . Ludwig was the color analyst for the Dallas Stars television and radio broadcasts for two seasons from 2016-2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MTL , NYI , MNS , DAL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Islanders', 'summary': "The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team splits its home games between Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale , New York , and Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . They are the last team in any major professional North American sport to win four consecutive championships . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987-88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to Barclays Center following the 2014-15 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars', 'summary': "The Minnesota North Stars were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for 26 seasons , from 1967 to 1993 . The North Stars played their home games at the Met Center in Bloomington , and the team 's colors for most of its history were green , yellow , gold and white . The North Stars played 2,062 regular season games and made the NHL playoffs 17 times , including two Stanley Cup Finals appearances , but were ultimately unable to win the Stanley Cup . After the 1992-93 season , the franchise moved to Dallas , and is now known as the Dallas Stars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1982-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew MacWilliam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_MacWilliam', 'summary': 'Andrew Jay MacWilliam ( born March 25 , 1990 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing under contract to the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TOR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '2014-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Malone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Malone', 'summary': 'Bradley Malone ( born May 20 , 1989 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently under contract with the Edmonton Oilers in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has previously played with the Colorado Avalanche , with whom he was drafted , and the Carolina Hurricanes .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'COL , CAR , EDM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes', 'summary': "The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh , North Carolina . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Hurricanes play their home games at the 18,680-seat PNC Arena ( formerly known as RBC center ) . The franchise was formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The Whalers saw success immediately , winning the Eastern Division in the WHA 's first three seasons , as well as becoming the inaugural Avco World Trophy Champions to cap off the 1972-73 season . The Whalers again competed for the World Trophy in 1978 , this time falling short to the Winnipeg Jets in a rematch of the 1973 Finals . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL-WHA merger , renaming themselves the Hartford Whalers . The team relocated to North Carolina in 1997 , rebranding themselves as the Hurricanes . Carolina advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 2002 , where they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings , 4-1 . The Hurricanes won the 2006 Stanley Cup over the Edmonton Oilers in seven games , giving the state of North Carolina its first major professional sports championship . On February 15 , 2020 , it was announced that the Hurricanes would host a Stadium Series game at Carter-Finley Stadium on February 20 , 2021 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': '2011-Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Marks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Marks_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "John Garrison Marks ( born March 22 , 1948 in Hamiota , Manitoba ) is a retired professional ice hockey player . He most recently served as the head coach of the Fargo Force of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) . Marks spent his 657-game NHL career with the Chicago Black Hawks , recording 112 goals and 163 assists for 275 points , as well as accumulating 330 penalty minutes . From 1998 to 2006 , he was the only head coach of the now-defunct Greenville Grrrowl of the ECHL . In 2002 , he guided the South Carolina-based team to their only league championship in a four-game sweep of the Dayton Bombers ; this was the first ( and currently only ) time an ECHL team has swept the Kelly Cup finals . With the victory , Marks also became the first coach in ECHL history to win two championships with two different teams . For the 2006-07 season he was the head coach of the Fayetteville FireAntz of the Southern Professional Hockey League ( SPHL ) , leading the team to the President 's Cup by taking first place in the playoffs . The championship was the first for the FireAntz as well as the first for the city of Fayetteville in 51 years . Until they folded midway through the 2008-09 season , Marks was the head coach of the Augusta ( GA ) Lynx of the ECHL . He was head coach/director of player personnel for the Dayton Gems of the International Hockey League for the 2008-09 season . On May 10 , 2010 , Marks was announced as the new head coach of the Winkler Flyers of the Manitoba Major Junior Hockey League . Marks became the head coach of the USHL 's Fargo Force on July 18 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': '1972-1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Maxwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Maxwell_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Kevin Preston Maxwell ( born March 30 , 1960 in Edmonton , Alberta ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played 49 games in the National Hockey League for the Colorado Rockies , Minnesota North Stars , and New Jersey Devils . Later Maxwell scouted for the Dallas Stars , New York Islanders and Philadelphia Flyers . After playing junior hockey with the Penticton Vees and in college with the North Dakota Fighting Hawks men 's ice hockey team , he represented Canada at the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid . In six games he scored 5 assists with 4 penalty minutes . His NHL career spanned 3 seasons and 66 games , scoring 6 goals and 15 assists , with 61 penalty minutes . Perhaps his greatest contribution was during the 1981 Stanley Cup playoffs and the North Stars finals run , when he played 16 games and contributed 3 goals , 4 assists and dogged defensive play . As of 2011 [ update ] , he is the Director of Pro Scouting for the New York Rangers ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNS , COR , NJD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars', 'summary': "The Minnesota North Stars were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for 26 seasons , from 1967 to 1993 . The North Stars played their home games at the Met Center in Bloomington , and the team 's colors for most of its history were green , yellow , gold and white . The North Stars played 2,062 regular season games and made the NHL playoffs 17 times , including two Stanley Cup Finals appearances , but were ultimately unable to win the Stanley Cup . After the 1992-93 season , the franchise moved to Dallas , and is now known as the Dallas Stars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rockies_(NHL)', 'summary': 'The Colorado Rockies were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) that played in Denver , Colorado , from 1976 to 1982 . They were founded as the Kansas City Scouts , an expansion team that began play in the NHL in the 1974-75 season . The Scouts moved from Kansas City , Missouri to Denver for the 1976-77 season . The franchise moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey , for the 1982-83 season and was renamed as the New Jersey Devils . Denver went without an NHL team until the Quebec Nordiques relocated to become the Colorado Avalanche following the 1994-95 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils', 'summary': "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark , New Jersey . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City , Missouri , in 1974 . The Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies . In 1982 , they moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey and took their current name . For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey , the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena ( later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena ) . Before the 2007-08 season , the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark . The franchise was poor to mediocre in the eight years before moving to New Jersey , a pattern that continued during the first five years in New Jersey as they failed to make the Stanley Cup playoffs and never finished higher than fifth in their division . Their fortunes began to turn around following the hiring of president and general manager Lou Lamoriello in 1987 . Under Lamoriello 's stewardship , the Devils made the playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , including 13 berths in a row from 1997 to 2010 , and finished with a winning record every season from 1992-93 to 2009-10 . They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times , most recently in 2009-10 , before transferring to the newly created Metropolitan Division as part of the NHL 's realignment in 2013 . The Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times , winning in 1994-95 , 1999-2000 and 2002-03 , and losing in 2000-01 and 2011-12 ."}]}, {'value': '1980-1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zane McIntyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zane_McIntyre', 'summary': 'Zane McIntyre , formerly Zane Gothberg , ( born August 20 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender , who is currently playing with the Utica Comets in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) while under contract to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . McIntyre was selected by the Boston Bruins in the 6th round ( 165th overall ) of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '2016-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff McLean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_McLean_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Jeffrey A. McLean ( born October 6 , 1969 ) is a retired National Hockey League player . In the 1993-94 season , he played six games for the San Jose Sharks and scored 1 goal . McLean was born in Vancouver , British Columbia . He played junior in the BCHL , then moved on to the University of North Dakota . After university , McLean turned pro with the Kansas City Blades in 1992 . In 1992-93 , McLean made his NHL debut , playing six games with the San Jose Sharks . McLean was returned to the minor leagues and did not play in the NHL again . McLean played until the 1999-2000 season . McLean has since joined the ranks of insurance agents specializing in Health , Medicare , Supplemental , and Life .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SJS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': '1993-1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curtis Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curtis_Murphy', 'summary': 'Curtis Murphy ( born December 3 , 1975 in Kerrobert , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brady Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brady_Murray', 'summary': 'Braden Murray ( born August 17 , 1984 ) is a Canadian born-American former professional ice hockey forward . He last played for HC Lugano of the Swiss National League A ( NLA ) . He was selected 152nd overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings . Murray was born in Brandon , Manitoba and raised in Faribault , Minnesota . His father Andy Murray , is the head coach of the Western Michigan Broncos and coached at a number of other teams as well . Brady grew up in Switzerland , Philadelphia , Hershey , Winnipeg , Calgary , Faribault and Los Angeles . His childhood friends include NHLers Alexander Steen , Zach Parise and Patrick Eaves .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LAK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '2007-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troy Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Murray', 'summary': 'Troy Norman Murray ( born July 31 , 1962 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the NHL . He is currently the color analyst on WGN-AM broadcasts of Chicago Blackhawks hockey games . Murray was born in Calgary , Alberta , but grew up in St. Albert , Alberta .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHI , WPG , OTT , PIT , COL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets_(1972–96)', 'summary': 'The Winnipeg Jets were a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . They began play in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) in 1972 . The club joined the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in 1979 after the NHL merged with the WHA . Due to mounting financial troubles , in 1996 the franchise moved to Phoenix , Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes ( now the Arizona Coyotes ) . In 2011 , The struggling Atlanta Thrashers franchise relocated to Winnipeg and restored the Jets name , although the prior Jets club history is retained by the Arizona club ( the new Jets do occasionally acknowledge the original Jets franchise on various alternate jerseys ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': '1981-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brock Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brock_Nelson', 'summary': "Brock Christian Nelson ( born October 15 , 1991 ) is an American professional ice hockey player for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nelson was drafted 30th overall in the first round of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft by the Islanders . Prior to playing professional hockey , Nelson played at the University of North Dakota . His first experience in professional hockey was at the American Hockey League ( AHL ) level with the Islanders ' affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers ."}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Islanders', 'summary': "The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team splits its home games between Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale , New York , and Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . They are the last team in any major professional North American sport to win four consecutive championships . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987-88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to Barclays Center following the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': '2012-Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. J. Oshie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._J._Oshie', 'summary': 'Timothy Leif T. J. Oshie ( born December 23 , 1986 ) is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was selected by the St. Louis Blues in the first round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft , as the 24th overall pick . He then spent the first seven years of his NHL career with the Blues before being traded to the Washington Capitals in 2015 . Oshie won the Stanley Cup in 2018 with the Capitals .'}]}, {'value': 'Right Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'STL , WSH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Capitals', 'summary': "The Washington Capitals ( colloquially known as the Caps ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , headed by Ted Leonsis . From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre , in Landover , Maryland ( a suburb in the Washington metropolitan area ) . In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena , their present home arena in Washington , D.C . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion franchise , alongside the Kansas City Scouts . Since purchasing the team in 1999 , Leonsis revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009-10 Capitals won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015-16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016-17 . In addition to twelve division titles and three Presidents ' Trophies , the Capitals have reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1998 and 2018 , winning in the latter . The Capitals have retired the use of four numbers in honor of four players . In addition , the team holds an association with a number of individuals inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2008-Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zach Parise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zach_Parise', 'summary': "Zachary Justin Parise ( born July 28 , 1984 ) is an American professional ice hockey left winger who is currently serving as an alternate captain for the Minnesota Wild in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has also played for the New Jersey Devils , where he served as team captain and led the team to the 2012 Stanley Cup Finals . Parise 's father , Jean-Paul , was a professional ice hockey player who played for Team Canada at the 1972 Summit Series , and for the Minnesota North Stars for several years , and his brother Jordan Parise is a retired professional hockey goaltender . He was an alternate captain for the United States at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics and the captain at the 2014 Sochi Olympics . Parise is of French-Canadian heritage . Parise played midget AAA hockey for Shattuck-St. Mary 's in Faribault , Minnesota , before spending two seasons at the University of North Dakota , where he was twice nominated for the Hobey Baker Award , given to the top college ice hockey player in America . He was drafted by the Devils 17th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft and turned professional after his sophomore season , spending one year playing for the Albany River Rats of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . Parise joined the Devils for the 2005-06 season . Parise 's best NHL season was in 2008-09 , when he was the League 's third-leading goal scorer ( 45 ) behind Jeff Carter with 46 and NHL leader Alexander Ovechkin with 56 , while ranking fifth among all NHL players in points with 94 . Parise has represented the United States at several different events . He helped the USA ice hockey team win a gold medal at the 2004 World Junior Championships , where he was named the tournament 's Most Valuable Player , Best Forward , and earned a spot on the Tournament All-Star Team . Parise was an alternate captain for the American team at the 2010 Winter Olympics , and scored the tying goal late in the gold medal game against Canada to send it to overtime ."}]}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NJD , MIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils', 'summary': "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark , New Jersey . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City , Missouri , in 1974 . The Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies . In 1982 , they moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey and took their current name . For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey , the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena ( later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena ) . Before the 2007-08 season , the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark . The franchise was poor to mediocre in the eight years before moving to New Jersey , a pattern that continued during the first five years in New Jersey as they failed to make the Stanley Cup playoffs and never finished higher than fifth in their division . Their fortunes began to turn around following the hiring of president and general manager Lou Lamoriello in 1987 . Under Lamoriello 's stewardship , the Devils made the playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , including 13 berths in a row from 1997 to 2010 , and finished with a winning record every season from 1992-93 to 2009-10 . They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times , most recently in 2009-10 , before transferring to the newly created Metropolitan Division as part of the NHL 's realignment in 2013 . The Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times , winning in 1994-95 , 1999-2000 and 2002-03 , and losing in 2000-01 and 2011-12 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Patrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Patrick_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'James Patrick ( born June 14 , 1963 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player . He is currently the head coach for the Winnipeg Ice of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYR , HFD , CGY , BUF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford_Whalers', 'summary': "The Hartford Whalers were an American professional ice hockey team based for most of its existence in Hartford , Connecticut . The club played in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) from 1972 until 1979 , and in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) from 1979 to 1997 . Originally based in Boston , the team joined the WHA in the league 's inaugural season , and was known as the New England Whalers throughout its time in the WHA . The Whalers moved to Hartford in 1974 and joined the NHL in the NHL-WHA merger of 1979 . In 1997 , the Whalers franchise relocated to North Carolina , where it became the Carolina Hurricanes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1983-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tucker Poolman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucker_Poolman', 'summary': 'Tucker Poolman ( born June 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman . He is currently playing for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets', 'summary': "The Winnipeg Jets are a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team is owned by True North Sports & Entertainment and plays its home games at Bell MTS Place . The Jets began play as the Atlanta Thrashers in the 1999-2000 NHL season . True North Sports & Entertainment then bought the team in May 2011 and relocated the franchise from Atlanta to Winnipeg prior to the 2011-12 season ( the first NHL franchise to relocate since the Hartford Whalers became the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997 ) . The team was renamed the Jets after Winnipeg 's original WHA/NHL team , which relocated after the 1995-96 season to become the Arizona Coyotes ."}]}, {'value': '2017-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Porter_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Chris Porter ( born May 29 , 1984 in Thunder Bay , Ontario ) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey left winger who played in the National Hockey League for the St. Louis Blues and the Minnesota Wild . He was drafted in the ninth round , 282nd overall , by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'STL , MIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2008-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Travis Roche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_Roche', 'summary': 'Travis Roche ( born June 17 , 1978 in Grande Cache , Alberta and raised in Whitecourt , Alberta ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman who last played for EHC Black Wings Linz of the Austrian Hockey League ( EBEL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Defenseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MIN , PHO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Coyotes', 'summary': "The Arizona Coyotes are a professional ice hockey team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale , Arizona . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Coyotes first played at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix , before moving to Glendale 's Gila River Arena in 2003 . In 2021 , the Coyotes are scheduled to return to the Central Division when an expansion team in Seattle joins the league . The Coyotes were founded on December 27 , 1971 , as the Winnipeg Jets of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . After the WHA had ceased operations , they were one of four franchises absorbed into the National Hockey League and then granted membership on June 22 , 1979 . The Jets moved to Phoenix on July 1 , 1996 , and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes . In 2014 , the team was re-named to the present Arizona Coyotes . The Coyotes are owned by Alex Meruelo , who purchased the club in 2019 . The team is known for its instability under prior ownership . The NHL took ownership of the Phoenix Coyotes franchise in 2009 after then-owner Jerry Moyes turned it over to the league after declaring bankruptcy and the league kept control of the team until 2013 when they were able to find ownership willing to keep the team in Arizona . The Coyotes continue to be at odds with the city of Glendale and the use of Gila River Arena , but has signed a lease through the 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': '2000-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "University_of_North_Dakota_men's_ice_hockey_7", 'intro': "The North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey team (UND) is the college ice hockey team at the Grand Forks campus of the University of North Dakota. They are members of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC) and compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I ice hockey. North Dakota is considered one of the premier college hockey programs in the country, and are regarded as one of the most powerful, successful, and storied college hockey programs in NCAA history. UND has made over 30 appearances in the NCAA tournament, appeared in the Frozen Four 22 times, and have won 8 NCAA Division I Championships. They have also won 15 WCHA Regular Season Championships, 2 NCHC Regular Season Championships, and 11 WCHA Tournament Championships. The school's former official nickname was previously the Fighting Sioux, which was ultimately retired due to pressure from the NCAA in 2012. The official school nickname is now the Fighting Hawks, a name that was chosen by the University on November 18, 2015."} | null | null | What forward also plays for a team that has home games at the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles ? | Brady Murray |
044e66358ab41fde | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WPA_World_Nine-ball_champions', 'title': 'List of WPA World Nine-ball champions', 'header': ['Year', 'Dates', 'Location', 'Winner', 'Runner-up'], 'data': [{'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adelaide , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide', 'summary': "Adelaide ( /ˈædəleɪd/ ( listen ) AD-ə-layd ) is the capital city of the state of South Australia , and the fifth-most populous city of Australia . The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide . Adelaide is situated on the Adelaide Plains north of the Fleurieu Peninsula , between the Gulf St Vincent in the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east . Its metropolitan area extends 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the coast to the foothills of the Mount Lofty Ranges , and stretches 96 km ( 60 mi ) from Gawler in the north to Sellicks Beach in the south . Named in honour of Queen Adelaide , consort to King William IV , the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for the only freely-settled British province in Australia . Colonel William Light , one of Adelaide 's founding fathers , designed the city centre and chose its location close to the River Torrens , in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people and known as Tarndanyangga ( place of the red kangaroo ) . Light 's design , now listed as national heritage , set out the city centre in a grid layout , interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares , and entirely surrounded by parklands . Early colonial Adelaide was shaped by the diversity and wealth of its free settlers , in contrast to the convict history of other Australian cities . Until the post-war era , it was Australia 's third-largest city . It has been noted for its leading examples of religious freedom and progressive political reforms , and became known as the City of Churches due to its diversity of faiths . Today , Adelaide is noted for its many festivals and sporting events , its food and wine , its coastline and hills , and its large defence and manufacturing sectors . Adelaide 's quality of life has ranked consistently highly in various measures through the 21st century ."}]}, {'value': 'Zhou Meng-meng', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasmin Ouschan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jasmin_Ouschan', 'summary': "Jasmin Ouschan ( pronounced yaz-MEEN ocean , German pronunciation : [ ˈjasmɪn ˈɔʊʃan ] ; born 10 January 1986 ) is an Austrian professional pool player from Klagenfurt , Carinthia . Her first professional competition occurred in 2002 , but she did not officially become a professional member of the Women 's Professional Billiards Association ( WPBA ) until 2007 . She is currently one of the top-ranked women in the world according to the 2010 prize money list and by the WPBA rankings . At times , she has been ranked as the number one female player in the world . Since 2006 , she has been listed among the top-ten women in the annual prize money rankings . Ouschan competes regularly with men on the Euro Tour and in 2008 became the first woman to earn a medal in an open world pool championship . In international competition she has earned the World Games 2005 gold medal and World Games 2009 silver medal in nine-ball . As of 2013 [ update ] , she has earned a total of twenty-nine individual European Pool Championships gold medals ( ten in eight-ball , ten in nine-ball , six in straight pool and three in ten-ball ) since 1999 , including eighteen ( four in eight-ball , five in nine-ball , six in straight pool and three in ten-ball ) since joining the open Women 's division in 2005 . She was the Youth European Champion in eight-ball six consecutive years from 1999-2004 . In the 2010 Pool & Billiard European Championship , held in Zagreb , Croatia , she became the first woman to sweep gold medals in all four disciplines contested ( eight-ball , nine-ball , ten-ball and straight pool ) . In 2010 , she also won the Women 's WPA World Ten-ball Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 20-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velden , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velden_am_Wörther_See', 'summary': "Velden am Wörthersee ( Slovene : Vrba na Koroškem ) is a market town in Villach-Land District , in the Austrian state of Carinthia . Situated on the western shore of the Wörthersee lake , it is one of the country 's most popular holiday resorts ."}]}, {'value': 'Jasmin Ouschan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jasmin_Ouschan', 'summary': "Jasmin Ouschan ( pronounced yaz-MEEN ocean , German pronunciation : [ ˈjasmɪn ˈɔʊʃan ] ; born 10 January 1986 ) is an Austrian professional pool player from Klagenfurt , Carinthia . Her first professional competition occurred in 2002 , but she did not officially become a professional member of the Women 's Professional Billiards Association ( WPBA ) until 2007 . She is currently one of the top-ranked women in the world according to the 2010 prize money list and by the WPBA rankings . At times , she has been ranked as the number one female player in the world . Since 2006 , she has been listed among the top-ten women in the annual prize money rankings . Ouschan competes regularly with men on the Euro Tour and in 2008 became the first woman to earn a medal in an open world pool championship . In international competition she has earned the World Games 2005 gold medal and World Games 2009 silver medal in nine-ball . As of 2013 [ update ] , she has earned a total of twenty-nine individual European Pool Championships gold medals ( ten in eight-ball , ten in nine-ball , six in straight pool and three in ten-ball ) since 1999 , including eighteen ( four in eight-ball , five in nine-ball , six in straight pool and three in ten-ball ) since joining the open Women 's division in 2005 . She was the Youth European Champion in eight-ball six consecutive years from 1999-2004 . In the 2010 Pool & Billiard European Championship , held in Zagreb , Croatia , she became the first woman to sweep gold medals in all four disciplines contested ( eight-ball , nine-ball , ten-ball and straight pool ) . In 2010 , she also won the Women 's WPA World Ten-ball Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Helen Athanasiou', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 13-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Rakin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Kostanian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 3-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willingen , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willingen', 'summary': 'Willingen is a community in Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse , Germany , some 80 km west of Kassel . Willingen is regularly advertised as Willingen Hochsauerland and Willingen ( Upland ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mary Rakin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tina Bühnen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reno , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno,_Nevada', 'summary': "Reno ( /ˈriːnoʊ/ REE-noh ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Lake Tahoe , known as The Biggest Little City in the World . Known for its casino & tourism industry , Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in a high desert river valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and its downtown area ( along with Sparks ) occupies a valley informally known as the Truckee Meadows , which due to large-scale investments from Seattle & Bay Area companies such as Amazon , Tesla , Panasonic , Microsoft , Apple and Google has become a new major technology hub in the United States . The city is named after Union Major General Jesse L. Reno , who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain on Fox 's Gap . Reno is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area , 2nd most populous in Nevada after Las Vegas-Henderson , both of which are part of the Las Vegas Valley . Greater Reno , which consists of Washoe , Storey , and Lyon counties plus Carson City ( the capital of Nevada ) , is the second largest metropolitan area in Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'Brittany Bryant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Konischi Samia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Managua , Nicaragua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Managua', 'summary': "Managua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈnaɣwa ] ) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua , and the center of an eponymous department . Located on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua and inside the Managua Department , it has an estimated population 1,042,641 in 2016 within the city 's administrative limits and a population of 1,401,687 in the metropolitan area , which additionally includes the municipalities of Ciudad Sandino , El Crucero , Nindirí , Ticuantepe and Tipitapa . The city was declared the national capital in 1852 . Previously , the capital alternated between the cities of León and Granada . The 1972 Nicaragua earthquake and years of civil war in the 1980s severely disrupted and stunted Managua 's growth . It was not until the mid-1990s that Managua began to see a resurgence . [ citation needed ] Managua 's population is composed predominantly of mestizos and whites who are mainly of Spanish descent , with a minority being of French , Jewish Nicaraguan , German Nicaraguan , Italian , Russian , Greek and Turkish descent . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Keng Chun-lin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anja Wagner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 29 - December 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reno , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno,_Nevada', 'summary': "Reno ( /ˈriːnoʊ/ REE-noh ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Lake Tahoe , known as The Biggest Little City in the World . Known for its casino & tourism industry , Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in a high desert river valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and its downtown area ( along with Sparks ) occupies a valley informally known as the Truckee Meadows , which due to large-scale investments from Seattle & Bay Area companies such as Amazon , Tesla , Panasonic , Microsoft , Apple and Google has become a new major technology hub in the United States . The city is named after Union Major General Jesse L. Reno , who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain on Fox 's Gap . Reno is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area , 2nd most populous in Nevada after Las Vegas-Henderson , both of which are part of the Las Vegas Valley . Greater Reno , which consists of Washoe , Storey , and Lyon counties plus Carson City ( the capital of Nevada ) , is the second largest metropolitan area in Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'Brittany Bryant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Briana Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_WPA_World_Nine-ball_Junior_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2011 WPA World Nine-ball Junior Championships was the 20th hosting of the Junior World Championship in the pool discipline 9-Ball . The event ran from 1-3 September 2011 in Kielce , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'August 31 - September 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kielce , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kielce', 'summary': 'Kielce ( /ˈkjɛltsə/ KYELT-sə , Polish : [ ˈkʲɛltsɛ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in south central Poland with 195,774 inhabitants . It has been the capital city of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship ( Holy Cross Province ) since 1999 , and was previously the capital of the predecessor Kielce Voivodeship ( 1919-1939 , 1945-1998 ) . The city is located in the middle of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains ( Holy Cross Mountains ) , on the banks of the Silnica River , in northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland . The history of Kielce dates back over 900 years and the exact date when the town was founded remains unknown . Kielce was once an important centre of limestone mining and the vicinity is famous for its natural resources like copper , lead and iron , which , over the centuries , were exploited on a large scale . There are several fairs and exhibitions held in Kielce throughout the year ; the city and its surroundings are also known for their historic architecture , green spaces and recreational areas such as the Świętokrzyski National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Oliwia Czupryńska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliwia_Czupryńska', 'summary': 'Oliwia Zalewska née Czuprynska ( born 20 January 1995 ) is a Polish professional pool player . Zalewska is a former WPA World Nine-ball junior champion , winning the ladies event in 2011 . She also reached the final the following year , losing in the final to Diana Khodjaeva . She is also a one-time winner of Euro Tour events , winning the 2015 Treviso Open . In addition , she has reached four finals , and won a total of seven medals at events on the tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Anastasia Nechaeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anastasia_Nechaeva', 'summary': 'Anastasia Nechaeva ( born 9 May 1993 ) is a Russian snooker and pool player . She was runner-up in the 2014 and 2015 IBSF World Snooker Championships .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willingen , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willingen', 'summary': 'Willingen is a community in Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse , Germany , some 80 km west of Kassel . Willingen is regularly advertised as Willingen Hochsauerland and Willingen ( Upland ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kamila Khodjaeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamila_Khodjaeva', 'summary': 'Diana Khodjaeva ( born 26 August 1998 ) is a Belgian pool player . Khodjaeva is a former junior WPA World Nine-ball Championship winner , having won the girls event in 2012 . Khodjaeva represented Europe at the Atlantic Challenge Cup in 2017 against the United States team . Khodjaeva is a two time European champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Oliwia Czupryńska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliwia_Czupryńska', 'summary': 'Oliwia Zalewska née Czuprynska ( born 20 January 1995 ) is a Polish professional pool player . Zalewska is a former WPA World Nine-ball junior champion , winning the ladies event in 2011 . She also reached the final the following year , losing in the final to Diana Khodjaeva . She is also a one-time winner of Euro Tour events , winning the 2015 Treviso Open . In addition , she has reached four finals , and won a total of seven medals at events on the tour .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 9-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johannesburg , South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Natasha Seroshtan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuki Hiraguchi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 15-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Liu Yu Chen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liu_Yu_Chen', 'summary': "Liu Yuchen ( Chinese : 刘雨辰 ; pinyin : Liú Yǔchén , born 25 July 1995 ) is a Chinese badminton player . He was the men 's doubles World Champion in 2018 , also two times Asian Champion in 2017 and 2018 partnered with Li Junhui . Liu was part of the national team member that won the 2018 Asian Games , 2018 Thomas Cup and 2019 Sudirman Cup . Together with Li , he achieved the men 's doubles world number 1 in 6 April 2017 , and occupied the top ranking for ten weeks . His sister , Liu Jing , is a swimmer ."}]}, {'value': 'Kamila Khodjaeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamila_Khodjaeva', 'summary': 'Diana Khodjaeva ( born 26 August 1998 ) is a Belgian pool player . Khodjaeva is a former junior WPA World Nine-ball Championship winner , having won the girls event in 2012 . Khodjaeva represented Europe at the Atlantic Challenge Cup in 2017 against the United States team . Khodjaeva is a two time European champion .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Chezka Centeno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chezka_Centeno', 'summary': "Chezka Centeno ( born June 30 , 1999 ) is a Filipina billiards player from Zamboanga City . Chezka was born to Fausto Albert and Josephine Centeno and is the sixth of seven children . She started playing billiards at five years old and her potential was discovered at age eight when she played in local tournaments in the familys hometown . At the age of 11 , she entered the Philippine National Games and finished third . When she was 12 , she was invited to the Kremlin Cup in Russia and finished in the top 32 . After being recruited into the national team , Chezka participated at the 2014 Asian Junior Championship and was won 1st place under the girls ' single category . She later won the nine-ball women 's single at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games , facing her idol and fellow Filipina , Rubilen Amit in the final . In 2016 , Centeno participated in the World 8-Ball Championship in China , together with Rubilen Amit and Iris Ranola . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Xia Yu Ying', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_WPA_World_Nine-ball_Junior_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2016 WPA World Nine-ball Junior Championship was a professional youth 9-Ball World championship held between 16-20 November 2016 . The event was won by Zheng Xiaohuai in the Under 17 with a 8-5 final victory against Enkhbold Temuujin . In the age group Under 19 , two former Under 17 World Champions met in Kong Dejing and Daniel Maciol the final . Kong won the match and title title 11-2 . In the girls event , Chen Chia-hua met compatriot Tsai Pei-chun in the final , winning 9-8 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 17-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Chen Chia-hua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsai Pei-chun', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_WPA_World_Nine-ball_Junior_Championship', 'summary': "The 2017 WPA World Nine-ball Junior Championship was a professional youth 9-Ball World Championship held between October 30 and November 2 , 2017 . The event was split into three competitions , Under 17s , boys and girls . Sanjin Pehlivanović won the U17 event , defeating Robbie Capito in the final , with Fjodor Gorst winning the boys event . Kristina Tkatsch won the girls event defeating South Korea 's Lee Woo-jin in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Oct. 30 - Nov 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristina Tkach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristina_Tkach', 'summary': 'Kristina Olegovna Tkach ( Кристина Олеговна Ткач ; born 19 January 1999 ) is a Russian professional pool player . She became the 2017 WPA World Nine-ball Junior Championship winner , defeating Lee Woo-jin in the final 9-6 . Tkach is a four time European champion having won the eight-ball event in 2016 and 2019 , as well as Straight pool in 2017 and 2019 . In addition , she is a nine-time Junior European Champion . Tkach is a regular player on the Euro Tour events , reaching the Tour number one in 2016 . She is the second most successful player of all time on the tour behind Jasmin Ouschan , having won seven events beginning with the 2016 North Cyprus Open .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Woo-jin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_WPA_World_Nine-ball_Junior_Championship', 'summary': "The 2018 WPA World Junior Nine-ball Championships was the 27th hosting of the Junior World Championship in the pool discipline 9-Ball . The event ran from 31 October to 3 November 2018 Moscow , Russia . Under 19 world champion was Yip Kin Ling from Hong Kong . In the final against his countryman Robbie Capito he won 11-10 against last year 's finalist . In the Under 17 age group was won by Mahkeal Parris who won the final against the Norwegian Emil Andre Gangfløt 9-6 . In the junior women , Chen Chia-hua won the event , winning 9-5 victory against the South Korean Seo Seoa in the final . Defending champion were Sanjin Pehlivanović ( U17 ) , Fedor Gorst ( U19 ) and Kristina Tkatsch ( Junior ) . Gorst was the only champion to attempt to defend their title . While Pehlivanović now played in the Under 19 category , Tkatsch was due to age no longer eligible ."}]}, {'value': 'Oct. 31 - Nov 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Chen Chia-hua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seo Seoa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 21-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicosia , Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicosia', 'summary': "Nicosia ( /ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə ; Greek : Λευκωσία , romanized : Lefkosía [ lefkoˈsi.a ] ; Turkish : Lefkoşa [ lefˈkoʃa ] ) is the largest city , capital , and seat of government of Cyprus . It is located near the centre of the Mesaoria plain , on the banks of the River Pedieos . Nicosia is the southeasternmost of all EU member states ' capitals . It has been continuously inhabited for over 4,500 years and has been the capital of Cyprus since the 10th century . The Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities of Nicosia segregated into the south and north of the city respectively in early 1964 , following the fighting of the Cyprus crisis of 1963-64 that broke out in the city . This separation became a militarised border between the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus after Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus in 1974 , occupying the north of the island , including northern Nicosia . Today North Nicosia is the capital of Northern Cyprus , a state recognized only by Turkey , that is considered to be occupied Cypriot territory by the international community . Apart from its legislative and administrative functions , Nicosia has established itself as the island 's financial capital and its main international business centre . In 2018 , Nicosia was the 32nd richest city in the world in relative purchasing power ."}]}, {'value': 'Lu Yi-hsuan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamami Okuda', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Junior champions -- Girls', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_WPA_World_Nine-ball_champions_3', 'intro': "The World Nine-ball Championships are held annually, and are sanctioned by the World Pool-Billiard Association. The event was first held in 1990, won by Earl Strickland. Events have been held for boys, women and the main world championships since this time, with a girl's tournament being created in 2004. In 2013, the men's championship was changed from being inclusive for all[a] to a men's only event. In 1999, two men's tournaments were held, with one being run by the World Pool Association, held in Spain, and the other not recognised, held in Wales known as the 1999 World Professional Pool Championship. However, both events were later recognised as official world championships for the year of 1999."} | null | null | Who was the winner at the championship held in the city who was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for the only freely-settled British province in Australia ? | Zhou Meng-meng |
044fab439799f2f0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'title': 'Australia at the 1964 Summer Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Hooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Hooper_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'Gary Leslie Hooper , MBE ( born 11 February 1939 ) is an Australian Paralympic competitor . He won seven medals at three Paralympics from 1960 to 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Wheelchair dash above T10", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elaine Schreiber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elaine_Schreiber', 'summary': "Elaine Annette Schreiber ( 4 June 1939 - 11 June 2017 ) was an Australian Paralympic table tennis player and field games athlete . She contracted Poliomyelitis as a child . Schreiber , who lived most of her life in Armadale Victoria , was a typist / telephonist employed by the St Kilda City Council , St Kilda Victoria . She worked in the Town Clerk 's department for 17 years prior to the 1964 Summer Paralympics . Australian athletes at these games included quadriplegic Allan McLucas , the first quadriplegic to compete at International Paralympic Games . Schreiber , a member of the Paraplegic and Quadriplegic Association of Victoria , assisted with the fundraising to build a new hostel for quadriplegics to provide better living conditions and care under organised supervision . Schreiber was selected to represent Victoria at the three day event of the Australian Paraplegic Games held in Adelaide , South Australia , September 1964 . She was among the first sixteen gold medal athletes from Victoria , winning four gold medals at these games . Her success led to selection of one of only two Victorian athletes of the 15 member Australian team , to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . At these games , she won Australia 's fourth gold medal in the women 's club throw A class event with a throw of 17.31 metres , a silver medal in the women 's javelin A event with a throw of 9.26 metres , and a bronze medal in the women 's table tennis singles B class event . Schreiber and fellow team member Daphne Hilton were two of only three female athletes who contributed to Australia gaining fourth place in the medal tally behind United Kingdom , USA and Israel , at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . At the Fourth Australian Paraplegic Games held in Brisbane Queensland , April 1966 , Schreiber won seven gold medals in field events and table tennis , breaking the world record in precision javelin throw ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Club throw A", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Fowler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'Roy Fowler ( 22 March 1920 - 19 September 2002 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor , who won ten medals at six Paralympics from 1964 to 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 25 m Freestyle Prone Complete class 1", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Fowler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'Roy Fowler ( 22 March 1920 - 19 September 2002 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor , who won ten medals at six Paralympics from 1964 to 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 25 m Freestyle Supine Complete class 1", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Fowler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'Roy Fowler ( 22 March 1920 - 19 September 2002 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor , who won ten medals at six Paralympics from 1964 to 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 25 m Breaststroke Complete class 1", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Dow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Dow', 'summary': 'Michael Dow is an Australian Paralympic swimmer and weightlifter who won two gold , two silver and a bronze medal at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . He was one of only two Victorian athletes selected to compete at these games .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m Freestyle Supine Incomplete class 3", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Dow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Dow', 'summary': 'Michael Dow is an Australian Paralympic swimmer and weightlifter who won two gold , two silver and a bronze medal at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . He was one of only two Victorian athletes selected to compete at these games .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m Breaststroke Incomplete Class 3", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Edmondson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Edmondson', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Mary Edmondson ( born 1 July 1950 ) is an Australian Paralympic competitor and current Australian Masters competitor in swimming . She became a paraplegic after contracting polio as a small child . She won several medals in the 1964 and 1968 Summer Paralympics . She subsequently retired from swimming , only taking up the sport again in 2006 to compete in the 2008 FINA World Masters Championships in Perth .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m Freestyle Prone Complete class 5", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Edmondson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Edmondson', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Mary Edmondson ( born 1 July 1950 ) is an Australian Paralympic competitor and current Australian Masters competitor in swimming . She became a paraplegic after contracting polio as a small child . She won several medals in the 1964 and 1968 Summer Paralympics . She subsequently retired from swimming , only taking up the sport again in 2006 to compete in the 2008 FINA World Masters Championships in Perth .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m Freestyle Supine Cauda Equina", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Edmondson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Edmondson', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Mary Edmondson ( born 1 July 1950 ) is an Australian Paralympic competitor and current Australian Masters competitor in swimming . She became a paraplegic after contracting polio as a small child . She won several medals in the 1964 and 1968 Summer Paralympics . She subsequently retired from swimming , only taking up the sport again in 2006 to compete in the 2008 FINA World Masters Championships in Perth .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m Breaststroke Cauda Equina", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Ponta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ponta', 'summary': "Francis Ettore Ponta ( 8 November 1935 - 1 June 2011 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor and coach . He competed in several sports including basketball , pentathlon , swimming and fencing . A paraplegic , he lost the use of both his legs after a tumour was removed from his spinal column when he was a teenager . Ponta was a member of Australia 's first national wheelchair basketball team , and is credited with expanding the sport of wheelchair basketball in Western Australia . At the end of his competitive career , he became a coach , working with athletes such as Louise Sauvage , Priya Cooper , Madison de Rozario , Bruce Wallrodt and Bryan Stitfall . He died on 1 June 2011 at the age of 75 after a long illness ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 25 m Freestyle Supine Complete class 2", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Daphne Ceeney Marion O'Brien", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daphne_Ceeney', 'summary': 'Daphne Jean Hilton ( née Ceeney ; 7 January 1934 - 25 July 2016 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor . She was the first Australian woman to compete at the Paralympic Games . She won fourteen medals in three Paralympics in archery , athletics , fencing , swimming , and table tennis from 1960 to 1968 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Marion_O'Brien", 'summary': "Marion O'Brien is an Australian Paralympic table tennis player and athlete . At the 1964 Tokyo Games , she won a gold medal in the women 's doubles C event with Daphne Ceeney , a silver medal in the women 's javelin C event , and a bronze medal in the women 's singles C event . At the 1968 Tel Aviv Games , she won a silver medal in the women 's doubles C event with Elaine Schreiber , and a bronze medal in the women 's slalom C event ."}]}, {'value': 'Table Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for men and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Doubles C", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for men and four for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Fowler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'Roy Fowler ( 22 March 1920 - 19 September 2002 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor , who won ten medals at six Paralympics from 1964 to 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Archery at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for men and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's St. Nicholas Round open", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Archery at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for men and four for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Cousens , Roy Fowler , John Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Cousens', 'summary': "Lionel Cousens is an Australian Paralympic archer . He was born in Western Australia . At the 1964 Tokyo Games , he won a silver medal in archery in the Men 's St. Nicholas Round Team open event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'Roy Fowler ( 22 March 1920 - 19 September 2002 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor , who won ten medals at six Paralympics from 1964 to 1988 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Martin_(Paralympian)', 'summary': 'John Martin ( born 1943 ) is an Australian Paralympic archer , athlete , table tennis player , wheelchair basketballer and wheelchair fencer who won three silver medals at five Paralympics . He was born in England and emigrated to Australia with his family at the age of 13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Archery at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for men and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's St. Nicholas Round Team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Archery at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for men and four for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Wheelchair Relay above T10", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elaine Schreiber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elaine_Schreiber', 'summary': "Elaine Annette Schreiber ( 4 June 1939 - 11 June 2017 ) was an Australian Paralympic table tennis player and field games athlete . She contracted Poliomyelitis as a child . Schreiber , who lived most of her life in Armadale Victoria , was a typist / telephonist employed by the St Kilda City Council , St Kilda Victoria . She worked in the Town Clerk 's department for 17 years prior to the 1964 Summer Paralympics . Australian athletes at these games included quadriplegic Allan McLucas , the first quadriplegic to compete at International Paralympic Games . Schreiber , a member of the Paraplegic and Quadriplegic Association of Victoria , assisted with the fundraising to build a new hostel for quadriplegics to provide better living conditions and care under organised supervision . Schreiber was selected to represent Victoria at the three day event of the Australian Paraplegic Games held in Adelaide , South Australia , September 1964 . She was among the first sixteen gold medal athletes from Victoria , winning four gold medals at these games . Her success led to selection of one of only two Victorian athletes of the 15 member Australian team , to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . At these games , she won Australia 's fourth gold medal in the women 's club throw A class event with a throw of 17.31 metres , a silver medal in the women 's javelin A event with a throw of 9.26 metres , and a bronze medal in the women 's table tennis singles B class event . Schreiber and fellow team member Daphne Hilton were two of only three female athletes who contributed to Australia gaining fourth place in the medal tally behind United Kingdom , USA and Israel , at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . At the Fourth Australian Paraplegic Games held in Brisbane Queensland , April 1966 , Schreiber won seven gold medals in field events and table tennis , breaking the world record in precision javelin throw ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Javelin Throw A", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marion O'Brien", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marion_O'Brien", 'summary': "Marion O'Brien is an Australian Paralympic table tennis player and athlete . At the 1964 Tokyo Games , she won a gold medal in the women 's doubles C event with Daphne Ceeney , a silver medal in the women 's javelin C event , and a bronze medal in the women 's singles C event . At the 1968 Tel Aviv Games , she won a silver medal in the women 's doubles C event with Elaine Schreiber , and a bronze medal in the women 's slalom C event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Javelin Throw C", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 42 events , 24 for men and 18 for women .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daphne Ceeney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daphne_Ceeney', 'summary': 'Daphne Jean Hilton ( née Ceeney ; 7 January 1934 - 25 July 2016 ) was an Australian Paralympic competitor . She was the first Australian woman to compete at the Paralympic Games . She won fourteen medals in three Paralympics in archery , athletics , fencing , swimming , and table tennis from 1960 to 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m Freestyle Prone Complete class 5", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trevor French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trevor_French', 'summary': "Trevor French ( died 22 August 2012 ) was an Australian Paralympic swimmer . At the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics , he won a silver medal in the Men 's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 2 event ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 25 m Freestyle Supine Complete Class 2", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events , 31 for men , 30 for women and 1 mixed .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Dow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Dow', 'summary': 'Michael Dow is an Australian Paralympic swimmer and weightlifter who won two gold , two silver and a bronze medal at the 1964 Summer Paralympics . He was one of only two Victorian athletes selected to compete at these games .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of four events for men held 09 - 12 November 1964 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Featherweight", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of four events for men held 09 - 12 November 1964 .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Australia_at_the_1964_Summer_Paralympics_0', 'intro': 'Also known as the 13th Stoke Mandeville Games, the 1964 Summer Paralympics was the 2nd Paralympic Games. Hosted in Tokyo, the games ran from 8 to 12 November. Australia won a total of 30 medals (12 gold, 11 silver, and 7 bronze) and finished fourth on the medal tally behind Italy (3rd), Great Britain (2nd) and the United States (1st). Australia competed in 6 of the 9 sports at the Games, winning medals in each of those sports, but was most successful in the pool, winning a majority of their medals in swimming events.'} | null | null | What is the name of medalist who won a medal in a sport which held its events from 9th to 12th November ? | Michael Dow |
044fd8579d4f560e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Brazilian_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1998 Brazilian Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:17.092', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:17.757', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.665', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Mecachrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mecachrome', 'summary': 'Mecachrome SAS is a precision engineering company involved in aviation , the automotive industry , motor racing and industrial engineering , but is most famous for assembling the engines designed by Renault for the Renault Formula One team .'}]}, {'value': '1:18.109', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.158', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Wurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Wurz', 'summary': "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.261', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.169', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.449', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.357', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.652', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.560', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.735', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.643', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.753', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.661', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Mecachrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mecachrome', 'summary': 'Mecachrome SAS is a precision engineering company involved in aviation , the automotive industry , motor racing and industrial engineering , but is most famous for assembling the engines designed by Renault for the Renault Formula One team .'}]}, {'value': '1:18.761', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.669', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Hill', 'summary': "Damon Graham Devereux Hill , OBE ( born 17 September 1960 ) is a British former racing driver . He is the son of Graham Hill , and , along with Nico Rosberg , one of only two sons of a Formula One world champion to also win the title . He started racing on motorbikes in 1981 , and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars . Despite progressing steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989 , and often being competitive , he never won a race at that level . Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992 . He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese 's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix . During the mid-1990s , Hill was Michael Schumacher 's main rival for the Formula One Drivers ' Championship , which saw the two clash several times on and off the track . Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point . Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins , but was dropped by Williams for the following season . He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams , and in 1998 gave Jordan their first win . Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season . He has since launched several businesses and has made appearances playing the guitar with celebrity bands ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.069', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.344', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.252', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:19.375', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.283', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:19.449', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.357', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Magnussen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Magnussen', 'summary': 'Jan Ellegaard Magnussen ( born 4 July 1973 ) is a Danish professional racing driver and a factory driver for General Motors . He has competed in Championship Auto Racing Teams ( CART ) , NASCAR , the FIA Formula One World Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.644', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.552', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toranosuke Takagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toranosuke_Takagi', 'summary': 'Toranosuke Takagi , known simply as Tora Takagi ( 高木 虎之介 ; born 12 February 1974 ) is a Japanese former racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyrrell - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing', 'summary': "The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970 . The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s , when it won three Drivers ' Championships and one Constructors ' Championship with Jackie Stewart . The team never reached such heights again , although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s , taking the final win for the Ford Cosworth DFV engine at Detroit in 1983 . The team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.203', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.111', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinji Nakano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinji_Nakano', 'summary': 'Shinji Nakano ( 中野 信治 , born 1 April 1971 ) is a Japanese professional racing driver . His father , Tsuneharu , was also a racing driver . He competed in the All-Japan Formula Three Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.390', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.298', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esteban Tuero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esteban_Tuero', 'summary': 'Esteban Tuero ( born 22 April 1978 ) is an Argentine racing driver who raced for the Minardi Formula One team in 1998 . At 19 , he became the then-third-youngest ( now eighth youngest ) F1 driver in history when he landed his seat alongside Shinji Nakano , but left the championship at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.459', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.367', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Salo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Salo', 'summary': 'Mika Juhani Salo ( born 30 November 1966 ) is a Finnish former professional racing driver . He competed in Formula One between 1994 and 2002 . His best ranking was 10th in the world championship in 1999 , when he stood in for the injured Michael Schumacher at Ferrari for six races , scoring two podiums . He also won the GT2 class in the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1:20.481', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.389', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1998_Brazilian_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1998 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Interlagos on 29 March 1998. It was the second race of the 1998 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 72-lap race was won by Mika Häkkinen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes. Häkkinen achieved a Grand Chelem - taking pole position, setting the fastest lap and leading every lap. Teammate David Coulthard finished second, with Michael Schumacher third in a Ferrari.'} | null | null | What year did the person who finished the 1998 Brazilian Grand Prix qualifier the least amount slower than Heinz-Harald Frentzen retire from F1 ? | 2007 |
0450e51073142d16 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Santo_Tomas_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Santo Tomas alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Year/Degree', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Joel Villanueva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Villanueva', 'summary': 'Emmanuel Joel Villanueva ( /bɪljɑːnuːwɛbɑː/ , born August 2 , 1975 ) is a Filipino politician , who serves as a Senator of the Philippines . He took his senatorial seat following the 2016 Philippine national elections , where he ranked second highest in the polls with 18,459,222 votes . He was a former Director General of the Philippine TESDA from 2010-2015 and a three-term congressman from 2001 through 2010 . Villanueva was the youngest member of the House of Representatives when he assumed office in February 2002 . He is also a basketball player currently playing for the Senate Defenders in the UNTV Cup . He also played for the Philippine national team , and the University of Santo Tomas .'}]}, {'value': 'Bachelor of Science in Commerce Degree , Major in Economics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Currently , a Senator , former TESDA Director General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Tongio Liongson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Tongio_Liongson', 'summary': "Pedro Tongio Liongson was a member of the Malolos Congress which wrote the constitution of the First Philippine Republic in 1899 and served as Judge Advocate General in the Republic 's army during the Philippine-American War of 1899-1901 . A trained lawyer and judge , Col. Liongson figured in and left his mark on a number of historic events in the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Licentiates in Law and Jurisprudence 1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge Advocate General , Army of the First Philippine Republic 1899', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic', 'summary': 'The Philippine Republic ( Spanish : República Filipina ; Filipino : Repúblikáng Pilipino ) , more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic , was a nascent revolutionary government in the Philippines . It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21 , 1899 , in Malolos , Bulacan , [ Note 1 ] and endured until the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo by the American forces on March 23 , 1901 , in Palanan , Isabela , which effectively dissolved the First Republic . The First Philippine Republic was established after the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire ( 1896-1897 ) and the Spanish-American War between Spain and the United States ( 1898 ) . Following the American victory at the Battle of Manila Bay , Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines , issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 , and established a revolutionary Philippine government . In December 1898 , Spain sold the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris , making the United States formally the Philippines colonial power . The Malolos Constitution establishing the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed the following month . The Philippine-American War began in February 1899 , which the Philippine Republic lost . The Philippine Republic was the first constitutional republic in Asia . Although there were several Asian republics predating the First Philippine Republic for example , the Mahajanapadas of ancient India , the Lanfang Republic , the Republic of Formosa or the Republic of Ezo , the Republic at Malolos was the first to frame a comprehensive constitution duly approved by a partially elected congress . [ failed verification ]'}]}, {'value': 'Benigno Aquino , Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,_Sr.', 'summary': 'Benigno Simeon Igno Aquino Sr. ( September 3 , 1894 - December 20 , 1947 ) , also known as Benigno S. Aquino or Benigno S. Aquino Sr. , was a Filipino politician who served as Speaker of the National Assembly of the Japanese-puppet state of the Philippines from 1943 to 1944 . He was the Director-General of KALIBAPI , a political party established during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines . His grandson Benigno S. Aquino III was the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.B . 1913', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Speaker of the National Assembly of the Second Philippine Republic 1943 - 1944 , Father of Ninoy and Grandfather of Noynoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaker_(politics)', 'summary': 'The speaker of a deliberative assembly , especially a legislative body , is its presiding officer , or the chair . The title was first used in 1377 in England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Second_Philippine_Republic', 'summary': 'The National Assembly was the legislature of the Second Philippine Republic from September 25 , 1943 to February 2 , 1944 . Half of the membership of the assembly consisted of provincial governors or city mayors acting in an ex officio capacity , while the other half were indirectly elected through local conventions of KALIBAPI members during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,_Jr.', 'summary': "Benigno Simeon Ninoy Aquino Jr. QSC ( November 27 , 1932 - August 21 , 1983 ) was a Filipino politician who served as a Senator of the Philippines ( 1967-1972 ) and governor of the province of Tarlac . He was the husband of former Philippine President Corazon Aquino and father of former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III . Aquino , together with Gerardo Roxas and Jovito Salonga , formed the leadership of the opposition towards then President Ferdinand Marcos . Shortly after the imposition of martial law , he was arrested in 1972 along with others associated with the Communists ' armed insurgency and incarcerated for seven years . He founded his own party , Lakas ng Bayan , and ran in the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election , but all of the party 's candidates , including Aquino , lost in the election . In 1980 , Aquino was permitted by Marcos to travel to the United States for medical treatment following a heart attack . During the early 80s he became one of the most notable critics of the Marcos regime and enjoyed popularity across the US due to the numerous rallies he attended at the time . As the situation in the Philippines worsened , Aquino decided to return to face Marcos and restore democracy in the country , despite numerous threats against it . He was assassinated at the Manila International Airport on August 21 , 1983 upon returning from his self-imposed exile . His death revitalized opposition against Marcos , catapulted his widow , Corazon , into the political limelight , and prompted her to successfully run for a six-year term as President as a member of the UNIDO party in the 1986 snap election . Among other public structures , Manila International Airport has since been renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor , and the anniversary of his death is a national holiday ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,_III', 'summary': 'Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III ( born February 8 , 1960 ) is a Filipino politician who served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016 . Aquino is a fourth-generation politician and the chairman of the Liberal Party from 2010 to 2016 . On September 9 , 2009 , shortly after the death of his mother , Aquino officially announced that he would be a candidate in the 2010 presidential election . He was elected and on June 30 , 2010 was sworn into office as the fifteenth President of the Philippines at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park , Manila , succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . He ended his term on June 30 , 2016 , succeeded by Rodrigo Duterte . In 2013 , Time named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World .'}]}, {'value': 'Melecio Arranz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S . C.E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Civil_engineering', 'summary': 'Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design , construction , and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment , including public works such as roads , bridges , canals , dams , airports , sewerage systems , pipelines , structural components of buildings , and railways . Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines . It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering , and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering . Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments , and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Chairman of the Committee on Public Works and Communications 1936 , President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines 1946-1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways_(Philippines)', 'summary': "The Philippines ' Department of Public Works and Highways ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Pambayan ) , abbreviated as DPWH , is the executive department of the Philippine government solely vested with the Mandate to be the State 's engineering and construction arm and , as such , it is tasked to carry out the policy of the State to maintain an engineering and construction arm and continuously develop its technology , for the purposes of ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities and securing for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and the most appropriate quality in construction and shall be responsible for ( t ) he planning , design , construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities , especially national highways , flood control and water resources development systems , and other public works in accordance with national development objectives , provided that , the exercise of which shall be decentralized to the fullest extent feasible ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines is the second highest-ranking official of the Senate of the Philippines . During the absence of the Senate President , the Senate President pro tempore presides over the Senate . In the current 17th Congress , two senators became Senate President pro tempore and they are Franklin Drilon and Ralph Recto who is the incumbent .'}]}, {'value': 'Lito Atienza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lito_Atienza', 'summary': "José Livioko Atienza Jr. ( born August 10 , 1941 ) , commonly known by his nickname Lito Atienza , is a Filipino politician . He is the former city mayor of Manila and former secretary of the Department of Environment and Resources . He stepped down as mayor of Manila on June 30 , 2007 , after serving a three-year three-term limit for local government executives set by the Philippine Constitution of 1987 . He currently hosts GMA Network 's Maynila since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S.Arch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Architecture', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Architecture ( B.Arch . ) is a bachelor 's degree designed to satisfy the academic requirement of practising architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Member of Parliament 1984-1986 , Vice Mayor of Manila 1992 -1998 , Mayor of Manila 1998-2007 , Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources 2007-2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regular_Batasang_Pambansa', 'summary': 'The Regular Batasang Pambansa ( English : Regular National Assembly ) , or the First Batasang Pambansa , was the meeting of the Batasang Pambansa from the beginning of its session on July 23 , 1984 until it was abolished by President Corazon Aquino on March 25 , 1986 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/30th_Chess_Olympiad', 'summary': "The 30th Chess Olympiad , organized by FIDE and comprising an open and a women 's tournament , as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess , took place between June 7 and June 25 , 1992 , at the Philippine International Convention Center in Manila , Philippines . Following the fall of the Iron Curtain , the field of competitors was quite different from previous Olympiads . Twelve of the 15 former Soviet republics now competed as independent nations , and they all finished in the top half . Meanwhile , an all-German team was present for the first time since World War II . Of the former Yugoslav republics , Croatia , Bosnia , and Slovenia appeared independently ; Serbia-Montenegro and Macedonia did not . This Olympiad also marked the final appearance of Czechoslovakia and the re-appearance of South Africa . With the Soviet team a thing of the past , all three medal ranks were now occupied by different ex-Soviet teams . Russia , captained by world champion Kasparov , took up the illustrious legacy of their predecessor and won by four points . Uzbekistan 's silver was a small surprise ; the Armenian bronze less so ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources_(Philippines)', 'summary': "The Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Yaman , DENR or KKLY ) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for governing and supervising the exploration , development , utilization , and conservation of the country 's natural resources ."}]}, {'value': 'José Avelino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Avelino', 'summary': 'José Dira Avelino ( August 5 , 1890 - July 21 , 1986 ) was the first President of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second President of the Liberal Party . He was Senate President pro tempore to President Manuel Quezon prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Laws', 'summary': 'A Master of Laws ( M.L . or LL.M . ; Latin : Magister Legum or Legum Magister ) is a postgraduate academic degree , pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree , a professional law degree , or an undergraduate degree in a related subject . In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the basic professional degree for admission into legal practice .'}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of Labor 1935-1938 , Secretary of Public Works and Transportation 1939-1941 , Senator of the Philippines 1946-1951 , President of the Senate of the Philippines 1946-1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Department_of_Labor_and_Employment_(Philippines)', 'summary': "The Philippines ' Department of Labor and Employment ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng Paggawa at Empleyo , commonly abbreviated as DOLE ) is the executive department of the Philippine Government mandated to formulate policies , implement programs and services , and serve as the policy-coordinating arm of the Executive Branch in the field of labor and employment . It is tasked with the enforcement of the provisions of the Labor Code ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways_(Philippines)', 'summary': "The Philippines ' Department of Public Works and Highways ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Pambayan ) , abbreviated as DPWH , is the executive department of the Philippine government solely vested with the Mandate to be the State 's engineering and construction arm and , as such , it is tasked to carry out the policy of the State to maintain an engineering and construction arm and continuously develop its technology , for the purposes of ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities and securing for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and the most appropriate quality in construction and shall be responsible for ( t ) he planning , design , construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities , especially national highways , flood control and water resources development systems , and other public works in accordance with national development objectives , provided that , the exercise of which shall be decentralized to the fullest extent feasible ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': "The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino : Senado ng Pilipinas , also Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas or upper chamber ) is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines , the Congress ; the House of Representatives is the lower house . The Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting . Senators serve six-year terms with a maximum of two consecutive terms , with half of the senators elected every three years to ensure that the Senate is maintained as a continuous body , though staggered . When the Senate was restored by the 1987 Constitution , the 24 senators who were elected in 1987 served until 1992 . In 1992 the 12 candidates for the Senate obtaining the highest number of votes served until 1998 , while the next 12 served until 1995 . Thereafter , each senator elected serves the full six years . Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president 's signature to become a law , the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties , and can try impeachment cases . The Senate Presidency is currently held by Tito Sotto ."}]}, {'value': 'Ramon Bagatsing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing', 'summary': "Ramon D. Bagatsing , Sr. , Ll.M. , DCL ( August 19 , 1916 - February 14 , 2006 ) was the five-term Mayor of Manila . He was the only Indian Filipino and person with disability ( as an amputee ) to serve as Mayor of the City of Manila from 1971 to 1986 . Bagatsing held the unique distinction of being the only person to survive both the Bataan Death March and the military hero for the Liberation of Manila during the Second World War and the Plaza Miranda bombing in 1971 . Before occupying the city 's highest office , Bagatsing served as a Representative to Congress for Manila , member of Cabinet , lawyer , lay minister , and policeman . He earned the moniker The Incorruptible for his clean record in public service and for his unwavering anti-graft and corruption stance ."}]}, {'value': 'LL.M . 1971 , LL.D . 1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Laws', 'summary': 'A Master of Laws ( M.L . or LL.M . ; Latin : Magister Legum or Legum Magister ) is a postgraduate academic degree , pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree , a professional law degree , or an undergraduate degree in a related subject . In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the basic professional degree for admission into legal practice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law', 'summary': 'Doctor of Civil Law ( DCL ; Latin : Legis Civilis Doctor or Juris Civilis Doctor ) is a degree offered by some universities , such as the University of Oxford , instead of the more common Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) degrees . At Oxford , the degree is a higher doctorate usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive publications that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law or politics in general . As of June 2016 , the DCL has been suspended , pending a reform of the higher doctorates . The DCL is senior to all degrees save the Doctor of Divinity which was traditionally the highest degree bestowed by the Universities . The degree of Doctor of Canon Law was replaced by the DCL after the Reformation . The degree of Doctor of Civil Law by Diploma is customarily conferred on foreign Heads of State , as well as on the Chancellor of the University . ( The British Sovereign is unable to receive university degrees , since these would , theoretically , place her under the jurisdiction of the Chancellor of the university . Prior to her accession , the present Queen did accept several honorary degrees , including an Oxford DCL in 1948 ) . The following other higher institutions also provide for awarding a DCL :'}]}, {'value': 'Member of the House of Representatives from Manila 1957-1971 , longest serving Mayor of Manila from 1971-1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': "The House of Representatives of the Philippines ( Filipino : Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas , Spanish : Cámara de Representantes de Filipinas ) is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines . It is commonly referred to as Congress and informally referred to as the Cámara or Kamara . Members of the House are officially styled as representative ( Kinatawan ) and sometimes informally called Congressmen or Congresswomen ( mga kongresista ) and are elected to a three-year term . They can be re-elected , but can not serve more than three consecutive terms . Around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives , representing a particular geographical area . The 18th Congress has 243 legislative districts , each composed of about 250,000 people . There are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives . Aside from needing its agreement to every bill in order to be sent for the President 's signature to become law , the House of Representatives has power to impeach certain officials and all money bills must originate from the lower house . The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker , currently Alan Peter Cayetano of Taguig-Pateros . The Speaker of the House is the third in the presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and Senate President . The official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa ( literally , national legislature ) located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila . The building is often simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila', 'summary': "The Mayor of Manila ( Filipino : Punong Lungsod ng Maynila ) is the head of the executive branch of the Manila 's government . The mayor holds office at Manila City Hall . Like all local government heads in the Philippines , the mayor is elected via popular vote , and may not be elected for a fourth consecutive term ( although the former mayor may return to office after an interval of one term ) . In case of death , resignation or incapacity , the vice mayor becomes the mayor ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfredo Benipayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfredo_Benipayo', 'summary': 'Alfredo Logronio Benipayo ( born December 10 , 1938 ) is the former Dean of the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law , the oldest law school in the Philippines . He is a former magistrate and a respected law professor and bar reviewer in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'H.S . 1954 , A.B . 1958 , LL.B . 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_school', 'summary': 'A secondary school is an organization that provides secondary education and the building where this takes place . Some secondary schools provide both lower secondary education and upper secondary education ( levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale ) , but these can also be provided in separate schools , as in the American middle and high school system . Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and prepare for vocational or tertiary education . Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students until the age of 16 . The organisations , buildings , and terminology are more or less unique in each country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of law , former court administrator of the Supreme Court of the Philippines 1996-2001 , chairman of Commission on Elections 2001-2002 , Solicitor General 2002-2006 , and former dean of Faculty of Civil Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino : Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas ) , colloquially referred to as the Korte Suprema , is the highest court in the Philippines . The Supreme Court was established by the Second Philippine Commission on June 11 , 1901 through the enactment of Act No . 136 , an Act which had abolished the Real Audiencia de Manila . The Supreme Court Complex , which was formerly a part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus , occupies the corner of Padre Faura Street and Taft Avenue in Manila , with the main building directly in front of the Philippine General Hospital . Until 1945 , the Court met in Cavite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The Commission on Elections'}, {'url': '/wiki/Office_of_the_Solicitor_General_(Philippines)', 'summary': "The Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines ( Filipino : Tanggapan ng Taga-usig Panlahat ) , formerly known as the Bureau of Justice , is an independent and autonomous office attached to the Department of Justice . The Office of the Solicitor General is the law firm of the Republic of the Philippines . The Solicitor General is the principal law officer and legal defender of the Republic of the Philippines . He shall have the authority and responsibility for the exercise of the Office 's mandate and for the discharge of its duties and functions , and shall have supervision and control over the Office and its constituent units . He also determines the legal position that the government will take in the courts and argues in virtually every case in which the government is a party . It is tasked to represent the people of the Philippines , the Philippine government , its agencies , instrumentalities , officials , and agents in any litigation , proceeding , or investigation before the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals . When authorized by the President , he shall also represent government owned or controlled corporations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Faculty_of_Civil_Law', 'summary': 'The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law or UST Law ( as distinguished from the Faculty of Canon Law ) , is the law school of the University of Santo Tomas , the oldest and the largest Catholic university in Manila , Philippines . Established in 1734 , it is the first law school in the Philippines . It is one of the Top Performing Law Schools in the Philippine Bar Examinations . The faculty has produced numerous alumni in government , public service and the academe .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruffy Biazon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruffy_Biazon', 'summary': 'Rozzano Rufino Bunoan Biazon ( born March 20 , 1969 ) , better known as Ruffy Biazon , is a Filipino politician and the son of senator Rodolfo Biazon . He is the incumbent Representative of Muntinlupa in the Philippine House of Representatives . Ruffy served as Commissioner of Bureau of Customs from September 16 , 2011 to December 6 , 2013 . He also served in the 12th , 13th and 14th Congress from 2001 to 2010 . In 1991-92 , he also served as a Board Member of the Videogram Regulatory Board . In Congress , he served as Chairman of the Committee on Metro Manila Development , Vice Chairman of the Committee on National Defense and Security , Vice Chairman of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology , Vice Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations and member of the Congressional Oversight Committee on Visiting Forces Agreement . His three terms as legislator was marked by very significant achievements . He was principal author of 8 Republic Acts which includes the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act and the Philippine Coast Guard Act and co-author of 36 others . In his last term in Congress , he filed a total of 81 bills and resolutions , most of which are national in scope . For his exemplary performance as House Representative , Commissioner Biazon was cited by the Philippine Daily Inquirers as one of the most prolific legislators . The Philippine Graphic Magazine also included him as one of the Top 100 Young Leaders of the country and the Philippines Free Press Magazine as an Outstanding Congressman .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S . Med.Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Medical_technology', 'summary': 'Health technology is defined by the World Health Organization as the application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices , medicines , vaccines , procedures , and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives . This includes pharmaceuticals , devices , procedures , and organizational systems used in the healthcare industry , as well as computer-supported information systems . In the United States , these technologies involve standardized physical objects , as well as traditional and designed social means and methods to treat or care for patients . During the last five decades , technology development has been remarkable in the healthcare industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Muntinlupa City 2001-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cesar Climaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cesar_Climaco', 'summary': 'Cesar Cortes Climaco ( February 28 , 1916 - November 14 , 1984 ) was a Filipino politician who served as mayor of Zamboanga City for 11 years and three nonconsecutive terms . A prominent critic of the martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos , he was famed for his toughness in governance and colorful personality . He was also famous for his refusal to cut his hair until democratic rule was restored in the Philippines . He was assassinated by an unknown gunman in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'A.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associate_of_Arts', 'summary': "An associate degree is an undergraduate degree awarded after a course of post-secondary study lasting two or three years . It is a level of qualification between a high school diploma or GED and a bachelor 's degree . The first associate degrees were awarded in the UK ( where they are no longer awarded ) in 1873 before spreading to the US in 1898 . In the United States , the associate degree may allow transfer into the third year of a bachelor 's degree . Associate degrees have since been introduced in a small number of other countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Zamboanga City 1953-1954 , Member of Parliament 1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zamboanga_City', 'summary': 'Zamboanga City , officially the City of Zamboanga ( Chavacano/Spanish : Ciudad de Zamboanga ; , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Zamboanga Peninsula of the Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 861,799 people . It is the 6th most populous and 3rd largest city by land area in the Philippines . It is the commercial and industrial center of the Zamboanga Peninsula Region . On October 12 , 1936 , Zamboanga became a chartered city under Commonwealth Act No . 39 . It was inaugurated on February 26 , 1937 . Zamboanga City is an independent , chartered city and was designated highly urbanized on November 22 , 1983 . Although geographically separated , and an independent and chartered city , Zamboanga City is grouped with the province of Zamboanga del Sur for statistical purposes , yet governed independently from it .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa', 'summary': 'The Batasang Pambansa ( English : National Assembly ; lit . National Legislature ; often referred to simply as the Batasan ) was the former parliament of the Philippines , established as an interim assembly in 1978 and later as an official body in 1984 . It was the fourth unicameral legislature in Philippine history . Members of the Batasang Pambansa were referred to as Mambabatas Pambansa , ( English : Member of Parliament , literally National Lawmaker ) , shortened to MP , similar to the Westminster system . The Batasan was instituted under the 1973 Constitution promulgated by then-President Ferdinand Marcos , replacing the earlier Congress of the Philippines established by the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution . It was abolished immediately after the People Power Revolution in 1986 , and Congress was restored with the passage of the 1987 Constitution .'}]}, {'value': 'Isabelo de los Reyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes', 'summary': "Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino , also known as Don Belong ( July 7 , 1864 - October 10 , 1938 ) , was a prominent Filipino politician , writer and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries . He was the original founder of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente , an independent Philippine national church . He is now known as the Father of Philippine Folklore , the Father of the Philippine Labor Movement , and the Father of Filipino Socialism . As a young man , de los Reyes followed his mother 's footsteps by initially turning to writing as a career ; his works were part of the 1887 Exposicion General de las Islas Filipinas in Madrid . :258 He later became a journalist , editor , and publisher in Manila , and was imprisoned in 1897 for revolutionary activities . He was deported to the Kingdom of Spain , where he was jailed for his activities until 1898 . While living and working in Madrid , he was influenced by the writings of European socialists and Marxists . Returning to the Philippines in 1901 , de los Reyes founded the first labor union in the country . He also was active in seeking independence from the United States . After serving in the Philippine Senate in the 1920s , he settled into private life and religious writing . de los Reyes wrote on diverse topics in history , folk-lore , language , politics , and religion . :255 He had a total of 27 children with three successive wives ; he survived all his wives and 12 of his children ."}]}, {'value': 'LL.B . 1886', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente , politician , writer , and labor activist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church', 'summary': 'The Philippine Independent Church ( Spanish : Iglesia Filipina Independiente ; Tagalog : Malayang Simbahan ng Pilipinas ; Latin : Libera Ecclesia Philippina ; colloquially called the Aglipayan Church , IFI and PIC ) is an independent Christian denomination in the form of a national church in the Philippines . Its schism from the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina , due to the mistreatment of the Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of José Rizal during Spanish colonial rule . Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation , and suggested that former Catholic priest Gregorio Aglipay be the head of the church . It is also known as the Aglipayan Church , after its first Supreme Bishop , Gregorio Aglipay , who like José Rizal , later became a Freemason , in May 1918 . Pope Leo XIII instructed the Archbishop of Manila , Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa to excommunicate those who initiated the schism . Since 1960 the church has been in full communion with the Episcopal Church in the United States , and through it , the entire Anglican Communion . Members commonly believe in the rejection of the exclusivity right to apostolic succession by the Petrine papacy , the allowing of priestly ordination of women , optional clerical celibacy , tolerance of Freemasonry , and support for contraception and same-sex civil rights , however the members of the Church still believe in transubstantiation and the Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist . Many saints canonized by Rome after the 1902 schism are not recognized by the Aglipayan church and its members . As of 2017 [ update ] the Supreme Bishop was Rhee Timbang , whose central office is located at the National Cathedral of the Holy Child in Ermita , Manila .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaime de Veyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_C._de_Veyra', 'summary': 'Jaime Carlos de Veyra ( November 4 , 1873 - March 7 , 1963 ) was a Resident Commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Philippine Islands .'}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resident Commissioners from the Philippines 1917-1923', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resident_Commissioners_from_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Resident Commissioner of the Philippines was a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives sent by the Philippines from 1907 until its internationally recognized independence in 1946 . It was similar to current non-voting members of Congress such as Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico and delegates from Washington , D.C. , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and other United States territories . Like current non-voting members , Resident Commissioners could speak and otherwise participate in the business of the House , but did not have full voting rights . Two were sent until 1937 when after the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the number was changed to one .'}]}, {'value': 'Enrique dela Cruz , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.B . ( LegMa ) , LL.B . Master in Public Policy Harvard Master of Laws LLM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Legal_management', 'summary': 'Legal management ( also offered as : legal studies , or paralegal studies ) is an academic and professional discipline that is a hybrid between the study of law and management ( i.e . business administration , public administration , etc. ) . It is generally considered as the best preparatory law program for those who aspire to become members of a bar . Often , alumni of legal management programmes pursue a professional degree in law such as Juris Doctor ( JD ) or Bachelor of Laws ( LL.B . ) while some profess as paralegals , law clerks , political analysts , politicians , public administrators , entrepreneurs , business executives , or pursue careers in the academe . The degree was designed in the Philippines and was first introduced in Ateneo de Manila University in the 1980s by former Philippine Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona . It is also offered in the United States , most notably , at the University of California Berkeley . Legal management student organisations across the Philippines are represented by the Alliance of Legal Management Associations of the Philippines ( ALMAP ) to the Securities and Exchange Commission , as a non-stock , non-profit , student-run corporation . Timothy Caday is the national president of ALMAP for the academic year 2017-2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Laws', 'summary': 'A Master of Laws ( M.L . or LL.M . ; Latin : Magister Legum or Legum Magister ) is a postgraduate academic degree , pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree , a professional law degree , or an undergraduate degree in a related subject . In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the basic professional degree for admission into legal practice .'}]}, {'value': 'Board Member of the second district of Bulacan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulacan', 'summary': "Bulacan ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bulakan ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Bulacan ) ( PSGC : 031400000 ; ISO : PH-BUL ) is a province in the Philippines , located in the Central Luzon Region ( Region III ) in the island of Luzon , 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) north of Manila ( the nation 's capital ) , and part of the Metro Luzon Urban Beltway Super Region . Bulacan was established on August 15 , 1578 . It has 569 barangays from 21 municipalities and three component cities ( Malolos the provincial capital , Meycauayan , and San Jose del Monte ) . Bulacan is located immediately north of Metro Manila . Bordering Bulacan are the provinces of Pampanga to the west , Nueva Ecija to the north , Aurora and Quezon to the east , and Metro Manila and Rizal to the south . Bulacan also lies on the north-eastern shore of Manila Bay . In the 2015 census , Bulacan had a population of 3,292,071 people , the most populous in Central Luzon and the third most populous in the Philippines , after Cebu and Cavite . Bulacan 's most populated city is San Jose del Monte , the most populated municipality is Santa Maria while the least populated is Doña Remedios Trinidad . In 1899 , the historic Barasoain Church in Malolos was the birthplace of the First Constitutional Democracy in Asia . On November 7 , 2018 , the Provincial Government of Bulacan bagged its fourth Seal of Good Local Governance award . The SGLG award is a progressive assessment system that gives distinction to remarkable governance performance ."}]}, {'value': 'Harriet Demetriou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harriet_Demetriou', 'summary': 'Harriet Obias Demetriou is a Filipino lawyer and was the first female Chairperson of the Philippine election commission , the COMELEC , appointed by President Joseph Estrada . She was one of only four women appointed to the Philippine Election Commission . Demetriou , the then-judge of Pasig City regional trial court , was known to the public for handing down the March 1995 verdict against former Calauan , Laguna mayor Antonio Sanchez and six others ( then-PNP Calauan Deputy Chief George Medialdea , Luis Corcolon , Rogelio Boy Corcolon , Zoilo Ama , Baldwin Brion , and Pepito Kawit ) for the rape-slay of 21-year-old Mary Eileen Sarmenta and the killing of 19-year-old Allan Gomez in June 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.B . 1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chairman of the Commission on Elections 1999-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amado Dimayuga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LL.B . 1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of law , member of Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines , former Dean of Faculty of Civil Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The Judicial and Bar Council ( JBC ; Filipino : Sangguniang Panghukuman at Pang-abogasya ) of the Philippines is a constitutionally-created body that recommends appointees for vacancies that may arise in the composition of the Supreme Court , other lower courts , and the Legal Education Board , and in the offices of the Ombudsman , Deputy Ombudsman and the Special Prosecutor .'}]}, {'value': 'Loi Estrada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loi_Estrada', 'summary': 'Luisa Pimentel-Ejercito ( born June 2 , 1930 ) is a Filipino politician and psychiatrist who served as a Senator of the Philippines from 2001 to 2007 . She is the wife of former Philippine President Joseph Ejercito Estrada , and was the twelfth First Spouse of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 . Her son , Jinggoy Ejercito Estrada , was a senator in the 15th Congress of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'A.A. 1949 , M.D . 1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associate_of_Arts', 'summary': "An associate degree is an undergraduate degree awarded after a course of post-secondary study lasting two or three years . It is a level of qualification between a high school diploma or GED and a bachelor 's degree . The first associate degrees were awarded in the UK ( where they are no longer awarded ) in 1873 before spreading to the US in 1898 . In the United States , the associate degree may allow transfer into the third year of a bachelor 's degree . Associate degrees have since been introduced in a small number of other countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'Doctor of Medicine ( abbreviated M.D. , from the Latin Medicinae Doctor ) is a medical degree , the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions . In the United States , Canada and some other countries , the M.D . denotes a professional graduate degree awarded upon graduation from medical school . In the United States , this generally arose because many in 18th century medical professions trained in Scotland , which used the M.D . degree nomenclature . In England , however , Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery was used and eventually in the 19th century became the standard in Scotland too . Thus , in the United Kingdom , Ireland and other countries , the M.D . is a research doctorate , higher doctorate , honorary doctorate or applied clinical degree restricted to those who already hold a professional degree in medicine ; in those countries , the equivalent professional to the North American and some others use of M.D . is still typically titled Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of medicine , physician , First Lady of the Philippines 1998-2001 , Senator of the Philippines 2001-2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': "The first lady or first gentleman of the Philippines ( Filipino : Unang Ginang/Ginoó ng Pilipinas ) is the unofficial , customary title of the host or hostess of Malacañang Palace , the residence of the head of state and head of government of the Philippines . The title is traditionally held by the consort of the president of the Philippines , and as such is used to interchangeably refer to the spouse of the incumbent , however this is n't usually the case especially for presidents without a living spouse at the time of their tenure . The current president Rodrigo Duterte has no designated first lady despite having Cielito Avanceña as his common-law wife . No other family member or any other individual has been designated as the current incumbent 's first lady ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Favila', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S.Comm . ( B. F . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Commerce ( abbreviated Bcom . or BComm . ; also , baccalaureates commercii ) is an undergraduate degree in commerce ( or business ) and related subjects , usually awarded in Canada , Australia , India , Pakistan , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , Myanmar and other Commonwealth countries ; however , the degree is no longer offered in the United Kingdom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Banking', 'summary': 'A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit . Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets . Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country , banks are highly regulated in most countries . Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities . In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards , known as the Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways was a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties - notably , the Medicis , the Fuggers , the Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds - have played a central role over many centuries . The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finance', 'summary': 'Finance is the study of money and how it is used . Specifically , it deals with the questions of how an individual , company or government acquires the money needed - called capital in the company context - and how they then spend or invest that money . Finance is , correspondingly , often split into three areas : personal finance , corporate finance and public finance . At the same time , finance is about the overall system - i.e . the financial markets that allow the flow of money , via investments and other financial instruments , between and within these areas ; this flow is facilitated by the financial services sector . A major focus within finance is thus investment management - called money management for individuals , and asset management for institutions - and finance then includes the associated activities of securities trading , investment banking , financial engineering , and risk management . More abstractly , finance is concerned with the investment and deployment of assets and liabilities over space and time : i.e . it is about performing valuation and asset allocation today , based on risk and uncertainty of future outcomes , incorporating the time value of money ( determining the present value of these future values , discounting , requires a risk-appropriate discount rate ) . As an academic field , finance theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management , ( financial ) economics , accountancy and applied mathematics . Correspondingly , given its wide application , there are several related professional qualifications , that can lead to the field . As the debate to whether finance is an art or a science is still open , there have been recent efforts to organize a list of unsolved problems in finance .'}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of Trade and Industry 2005-2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The Philippine Department of Trade and Industry ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng Kalakalan at Industriya , abbreviated as DTI ) is the executive department of the Philippine Government tasked as the main economic catalyst that enables innovative , competitive , job generating , inclusive business , and empowers consumers . It acts as catalyst for intensified private sector activity in order to accelerate and sustain economic growth through comprehensive industrial growth strategy , progressive and socially responsible trade liberalization and deregulation programs and policymaking designed for the expansion and diversification of Philippine trade - both domestic and foreign . Department Order No . 19-18 , s. 2019 , laid out the organizational structure of the Department into the following functional groups : Competitiveness and Innovation Group ( CIG ) ; Consumer Protection Group ( CPG ) ; Industry Development and Trade Policy Group ( IDTPG ) ; Management Services Group ( MSG ) ; Regional Operations Group ( ROG ) ; and the Trade Promotions Group ( TPG ) . Its hierarchical organization include 27 foreign trade service posts , 17 regional offices ( including Negros Island Region ) , 87 provincial/city/area offices , 12 bureaus , 4 attached agencies , 7 attached corporations , and 8 services offices . The department is headed by a Secretary ( equivalent to Minister ) and assisted by Undersecretaries ( equivalent to Deputy Minister ) which take charge of certain sub-department each , and Assistant Secretaries which serve as specialized assistants of the Secretary .'}]}, {'value': 'Jose Feria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Feria', 'summary': 'Jose Yusay Feria ( January 11 , 1917 - May 8 , 2008 ) was a Filipino lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1986 to 1987 . He was among the first appointees to the Supreme Court of President Corazon Aquino .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.B . 1940', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines 1986-1987 , dean of Faculty of Civil Law 1979-1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is one of 15 members of the Philippine Supreme Court , the highest court in the Philippines . The Chief Justice presides over the High Court , but carries only one of the 15 votes in the court . Traditionally , the Chief Justice is deemed primus inter pares ( first among equals ) among the Justices . Until 1973 , only men were appointed as Associate Justices to the Court . Cecilia Muñoz-Palma , an appointee of President Ferdinand Marcos , was the first woman to sit on the Court . Since then , 15 other women have been appointed as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court . The most recent woman to be appointed to the high tribunal is Amy Lazaro-Javier , a former Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Cancio Garcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cancio_Garcia', 'summary': 'Cancio C. Garcia ( October 20 , 1937 - October 15 , 2013 ) was a Filipino lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines . He was appointed to the Court on October 6 , 2004 by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and retired on October 19 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'M.P.A . 1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Public Administration ( M.P.Adm. , M.P.A. , or MPA ) is a professional graduate degree in public administration , similar to the Master of Business Administration but with an emphasis on the issues of governance .'}]}, {'value': 'Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines 2004-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raul Gonzalez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raul_M._Gonzalez', 'summary': 'Raul Maravilla Gonzalez ( December 3 , 1930 - September 7 , 2014 ) was the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel and was the Secretary of Justice of the Philippines . He was replaced by Agnes Devanadera in 2009 from the orders of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.B . 1955', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Laws ( Latin : Legum Baccalaureus ; LL.B . ) is an undergraduate law degree in England and most common law jurisdictions - except the United States and Canada - which allows a person to become a lawyer . It historically served this purpose in North America as well but was phased out in favour of the Juris Doctor degree . Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in Nigeria , Scotland , South Africa , Israel and Zambia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Iloilo 1995-2004 , Secretary of Justice 2004-2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iloilo', 'summary': "Iloilo ( [ ɪlo.ɪlo ] , Hiligaynon : Kapuoran sang Iloilo ; Kinaray-a : Kapuoran kang Iloilo ) is a province located in the region of Western Visayas in the Philippines . Iloilo occupies a major southeast portion of the Visayan island of Panay and is bordered by the province of Antique to the west , Capiz to the north , the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast , the Guimaras Strait to the east , and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest . Just off Iloilo 's southeast coast is the island province of Guimaras , once part of Iloilo but now an independent province . Across the Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait is Negros Occidental , occupying the northwestern half of the larger island of Negros . Iloilo City , its capital , is geographically located in the province but remains politically independent from the provincial government . According to the 2015 census , the population of the province ( excluding Iloilo City ) is 1,936,423 . If Iloilo City is included , the population is 2,361,042 in total ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)', 'summary': "The Philippine Department of Justice ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng Katarungan , abbreviated as DOJ ) is under the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for upholding the rule of law in the Philippines . It is the government 's principal law agency , serving as its legal counsel and prosecution arm . It has its headquarters at the DOJ Building in Padre Faura Street , Ermita , Manila . The department is led by the Secretary of Justice , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . Duterte named Vitaliano Aguirre II as secretary until his resignation and was replaced by Menardo Guevarra ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Civil servants -- Law , governance , and politics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Santo_Tomas_people_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable students, professors, alumni and honorary degree recipients of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. The following Thomasians were distinguished in various fields such as public service, religion, literary arts, commerce, medicine, among others. The list includes people who have studied at various levels in the university, from elementary up to postgraduate school.'} | null | null | What is the birth year of the alumni member known for his relation to a Filipino politician who served from 1967-1972 as a Senator of the Philippine ? | 1894 |
04514706283c5ae1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Donovan_(singer)', 'title': 'Casey Donovan (singer)', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Idol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Idol', 'summary': 'Australian Idol is an Australian singing competition , which began its first season in July 2003 and ended its run in November 2009 . As part of the Idol franchise , Australian Idol originated from the reality program Pop Idol , which was created by British entertainment executive Simon Fuller . Australian Idol was televised on Network Ten for all seven series and was broadcast on the Southern Cross Austereo Radio Network between 2005 and 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Contestant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': "I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I'm_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)", 'summary': "I 'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network 10 which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series aired mainly on Network 10 and 10 HD . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts , and competing in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $ 100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series I 'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ( similar to the original British series ) . It aired on Eleven ( now 10 Peach ) following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . I 'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here !"}]}, {'value': 'Contestant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coles Supermarket Ad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coles_Supermarket', 'summary': "Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd , trading as Coles , is an Australian supermarket , retail and consumer services chain , headquartered in Melbourne as part of the Coles Group . Founded in 1914 in Collingwood by George Coles , Coles operates 807 supermarkets throughout Australia , including several now re-branded BI-LO Supermarkets . Coles has over 100,000 employees and , together with rival Woolworths , accounts for more than 80 per cent of the Australian market . Coles Online is the company 's online shopping ( 'click & collect ' and home delivery ) service . Between 1986 and 2006 , Coles Supermarkets was a brand of Coles Myer Limited , later Coles Group Limited , prior to Wesfarmers purchasing Coles Group in 2007 . It became a subsidiary of Coles Group again after Wesfamers spun-off the business in November 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Have You Been Paying Attention ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Have_You_Been_Paying_Attention?', 'summary': "Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( abbreviated on social media as HYBPA ? and stylised on-screen as Have you been paying attention ? in sentence case ) is an Australian game show on Network 10 . The series , which is produced by Working Dog Productions , is a mix of news and comedy which sees host Tom Gleisner quiz five guests ( of whom Ed Kavalee and Sam Pang are permanent panellists ) on the week 's top news stories . Despite a disappointing start in ratings , and initially a change in timeslot and format , the series has proven to be a consistent performer for Network Ten , having its ratings increase with successive seasons and receiving critical acclaim . The show won two Logies in 2017 for Best Entertainment Program and Most Outstanding Entertainment Program , one in 2018 for Most Popular Comedy Program and two in 2019 for Most Outstanding Entertainment Program and for Most Popular Comedy Program ."}]}, {'value': 'Guest Quiz Master', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Star Family Feud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Star_Family_Feud', 'summary': "All Star Family Feud was an Australian game show which aired on Network Ten from 14 March 2016 until 6 May 2018 . The series , which is a spin off of Family Feud , sees celebrities compete in teams to raise money for their chosen charity . All Star Family Feud was filmed at Global Television Studios in Southbank , Melbourne from 2016-2017 and at Network Ten 's Studios in Pyrmont , Sydney in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Contestant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hughesy , We Have a Problem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hughesy,_We_Have_a_Problem', 'summary': "Hughesy , We Have a Problem is an Australian comedy panel television series which premiered on Network 10 on 30 January 2018 . The program is hosted by Dave Hughes , who along with a panel of comedians , attempt to solve problems of viewers , guests , panellists or the host . Hughesy , We Have a Problem is filmed at Network 10 Studios in Pyrmont , a suburb in Sydney 's inner city . On Monday 23 December 2019 , Hughesy , We Have a Problem aired its first Christmas special episode ."}]}, {'value': 'Celebrity Problem', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blind Date', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blind_Date_(Australian_game_show)', 'summary': "Blind Date is an Australian television game show which was originally based on the American series The Dating Game . Blind Date first aired from 1967 to 1970 on the 0-10 Network ( now known as Network 10 ) . Graham Webb hosted the series from its debut to the 28 November 1969 episode . Jeremy Cordeaux hosted the show in 1970 . A 1974 on the Seven Network was hosted by Scottish-born Bobby Hanna . A 1991 version hosted by Greg Evans was screened on Network Ten as a revived version of Perfect Match , which was also based on the same format . A new series , termed the show 's revival , began on 15 October 2018 on Channel 10 , hosted by Julia Morris . It showed at 7:30 pm on Mondays until the fifth episode , where it moved to the time-slot of 8:40 pm on Wednesdays . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Contestant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Show Me the Movie !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Show_Me_the_Movie!', 'summary': 'Show Me the Movie ! is an Australian comedy panel game show style television series which premiered on Network 10 on 22 March 2018 until 28 March 2019 . The program was hosted by Rove McManus , who along with team captains Joel Creasey and Jane Harber ( 2018 ) and Brooke Satchwell ( 2019 ) , each week have a panel of actors , comedians and international guests who will partake in a series of rounds . The title is a word play on the iconic movie line Show me the money , by Tom Cruise in Jerry Maguire .'}]}, {'value': 'Celebrity Guest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Who Do You Think You Are ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are?_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Who Do You Think You Are ? is an Australian television documentary reality genealogy series , part of the international franchise and adaptation of the original British series on BBC of the same name , airing on SBS . SBS first aired six episodes of the BBC series in late 2007 , followed by six Australian episodes beginning 13 January 2008 and then six more from the original BBC version . Each episode profiles a celebrity tracing their family tree and is narrated by Richard Mellick . SBS renewed the series for a sixth series on 29 August 2012 . The seventh season aired on SBS from 4 August 2015 . The eighth season started on Tuesday , 13 September 2016 . The ninth season started on Tuesday 17 April 2018 . Season 10 began on 30 April 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celebrity Name Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celebrity_Name_Game_(Australian_game_show)', 'summary': 'Celebrity Name Game is an Australian game show based on the American show of the same name and the board game Identity Crisis ( created by Laura Robinson and Richard Gerrits ) hosted by Grant Denyer and first premiered on Network 10 on 13 May 2019 . During the Summer of 2019-20 , Celebrity Name Game moved to 10 Bold as a result of an extended 90 minute 10 News First bulletin over the Summer .'}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia Decides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020', 'summary': "Australia will participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in Rotterdam with the song Do n't Break Me written by Jessica Cerro , Anthony Egizii and David Musumeci . The entry will be performed by Montaigne . The Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) chose the song in the national final Eurovision - Australia Decides on 8 February 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Contestant', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Casey_Donovan_(singer)_0', 'intro': "Casey Donovan (born 13 May 1988) is an Australian singer, songwriter, actress, theatre actress and author, best known for winning the second season of the singing competition show Australian Idol in 2004. She won the competition at age 16, becoming the series' youngest winner. In 2017, Casey won the third series of I'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here."} | null | null | What role did Donovan have on the Australian game show on Network 10 ? | Guest Quiz Master |
0451a9fccf1545a2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Drexel_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of Drexel University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Grad year', 'Degree', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Paul Baran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Baran', 'summary': 'Paul Baran ( born Pesach Baran /ˈbærən/ ; April 29 , 1926 - March 26 , 2011 ) was a Polish-American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks . He was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching , which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide , and went on to start several companies and develop other technologies that are an essential part of modern digital communication .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the inventors of packet switching and a founding father of the Internet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Packet_switching', 'summary': 'Packet switching is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into packets . Packets are made of a header and a payload . Data in the header are used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software . Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide . In the early 1960s , American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation , funded by the US Department of Defense . This concept contrasted with , and contradicted , then-established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System . The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of British computer scientist Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) in 1965 . Davies is credited with coining the modern term packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Internet', 'summary': 'The Internet ( portmanteau of interconnected network ) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a network of networks that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services , such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ) , electronic mail , telephony , and file sharing . The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s to build robust , fault-tolerant communication with computer networks . The primary precursor network , the ARPANET , initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s . The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s , as well as private funding for other commercial extensions , led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies , and the merger of many networks . The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet , and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional , personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network . Although the Internet was widely used by academia in the 1980s , commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life . Most traditional communication media , including telephony , radio , television , paper mail and newspapers are reshaped , redefined , or even bypassed by the Internet , giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony , Internet television , online music , digital newspapers , and video streaming websites . Newspaper , book , and other print publishing are adapting to website technology , or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their brick and mortar presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Behe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Behe', 'summary': "Michael J. Behe ( /ˈbiːhiː/ BEE-hee ; born January 18 , 1952 ) is an American biochemist , author , and advocate of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design ( ID ) . He serves as professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania and as a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture . Behe is best known as an advocate for the validity of the argument for irreducible complexity ( IC ) , which claims that some biochemical structures are too complex to be explained by known evolutionary mechanisms and are therefore probably the result of intelligent design . Behe has testified in several court cases related to intelligent design , including the court case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District where his views were cited in the ruling that intelligent design is not science and is religious in nature . Behe 's claims about the irreducible complexity of essential cellular structures have been rejected by the vast majority of the scientific community , and his own biology department at Lehigh University published a statement repudiating Behe 's views and intelligent design ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American biochemist and leading advocate of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pseudoscientific', 'summary': 'Pseudoscience consists of statements , beliefs , or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method . [ Note 1 ] Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory , exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims ; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation ; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts ; absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses ; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited . The term pseudoscience is considered pejorative , because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively . Those described as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization . The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications . Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care , expert testimony , environmental policies , and science education . Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs , such as those found in astrology , alchemy , alternative medicine , occult beliefs , religious beliefs , and creation science , is part of science education and scientific literacy . Pseudoscience can be harmful . For example , pseudoscientific anti-vaccine activism and promotion of homeopathic remedies as alternative disease treatments can result in people forgoing important medical treatment with demonstrable health benefits .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Intelligent_design', 'summary': "Intelligent design ( ID ) is a pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God , presented by its proponents as an evidence-based scientific theory about life 's origins . Proponents claim that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause , not an undirected process such as natural selection . ID is a form of creationism that lacks empirical support and offers no testable or tenable hypotheses , so it is not science . The leading proponents of ID are associated with the Discovery Institute , a Christian , politically conservative think tank based in the United States . [ n 1 ] Though the phrase intelligent design had featured previously in theological discussions of the argument from design , the first publication of the term intelligent design in its present use as an alternative term for creationism was in Of Pandas and People , a 1989 creationist textbook intended for high school biology classes . The term was substituted into drafts of the book , directly replacing references to creation science and creationism , after the 1987 United States Supreme Court 's Edwards v. Aguillard decision which barred the teaching of creation science in public schools on constitutional grounds . From the mid-1990s , the intelligent design movement ( IDM ) , supported by the Discovery Institute , advocated inclusion of intelligent design in public school biology curricula . This led to the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial in which U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III found that intelligent design was not science , that it can not uncouple itself from its creationist , and thus religious , antecedents , and that the school district 's promotion of it therefore violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . ID presents two main arguments against evolutionary explanations : irreducible complexity and specified complexity . These arguments assert that certain features ( biological and informational , respectively ) are too complex to be the result of natural processes . As a positive argument against evolution , ID proposes an analogy between natural systems and human artifacts , a version of the theological argument from design for the existence of God . [ n 2 ] ID proponents then conclude by analogy that the complex features , as defined by ID , are evidence of design ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel P. De Bow , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former rear admiral in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)', 'summary': 'Rear admiral in the United States is either of two different ranks of commissioned officers - one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers . By contrast , in most nations , the term rear admiral refers to an officer of two-star rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps', 'summary': 'The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps , known informally as the NOAA Corps , is one of eight federal uniformed services of the United States , and operates under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , a scientific agency overseen by the Department of Commerce . The NOAA Corps is made up of scientifically and technically trained officers and is the smallest of the U.S. uniformed services . It is one of only two - the other being the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps - that consists only of commissioned officers , with no enlisted or warrant officer ranks . The NOAA Corps traces its origins to the establishment of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps on May 22 , 1917 , which the service recognizes as its official birthday . The Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps transitioned into the United States Environmental Science Services Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( ESSA Corps ) in 1965 , and then into its current inception as the NOAA Corps in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Eisenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Eisenstein', 'summary': 'Bruce Eisenstein is an engineering educator serving as the Arthur J. Rowland Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering . He was formerly Interim Dean and Vice Dean of the College of Engineering at Drexel University . He has published nearly 50 papers in the areas of digital signal processing , pattern recognition , deconvolution , along with biomedical engineering . He also served as president of the IEEE in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38th President of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers', 'summary': "The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering ( and associated disciplines ) with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway , New Jersey . It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers . Due to its expansion of scope into so many related fields , it is simply referred to by the letters I-E-E-E ( pronounced Eye-triple-E ) , except on legal business documents . As of 2018 [ update ] , it is the world 's largest association of technical professionals with more than 423,000 members in over 160 countries around the world . Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering , telecommunications , computer engineering and allied disciplines ."}]}, {'value': 'David H. Geiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_H._Geiger', 'summary': "David H. Geiger ( 1935 - October 3 , 1989 ) was an engineer who invented the air-supported fabric roof system that at the time of his death was in use at almost half the domed stadiums in the world . Geiger was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , received a bachelor 's degree from Drexel University , master 's degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and PhD in engineering from Columbia University . While an adjunct professor at Columbia University , Geiger designed the enclosure for the United States pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka , Japan . He had been tapped after the architecture firm Davis Brody won the design contest for the building . Davis Brody 's winning design was a 30-story high air filled pumpkin atop the pavilion and they needed an engineer with the expertise to implement it . Geiger was designing the US Pavilion to be capable of withstanding Japan 's earthquakes and typhoons when Congress approved only half of the expected budget . To accommodate the new budget , he drastically cut the proposed height and used a low profile cable-restrained air-supported roof , employing a super-elliptical perimeter compression ring and diagonally-run pattern of cables which prevented fabric sag around the perimeter . Geiger 's fabric air-supported roof invention was significantly cheaper than the largest fixed dome structure of the day : the Astrodome . He then joined with engineer Horst Berger to form Geiger Berger Associates and they went on to produce designs for a series of low-cost air-supported structures including the first tensegrity type dome for the Olympic Gymnastics Venue , Seoul , Korea ( which had been inspired by the work of R. Buckminster Fuller ) , first translucent insulated fabric roof at Lindsay Park Sports Centre , Calgary , Alberta , Canada , first permanent low profile air-supported fabric roof to cover a stadium at the Silverdome in Pontiac , Michigan . The partnership with Berger dissolved in 1983 and Geiger formed Geiger Associates , which was acquired by KKBNA in 1986 . In 1988 , Geiger in partnership with former colleagues from Geiger Associates went on to found Geiger Engineers . Geiger died in 1989 while traveling in Seoul where he had designed three venues for the 1988 Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Architect and engineer who invented the air-supported fabric roof system used in domed stadiums', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air-supported_structure', 'summary': "An air-supported ( or air-inflated ) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air to inflate a pliable material ( i.e . structural fabric ) envelope , so that air is the main support of the structure , and where access is via airlocks . The concept was implemented on a large scale by David H. Geiger with the United States pavilion at Expo '70 in Osaka , Japan in 1970 . It is usually dome-shaped , since this shape creates the greatest volume for the least amount of material . To maintain structural integrity , the structure must be pressurized such that the internal pressure equals or exceeds any external pressure being applied to the structure ( i.e . wind pressure ) . The structure does not have to be airtight to retain structural integrity - as long as the pressurization system that supplies internal pressure replaces any air leakage , the structure will remain stable . All access to the structure interior must be equipped with some form of airlock - typically either two sets of parallel doors or a revolving door or both . Air-supported structures are secured by heavy weights on the ground , ground anchors , attachement to a foundation , or a combination of these . Among its many uses are : sports and recreation facilities , warehousing , temporary shelters , and radomes . The structure can be either wholly , partial , or roof-only air supported . A fully air-supported structure can be intended to be a temporary or semi-temporary facility or permanent , whereas a structure with only an air-supported roof can be built as a permanent building ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stadium', 'summary': 'A stadium ( plural stadiums or stadia ) is a place or venue for ( mostly ) outdoor sports , concerts , or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event . Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stadion at Olympia , where the word stadium originated . Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for association football . Other popular stadium sports include gridiron football , baseball , cricket , the various codes of rugby , field lacrosse , bandy , and bullfighting . Many large sports venues are also used for concerts .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Golaski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Golaski', 'summary': 'Walter Golaski ( 1913 in Torrington , Connecticut -1996 ) was an American Mechanical-Bio-Medical Engineer best known for developing Dense Knit Dacron Vascular Prostheses , which were the first practical artificial blood vessel replacements . Golaski died near Philadelphia in 1996 at the age of 83 .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Developer of the first practical artificial blood vessel replacement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blood_vessel', 'summary': 'The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body . These vessels transport blood cells , nutrients , and oxygen to the tissues of the body . They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues . Blood vessels are needed to sustain life , because all of the bodys tissues rely on their functionality . There are five types of blood vessels : the arteries , which carry the blood away from the heart ; the arterioles ; the capillaries , where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs ; the venules ; and the veins , which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart . The word vascular , meaning relating to the blood vessels , is derived from the Latin vas , meaning vessel . Some structures - such as cartilage , the epithelium , and the lens and cornea of the eye - do not contain blood vessels and are labeled avascular .'}]}, {'value': 'Harry Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Gold', 'summary': 'Harry Gold ( born Henrich Golodnitsky , December 11 , 1910 - August 28 , 1972 ) was an American laboratory chemist who is known for having been convicted as a courier for the Soviet Union to pass atomic secrets from Klaus Fuchs , an agent of the Soviet Union , during World War II . Gold served as a government witness and testified in the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg , who were convicted and executed in 1953 for their roles . Gold served 15 years in prison . Born in Bern , Switzerland , to parents from the Russian Empire , Gold had immigrated to the US with his parents as a child at the age of four . They settled in Philadelphia . During the Great Depression , he found work and finished his degree in chemistry at night . He returned to work as a clinical chemist after release from prison .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laboratory chemist who was convicted of being the courier for a number of Soviet spy rings during the Manhattan Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Project', 'summary': 'The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename , Development of Substitute Materials , for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $ 2 billion ( about $ 23 billion in 2018 dollars ) . Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material , with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons . Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war : a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon . The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium , and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium-238 , and with almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate the two .'}]}, {'value': 'John Gruber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gruber', 'summary': 'John Gruber ( born 1973 ) is a writer , blog publisher , UI designer , and the inventor of the Markdown markup language . Gruber is from the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , area . He received his Bachelor of Science in computer science from Drexel University , then worked for Bare Bones Software ( 2000-02 ) and Joyent ( 2005-06 ) . Since 2002 , he has written and produced Daring Fireball , a technology-focused blog . He hosts a related podcast called The Talk Show . In early 2013 , Gruber , Brent Simmons , and Dave Wiskus founded software development firm Q Branch to develop the Vesper notes app for iOS . The venture was not successful , and Q Branch has since shut down .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creator of the computer markup language Markdown and the website Daring Fireball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Markdown', 'summary': 'Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain-text-formatting syntax . Its design allows it to be converted to many output formats , but the original tool by the same name only supports HTML . Markdown is often used to format readme files , for writing messages in online discussion forums , and to create rich text using a plain text editor . Since the initial description of Markdown contained ambiguities and unanswered questions , the implementations that appeared over the years have subtle differences and many come with syntax extensions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daring_Fireball', 'summary': 'John Gruber ( born 1973 ) is a writer , blog publisher , UI designer , and the inventor of the Markdown markup language . Gruber is from the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , area . He received his Bachelor of Science in computer science from Drexel University , then worked for Bare Bones Software ( 2000-02 ) and Joyent ( 2005-06 ) . Since 2002 , he has written and produced Daring Fireball , a technology-focused blog . He hosts a related podcast called The Talk Show . In early 2013 , Gruber , Brent Simmons , and Dave Wiskus founded software development firm Q Branch to develop the Vesper notes app for iOS . The venture was not successful , and Q Branch has since shut down .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)', 'summary': 'Jon maddog Hall ( born 7 August 1950 ) is the Board Chair for the Linux Professional Institute'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open source developer and advocate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': 'Vasant Honavar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vasant_Honavar', 'summary': 'Vasant G. Honavar is an Indian born American computer scientist , and artificial intelligence , machine learning , big data , data science , causality , knowledge representation , bioinformatics and health informatics researcher and educator .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director Pennsylvania State University Center for Big Data Analytics and Discovery Informatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ."}]}, {'value': 'Moshe Kam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moshe_Kam', 'summary': "Moshe Kam ( born October 3 , 1955 in Tel Aviv , Israel ) is an American engineering educator presently serving as the Dean of the Newark College of Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology . Until August 2014 he served as the Robert G. Quinn Professor and Department Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Drexel University . In 2011 , he served concurrently as the 49th President and CEO of IEEE . Earlier he was IEEE 's Vice President for Educational Activities ( 2005-2007 ) and IEEE 's Representative Director to the accreditation body ABET . Kam is known for his studies of decision fusion and distributed detection , which focus on computationally feasible fusion rules for multi-sensor systems ."}]}, {'value': '1985 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49th President of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce E. Maryanoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_E._Maryanoff', 'summary': 'Bruce Eliot Maryanoff FRSC ( born February 26 , 1947 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American medicinal and organic chemist .'}]}, {'value': '1969 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medicinal and organic chemist responsible for the drug Topiramate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topiramate', 'summary': 'Topiramate , sold under the brand name Topamax among others , is a medication used to treat epilepsy and prevent migraines . It has also been used in alcohol dependence . For epilepsy this includes treatment for generalized or focal seizures . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include tingling , loss of appetite , feeling tired , abdominal pain , hair loss , and trouble concentrating . Serious side effects may include suicide , increased ammonia levels resulting in encephalopathy , and kidney stones . Use in pregnancy may result in harm to the baby and use during breastfeeding is not recommended . How it works is unclear . Topiramate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996 . It is available as a generic medication . A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about £1.40 per month as of 2019 . In the United States , the wholesale cost of this amount is about US $ 4.00 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cynthia A. Maryanoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynthia_A._Maryanoff', 'summary': 'Cynthia Cyndie Anne Maryanoff ( née Milewski ; November 27 , 1949- ) is an American organic and materials chemist . Among other awards , she received the 2015 Perkin Medal for outstanding work in applied chemistry in the U.S.A .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Organic and biomaterials chemist ; winner of two American Chemical Society National Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Chemical_Society', 'summary': "The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at New York University , the ACS currently has nearly 157,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry , chemical engineering , and related fields . It is the world 's largest scientific society by membership . The ACS is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus , Ohio . The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals , national conferences , and the Chemical Abstracts Service . Its publications division produces over 60 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society , as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News . The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions . The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service , a provider of chemical databases worldwide . The organization also publishes textbooks , administers several national chemistry awards , provides grants for scientific research , and supports various educational and outreach activities ."}]}, {'value': 'Arlene Minkiewicz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlene_Minkiewicz', 'summary': 'Arlene F. Minkiewicz is the Chief Scientist at PRICE Systems , a company generally acknowledged as the earliest developer of parametric cost estimation software . She leads the cost research activity for the entire suite of cost estimating products that PRICE develops and maintains . Minkiewicz has over 25 years of experience designing and implementing cost models .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief scientist at PRICE Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PRICE_Systems', 'summary': "PRICE Systems was founded in 1975 as a business within the RCA Corporation . It is generally acknowledged as the earliest developer of parametric cost estimation software . [ citation needed ] PRICE Systems cost estimating software was first developed in the 1970s when David Shore , a vice president in RCA 's Government Group discovered that Frank Freiman , in the purchasing department , was able to predict the cost of military new systems with considerable accuracy before design was completed and a parts breakdown was available for cost estimation . Mr . Shore teamed Freiman with William Rapp , who transferred Freiman 's relationships to software that could be run on a computer . This was used in a proposal RCA made to the USAF . When questioned by the Air Force , a presentation was made to them by Shore , Freiman and Rapp . The USAF demanded that RCA make this capability available to the entire industry as a condition for accepting its use . Shore established a new group to be headed by Freiman to develop and run an organization which Freiman named Programmed Review of Information for Costing and Evaluation ( PRICE ) . PRICE related the basic costs of engineering and production to parameters that included a specification profile of units to be built , amount of work to be performed , the allowed schedule and resources available . It relied on the use of parametric relationships obtained through curve-fitting procedures that had been performed on a historical repository of significant cost data . Originally a division of RCA and later a strategic business unit of Lockheed Martin , PRICE Systems is considered the pioneer in the science of parametric modeling because the PRICE parametric models were the first generally available computerized cost estimation software ."}]}, {'value': 'James G. Nell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_G._Nell', 'summary': 'James G. Jim Nell ( born 1938 ) is an American engineer . He was the principal investigator of the Manufacturing Enterprise Integration Project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , and is known for his work on enterprise integration .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engineer and systems integrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernard Silver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Silver', 'summary': 'Bernard Silver ( September 21 , 1924 - August 28 , 1963 ) was an early developer of barcode technology alongside Norman Joseph Woodland . Silver earned his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the Drexel Institute of Technology in 1947 . In 1948 Silver paired with Norman Joseph Woodland to come up with an automated way to read product data after overhearing the conversation of a local grocery store president . Their initial results , a system of lines and circles based on Morse code , was replaced with a bulls eye pattern so it could be scanned from any direction . Silver and Woodland filed a patent for their system on October 20 , 1949 . U.S. Patent 2,612,994 was granted on October 7 , 1952 . The two men eventually sold their patent to Philco for $ 15,000 - all they ever made from their invention . During his career Silver served as a physics instructor at Drexel and as vice-president of Electro Nite Inc . He died August 28 , 1963 of bronchopneumonia due to acute myelogenous leukemia at the age of 38 . In 2011 Silver , alongside Woodland , was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame . Google featured a doodle of their logo as a barcode to recognize the anniversary of Bernard Silver at October 7 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Early developer of barcode technology with Norman Joseph Woodland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcode', 'summary': 'A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual , machine-readable form . Initially , barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines . These barcodes , now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional ( 1D ) , can be scanned by special optical scanners , called barcode readers . Later , two-dimensional ( 2D ) variants were developed , using rectangles , dots , hexagons and other geometric patterns , called matrix codes or 2D barcodes , although they do not use bars as such . 2D barcodes can be read or deconstructed using application software on mobile devices with inbuilt cameras , such as smartphones . The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the US in 1951 . The invention was based on Morse code that was extended to thin and thick bars . However , it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful . An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s . Developed by General Telephone and Electronics ( GTE ) and called KarTrak ACI ( Automatic Car Identification ) , this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock . Two plates were used per car , one on each side , with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership , type of equipment , and identification number . The plates were read by a trackside scanner , located for instance , at the entrance to a classification yard , while the car was moving past .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norman_Joseph_Woodland', 'summary': 'Norman Joseph Woodland ( September 6 , 1921 - December 9 , 2012 ) was an American inventor , best known as one of the inventors of the barcode , for which he received a patent in October 1952 . Later , employed by IBM , he developed the format which became the ubiquitous Universal Product Code ( UPC ) of product labeling and check-out stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Norman Joseph Woodland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Joseph_Woodland', 'summary': 'Norman Joseph Woodland ( September 6 , 1921 - December 9 , 2012 ) was an American inventor , best known as one of the inventors of the barcode , for which he received a patent in October 1952 . Later , employed by IBM , he developed the format which became the ubiquitous Universal Product Code ( UPC ) of product labeling and check-out stands .'}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inventor of barcode technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcode', 'summary': 'A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual , machine-readable form . Initially , barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines . These barcodes , now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional ( 1D ) , can be scanned by special optical scanners , called barcode readers . Later , two-dimensional ( 2D ) variants were developed , using rectangles , dots , hexagons and other geometric patterns , called matrix codes or 2D barcodes , although they do not use bars as such . 2D barcodes can be read or deconstructed using application software on mobile devices with inbuilt cameras , such as smartphones . The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the US in 1951 . The invention was based on Morse code that was extended to thin and thick bars . However , it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful . An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s . Developed by General Telephone and Electronics ( GTE ) and called KarTrak ACI ( Automatic Car Identification ) , this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock . Two plates were used per car , one on each side , with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership , type of equipment , and identification number . The plates were read by a trackside scanner , located for instance , at the entrance to a classification yard , while the car was moving past .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumni -- Science and engineering', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Drexel_University_alumni_6', 'intro': "Drexel University is a private university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The 16th largest private university in the nation, Drexel is made up of nine colleges and four schools, most of which serve both undergraduate and graduate students. It offers 96 undergraduate degree programs, 88 master's programs, and 35 doctoral programs. Drexel was founded as a technical school in 1891 for the improvement of industrial education as a means of opening better and wider avenues of employment to young men and women. Drexel began awarding undergraduate degrees in 1914, starting with the Bachelor of Science in engineering; before that, Drexel granted certificates or diplomas in the field of enrollment. In 1931, Drexel began offering graduate degrees through the School of Home Economics. Since its founding the university has graduated over 100,000 alumni. Certificate-earning alumni such as artist Violet Oakley and illustrator Frank Schoonover reflect the early emphasis on art as part of the university's curriculum. With World War II, the university's technical programs swelled, and as a result Drexel graduated alumni such as Paul Baran, one of the founding fathers of the Internet and one of the inventors of the packet switching network, and Norman Joseph Woodland the inventor of barcode technology. In addition to its emphasis on technology Drexel has graduated several notable athletes such as National Basketball Association (NBA) basketball players Michael Anderson and Malik Rose, and several notable business people such as Raj Gupta, former President and Chief executive officer (CEO) of Rohm and Haas, and Kenneth C. Dahlberg, former CEO of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)."} | null | null | In which year did the inventors of a code that was based on Morse code graduate ? | 1947 |
0451c05a9c4afbe9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Sweden at the 2000 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pia Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pia_Hansen', 'summary': 'Pia Hansen ( born 25 September 1965 ) is a Swedish sport shooter . She originally competed in Nordic Trap but then moved on to Olympic trap and double trap . She won the latter at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , and she also finished eighth in trap . In Athens four years later , she finished ninth in both events .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics were carried out at the Sydney International Shooting Centre in Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia during the first week of the Games , from Saturday 16 September 2000 to Saturday 23 September 2000 . While the rifle , pistol and running target rules were largely unchanged from the Atlanta Games , two new shotgun events were added ( women 's trap and women 's skeet ) , raising the number of individual Olympic shooting events to an all-time high of seventeen ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's double trap", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_double_trap", 'summary': "The women 's double trap competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics was the second of three instances , and the only one not won by Kim Rhode , who came third . Pia Hansen raised Rhode 's Olympic record by seven hits , and was only one hit from Deborah Gelisio 's World records in both the qualification and final rounds . Gelisio won the silver medal , distanced by a four-hit margin ."}]}, {'value': '19 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonas Edman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Edman', 'summary': 'Jonas Edman ( born 4 March 1967 in Linköping ) is a Swedish rifle shooter , specializing in the Prone position . He was a 300 m Rifle specialist during most of the 1990s and a part of the winning team at the 1998 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Zaragoza , Spain . After this however , he started to focus in the Olympic 50 m Rifle . He got a very late wild card to the 2000 Olympics and performed 599 , only one point from the maximum ( and World record ) result , in the qualification round , and managed to keep his lead during the final . Edman also won the 2001 ISSF World Cup Final in Munich after the same score , 599 . His results after this have been varying , but he has continued to be one of the best Prone shooters in the world . He currently owns a company that sells shooting equipment , and has also occasionally helped the Swedish biathlon team with shooting issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics were carried out at the Sydney International Shooting Centre in Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia during the first week of the Games , from Saturday 16 September 2000 to Saturday 23 September 2000 . While the rifle , pistol and running target rules were largely unchanged from the Atlanta Games , two new shotgun events were added ( women 's trap and women 's skeet ) , raising the number of individual Olympic shooting events to an all-time high of seventeen ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m rifle prone", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_50_metre_rifle_prone", 'summary': "Men 's 50 metre rifle prone at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held on 21 September . The qualification round of 60 shots was fired between 09:30 and 10:45 Australian Eastern Standard Time ( UTC+10 ) , and the final round of 10 additional shots at 11:30 . Jonas Edman , previously more well known as a 300 metre shooter , took a one-point lead in the qualification round , and eventually won by a 0.9-point margin ."}]}, {'value': '21 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Frölander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Frölander', 'summary': 'Lars Arne Frölander ( born 26 May 1974 in Boden ) is a Swedish swimmer . He has competed in six consecutive Olympic Games ( 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 and 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_100_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 21-22 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . Competing at his third Games , Lars Frölander ended Sweden 's 20-year drought to become an Olympic champion in the event , since Pär Arvidsson did so in 1980 . Surprised by a massive home crowd , he overhauled Australia 's top favorites Michael Klim and Geoff Huegill on the final 25 metres to snatch a gold medal in a new European record of 52.00 . Klim added a silver to his two relay golds from the Games , in a time of 52.18 , while Huegill took home the bronze in 52.22 , handing an entire medal pool for the Aussies with an unexpected two-three finish . At 18 years of age , U.S. teenage swimmer Ian Crocker came up with a spectacular swim to earn a fourth spot in an American record of 52.44 . Meanwhile , Canada 's Mike Mintenko shared a fifth-place tie with Japan 's Takashi Yamamoto in a matching standard of 52.58 . Germany 's Thomas Rupprath and Russia 's Anatoly Polyakov closed out the field with a joint seventh-place finish ( 53.13 ) . Earlier in the semifinals , Huegill became the second fastest of all-time in swimming history to break a 52-second barrier , establishing a new Olympic record of 51.96 ."}]}, {'value': '21 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikael Ljungberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikael_Ljungberg', 'summary': "Mikael Ljungberg ( 13 June 1970 - 17 November 2004 ) was a Swedish wrestler from Gothenburg . He competed for Örgryte IS 's wrestling section . Ljungberg was one of the most successful Swedish wrestlers ever . He won World Championship gold medals in 1993 and 1995 , European Championship gold medals in 1995 and 1999 , and an Olympic gold medal in 2000 . In the summer of 2004 , the Complete Book of the Olympics 2004 edition wrongly reported Mikael Ljungberg had been suspended in 1994 for using a banned performance-enhancing drug . This was silently corrected in the 2008 edition of the same book . On 17 November 2004 , while receiving care for depression at the psychiatric ward of the Mölndal hospital outside Gothenburg , he committed suicide by hanging himself . His brother reported in interviews afterwards that Mikael was a sensitive person who took setbacks seriously . Also , it was reported that his life after his professional career came to an end had been difficult for him ; his mother had died in 2002 , the same year as he went through a divorce . Just before his death he was appointed manager of the sport section for the Swedish Wrestling Federation , an office he would have entered on 1 January 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place in the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . The freestyle competitions were held from 28 September to 1 October , and the Greco-Roman events were held from 24 to 27 September . In the freestyle 76 kg Alexander Leipold of Germany originally placed first , but was disqualified after he tested positive for Nandrolone .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 97 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_97_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 76 kg at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program was held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre from September 24 to 26 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': '26 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therese Alshammar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therese_Alshammar', 'summary': 'Malin Therese Alshammar ( born 26 August 1977 in Solna ) is a Swedish swimmer who has won three Olympic medals , 25 World Championship medals , and 43 European Championship medals . She is a specialist in short distances races in freestyle and butterfly . She is coached by former Swedish swimmer Johan Wallberg . She is the first female swimmer and the third overall ( after Lars Frölander and Derya Büyükuncu ) to participate in six Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metre freestyle event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 20-21 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . Dutch rising star Inge de Bruijn stormed home on the final lap to claim her second gold at these Games . She powered past her rivals in a star-studded field to touch the wall first in 53.83 . Earlier in the semifinals , she delivered a time of 53.77 to erase her own world record by 0.03 of a second . Almost stealing the race from lane one , Therese Alshammar took home the silver in a Swedish record of 54.33 . Meanwhile , top favorites Dara Torres and Jenny Thompson gave the Americans a further reason to celebrate , as they shared bronze medals in a matching time of 54.63 . This was also Thompson 's ninth career medal at these Games , making her the most decorated female swimmer in Olympic history . Slovakia 's Martina Moravcová , who captured two silver medals in swimming , finished outside the podium in fifth place at 54.72 . South Africa 's Helene Muller managed to pull off a sixth-place finish in an African standard of 55.19 . Japan 's Sumika Minamoto ( 55.53 ) and De Bruijn 's teammate Wilma van Rijn ( 55.58 ) closed out the field . Notable swimmers failed to reach the top 8 final , featuring Australia 's overwhelming favorites Sarah Ryan and Susie O'Neill , Germany 's Sandra Völker , silver medalist in Atlanta four years earlier , and Egypt 's Rania Elwani , who surprisingly reached the semifinals from an unseeded heat ."}]}, {'value': '20 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therese Alshammar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therese_Alshammar', 'summary': 'Malin Therese Alshammar ( born 26 August 1977 in Solna ) is a Swedish swimmer who has won three Olympic medals , 25 World Championship medals , and 43 European Championship medals . She is a specialist in short distances races in freestyle and butterfly . She is coached by former Swedish swimmer Johan Wallberg . She is the first female swimmer and the third overall ( after Lars Frölander and Derya Büyükuncu ) to participate in six Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_50_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 22-23 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . Dutch rising star Inge de Bruijn added a third gold to her medal tally in swimming at these Games . She powered past the field to touch the wall first in 24.32 , the second-fastest of all-time . Earlier in the semifinals , she blasted her own world record of 24.13 to snatch a top seed for the final . Sweden 's Therese Alshammar captured the silver in 24.51 , while U.S. legend Dara Torres powered home with the bronze in a new American record of 24.63 , edging out defending Olympic champion Amy Van Dyken ( 25.04 ) by 41-hundredths of a second . The podium placements also replicated the results of the 100 m freestyle ( with the exception of Jenny Thompson ) , held on the sixth night of the Games . Slovakia 's Martina Moravcová finished off the podium in fifth place at 25.24 , and was followed in the sixth spot by Germany 's Sandra Völker in 25.27 . Great Britain 's Alison Sheppard ( 25.45 ) and Japan 's Sumika Minamoto ( 25.65 ) closed out the field . Notable swimmers missed out the top 8 final , featuring Australia 's overwhelming favorite Susie O'Neill ; Völker 's teammate Katrin Meissner , who shared bronze medals with Jill Sterkel in the event 's inception in 1988 as a member of the former East German squad ; and Estonia 's Jana Kolukanova , who grabbed the final spot from the prelims after winning a three-person swimoff . One of the most popular highlights in the event took place in the first heat . Dubbed as the Crawler , Paula Barila Bolopa had finally completed a unique double for Equatorial Guinea , as she swam the slowest ever race by a female in Olympic history with a time of 1:03.97 ."}]}, {'value': '23 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan-Ove Waldner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan-Ove_Waldner', 'summary': 'Jan-Ove Waldner ( born 3 October 1965 ) is a Swedish former table tennis player . He is often referred to as the Mozart of table tennis , and is widely regarded as one of the greatest table tennis players of all time . A sporting legend in his native Sweden as well as in China , he is known in China as 老瓦 Lǎo Wǎ ( Old Waldner ) or 常青树 Cháng Qīng Shù ( Evergreen Tree ) , because of his extraordinary longevity and competitiveness .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The table tennis competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics consisted of four events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's singles competition , one of two events for male competitors in table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': '25 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henrik Nilsson Markus Oscarsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Nilsson_(canoeist)', 'summary': "Henrik Nilsson ( born 15 February 1976 , in Nyköping ) is a Swedish sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1990s to the 2010s . Competing in four Summer Olympics , he won two medals in the K-2 1000 m event with a gold in 2004 and a silver in 2000 . Nilsson 's first international medal came at the 1997 World Championships in Dartmouth , Canada , where he won the K-2 200 m bronze medal with partner Henrik Andersson . His greatest triumphs however came with partner Markus Oscarsson . In 2001 , they were world championship bronze medalists in K-2 500 m. Nilsson and Oscarsson then dominated the K-2 1000 m event over the next three years , winning two world championship gold medals , in Seville ( 2002 ) and Gainesville , USA ( 2003 ) , followed by the Olympic gold at Athens 2004 . Nilsson is 190 cm tall ( 6 ' 3 ) and weighs 86 kg ( 189 lbs ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Markus_Oscarsson', 'summary': "Markus Oscarsson ( born 9 May 1977 in Västerås ) is a Swedish sprint kayaker who has competed since 1995 . Competing in five Summer Olympics , he won two medals in the K-2 1000 m event with a gold in 2004 and a silver in 2000 . Oscarsson won two silver medals at the 1995 World Junior Championships in Yamanashi , Japan , finishing behind Hungary 's Zoltan Kammerer in both the K-1 500 m and K-1 1000 m finals . He then formed a highly successful K2 partnership with Henrik Nilsson . They went on to become world champions in 2002 and 2003 . They also won a bronze in the K-2 500 m event at the 2001 championships . It was with Nilsson that he won his gold and silver Olympic medals . Oscarsson took a year off competitive canoeing in 2005 . He returned to action in 2006 and won the K-1 1000 m bronze medal at the European Championships in Račice , Czech Republic - the first individual medal of his senior career . The following month he became K-1 1000 m world champion in Szeged , Hungary , edging out Britain 's Tim Brabants by 0.06 sec . This was Sweden 's first gold medal in canoeing 's Blue Riband event since the late Gert Fredriksson 's victory in 1954 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Oscarsson and Gustafsson were disqualified for leaving their lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre for the sprint events and the Whitewater Stadium in Penrith for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . The repechage rounds that ran from the 1960 to the 1996 Games were eliminated in the sprint events while qualifying rounds were added to the slalom events . Additionally , a quota system for each event was enacted , meaning each event had a limited number of competitors that could compete . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's K-2 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_K-2_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's K-2 1000 metres event was a pairs kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sweden men 's national handball team Magnus Andersson Mattias Andersson Martin Boquist Mathias Franzén Martin Frändesjö Peter Gentzel Andreas Larsson Ola Lindgren Stefan Lövgren Staffan Olsson Johan Petersson Tomas Sivertsson Tomas Svensson Pierre Thorsson Ljubomir Vranjes Magnus Wislander", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_handball_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national handball team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i handboll ) is controlled by the Swedish Handball Association . Its most successful periods were under coaches Curt Wadmark ( 1948-1967 ) and Bengt Johansson ( 1988-2004 ) . The team under Bengt Johansson , nicknamed Bengan Boys in Sweden , is regarded as one of the finest national teams in the history of the sport with players like Tomas Svensson , Staffan Olsson , Magnus Wislander and Stefan Lövgren . From 1990 through 2002 the team reached the medal round in every championship ( 6 World Championships , 5 European Championships and 3 Olympic Games , earning 13 medals in total ) and qualified for a record 8 championship finals in a row 1996-2002 . Sweden is the most successful nation at the European Men 's Handball Championship with 4 gold medals , and has , with France , won the most medals in the history of the World Men 's Handball Championship with a total tally of 4 gold , 3 silver and 4 bronze medals . Sweden holds the European records for most medals in international competition ( 20 medals ) as well as reaching the most medal rounds ( 23 tournaments ) . Conversely , Sweden has yet to win an Olympic title despite participating in 4 finals ( Sweden participated in the 1952 Summer Olympics in a handball demonstration match , defeating Denmark 19-11 ) . The team has also won the World Cup 3 times , the Super Cup 2 times , and were Intercontinental Cup winners in 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Andersson_(handballer)', 'summary': 'Per Magnus Andersson ( born 17 May 1966 ) is a Swedish handball manager and former player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics , in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Linköping . In 1992 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all seven matches and scored 18 goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played six matches and scored 16 goals . At the 2000 Games he won his third silver medal with the Swedish team . He played all eight matches and scored ten goals . Was voted as the best handball player in the world 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mattias_Andersson_(handballer)', 'summary': 'Erik Mattias Andersson ( born 29 March 1978 ) is a retired Swedish handballer and currently a goalkeeper coach . He competed for the Swedish national team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London where they won the silver medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Boquist', 'summary': 'Sven Martin Boquist ( born 2 February 1977 in Gothenburg ) is a Swedish handball player , currently playing for Danish Handball League side FCK Håndbold , with whom he won the Danish Championship in 2008 . He has previously played for Redbergslids IK in the best league of his homeland , and for German Bundesliga club THW Kiel . Boqvist has made almost 200 appearances for the Swedish national handball team , with whom he has won a gold medal at the 1999 World Championship , and a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics . In the Olympic tournament he played three matches and scored five goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Franzén', 'summary': 'Karl Gustav Mathias Franzén ( born February 22 , 1975 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Vreta Kloster , Linköping Municipality . In 2000 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played five matches and scored 25 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Frändesjö', 'summary': 'Lars Gunnar Martin Frändesjö ( born 18 July 1971 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Gothenburg . In 1996 he was part of the Swedish handball team and won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played one match and scored six goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played five matches and scored 25 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Gentzel', 'summary': 'Hans Peter Ludvig Gentzel ( born 12 October 1968 ) is a Swedish former handball player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Gothenburg . In 2000 , he was a member of the Swedish handball team that won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all eight matches as goalkeeper . In December 2010 , Gentzel ended his career and took a high ranked job within Swedish handball .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Larsson', 'summary': 'Peter Andreas Larsson ( born August 13 , 1974 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Locketorp , Skövde . In 1996 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played two matches and scored six goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played seven matches and scored 17 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ola_Lindgren', 'summary': 'Per Ola Markus Lindgren ( born 29 February 1964 , in Halmstad ) is a Swedish former handball player and current coach . He is the head coach for IFK Kristianstad since 2012 and was head coach for Sweden from 2008 to 2016 . As a player , he won two World Championships , four European Championships and participated in four Olympic Games . He also won four Swedish Championships with Drott .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Lövgren', 'summary': "Lars Stefan Lövgren ( born 21 December 1970 ) is a Swedish former handball player . He was born in Gothenburg . Making his debut in the national team in 1993 , he played a total of 268 games and scored 1138 goals . During his adult career he played for Redbergslids IK ( in Gothenburg ) , and German sides TV Niederwürzbach and Champions League- and Bundesliga-winning team THW Kiel . He was the captain of the national team during the period 1996-2006 and for THW Kiel 2001-2009 . He is a five-time Swedish league champion with Redbergslid , and a seven-time Bundesliga champion with THW . He won the German cup four times , and he helped lead Kiel to the European Champions League title in 2007 ( being a finalist in 2000 , 2008 and 2009 ) . Lövgren was World Champion in 1999 with the national team and is one of the few players to have participated in all the gold medal-winning Swedish sides in the European Championships ( 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 ) . As an individual player , he was named Most Valuable Player in both the 1999 and 2001 World Championships , was top scorer in the Olympic Games in 2000 and provided the most assists during the 2005 World Men 's Handball Championship in what proved to be his final major tournament . He is a former member of the IHF Athletes Commission , and is one of the most respected players in team handball ( with , among others , Nikola Karabatić citing him as a role model both as a person , player and captain ) . Lövgren is a two-time Olympic silver medalist . In the 1996 Atlanta games , the Swedish team won the silver medal with Lövgren playing all seven matches and scoring a total of 17 goals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Staffan_Olsson', 'summary': 'Erik Staffan Olsson ( born 26 March 1964 ) is a retired Swedish handball player and Swedish national coach . Olsson , who always played with no 13 , was a left-handed right wing player with one of the most feared shots of all the elite players . Later in his career he won praise for his great playmaking skills .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johan_Petersson', 'summary': 'Pär Johan Petersson ( born 29 March 1973 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Karlshamn . In 1996 , he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played two matches and scored 13 goals . Four years later , he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played four matches and scored 16 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Sivertsson', 'summary': "Lars Tomas Sivertsson ( born 21 February 1965 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Halmstad . In 1996 he was a member of the Swedish handball team which won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all six matches and scored twelve goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played all seven matches and scored eleven goals . He later became the coach for Wisła Płock and the Swedish women 's national team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Svensson', 'summary': 'Tomas Runar Svensson ( born 15 February 1968 ) is a Swedish retired handball goalkeeper who is currently goalkeeping coach of the Icelandic national handball team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Thorsson', 'summary': 'Pierre Roger Valdemar Thorsson ( born 21 June 1966 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics , in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Linköping . In 1992 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played six matches and scored 25 goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played six matches and scored 30 goals . At the 2000 Games he won his third silver medal with the Swedish team . He played five matches and scored 13 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ljubomir_Vranjes', 'summary': 'Ljubomir Vranjes ( Serbian Cyrillic : Љубомир Врањеш , Ljubomir Vranješ ; born 3 October 1973 ) is a Swedish handball coach and former player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He currently coaches IFK Kristianstad and the Slovenia national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Wislander', 'summary': 'Hans Einar Magnus Wislander ( born 22 February 1964 ) is a Swedish former handball player , who has been voted Handball Player of the Century . Since his debut in the national team in 1985 he has played over 380 games and scored over 1,000 goals . He played for Redbergslids IK , Gothenburg and THW Kiel .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the Team Handball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's competition", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Handball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_tournament", 'summary': "The men 's handball competition , one of two events of handball at the 2000 Summer Olympics , in Sydney , took place at The Dome ( Sydney Olympic Park ) during the preliminary round , quarter-finals , semi-finals and medal matches . A total of 180 players , distributed among twelve national teams , participated in this tournament ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therese Alshammar Louise Jöhncke Anna-Karin Kammerling Josefin Lillhage Johanna Sjöberg Malin Svahnström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therese_Alshammar', 'summary': 'Malin Therese Alshammar ( born 26 August 1977 in Solna ) is a Swedish swimmer who has won three Olympic medals , 25 World Championship medals , and 43 European Championship medals . She is a specialist in short distances races in freestyle and butterfly . She is coached by former Swedish swimmer Johan Wallberg . She is the first female swimmer and the third overall ( after Lars Frölander and Derya Büyükuncu ) to participate in six Olympic Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louise_Jöhncke', 'summary': 'Louise Jöhncke ( born 31 July 1976 in Stockholm ) is a former freestyle swimmer from Sweden , who competed for her native country at two consequentive Summer Olympics , starting in 1996 . Her biggest successes came on short course ( 25 m ) ; she won the world title as a member of the Swedish relay Team in the 4×200 m freestyle at the 1999 FINA World Swimming Championships ( 25 m ) in Hong Kong , China . A year later , at 2000 FINA World Swimming Championships ( 25 m ) in Athens , Greece , she captured the title in the 4×100 m freestyle . Täby Sim'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna-Karin_Kammerling', 'summary': 'Anna-Karin Kammerling ( born 19 October 1980 ) is a world-record breaking Swedish swimmer , who was born in Malmö , Sweden . Currently she resides in Sundsvall and trains with the Sundsvalls Swim Club under coach Hans Bergquist . Kammerling has twice lowered the world record in the 50-meter butterfly event . In 2000 , she was a member of the 4×100 m freestyle team that were awarded bronze medals during the Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Josefin_Lillhage', 'summary': 'Josefin Lillhage ( born 15 March 1980 ) is a former swimmer from Sweden , who won the bronze medal in the 200 m freestyle at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . She competed in four Olympiads : in 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johanna_Sjöberg', 'summary': 'Johanna Sjöberg ( born 8 March 1978 in Bromölla ) is a former international swimmer from Sweden , who won her first medal in 1997 at the European Swimming Championships in Seville ; a bronze in the 100 m butterfly .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malin_Svahnström', 'summary': 'Malin Svahnström ( born 10 June 1980 in Upplands Väsby ) is a Swedish Olympic swimmer currently representing Väsby SS . Svahnström participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics , both times as a part of a relay team . In the 2000 event she swum the prelims in the 4×100 m freestyle relay , that later won a bronze medal . In Athens 2004 she was a part of the 4×200 m freestyle team along with Josefin Lillhage , Ida Mattsson and Lotta Wänberg that finished eighth in the finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_4_×_100_metre_freestyle_relay", 'summary': "The women 's 4×100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 16 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . The U.S. women 's team dominated the race from the start to break the six-year-old world record and most importantly , to defend an Olympic title in the event . The foursome of Amy Van Dyken ( 55.08 ) , Dara Torres ( 53.51 ) , Courtney Shealy ( 54.40 ) , and Jenny Thompson ( 53.62 ) put together a stellar time of 3:36.61 to capture the relay gold medal , shaving off China 's 1994 world record by 1.3 seconds . As the Americans celebrated their triumph in the pool , Thompson picked up her eighth career medal to become the nation 's most successful woman in Olympic history . She also tied with former East Germany 's Kristin Otto for the most golds by a female , a total of six . The Netherlands nearly pulled a worst-to-first effort , building from an eighth-place turn by Manon van Rooijen ( 56.35 ) , seventh by Wilma van Rijn ( 55.19 ) , and sixth by Thamar Henneken ( 54.88 ) until they delivered rising star Inge de Bruijn for the final exchange . Swimming the anchor leg , De Bruijn surged powerfully past the entire field with a fastest split of 53.41 to take home the silver for the Dutch in a European record of 3:39.83 . Meanwhile , Sweden 's Louise Jöhncke ( 55.93 ) , Therese Alshammar ( 53.78 ) , Johanna Sjöberg ( 55.06 ) , and Anna-Karin Kammerling ( 55.58 ) came up with a spectacular swim to grab a bronze in 3:40.30 , a national record , holding off a sprint battle from the fast-pacing German team of Antje Buschschulte ( 55.67 ) , Katrin Meissner ( 54.92 ) , Franziska van Almsick ( 55.02 ) , and Sandra Völker ( 54.70 ) by a hundredth of a second . Great Britain 's Karen Pickering ( 56.01 ) , Alison Sheppard ( 54.95 ) , Rosalind Brett ( 54.92 ) , and Sue Rolph ( 54.66 ) pulled off a fifth-place finish in 3:40.54 . Susie O'Neill recorded a split of 54.79 to produce a powerful lead on the first length by the delight of a home crowd , but the Aussies settled only for sixth place with a time of 3:40.91 . Canada ( 3:42.92 ) and Italy ( 3:44.49 ) rounded out the championship finale ."}]}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kajsa Bergqvist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kajsa_Bergqvist', 'summary': 'Kajsa Margareta Bergqvist ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkǎjːsa ˈbæ̂rjkvɪst ] ; born 12 October 1976 in Sollentuna , Stockholm ) is a Swedish former high jumper . She won one bronze medal in the Olympic Games , one gold and two bronze medals in the World Championships in Athletics and one gold and one bronze in the European Championships . Her personal outdoor record of 2.06 m , set in Germany in 2003 , is also a Swedish record . Her indoor record of 2.08 m , set at the Hochsprung mit Musik meeting in 2006 , is the world indoor record .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , 46 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 22 for women . There were a total number of 2134 participating athletes from 193 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's high jump", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_high_jump", 'summary': "The women 's high jump at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program was held at the Stadium Australia on Thursday , 28 September and Saturday , 30 September ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fredrik Lööf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredrik_Lööf', 'summary': 'Max Emil Fredrik Lööf ( born 13 December 1969 in Kristinehamn , Sweden ) is a Swedish professional sailor who has participated in six Summer Olympics , winning one gold and two bronze medals . He won the gold medal in Star with Max Salminen at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medals in Finn in the 2000 Summer Olympics and with Anders Ekström in Star in the 2008 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney was held from 17-30 September 2000 at the Olympic Sailing Shore Base in the Sydney Harbour . The quota for sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was 400 , of which 124 positions were for men , 92 for women and 184 'open ' to men or women . The Sailing Program of 2000 consisted of a total of eleven sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class with the exception of the Soling and the 49er , eleven races were scheduled from 17-30 September 2000 . For the Soling six fleet races were scheduled followed by a series of match races for the top twelve boats of the fleet race result . The 49er had sixteen scheduled fleet races . The sailing was done on six course areas and several types of course configurations . The Sydney 2000 Games featured a name change for the sport , previously known as yachting ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Finn class", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Finn', 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's Finn class competition in sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sweden_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Sweden's entry at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia consisted of 150 competitors (98 men and 52 women) who took part in 92 events in 22 sports."} | null | null | What is the full name of the oldest member on the bronze medal winning swimming team ? | Malin Therese Alshammar |
0452d6516517184c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California', 'title': 'List of National Natural Landmarks in California', 'header': ['Name', 'Date', 'Location', 'County', 'Ownership', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Amboy Crater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amboy_Crater', 'summary': 'Amboy Crater is an extinct cinder cone volcano that rises above a 70-square-kilometer ( 27 sq mi ) lava field in the eastern Mojave Desert of southern California , within Mojave Trails National Monument . It is about 75 miles ( 120 km ) equidistant from Barstow to the west and Needles to the east , and 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) south of historic U.S. Route 66 , near the town of Amboy in San Bernardino County . In 1973 , Amboy Crater was designated the Amboy Crater National Natural Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34°31′11.69″N 115°43′26.92″W / 34.5199139°N 115.7241444°W / 34.5199139 ; -115.7241444', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Bernardino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California', 'summary': "San Bernardino County , officially the County of San Bernardino , is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California , and is located within the Inland Empire area . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 2,035,210 , making it the fifth-most populous county in California and the 14th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is San Bernardino . While included within the Greater Los Angeles area , San Bernardino County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan statistical area ( also known as the Inland Empire ) , as well as the Los Angeles-Long Beach combined statistical area . With an area of 20,105 square miles ( 52,070 km2 ) , San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area , although some of Alaska 's boroughs and census areas are larger . The county is close to the size of West Virginia . This vast county stretches from where the bulk of the county population resides in three Census County Divisions ( Ontario , San Bernardino , & Victorville-Hesperia ) , holding 1,793,186 people as of the 2010 Census , covering the 1,730 square miles ( 4,480 km2 ) , across the thinly populated deserts and mountains . It spans an area from south of the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino Valley , to the Nevada border and the Colorado River ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal ( Bureau of Land Management )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management', 'summary': "The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for administering public lands . With oversight over 247.3 million acres ( 1,001,000 km2 ) , it governs one eighth of the country 's landmass . President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies : the General Land Office and the Grazing Service . The agency manages the federal government 's nearly 700 million acres ( 2,800,000 km2 ) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal , state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862 . Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington and Wyoming ."}]}, {'value': 'A 6,000-year-old volcanic cinder cone , made up of pahoehoe , just off historic U.S. Highway 66', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinder_cone', 'summary': 'A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments , such as either volcanic clinkers , volcanic ash , or cinder that has been built around a volcanic vent . The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single , typically cylindrical , vent . As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air , it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders , clinkers , or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is symmetrical ; with slopes between 30-40° ; and a nearly circular ground plan . Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pahoehoe', 'summary': "Lava is molten rock generated by geothermal energy and expelled through fractures in planetary crust or in an eruption , usually at temperatures from 700 to 1,200 °C ( 1,292 to 2,192 °F ) . The structures resulting from subsequent solidification and cooling are also sometimes described as lava . The molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets , including Earth , and some of their satellites , though such material located below the crust is referred to by other terms . A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava created during a non-explosive effusive eruption . When it has stopped moving , lava solidifies to form igneous rock . The term lava flow is commonly shortened to lava . Although lava can be up to 100,000 times more viscous than water , lava can flow great distances before cooling and solidifying because of its thixotropic and shear thinning properties . Explosive eruptions produce a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra , rather than lava flows . The word lava comes from Italian , and is probably derived from the Latin word labes which means a fall or slide . The first use in connection with extruded magma ( molten rock below the Earth 's surface ) was apparently in a short account written by Francesco Serao on the eruption of Vesuvius in 1737 . Serao described a flow of fiery lava as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano following heavy rain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_66', 'summary': "U.S. Route 66 or U.S. Highway 66 ( US 66 or Route 66 ) , also known as the Will Rogers Highway , the Main Street of America or the Mother Road , was one of the original highways in the U.S. Highway System . US 66 was established on November 11 , 1926 , with road signs erected the following year . The highway , which became one of the most famous roads in the United States , originally ran from Chicago , Illinois , through Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona before ending in Santa Monica in Los Angeles County , California , covering a total of 2,448 miles ( 3,940 km ) . It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 and the Route 66 television series , which aired on CBS from 1960 to 1964 . In John Steinbeck 's classic American novel , The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) , the road Highway 66 symbolized escape and loss . US 66 served as a primary route for those who migrated west , especially during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s , and the road supported the economies of the communities through which it passed . People doing business along the route became prosperous due to the growing popularity of the highway , and those same people later fought to keep the highway alive in the face of the growing threat of being bypassed by the new Interstate Highway System . US 66 underwent many improvements and realignments over its lifetime , but was officially removed from the United States Highway System in 1985 after it had been replaced in its entirety by segments of the Interstate Highway System . Portions of the road that passed through Illinois , Missouri , New Mexico , and Arizona have been communally designated a National Scenic Byway by the name Historic Route 66 , returning the name to some maps . Several states have adopted significant bypassed sections of the former US 66 into their state road networks as State Route 66 . The corridor is also being redeveloped into U.S . Bicycle Route 66 , a part of the United States Bicycle Route System that was developed in the 2010s ."}]}, {'value': 'American River and Phoenix Park Vernal Pools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_River', 'summary': 'The American River ( Spanish : Río de los Americanos ) is a ~30-mile-long river in California that runs from the Sierra Nevada mountain range to its confluence with the Sacramento River in the Sacramento Valley . Via the Sacramento River , it is part of the San Francisco Bay watershed . This river is fed by the melting snowpack of the Sierra Nevada and its many headwaters and tributaries , including the North Fork American River , the Middle Fork American River , and the South Fork American River . The American River is known for the discovery of gold at Coloma in 1848 that started the California Gold Rush and contributed to the initial large-scale settlement of California by European immigrants . Today , the river still has high quality water , and it is the main source of drinking water for Sacramento . This river is dammed extensively for irrigation , flood control , and hydroelectric power . The American River watershed supports Mediterranean , temperate , and montane ecosystems , and it is the home of a diverse array of fish and wildlife .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38°39′10.33″N 121°12′59.95″W / 38.6528694°N 121.2166528°W / 38.6528694 ; -121.2166528', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California', 'summary': 'Sacramento County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,418,788 . Its county seat is Sacramento , which has been the state capital of California since 1854 . Sacramento County is the central county of the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area . The county covers about 994 square miles ( 2,570 km2 ) in the northern portion of the Central Valley , on into Gold Country . Sacramento County extends from the low delta lands between the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River , including Suisun Bay , north to about ten miles ( 16 km ) beyond the State Capitol and east into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains . The southernmost portion of Sacramento County has direct access to San Francisco Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed- county , private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contains vernal pools , and blue oak woodlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernal_pools', 'summary': 'Vernal pools , also called vernal ponds or ephemeral pools , are seasonal pools of water that provide habitat for distinctive plants and animals . They are considered to be a distinctive type of wetland usually devoid of fish , and thus allow the safe development of natal amphibian and insect species unable to withstand competition or predation by fish . Certain tropical fish lineages ( such as killifishes ) have however adapted to this habitat specifically . Vernal pools are a type of wetland . They can be surrounded by many communities/species including deciduous forest , grassland , lodgepole pine forest , blue oak woodland , sagebrush steppe , succulent coastal scrub and prairie . These pools are characteristic of Mediterranean climates , but occur in many other ecosystems .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_oak', 'summary': "Quercus douglasii , known as blue oak , is a species of oak endemic to ( found only in ) California , common in the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada . It is California 's most drought-tolerant deciduous oak , and is a dominant species in the blue oak woodland ecosystem . It is occasionally known as mountain oak and iron oak ."}]}, {'value': 'Año Nuevo State Reserve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Año_Nuevo_State_Reserve', 'summary': "Año Nuevo State Park is a state park of California , USA , encompassing Año Nuevo Island and Año Nuevo Point , which are known for their pinniped rookeries . Located in San Mateo County , the low , rocky , windswept point juts out into the Pacific Ocean about 55 miles ( 89 km ) south of San Francisco and the Golden Gate . Año Nuevo State Natural Reserve , formerly a separate unit of the California state park system , was merged into Año Nuevo State Park in October 2008 . The coastal geographic center , or coastal-midpoint of California is located at the Northern end of this park at N 37°09′58″ , W 122°21'40 , as the absolute geographic center of California falls at N 37°09′58″ , W 119°26′58″W . The reserve contains a diversity of plant communities , including old growth forest , freshwater marsh , red alder riparian forest and knobcone pine forest . Its four perennial streams support steelhead and coho salmon , and its wetlands are habitat to the rare San Francisco garter snake and California red-legged frog . Cultural resources include the remnants of a prehistoric Native American village site and a number of structures from the 19th century Cascade Ranch . In conjunction with adjacent and nearby public lands , the unit permits the protection of important regional ecological corridors . The point remains undeveloped , much as Sebastián Vizcaíno saw it from his passing ship in 1603 ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°7′7.24″N 122°18′24.02″W / 37.1186778°N 122.3066722°W / 37.1186778 ; -122.3066722', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Mateo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California', 'summary': "San Mateo County ( /ˌsæn məˈteɪ.oʊ/ SAN mə-TAY-oh ) , officially the County of San Mateo , is a county located in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 718,451 . The county seat is Redwood City . San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area , the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay . It covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula . San Francisco International Airport is located at the northern end of the county , and Silicon Valley begins at the southern end . The county 's built-up areas are mostly suburban with some areas being very urban , and are home to several corporate campuses ."}]}, {'value': 'State ( California Department of Parks and Recreation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation', 'summary': 'The California Department of Parks and Recreation , also known as California State Parks , manages the California state parks system . The system administers 280 separate park units on 1.4 million acres ( 570,000 hectares ) , with over 280 miles ( 450 km ) of coastline ; 625 miles ( 1,000 km ) of lake and river frontage ; nearly 15,000 campsites ; and 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) of hiking , biking , and equestrian trails . Headquartered in Sacramento , park administration is divided into 21 districts . The California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'One of the largest mainland breeding grounds for the northern elephant seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal', 'summary': "The northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris ) is one of two species of elephant seal ( the other is the southern elephant seal ) . It is a member of the family Phocidae ( true seals ) . Elephant seals derive their name from their great size and from the male 's large proboscis , which is used in making extraordinarily loud roaring noises , especially during the mating competition . Sexual dimorphism in size is great . Correspondingly , the mating system is highly polygynous ; a successful male is able to impregnate up to 50 females in one season ."}]}, {'value': 'Anza-Borrego Desert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anza-Borrego_Desert_State_Park', 'summary': "Anza-Borrego Desert State Park ( ABDSP ) is a California State Park located within the Colorado Desert of southern California , United States . The park takes its name from 18th century Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza and borrego , a Spanish word for sheep . With 600,000 acres ( 240,000 ha ) that includes one-fifth of San Diego County , it is the largest state park in California . The park occupies eastern San Diego County and reaches into Imperial and Riverside counties , enveloping two communities : Borrego Springs , which is home to the park 's headquarters , and Shelter Valley ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33°14′57.38″N 116°24′24.63″W / 33.2492722°N 116.4068417°W / 33.2492722 ; -116.4068417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imperial , Riverside , San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_County,_California', 'summary': "Imperial County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 174,528 . The county seat is El Centro . Established in 1907 from a division of San Diego County , it was the last county to be formed in California . Imperial County includes the El Centro , California Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is also part of the Southern California border region , the smallest but most economically diverse region in the state . It is located in the Imperial Valley , in the far southeast of California , bordering both Arizona and the Mexican state of Baja California . Although this region is a desert , with high temperatures and low average rainfall of 3 inches ( 76 mm ) per year , the economy is heavily based on agriculture due to irrigation , supplied wholly from the Colorado River via the All-American Canal . The Imperial Valley is divided between the United States and Mexico , and Imperial County is heavily influenced by Mexican culture . Approximately 80% of the county 's population is Hispanic , with the vast majority being of Mexican origin . The remainder of the population is predominantly non-Hispanic white as well as smaller African American , Native American and Asian minorities . In 2016 , Imperial County had the highest percentage of unemployed people of any county in the United States , at 23.5% ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Riverside_County,_California', 'summary': 'Riverside County is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 2,189,641 , making it the fourth-most populous county in California and the 11th-most populous in the United States . The name was derived from the city of Riverside , which is the county seat . Riverside County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Inland Empire . The county is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach Combined Statistical Area . Roughly rectangular , Riverside County covers 7,208 square miles ( 18,670 km2 ) in Southern California , spanning from the greater Los Angeles area to the Arizona border . Geographically , the county is mostly desert in the central and eastern portions , but has a Mediterranean climate in the western portion . Most of Joshua Tree National Park is located in the county . The resort cities of Palm Springs , Palm Desert , Indian Wells , La Quinta , Rancho Mirage , and Desert Hot Springs are all located in the Coachella Valley region of central Riverside County . Large numbers of Los Angeles area workers have moved to the county in recent years ( data from the US Census Bureau for 2007 through 2011 ) to take advantage of relatively affordable housing . Along with neighboring San Bernardino County , it was one of the fastest growing regions in the state prior to the recent changes in the regional economy . In addition , smaller , but significant , numbers of people have been moving into southwest Riverside County from the San Diego metropolitan area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California', 'summary': "San Diego County , officially the County of San Diego , is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 3,095,313. making it California 's second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States . Its county seat is San Diego , the eighth-most populous city in the United States . It is the southwesternmost county in the 48 contiguous United States . San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 18th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . San Diego is also part of the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico . Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas . San Diego County has more than 70 miles ( 110 km ) of coastline . This forms the most densely populated region of the county , which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation , similar to the rest of the western portion of southern California . Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to the east , with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter . These lushly forested mountains receive more rainfall than average in southern California , while the desert region of the county lies in a rain shadow to the east , which extends into the Desert Southwest region of North America . There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Coast Guard in San Diego County ."}]}, {'value': 'State ( California Department of Parks and Recreation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation', 'summary': 'The California Department of Parks and Recreation , also known as California State Parks , manages the California state parks system . The system administers 280 separate park units on 1.4 million acres ( 570,000 hectares ) , with over 280 miles ( 450 km ) of coastline ; 625 miles ( 1,000 km ) of lake and river frontage ; nearly 15,000 campsites ; and 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) of hiking , biking , and equestrian trails . Headquartered in Sacramento , park administration is divided into 21 districts . The California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'The largest desert state park in the nation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Audubon Canyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audubon_Canyon', 'summary': 'Audubon Canyon is a coastal valley in Marin County , California , United States , which is associated with a small stream . The canyon provides habitat for a variety of animals and plants . Notably , its redwoods provide nesting sites for great blue herons , great egrets , and snowy egrets . The stream descends the western slope of Bolinas Ridge , crosses State Route 1 , and drains into Bolinas Lagoon about 3 miles ( 5 km ) north of Stinson Beach , California . Audubon Canyon Ranch , a private land preservation organization based in the North Bay , has preserved much of the canyon as part of its Martin Griffin Preserve , named after L. Martin Griffin Jr. , an environmentalist who helped save the area in the 1960s and founded the organization . The canyon was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1968 . Several local chapters of the National Audubon Society , Marin Audubon Society and Golden Gate Audubon Society of the East Bay and San Francisco , organized to purchase property for the protection of heron and egret nesting sites .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°55′46.01″N 122°40′55.85″W / 37.9294472°N 122.6821806°W / 37.9294472 ; -122.6821806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marin_County,_California', 'summary': "Marin County /məˈrɪn/ is a county located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 252,409 . Its county seat is San Rafael . Marin County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco . As of 2010 , Marin County had the fifth highest income per capita in the United States at $ 91,483 . [ needs update ] The county is governed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors . The county is also well known for its natural environment . [ citation needed ] San Quentin State Prison is located in the county , as is George Lucas ' Skywalker Ranch . Autodesk , the publisher of AutoCAD , is also located there , as well as numerous other high-tech companies . The Marin County Civic Center was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and draws thousands of visitors a year to guided tours of its arch and atrium design . In 1994 , a new county jail facility was embedded into the hillside nearby . Marin County 's natural sites include the Muir Woods redwood forest , the Marin Headlands , Stinson Beach , the Point Reyes National Seashore , and Mount Tamalpais ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The largest known nesting area for great blue herons and great and snowy egrets on the Pacific Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_blue_herons', 'summary': 'The great blue heron ( Ardea herodias ) is a large wading bird in the heron family Ardeidae , common near the shores of open water and in wetlands over most of North America and Central America , as well as the Caribbean and the Galápagos Islands . It is a rare vagrant to coastal Spain , the Azores , and areas of far southern Europe . An all-white population found only in south Florida and the Florida Keys is known as the great white heron . Debate exists about whether it is a white color morph of the great blue heron , a subspecies of it , or an entirely separate species .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Great_egret', 'summary': 'The great egret ( Ardea alba ) , also known as the common egret , large egret , or ( in the Old World ) great white egret or great white heron is a large , widely distributed egret , with four subspecies found in Asia , Africa , the Americas , and southern Europe . Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world , it builds tree nests in colonies close to water .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Snowy_egret', 'summary': "The snowy egret ( Egretta thula ) is a small white heron . The genus name comes from the Provençal French for the little egret aigrette , a diminutive of aigron , heron . The species name thula is the Araucano for the black-necked swan , applied to this species in error by Chilean naturalist Juan Ignacio Molina in 1782 . The snowy egret is the American counterpart to the very similar Old World little egret , which has become established in the Bahamas . At one time , the plumes of the snowy egret were in great demand as decorations for women 's hats . They were hunted for these plumes and this reduced the population of the species to dangerously low levels . Now protected in the United States by law , under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , this bird 's population has rebounded ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Chasm Cave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Chasm_Cave', 'summary': 'Black Chasm Cavern is a cave nestled in the hamlet of Volcano , located in Amador County , California .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38°26′3.4″N 120°37′35.3″W / 38.434278°N 120.626472°W / 38.434278 ; -120.626472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amador_County', 'summary': 'Amador County , is a county in the U.S. state of California , in the Sierra Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 38,091 . The county seat is Jackson . Amador County bills itself as The Heart of the Mother Lode and lies within the Gold Country . There is a substantial viticultural industry in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A small three-level cave containing a variety of speleothems and some of the best helictite formations in the western U.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speleothems', 'summary': 'Speleothems ( /ˈspiːliːəθɛm/ ; Ancient Greek : cave deposit ) , commonly known as cave formations , are secondary mineral deposits formed in a cave . Speleothems typically form in limestone or dolomite solutional caves . The term speleothem , as first introduced by Moore ( 1952 ) , is derived from the Greek words spēlaion cave + théma deposit . The definition of speleothem , in most publications , specifically excludes secondary mineral deposits in mines , tunnels , and other man-made structures . Hill and Forti more concisely defined secondary minerals which create speleothems in caves :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helictite', 'summary': "A helictite is a speleothem ( cave-formed mineral ) found in a limestone cave that changes its axis from the vertical at one or more stages during its growth . Helictites have a curving or angular form that looks as if they were grown in zero gravity . They are most likely the result of capillary forces acting on tiny water droplets , a force often strong enough at this scale to defy gravity . Helictites are , perhaps , the most delicate of cave formations . They are usually made of needle-form calcite and aragonite . Helictite forms have been described in several types : ribbon helictites , saws , rods , butterflies , hands , curly-fries , and clumps of worms . They typically have radial symmetry . They can be easily crushed or broken by the slightest touch . Because of this , helictites are rarely seen within arm 's reach in tourist caves . Timpanogos Cave National Monument in Utah has one of the largest collections of these formations in the world . Large numbers are also in the Jenolan Caves in Australia and in the Pozalagua Cave in Karrantza , Spain . A remarkable suite of helictites also occurs in Asperge Cave , France ."}]}, {'value': 'Burney Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burney_Falls', 'summary': 'Burney Falls is a waterfall on Burney Creek , within McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park , in Shasta County , California . The water comes from underground springs above and at the falls , which are 129 feet high , and provides an almost constant flow rate of 379 million litres per day , even during the dry summer months . Burney Creek is a tributary of the Pit River which has its mouth on the Lake Britton reservoir to the north . The falls are an example of river drainage regulated by stratigraphically-controlled springs , and of a waterfall formed by undercutting of horizontal strata . The falls were called the Eighth Wonder of the World by President Theodore Roosevelt , and were declared a National Natural Landmark in December 1954 .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41°0′43.79″N 121°39′7″W / 41.0121639°N 121.65194°W / 41.0121639 ; -121.65194', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shasta_County,_California', 'summary': 'Shasta County , officially the County of Shasta , is a county in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 177,223 . The county seat is Redding . Shasta County comprises the Redding , California Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county occupies the northern reaches of the Sacramento Valley , with portions extending into the southern reaches of the Cascade Range . Points of interest in Shasta County include Shasta Lake , Lassen Peak , and the Sundial Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'State ( California Department of Parks and Recreation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation', 'summary': 'The California Department of Parks and Recreation , also known as California State Parks , manages the California state parks system . The system administers 280 separate park units on 1.4 million acres ( 570,000 hectares ) , with over 280 miles ( 450 km ) of coastline ; 625 miles ( 1,000 km ) of lake and river frontage ; nearly 15,000 campsites ; and 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) of hiking , biking , and equestrian trails . Headquartered in Sacramento , park administration is divided into 21 districts . The California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Contains some of the best examples in the western United States of a river drainage regulated by stratigraphically-controlled springs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cima volcanic field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cima_volcanic_field', 'summary': 'Cima volcanic field is a volcanic field in San Bernardino County , California , close to the border with Nevada . The volcanic field covers a surface area of 600 square kilometres ( 230 sq mi ) within the Mojave National Preserve west of the Cima Dome and consists of about 40 volcanic cones with about 60 lava flows . The volcanic cones range from simple cones over multi-cratered mountains to eroded hills , and lava flows are up to 9.1 kilometres ( 5.7 mi ) long . At least one lava tube exists in the field and can be visited . Volcanic activity in the field commenced in the Late Miocene and after a pause between 3 and 1 million years ago continued into the latest Pleistocene . The youngest cone is known as the Black Tank cone and formed about 15,000 years before present , although it is possible that it was formed through two separate eruption events ; formerly it was considered to be of historical age .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35°17′21.95″N 115°35′6.99″W / 35.2894306°N 115.5852750°W / 35.2894306 ; -115.5852750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Bernardino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California', 'summary': "San Bernardino County , officially the County of San Bernardino , is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California , and is located within the Inland Empire area . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 2,035,210 , making it the fifth-most populous county in California and the 14th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is San Bernardino . While included within the Greater Los Angeles area , San Bernardino County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan statistical area ( also known as the Inland Empire ) , as well as the Los Angeles-Long Beach combined statistical area . With an area of 20,105 square miles ( 52,070 km2 ) , San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area , although some of Alaska 's boroughs and census areas are larger . The county is close to the size of West Virginia . This vast county stretches from where the bulk of the county population resides in three Census County Divisions ( Ontario , San Bernardino , & Victorville-Hesperia ) , holding 1,793,186 people as of the 2010 Census , covering the 1,730 square miles ( 4,480 km2 ) , across the thinly populated deserts and mountains . It spans an area from south of the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino Valley , to the Nevada border and the Colorado River ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal ( Mojave National Preserve )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mojave_National_Preserve', 'summary': 'Mojave National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County , California , USA , between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40 . The preserve was established October 31 , 1994 , with the passage of the California Desert Protection Act by the US Congress . Previously , it was the East Mojave National Scenic Area , under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management . At 1,542,776 acres ( 6,243 km2 ) , it is the third largest unit of the National Park System in the contiguous United States . Natural features include the Kelso Dunes , the Marl Mountains and the Cima Dome , as well as volcanic formations such as Hole-in-the-Wall and the Cinder Cone Lava Beds . The preserve encloses Providence Mountains State Recreation Area and Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve , which are both managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation . Impressive Joshua tree forests are found in parts of the preserve . The forest covering Cima Dome and the adjacent Shadow Valley is the largest and densest in the world . The ghost town of Kelso is found in the preserve , with the defunct railroad depot serving as the Visitor Center . The preserve is commonly traversed by 4 wheel drive vehicles traveling on the historic Mojave Road . Climate in the preserve varies greatly . Summer temperatures average 90 °F ( 32 °C ) , with highs exceeding 105 °F ( 41 °C ) .'}]}, {'value': 'A complex of over 20 large cinder cones of recent origin with extensive and continuous lava flows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinder_cones', 'summary': 'A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments , such as either volcanic clinkers , volcanic ash , or cinder that has been built around a volcanic vent . The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single , typically cylindrical , vent . As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air , it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders , clinkers , or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is symmetrical ; with slopes between 30-40° ; and a nearly circular ground plan . Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit .'}]}, {'value': 'Cosumnes River Preserve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosumnes_River_Preserve', 'summary': "The Cosumnes River Preserve is a nature preserve of 46,000 acres ( 190 km2 ) located 20 miles ( 30 km ) south of Sacramento , in the US state of California . The preserve protects a Central Valley remnant that once contained one of the largest expanses of oak tree savanna , riparian oak forest and wetland habitat in North America . Agricultural development has changed the landscape from groves of oaks and tule marshes to productive farmlands . The Cosumnes River is the last remaining free-flowing river in California 's Central Valley , with the preserve located on the river 's lower reach where it joins the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta tidelands . The area supports a diverse range of plant and animal life , including three species of oak as well as rare plants like the endemic northern California black walnut ( Juglans californica var . hindsii ) . Notable features include the sandhill crane fall migration and the Tall Forest in Wood Duck Slough . More than 250 bird species , more than 40 fish species , and some 230 plant species have been identified here . Located on the bird migration route , the Pacific Flyway , the preserve is designated an Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy and National Audubon Society . Several rare birds , such as the Tri-colored Blackbird and the Greater Sandhill Crane , have been identified . Many bird species that have been extirpated from most of the Central Valley are returning to the area . The preserve is between two growing urban centers , Sacramento in the north , and Stockton to the south , which threaten to constrict the protected areas to a narrow corridor extending from the Sierra foothills to the Sacramento River Delta ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38°15′56.57″N 121°26′21.22″W / 38.2657139°N 121.4392278°W / 38.2657139 ; -121.4392278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California', 'summary': 'Sacramento County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,418,788 . Its county seat is Sacramento , which has been the state capital of California since 1854 . Sacramento County is the central county of the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area . The county covers about 994 square miles ( 2,570 km2 ) in the northern portion of the Central Valley , on into Gold Country . Sacramento County extends from the low delta lands between the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River , including Suisun Bay , north to about ten miles ( 16 km ) beyond the State Capitol and east into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains . The southernmost portion of Sacramento County has direct access to San Francisco Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed- private , federal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A small remnant of a rapidly-disappearing riparian woodland community type that once formed a major part of the central valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remnant_natural_area', 'summary': 'A remnant natural area , also known as remnant habitat , is an ecological community containing native flora and fauna that has not been significantly disturbed by destructive activities such as agriculture , logging , pollution , development , fire suppression , or non-native species invasion . The more disturbed an area has been , the less characteristic it becomes of remnant habitat . Remnant areas are also described as biologically intact or ecologically intact . Remnant natural areas are often used as reference ecosystems in ecological restoration projects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Riparian_forest', 'summary': 'A riparian forest or riparian woodland is a forested or wooded area of land adjacent to a body of water such as a river , stream , pond , lake , marshland , estuary , canal , sink or reservoir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)', 'summary': "The Central Valley is a flat valley that dominates the interior of California . It is 40 to 60 miles ( 60 to 100 km ) wide and stretches approximately 450 miles ( 720 km ) from north-northwest to south-southeast , inland from and parallel to the Pacific Ocean coast . It covers approximately 18,000 square miles ( 47,000 km2 ) , about 11% of California 's total land area ( or about the size of the Dominican Republic ) . The valley is bounded by the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Coast Ranges to the west . It is California 's single most productive agricultural region and one of the most productive in the world , providing more than half of the fruits , vegetables , and nuts grown in the United States . More than 7 million acres ( 28,000 km2 ) of the valley are irrigated via an extensive system of reservoirs and canals . The valley also has many major cities , including the state capital Sacramento ; as well as Chico , Redding , Stockton , Modesto , Fresno , and Bakersfield . The Central Valley watershed comprises 60,000 square miles ( 160,000 km2 ) , or over a third of California . It consists of three main drainage systems : the Sacramento Valley in the north , which receives well over 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; the drier San Joaquin Valley in the south ; and the Tulare Basin and its semi-arid desert climate at the southernmost end . The Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems drain their respective valleys and meet to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta , a large expanse of interconnected canals , stream beds , sloughs , marshes , and peat islands . The delta empties into the San Francisco Bay , and then ultimately flows into the Pacific . The waters of the Tulare Basin essentially never flow to the ocean ( with the exception of Kings River waters diverted northward for irrigation ) , though they are connected by man-made canals to the San Joaquin and could drain there again naturally if they were ever to rise high enough ."}]}, {'value': 'Deep Springs Marsh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°20′00″N 118°01′03″W / 37.33333°N 118.01750°W / 37.33333 ; -118.01750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inyo_County,_California', 'summary': 'Inyo County is a county in the eastern central part of California , located between the Sierra Nevada mountains and the state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 18,546 . The county seat is Independence . Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California . It contains the Owens River Valley ; it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Nevada and to the east by the White Mountains and the Inyo Mountains . With an area of 10,192 square miles ( 26,397 km2 ) , Inyo County is the second-largest county by area in California , after San Bernardino County . Almost one-half of that area is within Death Valley National Park . However , with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile , it also has the second-lowest population density in California , after Alpine County .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An example of increasingly rare desert marsh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dixon Vernal Pools', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38°16′31.29″N 121°49′25.49″W / 38.2753583°N 121.8237472°W / 38.2753583 ; -121.8237472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solano_County,_California', 'summary': 'Solano County is a county located in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 413,344 . The county seat is Fairfield . Solano County comprises the Vallejo-Fairfield , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area . Solano County is the northeastern county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region . A portion of the South Campus at the University of California , Davis is in Solano County .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The best example of valley needlegrass grassland in the central valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nassella', 'summary': 'Nassella , or needlegrass , is a New World genus of over 100 perennial bunchgrasses found from North America through South America . The Latin word nassa refers to a basket with a narrow neck . It is usually considered segregate from the genus Stipa and includes many New World species formerly classified in that genus . As of 2011 , The Jepson Manual includes Nassella within Stipa . Nasella is characterized by strongly overlapping lemma margins and reduced , veinless paleas . The lemma tips are fused into the crown , a short membrane that surrounds the base of the lemma . The rim of the crown usually has hairs . Many species form both cross-pollinating and self-pollinating florets in the terminal panicle . The self-pollinating florets have 1-3 small anthers ; the cross-pollinating florets have 3 longer anthers . Some species have self-pollinating inflorescences hidden in their basal leaf sheaths . These hidden inflorescences lack glumes and usually lack awns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)', 'summary': "The Central Valley is a flat valley that dominates the interior of California . It is 40 to 60 miles ( 60 to 100 km ) wide and stretches approximately 450 miles ( 720 km ) from north-northwest to south-southeast , inland from and parallel to the Pacific Ocean coast . It covers approximately 18,000 square miles ( 47,000 km2 ) , about 11% of California 's total land area ( or about the size of the Dominican Republic ) . The valley is bounded by the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Coast Ranges to the west . It is California 's single most productive agricultural region and one of the most productive in the world , providing more than half of the fruits , vegetables , and nuts grown in the United States . More than 7 million acres ( 28,000 km2 ) of the valley are irrigated via an extensive system of reservoirs and canals . The valley also has many major cities , including the state capital Sacramento ; as well as Chico , Redding , Stockton , Modesto , Fresno , and Bakersfield . The Central Valley watershed comprises 60,000 square miles ( 160,000 km2 ) , or over a third of California . It consists of three main drainage systems : the Sacramento Valley in the north , which receives well over 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; the drier San Joaquin Valley in the south ; and the Tulare Basin and its semi-arid desert climate at the southernmost end . The Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems drain their respective valleys and meet to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta , a large expanse of interconnected canals , stream beds , sloughs , marshes , and peat islands . The delta empties into the San Francisco Bay , and then ultimately flows into the Pacific . The waters of the Tulare Basin essentially never flow to the ocean ( with the exception of Kings River waters diverted northward for irrigation ) , though they are connected by man-made canals to the San Joaquin and could drain there again naturally if they were ever to rise high enough ."}]}, {'value': 'Elder Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39°43′32.04″N 123°37′34.35″W / 39.7255667°N 123.6262083°W / 39.7255667 ; -123.6262083', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino County is a county located on the North Coast of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 87,841 . The county seat is Ukiah . Mendocino County consists wholly of the Ukiah , CA Micropolitan Statistical Area ( μSA ) for the purposes of the U.S. Census Bureau . It is located approximately equidistant from the San Francisco Bay Area and California/Oregon border , separated from the Sacramento Valley to the east by the California Coast Ranges . While smaller areas of redwood forest are found further south , it is the southernmost California county to be included in the World Wildlife Fund 's Pacific temperate rainforests ecoregion , the largest temperate rainforest ecoregion on the planet . The county is noted for its distinctive Pacific Ocean coastline , its location along California 's Lost Coast , Redwood forests , wine production , microbrews , and liberal views about the use of cannabis and support for its legalization . In 2009 it was estimated that roughly one-third of the economy was based on the cultivation of marijuana . The notable historic and recreational attraction of the Skunk Train connects Fort Bragg with Willits in Mendocino County via a steam-locomotive engine , along with other vehicles ."}]}, {'value': 'Private ( University of California Natural Reserve System )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California_Natural_Reserve_System', 'summary': 'The University of California Natural Reserve System ( UCNRS ) is a system of protected areas throughout California .'}]}, {'value': 'A largely undisturbed watershed containing large old stands of Douglas fir , broadleaf evergreens , and deciduous trees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_fir', 'summary': 'Pseudotsuga menziesii is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family , Pinaceae . It is native to western North America and is known as Douglas fir , Douglas-fir , Oregon pine , and Columbian pine . There are three varieties : coast Douglas-fir ( P. menziesii var . menziesii ) , Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir ( P. menziesii var . glauca ) and Mexican Douglas fir ( P. menziesii var . lindleyana ) . The massive mega-genome of Douglas fir has been sequenced in 2017 by the large PineRefSeq consortium revealing a specialized photosynthetic apparatus in the light harvesting complex genes .'}]}, {'value': 'Emerald Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerald_Bay_State_Park', 'summary': "Emerald Bay State Park is a state park of California in the United States , centered on Lake Tahoe 's Emerald Bay , a National Natural Landmark . Park features include Eagle Falls and Vikingsholm , a 38-room mansion that is considered one of the finest examples of Scandinavian architecture in the United States . The architect was Leonard Palme , who was hired by his aunt Laura Knight to design and build Vikingsholm . The park contains the only island in Lake Tahoe , Fannette Island . The park is accessible by California State Route 89 near the southwest shore of the lake . Emerald Bay is one of Lake Tahoe 's most photographed and popular locations . In 1969 Emerald Bay was recognized as a National Natural Landmark by the federal Department of the Interior . In 1994 California State Parks included the surrounding water of the bay as a part of the park , making Emerald Bay one of the first underwater parks of its type in the state , protecting the various wrecks and other items on the bay 's bottom . The 1,533-acre ( 620 ha ) park was established in 1953 . It is located directly south of D. L. Bliss State Park . Summer temperatures at the park range from the low 40 °F ( 4 °C ) at night to mid-70 °F ( 21 °C ) during the day , and during the winter visitors will usually experience temperatures between 20 and 40 °F ( −7 and 4 °C ) . During harsh winters the bay freezes over ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38°57′25.49″N 120°5′36.3″W / 38.9570806°N 120.093417°W / 38.9570806 ; -120.093417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California', 'summary': "El Dorado County , officially the County of El Dorado , is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 181,058 . The county seat is Placerville . El Dorado County is part of the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is located entirely in the Sierra Nevada , from the historic Gold Country in the western foothills to the High Sierra in the east . El Dorado County 's population has grown as Greater Sacramento has expanded into the region . In the county 's Lake Tahoe area , environmental awareness and environmental protection initiatives have grown along with the population since the 1960 Winter Olympics , hosted at Squaw Valley Ski Resort in neighboring Placer County ."}]}, {'value': 'State ( California Department of Parks and Recreation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation', 'summary': 'The California Department of Parks and Recreation , also known as California State Parks , manages the California state parks system . The system administers 280 separate park units on 1.4 million acres ( 570,000 hectares ) , with over 280 miles ( 450 km ) of coastline ; 625 miles ( 1,000 km ) of lake and river frontage ; nearly 15,000 campsites ; and 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) of hiking , biking , and equestrian trails . Headquartered in Sacramento , park administration is divided into 21 districts . The California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'An outstanding example of glacial geology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka Dunes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka_Dunes', 'summary': 'The Eureka Valley Sand Dunes are located in the southern part of Eureka Valley , in northern Inyo County in eastern California , in the southwestern United States . Although covering an area of only 3 square miles ( 8 km2 ) , the dunes rise approximately 680 feet ( 207 m ) above the surrounding valley floor , making them one of the highest dune fields in North America . Eureka Valley is a basin and range structural valley oriented northwest-southeast and enclosed by the Last Chance Range to the east and the Saline Range to the west . The Eureka Dunes themselves are located in the southeastern most tip of the valley and trend north-south , parallel to Last Chance Range . According to a USGS survey map , the surrounding mountain ranges contain rocks that date back to the Mississippian and Cambrian periods while the surficial deposits on the valley floor are made up mainly of alluvium dating to the Quaternary period . They are also classified as booming sand dunes , one of only about forty worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°5′45.6″N 117°40′30″W / 37.096000°N 117.67500°W / 37.096000 ; -117.67500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inyo_County,_California', 'summary': 'Inyo County is a county in the eastern central part of California , located between the Sierra Nevada mountains and the state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 18,546 . The county seat is Independence . Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California . It contains the Owens River Valley ; it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Nevada and to the east by the White Mountains and the Inyo Mountains . With an area of 10,192 square miles ( 26,397 km2 ) , Inyo County is the second-largest county by area in California , after San Bernardino County . Almost one-half of that area is within Death Valley National Park . However , with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile , it also has the second-lowest population density in California , after Alpine County .'}]}, {'value': 'Federal ( Death Valley National Park )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'The tallest dune complex in the Great Basin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fish Slough Area of Critical Environmental Concern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fish_Slough_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern', 'summary': 'The Fish Slough Area of Critical Environmental Concern is a protected slough in Inyo County , eastern California . It is located on the western side of the Chalfant Valley , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) north of Bishop in the northern Owens Valley area . Its 36,000 acres ( 15,000 ha ) were designated as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC ) in 1982 , and is managed by the Bureau of Land Management . The Fish Slough Area is an oasis in the middle of the otherwise arid volcanic tableland . In 1975 , Fish Slough was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°28′8.69″N 118°24′3.1″W / 37.4690806°N 118.400861°W / 37.4690806 ; -118.400861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inyo , Mono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inyo_County,_California', 'summary': 'Inyo County is a county in the eastern central part of California , located between the Sierra Nevada mountains and the state of Nevada . As of the 2010 census , the population was 18,546 . The county seat is Independence . Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California . It contains the Owens River Valley ; it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Nevada and to the east by the White Mountains and the Inyo Mountains . With an area of 10,192 square miles ( 26,397 km2 ) , Inyo County is the second-largest county by area in California , after San Bernardino County . Almost one-half of that area is within Death Valley National Park . However , with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile , it also has the second-lowest population density in California , after Alpine County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mono_County,_California', 'summary': 'Mono County /ˈmoʊnoʊ/ ( MOH-noh ) is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 14,202. making it the fifth-least populous county in California . The county seat is Bridgeport . The county is located east of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Nevada . The only incorporated town in the county is Mammoth Lakes , which is located at the foot of Mammoth Mountain . Other locations , such as June Lake , are also famous as skiing and fishing resorts . Located in the middle of the county is Mono Lake , a vital habitat for millions of migratory and nesting birds . The lake is located in a wild natural setting , with pinnacles of tufa arising out of the salty and alkaline lake . Also located in Mono County is Bodie , the official state gold rush ghost town , which is now a California State Historic Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed- federal ( Bureau of Land Management ) , state , municipal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management', 'summary': "The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for administering public lands . With oversight over 247.3 million acres ( 1,001,000 km2 ) , it governs one eighth of the country 's landmass . President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies : the General Land Office and the Grazing Service . The agency manages the federal government 's nearly 700 million acres ( 2,800,000 km2 ) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal , state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862 . Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington and Wyoming ."}]}, {'value': 'A large , essentially undisturbed , desert wetland that provides habitat for the alkali mariposa lily and the endangered Owens pupfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alkali_mariposa_lily', 'summary': 'Calochortus striatus , known by the common name alkali mariposa lily , is a species of mariposa lily native to California and into Nevada . It is a vulnerable species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Owens_pupfish', 'summary': 'The Owens pupfish ( Cyprinodon radiosus ) is a rare species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae , the pupfish . It is endemic to California in the United States , where it is limited to the Owens Valley . It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States . This pupfish is up to 5 centimetres ( 2.0 inches ) long , the largest males sometimes longer . The male is blue-gray , turning bright blue during spawning . The female is greenish brown with a silvery or whitish belly . The pupfish tolerates a wide range of water conditions . Its native habitat includes desert marshes with water temperatures up to 33 °C in the summer and layers of ice during the winter . The water in some areas has four times the salt content of the ocean , as well as low oxygen . This fish was once common in the Owens Valley of California , occurring in most water bodies between Fish Slough and Lone Pine , which are 70 miles apart . It occurred in the Owens River and associated sloughs and marshes . At that time the Paiute people scooped them out of the water and dried them for the winter .'}]}, {'value': 'Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes', 'summary': 'Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes is the largest remaining dune system south of San Francisco and the second largest in the U.S. state of California . It encompasses an 18-mile ( 29 km ) stretch of coastline on the Central Coast of California and extends from southern San Luis Obispo County to northern Santa Barbara County . The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Complex is home to a unique dunes ecosystem as well as many endangered and threatened species of plants and animals . To protect the dunes environment , much of the Complex has been set aside for conservation . In addition , it is recognized as a National Natural Landmark . Another portion of the Dunes is utilized for recreation , such as camping and Off-Road Vehicle ( ORV ) use . The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes is owned by a number of federal , state , and local agencies , and private companies , organizations and individuals . These include the counties of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara , California State Parks , U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service and the Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34°57′56.13″N 120°39′1.24″W / 34.9655917°N 120.6503444°W / 34.9655917 ; -120.6503444', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Luis Obispo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California', 'summary': "San Luis Obispo County , officially the County of San Luis Obispo , is a county in Central California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 269,637 . The county seat is San Luis Obispo . Junipero Serra founded the Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa in 1772 and downtown San Luis Obispo grew around the Mission . The small size of the county 's communities , scattered along the beaches , coastal hills , and mountains of the Santa Lucia range , provides a wide variety of coastal and inland hill ecologies to support fishing , agriculture , and tourist activities . California Polytechnic State University has almost 20,000 students . Tourism , especially for the wineries , is popular . Grapes and other agriculture products are an important part of the economy . San Luis Obispo County is the third largest producer of wine in California , surpassed only by Sonoma and Napa Counties . Strawberries are the largest agricultural crop in the county . The town of San Simeon is located at the foot of the ridge where newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst built Hearst Castle . Other coastal towns ( listed from North to South ) include Cambria , Cayucos , Morro Bay , and Los Osos -Baywood Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Mixed- federal ( Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge ) , state , private )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes_National_Wildlife_Refuge', 'summary': 'The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge is a 2,553-acre ( 10.33 km2 ) protected area located along the Central Coast of California , in southern San Luis Obispo and northern Santa Barbara Counties .'}]}, {'value': 'A coastal dune tract with off-road vehicle recreation , a national wildlife refuge , beaches , and nesting for the western snowy plover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Off-road_vehicle', 'summary': 'An off-road vehicle is considered to be any type of vehicle which is capable of driving on and off paved or gravel surface . It is generally characterized by having large tires with deep , open treads , a flexible suspension , or even caterpillar tracks . [ citation needed ] Other vehicles that do not travel public streets or highways are generally termed off-highway vehicles , including tractors , forklifts , cranes , backhoes , bulldozers , and golf carts . [ citation needed ] Off-road vehicles have an enthusiastic following because of their many uses and versatility . Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles . The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from pavement . The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles enables access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_snowy_plover', 'summary': 'The western snowy plover ( Charadrius nivosus nivosus ) is a small wader in the plover bird family . It breeds in the southern and western United States and the Caribbean . On March 5 , 1993 the western snowy plover was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 . As of June 19 , 2012 , the habitat along the California , Oregon , and Washington Coasts have been listed as critical .'}]}, {'value': 'Imperial Sand Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Sand_Hills', 'summary': "The Algodones Dunes is a large erg ( sand dune field ) located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of California , near the border with Arizona and the Mexican state of Baja California . The field is approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) long by 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) wide and extends along a northwest-southeast line that correlates to the prevailing northerly and westerly wind directions . The name Algodones Dunes refers to the entire geographic feature , while the administrative designation for that portion managed by the Bureau of Land Management is the Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area ( sometimes called the Glamis Dunes ) . In 1966 , Imperial Sand Hills was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service . The Algodones Dunes are split into many different sections . These sections include Glamis , Gordon 's Well , Buttercup , Midway , and Patton 's Valley . Although the Spanish word algodones translates to the English word cotton , the name Algodones is a corruption of the Spanish and English names of the Yuman tribe that once dwelt nearby ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32°55′0″N 115°3′0″W / 32.91667°N 115.05000°W / 32.91667 ; -115.05000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imperial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_County,_California', 'summary': "Imperial County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 174,528 . The county seat is El Centro . Established in 1907 from a division of San Diego County , it was the last county to be formed in California . Imperial County includes the El Centro , California Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is also part of the Southern California border region , the smallest but most economically diverse region in the state . It is located in the Imperial Valley , in the far southeast of California , bordering both Arizona and the Mexican state of Baja California . Although this region is a desert , with high temperatures and low average rainfall of 3 inches ( 76 mm ) per year , the economy is heavily based on agriculture due to irrigation , supplied wholly from the Colorado River via the All-American Canal . The Imperial Valley is divided between the United States and Mexico , and Imperial County is heavily influenced by Mexican culture . Approximately 80% of the county 's population is Hispanic , with the vast majority being of Mexican origin . The remainder of the population is predominantly non-Hispanic white as well as smaller African American , Native American and Asian minorities . In 2016 , Imperial County had the highest percentage of unemployed people of any county in the United States , at 23.5% ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal ( Bureau of Land Management )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management', 'summary': "The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for administering public lands . With oversight over 247.3 million acres ( 1,001,000 km2 ) , it governs one eighth of the country 's landmass . President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies : the General Land Office and the Grazing Service . The agency manages the federal government 's nearly 700 million acres ( 2,800,000 km2 ) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal , state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862 . Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington and Wyoming ."}]}, {'value': 'One of the largest dune patches in the United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irvine Ranch Natural Landmarks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irvine_Ranch_Natural_Landmarks', 'summary': 'The Irvine Ranch Natural Landmarks are a collection of protected areas in Orange County , California near Irvine . They encompass almost 50,000 acres ( 20,000 ha ) of land which was once a part of the Irvine Ranch owned by the Irvine Company . Almost 40,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) of the landmarks were designated a National Natural Landmark in 2006 and a California Natural Landmark in 2008 . Irvine Ranch contains a remarkably complete stratigraphic succession ranging in age from late Cretaceous ( 80 million years ago ) to the present . The primary biological features at the site include coastal sage scrub and chaparral communities , including rare Tecate cypress woodlands .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33°43′53.4″N 117°41′34.8″W / 33.731500°N 117.693000°W / 33.731500 ; -117.693000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_County,_California', 'summary': "Orange County is a county located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 3,010,232 , making it the third-most populous county in California , the sixth most populous in the U.S. , and more populous than 21 U.S. states . Although mostly suburban , it is the second most densely populated county in the state , behind San Francisco County . The county 's four most populous cities , Anaheim , Santa Ana ( the county seat ) , Irvine , and Huntington Beach , each have a population exceeding 200,000 . Six cities are on the Pacific coast , including Seal Beach , Huntington Beach , Newport Beach , Laguna Beach , Dana Point , and San Clemente . Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county has 34 incorporated cities . Older cities like Santa Ana , Anaheim , and Fullerton have traditional downtowns dating back to the 19th century , while newer commercial development or edge cities stretch along I-5 between Disneyland and Santa Ana and between South Coast Plaza and the Irvine Business Complex , and cluster at Irvine Spectrum . Northern and Central Orange County , while single-family homes are still prevalent , is relatively more urbanized and dense , while beyond Irvine , the county is relatively less dense , though still contiguous , suburban and not exurban . The county is a tourist center , with attractions like Disneyland , Knott 's Berry Farm , and several popular beaches along its more than 40 miles ( 64 km ) of coastline ."}]}, {'value': 'Mixed- state , county , municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A remarkably complete stratigraphic succession ranging in age from late Cretaceous to the present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cretaceous', 'summary': 'The Cretaceous ( /krɪˈteɪ.ʃəs/ , krih-TAY-shəs ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago ( mya ) . It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era . The name is derived from the Latin creta . It is usually abbreviated K , for its German translation Kreide . The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate , resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas . These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles , ammonites and rudists , while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land . During this time , new groups of mammals and birds , as well as flowering plants , appeared . The Cretaceous ( along with the Mesozoic ) ended with the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , a large mass extinction in which many groups , including non-avian dinosaurs , pterosaurs and large marine reptiles died out . The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ( K-Pg boundary ) , a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Shasta Caverns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Shasta_Caverns', 'summary': 'The Lake Shasta Caverns are a network of caves located near the McCloud arm of Shasta Lake in California . It was formerly named Chalk Cave and Baird Cave , named after Spencer Fullerton Baird .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40°48′16.2″N 122°18′15.98″W / 40.804500°N 122.3044389°W / 40.804500 ; -122.3044389', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shasta_County,_California', 'summary': 'Shasta County , officially the County of Shasta , is a county in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 177,223 . The county seat is Redding . Shasta County comprises the Redding , California Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county occupies the northern reaches of the Sacramento Valley , with portions extending into the southern reaches of the Cascade Range . Points of interest in Shasta County include Shasta Lake , Lassen Peak , and the Sundial Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A well-decorated Solutional cave that contains a diverse assemblage of calcite cave formations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solutional_cave', 'summary': 'A solutional cave or karst cave is a cave usually formed in the soluble rock limestone . It is the most frequently occurring type of cave . It can also form in other rocks , including chalk , dolomite , marble , salt beds , and gypsum .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Calcite', 'summary': 'Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness , based on scratch hardness comparison , defines value 3 as calcite . Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite . Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C , and vaterite is even less stable .'}]}, {'value': 'Miramar Mounds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32°50′43″N 117°8′19″W / 32.84528°N 117.13861°W / 32.84528 ; -117.13861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California', 'summary': "San Diego County , officially the County of San Diego , is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 3,095,313. making it California 's second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States . Its county seat is San Diego , the eighth-most populous city in the United States . It is the southwesternmost county in the 48 contiguous United States . San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 18th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1 , 2012 . San Diego is also part of the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico . Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas . San Diego County has more than 70 miles ( 110 km ) of coastline . This forms the most densely populated region of the county , which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation , similar to the rest of the western portion of southern California . Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to the east , with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter . These lushly forested mountains receive more rainfall than average in southern California , while the desert region of the county lies in a rain shadow to the east , which extends into the Desert Southwest region of North America . There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Coast Guard in San Diego County ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal ( Marine Corps Air Station Miramar )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar', 'summary': 'Marine Corps Air Station Miramar ( MCAS Miramar ) ( IATA : NKX , ICAO : KNKX , FAA LID : NKX ) , formerly Naval Auxiliary Air Station ( NAAS ) Miramar and Naval Air Station ( NAS ) Miramar , is a United States Marine Corps installation that is home to the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing , which is the aviation element of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force . It is located in Miramar , San Diego , California , about 14 miles ( 23 km ) north of Downtown San Diego . The airfield is named Foss Field after Joe Foss . The air station is the former location of Pacific Fleet fighter and Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft ( F-4 Phantom II , F-14 Tomcat , E-2 Hawkeye ) and is best known as the former location of the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School ( NFWS ) , its TOPGUN training program and the movie of the same name . In 1996 , NFWS was relocated to Naval Air Station Fallon in western Nevada and merged into the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center ( NSAWC ) . During the heyday of TOPGUN at NAS Miramar , the station was nicknamed Fightertown USA .'}]}, {'value': 'Contains unique soil features called mima mounds , which are found in only three or four locations in the country , and vernal pools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mima_mounds', 'summary': 'Mima mounds /ˈmaɪmə/ are low , flattened , circular to oval , domelike , natural mounds that are composed of loose , unstratified , often gravelly sediment that is an overthickened A horizon . These mounds range in diameter from 3 to more than 50 m ; in height 30 cm to greater than 2 m ; and in density from several to greater than 50 mounds per hectare , at times forming conspicuous natural patterns . Mima mounds can be seen at the Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve in Washington State . Mima is a name derived from a Native American language meaning a little further along or downstream . Theories for the origin of Mima mounds include burrowing by pocket gophers ; accumulation of wind-blown ( aeolian ) sediments around vegetation to form coppice dunes or nebkhas ; seismic ground shaking by major earthquakes , though none have been observed to form Mima mounds ; and shrinking and swelling of clays in hog-wallow or gilgai landforms . Though the definitive Mima mounds are common in North America , it has not been shown that all North American mounds result from the same causes . Superficially similar phenomena occur on all continents , and the proposed causal factors do not occur in all regions that have been studied . Nor is it clear that all such mounds really are the same , either physically or functionally ; for example , the so-called fairy circles of Southern Africa tend to be less mound-like and occur in different climatic and ecological conditions from mima mounds . Furthermore , it has been argued that the possibly distinct heuweltjies of the South Western Cape region of South Africa are of an origin far different from either .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vernal_pools', 'summary': 'Vernal pools , also called vernal ponds or ephemeral pools , are seasonal pools of water that provide habitat for distinctive plants and animals . They are considered to be a distinctive type of wetland usually devoid of fish , and thus allow the safe development of natal amphibian and insect species unable to withstand competition or predation by fish . Certain tropical fish lineages ( such as killifishes ) have however adapted to this habitat specifically . Vernal pools are a type of wetland . They can be surrounded by many communities/species including deciduous forest , grassland , lodgepole pine forest , blue oak woodland , sagebrush steppe , succulent coastal scrub and prairie . These pools are characteristic of Mediterranean climates , but occur in many other ecosystems .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX From List of National Natural Landmarks , these are the National Natural Landmarks in California . There are 36 in total . [ 1 ] Algodones DunesAmboy CraterAnza-BorregoAudubon CanyonAño Nuevo State ParkBlack Chasm CaveBlack Star CanyonBurney FallsCima DomeCosumnes River PreserveEmerald Bay State ParkFish SloughGuadalupe-Nipomo DunesIrvine RanchPygmy ForestLa Brea Tar PitsLake Shasta CavernsMitchell CavernsMount DiabloMount ShastaPoint LobosRainbow BasinRancho La BreaSan Andreas FaultSan Felipe CreekTijuana River EstuaryTorrey PinesTrona PinnaclesTurtle Mountains ( California ) California National Natural Landmarks ( clickable map )', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California_0', 'intro': 'From List of National Natural Landmarks, these are the National Natural Landmarks in California. There are 36 in total.'} | null | null | The place in Orange was once owned by what company ? | Irvine Company |
0458962cc39564db | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A_de_México', 'title': 'Serie A de México', 'header': ['Club', 'Manager', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Affiliate'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlético Irapuato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irapuato_F.C.', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Irapuato is a professional football club , based in Irapuato , Guanajuato , Mexico . They are currently playing in the Serie A in the Liga Premier . Irapuato has mostly played in the Promotion League of Mexico ( formerly Primera División A or Ascenso MX . From 2000 to 2004 , the team briefly rose to prominence in the Liga MX reaching the playoffs . Historically , Irapuato has spent over 26 years in the Primera División , never quite excelling to challenge for the title . The team was relegated from the Primera División in 2004 but not because of their on-field performance , but because of financial irregularities . In 2013 , the team then took a turn for the worse being relegated to Liga Premier , the Third Division of Mexico for a year . The team briefly returned to Ascenso MX in May 2014 when Ballenas Galeana , decided to move to Irapuato , and also change their name to Club Irapuato , once again giving Irapuato a football team . But that team was relegated too after a couple of mediocre seasons to Liga Premier , were they play to this day .'}]}, {'value': 'Omar Arellano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omar_Arellano_Nuño', 'summary': 'Omar Arellano Nuño ( born May 29 , 1967 in Tampico , Tamaulipas ) is a former Mexican football midfielder and current manager of Irapuato F.C . As of April 2009 he was the manager at Chivas Guadalajara , and he managed Necaxa in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Irapuato , Guanajuato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irapuato', 'summary': "Irapuato is a Mexican town ( and municipality ) located at the foot of the Arandas Hill ( in Spanish : Cerro de Arandas ) , in the central region of the state of Guanajuato . It lies between the Silao River and the Guanajuato River , a tributary of the Lerma River , at 1,724 m ( 5,656 ft ) above sea level . It is located at 20°40′N 101°21′W / 20.667°N 101.350°W / 20.667 ; -101.350 . The city is the second-largest in the state ( only behind León ) , with a population of 342,561 according to the 2005 census , while its municipality has a population of 529,440 . The municipality has an area of 845.16 km² ( 326.32 sq mi ) and includes numerous smaller outlying communities . The city 's main industry is agriculture and it is famous for its strawberries and the raising of pigs and cattle . The fruits and flowers of Irapuato 's luxurious gardens are well known throughout Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guanajuato', 'summary': "Guanajuato ( Spanish pronunciation : [ gwanaˈxwato ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato . The largest city in the state is León . Guanajuato is in central Mexico . It is bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west , Zacatecas to the northwest , San Luis Potosí to the north , Querétaro to the east , and Michoacán to the south . It covers an area of 30,608 km2 ( 11,818 sq mi ) . Guanajuato is between the arid north of the country and the lusher south , and it is geographically part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , the Mexican Plateau . It was initially settled by the Spanish in the 1520s due to mineral deposits found around the now capital city of Guanajuato , but areas such as the Bajío region also became important for agriculture and livestock . Mining and agriculture were the mainstays of the state 's economy , but have since been eclipsed by the secondary sector . Guanajuato has particularly seen growth in the automotive industry . The state is home to several historically important cities , especially those along the Bicentennial Route , which retraces the path of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 's insurgent army at the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence . This route begins at Dolores Hidalgo , and passes though the Sanctuary of Atotonilco , San Miguel de Allende , Celaya , and the capital of Guanajuato ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergio León Chávez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Sergio_León_Chávez', 'summary': 'Estadio Sergio León Chávez is a Multi-purpose stadium in the city of Irapuato . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 25,000 people . The stadium was built in 1967 and hosted group C of the FIFA World Cup in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_San_Luis_Premier', 'summary': 'The Club Atlético de San Luis Premier play in the Liga Premier in San Luis Potosí City , Mexico and is the official reserve team for Atlético San Luis .'}]}, {'value': 'Julio Servín', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soledad de Graciano Sánchez , San Luis Potosí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soledad_de_Graciano_Sánchez', 'summary': "Soledad de Graciano Sánchez is the second-largest city of the state of San Luis Potosí in Mexico . It lies adjacent to the east side of the state 's capital city of San Luis Potosí in the west-central part of the state . The city is the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name . The city had a 2005 census population of 215,968 , while the municipality 's population was 226,803 . The municipality has an area of 280.95 km² ( 108.475 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Potosí', 'summary': "San Luis Potosí ( Spanish pronunciation : [ san ˈlwis potoˈsi ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí City . It is located in North-Central Mexico and is bordered by seven other Mexican states : Nuevo León to the north ; Tamaulipas to the north-east ; Veracruz to the east ; Hidalgo , Querétaro and Guanajuato to the south ; and Zacatecas to north-west . In addition to the capital city , the state 's largest cities include Ciudad Valles , Matehuala , Rioverde , and Tamazunchale ."}]}, {'value': 'Unidad Deportiva 21 de Marzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unidad_Deportiva_21_de_Marzo', 'summary': 'The Unidad Deportiva 21 de Marzo is a multi-use stadium in Soledad de Graciano Sánchez , San Luis Potosí , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Santos de Soledad . The stadium has a capacity of 3,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_San_Luis', 'summary': "Club Atlético de San Luis , commonly known as Atlético San Luis , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Luis Potosí , replacing San Luis Potosí 's Liga MX team San Luis FC after its relocation . San Luis was promoted to Liga MX in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'CAFESSA Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_CAFESSA_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Deportivo CAFESSA Jalisco , commonly known as CAFESSA Jalisco , is a Mexican football club based in Guadalajara . The club was founded in 2015 , and currently plays in the Serie A of Liga Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaime Durán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Durán', 'summary': 'Jaime Durán Gómez ( born December 2 , 1981 in El Grullo , Jalisco ) is a former Mexican football player who last played as a defender for Puebla .'}]}, {'value': 'Guadalajara , Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara', 'summary': "Guadalajara ( /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ , Spanish : [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco , and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara . The city is in the central region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico . With a population of 1,460,148 inhabitants , it is Mexico 's second most populous municipality . The Guadalajara metropolitan area has a reported population of 5,002,466 inhabitants , making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico , behind Mexico City . The municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico , the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico . It is a strong business and economic center in the Bajío region . Guadalajara is the tenth-largest Latin American city in population , urban area and gross domestic product . The city 's economy is based on services and industry , especially information technology , with many international firms having regional offices and manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area , and several domestic IT companies headquartered in the city . Other , more traditional industries , such as shoes , textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors . Guadalajara is a major Mexican cultural center , as it is considered by most to be the home of the famous mariachi genre of music , and plays host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the Guadalajara International Film Festival , the Guadalajara International Book Fair , and other globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds . It is home to C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most popular football clubs in Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jalisco', 'summary': "Jalisco ( UK : /həˈliːskoʊ/ , US : /hɑːˈ- , həˈlɪskoʊ/ , Spanish : [ xaˈlisko ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco [ esˈtaðo ˈliβɾe i soβeˈɾano ðe xaˈlisko ] ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is located in Western Mexico and is bordered by six states which are Nayarit , Zacatecas , Aguascalientes , Guanajuato , Michoacán and Colima . Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities , and its capital city is Guadalajara . Jalisco is one of the most important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history . Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture , particularly outside Mexico City , are originally from Jalisco , such as mariachi , ranchera music , birria , tequila , jaripeo , etc. , hence the state 's motto : Jalisco es México . Economically , it is ranked third in the country , with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area , the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico . The state is home to two significant indigenous populations , the Huichols and the Nahuas . There is also a significant foreign population , mostly from the United States and Canada , living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Jalisco Stadium is a football stadium located in Guadalajara , Mexico . It is the third largest Mexican football stadium behind Estadio Azteca and Estadio Olímpico Universitario . The facility is located in the city of Guadalajara , Jalisco , 400 kilometers north-west of Mexico City , and has a maximum capacity of 55,110 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '55,110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cafetaleros de Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cafetaleros_de_Chiapas_Premier', 'summary': 'The Club Cafetaleros de Chiapas Premier plays in the Liga Premier in Tapachula , Chiapas , Mexico and is the official reserve team for Cafetaleros de Chiapas .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Valverde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tapachula , Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapachula', 'summary': 'Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez , simply known as Tapachula , is a city and municipality located in the far southeast of the state of Chiapas in Mexico , near the Guatemalan border and the Pacific Ocean . It is one of the most important cities of Chiapas economically as the capital of the agriculturally rich Soconusco region as well as port for trade between Mexico and Central America . The area was originally inhabited by the Mames as a region under the control of the Mame state of Xelaju but was first established as a city by the Aztecs in the 13th century . Most of its economic importance has come since the late 19th century with the establishment of coffee plantations . This agricultural production began a history of migration into the area which continues to this day and has left the city with a significant Asian and German cultural presence as well as large Mayan and Nahua indigenous populations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiapas', 'summary': 'Chiapas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈtʃjapas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas ) , is one of the 32 states that make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico . It is divided into 124 municipalities as of September 2017 and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez . Other important population centers in Chiapas include Ocosingo , Tapachula , San Cristóbal de las Casas , Comitán and Arriaga . It is the southernmost state in Mexico . It is located in Southeastern Mexico , and it borders the states of Oaxaca to the west , Veracruz to the northwest and Tabasco to the north , and by the Petén , Quiché , Huehuetenango and San Marcos departments of Guatemala to the east and southeast . Chiapas has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the south . In general , Chiapas has a humid , tropical climate . In the north , in the area bordering Tabasco , near Teapa , rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm ( 120 in ) per year . In the past , natural vegetation in this region was lowland , tall perennial rainforest , but this vegetation has been almost completely cleared to allow agriculture and ranching . Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean , but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula . On the several parallel sierras or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas , climate can be quite temperate and foggy , allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo , home to a handful of resplendent quetzals and horned guans . Chiapas is home to the ancient Mayan ruins of Palenque , Yaxchilán , Bonampak , Chinkultic and Toniná .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico de Tapachula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_de_Tapachula', 'summary': "Estadio Olímpico de Tapachula is a multi-purpose stadium in Tapachula , Chiapas , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cafetaleros de Chiapas Premier . The stadium seats 22,000 people . In 2015 the stadium was renovated in order to house Tapachula 's Ascenso MX franchise , Cafetaleros de Tapachula . In 2017 the stadium expanded to 22,000 , adding 11,000 more seats from its 2015 renovation ."}]}, {'value': '21,018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cafetaleros de Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cafetaleros_de_Chiapas', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol Cafetaleros de Chiapas is a Mexican football club based in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez , Chiapas currently competing in Ascenso MX , the second tier of Mexican football .'}]}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul_Hidalgo', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Cruz Azul Hidalgo , also known as Cruz Azul Hidalgo , is a professional football club in Mexico who last played in the Liga Premier league of Mexico . Their stadium was the Estadio 10 de Diciembre located in Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ( previously name the town of Jasso ) in Hidalgo and was the affiliate team of Cruz Azul . The team dissolved in 2014 after Zacatepec 1948 bought their spot to remain in Ascenso MX . But has a team in the Liga Premier de Ascenso , replace Cruz Azul Jasso .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Roberto Pérez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Pérez', 'summary': 'Carlos Roberto Pérez Loarca ( born July 12 , 1968 ) is a Mexican football manager and former player . He was born in Querétaro City , Querétaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul , Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)', 'summary': "Hidalgo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈðalɣo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Hidalgo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo ) , is one of the 32 states which constitute the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 84 municipalities and its capital city is Pachuca de Soto . In 1869 , Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo . He appointed as capital of the state the city of Pachuca to which was added the name de Soto in recognition of Manuel Fernando Soto , who is considered the most important driving force in creating the state . The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence . It is located in Eastern Mexico . Hidalgo is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north , Puebla on the east , Tlaxcala and State of Mexico on the south and Querétaro on the west . The state has a number of relatively intact native cultures such as the Otomi . There are also three notable immigrant cultures , those of the descendants of Cornish miners from Cornwall ( located in South West England ) who arrived in the 19th century , a few self-proclaimed Italian descendants , and a small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century . The state contains a number of ecotourism , cultural and archeological attractions including the Huasteca area , the ruins of Tula , natural hot water springs , old haciendas and mountain ranges . Hidalgo is known for its mountainous terrain but part of the state is on a coastal plain . With a population of 2.665 million and an area of roughly 20,813 square km , Hidalgo is one of Mexico 's smaller states ."}]}, {'value': '10 de Diciembre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_10_de_Diciembre', 'summary': 'Estadio 10 de Diciembre is a multi-use stadium in the Mexican town of Jasso . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cruz Azul Hidalgo and Cruz Azul Premier . The stadium holds 14,500 people and opened in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '14,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul', 'summary': "Cruz Azul ( pronounced [ kɾus a'sool ] ) is a Mexican football club that plays in the top division of Mexican football , Liga MX . Originally from Hidalgo in the town of Jasso ( now part of the city cooperative Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ) , south of Tula de Allende , the club moved to Mexico City in 1971 . Estadio Azteca , the nation 's largest sports venue , served as their home venue until 1996 , when they moved to the Estadio Azul . After 22 years , however , the team returned to the Azteca at the conclusion of the 2017-18 Liga MX season . Its headquarters are in La Noria , a suburb within Xochimilco in the southern part of Mexico City . Cruz Azul has been the Primera División champion eight times , trailing Toluca 's 10 , C.D . Guadalajara 's 12 , and Club América 's 13 . Cruz Azul 's six titles makes it the second-most successful club in the history of the CONCACAF Champions League , the most prestigious international club competition in North American football , trailing intracity rival Club America . Cruz Azul was also the first CONCACAF team to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , the most prestigious club competition in South American football ( which invited top Liga MX clubs from 1998 to 2017 ) , losing on penalties to Argentine football giants Boca Juniors in 2001 . In the 1968-69 season , Cruz Azul was the first CONCACAF club ( and third worldwide ) to complete a rare Continental Treble , winning the Mexican Primera División championship , the Copa México national tournament , and the CONCACAF Champions League . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics , in its Club World Ranking for year ending December 31 , 2014 , places Cruz Azul as the 99th-best club in the world and the third-best club in CONCACAF . According to several polls published , Cruz Azul is the third-most popular team in Mexico , behind only C.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Inter Playa del Carmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Playa_del_Carmen', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol Inter Playa del Carmen is Mexican football club that plays in the Liga Premier . The club is based in Playa del Carmen , Quintana Roo .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Palacios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Palacios', 'summary': 'Marco Antonio Palacios Redorta ( born 6 March 1981 ) , commonly known as Pikolin is a retired Mexican footballer who last played for Monarcas Morelia on loan from Pumas UNAM . He made his debut with the Club Universidad Nacional under-17 Squad at the age of 16 along with his twin brother Alejandro . He made his professional debut with Club Universidad Nacional ( also known as Universidad Autonoma De Mexico , or U.N.A.M . ) at age 21 sporting the jersey number 23 , and made it through the ranks by 2004 . In 2005 , he was a regular starter in the Copa Sudamericana , but he lost his starting position in the regular league games . He has acquired two honors , that of Mexican Torneo de Clausura ( [ Season ] Closure Tournament ) ( 2004 ) and of Torneo de Apertura ( 2004 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Playa del Carmen , Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen', 'summary': "Playa del Carmen ( Spanish pronunciation : [ 'plaʝa ðel 'kaɾmen ] ) is a city located along the Caribbean Sea in the municipality of Solidaridad , in the state of Quintana Roo , Mexico . It is a popular tourist area in eastern Mexico . Playa del Carmen features a wide array of tourist activities due to its geographical location in the Riviera Maya . It has also been the destination of PGA Tour golf tournaments and the set location for various television shows . The town has become one of the fastest to grow in population size in Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "Quintana Roo ( /kɪnˌtɑːnə ˈroʊ ( oʊ ) / kin-TAH-nə ROH ( -oh ) , Spanish : [ kinˈtana ˈroo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal . Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest , and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize , along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south . As Mexico 's easternmost state , Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico . The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers ( 17,261 sq mi ) and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state . However , in 2013 , Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo , Campeche , and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997 , siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán . Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún , the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres , and the towns of Bacalar , Playa del Carmen and Akumal , as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben , Cobá , Kohunlich , Muyil , Tulum , Xel-Há , and Xcaret . The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state . The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers . Many migrants come from Yucatán , Campeche , Tabasco , and Veracruz . The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location , the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007 , which made landfall with sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 170 mph ) , with gusts up to 320 km/h ( 200 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Unidad Deportiva Mario Villanueva Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unidad_Deportiva_Mario_Villanueva_Madrid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '7,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Marina', 'summary': 'The Fútbol Club Marina Central de Reservas , commonly known as Cañoneros Marina , is a Mexican football club based in Mexico City . The club was founded on 2012 , and currently plays in Serie A .'}]}, {'value': 'José Gerardo Espinoza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milpa Alta , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milpa_Alta', 'summary': "Milpa Alta is one of the 16 alcaldías into which Mexico 's capital , Mexico City is divided . It lies in the southeast corner of the nation 's capital , bordering the State of Mexico and Morelos . It is the second largest and most rural of all the boroughs with the lowest population . It is also one of the most traditional areas of the city , with over 700 religious and secular festivals during the year and an economy based on agriculture and food processing , especially the production of nopal cactus , barbacoa and mole sauce ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Momoxco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Momoxco', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneros de Cancún', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneros_de_Cancún', 'summary': 'Deportivo Pioneros de Cancún F.C is Mexican football team that plays in the Liga Premier Serie A who resides in Cancún , México .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Bracamontes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Bracamontes', 'summary': 'Carlos Alejandro Bracamontes Zenizo ( born January 4 , 1959 ) is a Mexican football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Cancún , Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cancún', 'summary': "Cancún ( /kænˈkuːn/ or /kɑːn-/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ kaŋˈkun ] pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a city in southeast Mexico on the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . It is a significant tourist destination in Mexico and the seat of the municipality of Benito Juárez . The city is on the Caribbean Sea and is one of Mexico 's easternmost points . Cancún is just north of Mexico 's Caribbean coast resort band known as the Riviera Maya . In older English-language documents , the citys name is sometimes spelled Cancoon , an attempt to convey the sound of the name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "Quintana Roo ( /kɪnˌtɑːnə ˈroʊ ( oʊ ) / kin-TAH-nə ROH ( -oh ) , Spanish : [ kinˈtana ˈroo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal . Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest , and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize , along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south . As Mexico 's easternmost state , Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico . The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers ( 17,261 sq mi ) and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state . However , in 2013 , Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo , Campeche , and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997 , siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán . Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún , the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres , and the towns of Bacalar , Playa del Carmen and Akumal , as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben , Cobá , Kohunlich , Muyil , Tulum , Xel-Há , and Xcaret . The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state . The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers . Many migrants come from Yucatán , Campeche , Tabasco , and Veracruz . The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location , the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007 , which made landfall with sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 170 mph ) , with gusts up to 320 km/h ( 200 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Andrés_Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "The Estadio Olímpico Andrés Quintana Roo is a 17,289-seat stadium in Cancún , Quintana Roo , Mexico . It is the home field of Ascenso MX 's Atlante F.C . The stadium was inaugurated on August 11 , 2007 , in a game against Universidad Nacional . Atlante F.C . won in this stadium their 3rd league title in Apertura 2007 against Universidad Nacional . The Houston Dynamo became the first Major League Soccer team to play in the stadium on March 3 , 2009 , when the club were defeated by Atlante in the second leg of the CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinals ."}]}, {'value': '17,289', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reboceros de La Piedad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reboceros_de_La_Piedad', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol La Piedad is a Mexican football club based in La Piedad , Michoacán . The club currently plays in the Liga Premier de Ascenso de Mexico in the Liga Premier . Reboceros was founded in 1951 by football players from Perros Bravos neighborhood , most of them were craftsman working with leather and textile .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Rincón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Piedad , Michoacán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Piedad', 'summary': "La Piedad de Cabadas is a city and its surrounding municipality ( La Piedad municipality ) located at Coordinates : 20°20′N 102°01′W / 20.333°N 102.017°W / 20.333 ; -102.017 in the north-west of the Mexican state of Michoacán , bordering Jalisco and Guanajuato . The original colonial name was San Sebastián . It is bordered by the town of Santa Ana Pacueco , Guanajuato . Both towns straddle the Lerma River . La Piedad 's population was 99,837 inhabitants in the 2010 census ( 250,000 including its metropolitan area ) . The municipality has an area of 284.11 km² ( 109.7 sq mi ) . It is bordered by the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michoacán', 'summary': 'Michoacán , formally Michoacán de Ocampo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ mitʃoaˈkan de oˈkampo ] ( listen ) ) , officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo ) , is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico . The state is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia ( formerly called Valladolid ) . The city was named after José María Morelos , one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence . Michoacán is located in Western Mexico , and has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest . It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the west and northwest , Guanajuato to the north , Querétaro to the northeast , the State of México to the east , and Guerrero to the southeast . The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl : Michhuahcān [ mit͡ʃˈwaʔkaːn ] from michhuah [ ˈmit͡ʃwaʔ ] ( possessor of fish ) and -cān [ kaːn ] ( place of ) and means place of the fishermen referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro . In pre-Hispanic times , the area was the home of the Purépecha Empire , which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter . After the Spanish conquest , the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period . The state and several of its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence . Today , the state is still home to a sizable population of Purépecha people as well as minor populations of Otomi and Nahua . The economy is based on agriculture , fishing , mining and some industry . The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro-Tzintzuntzan-Quiroga area , which was the center of the Purépecha Empire , also the national or state parks which include the winter grounds of the monarch butterflies ( Mariposas Monarca ) and the park where the Cupatitzio River has its main source .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan N. López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Juan_N._López', 'summary': 'Estadio Juan N. López is a football stadium located in La Piedad , Michoacán , Mexico . It is home to Segunda División de México ( Mexico Second Division ) club La Piedad . It opened in 1994 and has a setting capacity of 13,356 .'}]}, {'value': '13,356', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Canamy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Canamy', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Canamy is a Mexican football club that plays in the Liga Premier after their objective to promote from the Tercera División de México was a success in the 2014-15 season finished as runner-up . The club is based in Oaxtepec , Morelos after a relocation from Mexico City after 2016-17 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerardo Durón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oaxtepec , Morelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oaxtepec', 'summary': 'Oaxtepec is a town within the municipality of Yautepec and the Cuautla metropolitan area in the northern part of the Mexican state of Morelos . Its main industry is tourism , mostly aimed at the inhabitants of nearby Mexico City , and the town possesses various aquatic resorts and hotels . The climate is tropical and the countryside very lush . Oaxtepec has 6,939 inhabitants . During the XIX Olympiad in 1968 , Oaxtepec was the venue and staging area for the World Youth Camp component of the Cultural Olympiad .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Morelos', 'summary': 'Morelos ( Spanish pronunciation : [ moˈɾelos ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 36 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca . Morelos is a landlocked state located in South-Central Mexico . It is bordered by the states of México to the north-east and north-west , Puebla to the east , and Guerrero to the southwest . Mexico City is situated north of Morelos . Morelos is the second-smallest state in the nation , just after Tlaxcala . It was part of the very large province , then State of Mexico until 1869 , when Benito Juárez decreed that its territory would be separated and named in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón , who defended the city of Cuautla from royalist forces during the Mexican War of Independence . Most of the state enjoys a warm climate year-round , which is good for the raising of sugar cane and other crops . Morelos has attracted visitors from the Valley of Mexico since Aztec times . The state is also known for the Chinelos , a type of costumed dancer that appears at festivals , especially Carnival , which is celebrated in a number of communities in the state . It is also home to the Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl , a designated World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico de Oaxtepec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_de_Oaxtepec', 'summary': 'The Estadio Olímpico de Oaxtepec is a multi-use stadium in Oaxtepec , Morelos , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Sporting Canamy . The stadium has a capacity of 9,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tlaxcala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tlaxcala_F.C.', 'summary': 'Tlaxcala Fútbol Club , commonly known as Coyotes de Tlaxcala , is a Mexican football club based in Tlaxcala . The club was founded in 2013 , and currently plays in the third tier , Serie A de México . Tlaxcala won automatic promotion to Ascenso MX in the 2016-17 season , but their promotion was put on hold until the 2018-19 season as their stadium failed to meet league requirements .'}]}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Sáez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanacamilpa , Tlaxcala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanacamilpa_de_Mariano_Arista', 'summary': 'Nanacamilpa de Mariano Arista is a municipality in Tlaxcala in south-eastern Mexico .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tlaxcala', 'summary': "Tlaxcala ( /tlɑːsˈkɑːlə/ ; Spanish : [ tla ( k ) sˈkala ] ( listen ) , [ tla ( ɣ ) sˈkala ] ; from Nahuatl languages : Tlaxcallān Nahuatl pronunciation : [ tɬaʃˈkalːaːn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 60 municipalities and its capital city is Tlaxcala . It is located in East-Central Mexico , in the altiplano region , with the eastern portion dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental . It is bordered by the states of Puebla to the north , east and south , México to the west and Hidalgo to the northwest . It is the smallest state of the republic , accounting for only 0.2% of the country 's territory . The state is named after its capital , Tlaxcala , which was also the name of the Pre-Columbian city and culture . The Tlaxcalans allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs , with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of colonial period . After Mexican Independence , Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory , until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation . Most of the state 's economy is based on agriculture , light industry and tourism . The tourist industry is rooted in Tlaxcala 's long history with major attractions being archeological sites such as Cacaxtla and colonial constructions in and around Tlaxcala city ."}]}, {'value': 'Unidad Deportiva José Brindis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional_Premier', 'summary': "Club Universidad Nacional A.C. Premier is a professional football team that plays in the Mexican Football League . They are currently playing in the Liga Premier ( Mexico 's Third Division ) . Club Universidad Nacional A.C. Premier is affiliated with Club Universidad Nacional who plays in the Liga MX . The games are held in the Mexico City neighborhood of Coyoacán in the Estadio La Cantera ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Humberto González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_González', 'summary': 'Carlos Humberto González Rolón ( born March 11 , 1977 ) is a retired Mexican football player . Born in Guadalajara , he played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Coyoacán , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coyoacán', 'summary': 'Coyoacán ( US : /ˌkɔɪoʊəˈkɑːn/ KOY-oh-ə-KAHN , Spanish : [ koʝoaˈkan ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality ( alcaldía ) of Mexico City and the former village which is now the boroughs historic center . The name comes from Nahuatl and most likely means place of coyotes , when the Aztecs named a pre-Hispanic village on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco which was dominated by the Tepanec people . Against Aztec domination , these people welcomed Hernán Cortés and the Spanish , who used the area as a headquarters during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and made it the first capital of New Spain between 1521 and 1523 . The village , later municipality , of Coyoacan remained completely independent of Mexico City through the colonial period into the 19th century . In 1857 , the area was incorporated into the Federal District when this district was expanded . In 1928 , the borough was created when the Federal District was divided into sixteen boroughs . The urban sprawl of Mexico City reached the borough in the mid 20th century , turning farms , former lakes and forests into developed areas , but many of the former villages have kept their original layouts , plazas and narrow streets and have conserved structures built from the 16th to the early 20th centuries . This has made the borough of Coyoacan , especially its historic center , a popular place to visit on weekends .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'La Cantera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A.C. , commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM , Pumas UNAM , UNAM , or Pumas , is a Mexican league football club based in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City . Club Universidad Nacional represent the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and play their home matches at Estadio Olímpico Universitario , located on UNAM 's main campus . Universidad Nacional is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico . They have won seven Primera División championships and four international titles . The team is also known for their youth development system which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez , Manuel Negrete , Luis Flores , Claudio Suárez , Luis García , Alberto García Aspe , David Patiño , Jorge Campos , Gerardo Torrado , Efraín Juárez , Héctor Moreno , Pablo Barrera , Israel Castro , Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo ."}]}, {'value': 'Yalmakán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yalmakán_F.C.', 'summary': 'The Yalmakán Fútbol Club , commonly known as Yalmakán , is a Mexican football club based in Chetumal . The club was founded in 2013 , and currently plays in the Serie A of Liga Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Víctor Manuel Morales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chetumal , Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chetumal', 'summary': "Chetumal ( UK : /ˌtʃɛtʊˈmɑːl/ , US : /ˌtʃeɪtuˈ-/ , Spanish : [ tʃetuˈmal ] ( listen ) ; Yucatec Maya : Chactemàal [ tɕʰaktʰe̞mɐː˨˩l ] , lit . Place of the Red Wood ) is a city on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico . It is the capital of the state of Quintana Roo and the municipal seat of the Municipality of Othón P. Blanco . In 2010 it had a population of 151,243 people . The city is situated on the western side of Chetumal Bay , near the mouth of the Río Hondo . Chetumal is an important port for the region and operates as Mexico 's main trading gateway with the neighboring country of Belize . Goods are transported via a road connecting Chetumal with Belize City to the south , and also via coastal merchant ships . There is a commercial airport , Chetumal International Airport , with airline service . Because of its location on the Caribbean coastline , it is vulnerable to tropical cyclones ; Hurricane Janet and Hurricane Dean , both Category 5 storms , made landfall near Chetumal in 1955 and 2007 respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "Quintana Roo ( /kɪnˌtɑːnə ˈroʊ ( oʊ ) / kin-TAH-nə ROH ( -oh ) , Spanish : [ kinˈtana ˈroo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal . Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest , and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize , along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south . As Mexico 's easternmost state , Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico . The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers ( 17,261 sq mi ) and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state . However , in 2013 , Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo , Campeche , and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997 , siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán . Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún , the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres , and the towns of Bacalar , Playa del Carmen and Akumal , as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben , Cobá , Kohunlich , Muyil , Tulum , Xel-Há , and Xcaret . The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state . The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers . Many migrants come from Yucatán , Campeche , Tabasco , and Veracruz . The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location , the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007 , which made landfall with sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 170 mph ) , with gusts up to 320 km/h ( 200 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'José López Portillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams for 2019–20 season -- Group 2', 'section_text': 'CAFESSAAt . San LuisC . Azul Hgo.IrapuatoMexico CityLa PiedadPionerosSp . CanamyInter PlayaCafetalerosTlaxcalaYalmakánMexico City teamsMarina UNAM Location of teams in the 2019–20 Serie A Group 2', 'uid': 'Liga_Premier_de_Ascenso_1', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | Who was the manager of the team founded in 1951 ? | Marco Antonio Rincón |
04591b84b371edf8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'title': 'Tunisia at the 2009 Mediterranean Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhouha Ben Othmen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karate_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The karate tournament at the 2009 Mediterranean Games was held in the FEPO Sports Hall from June 30 to July 1 , 2009 in Pescara , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Kumite −55 kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khalil El Maoui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khalil_El_Maoui', 'summary': "Khalil El-Maaoui ( born September 12 , 1988 , Marsa , Tunis , Tunisia ) is a Tunisian weightlifter . He qualified for the weightlifting event at the 2008 Summer Olympics ( Men 's 56 kg ) and did not finish , and participated in the same event at the 2012 Summer Olympics but was also unable to finish ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "The weightlifting competitions at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara took place between 26 June and 30 June at the Pala Rigopiano . Athletes competed in 22 events across 11 weight categories ( 7 for men and 4 for women ) . Three Women 's ( 48 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg ) and the Men 's +105 kg category will not be held because too few nations applied ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg snatch", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khalil El Maoui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khalil_El_Maoui', 'summary': "Khalil El-Maaoui ( born September 12 , 1988 , Marsa , Tunis , Tunisia ) is a Tunisian weightlifter . He qualified for the weightlifting event at the 2008 Summer Olympics ( Men 's 56 kg ) and did not finish , and participated in the same event at the 2012 Summer Olympics but was also unable to finish ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "The weightlifting competitions at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara took place between 26 June and 30 June at the Pala Rigopiano . Athletes competed in 22 events across 11 weight categories ( 7 for men and 4 for women ) . Three Women 's ( 48 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg ) and the Men 's +105 kg category will not be held because too few nations applied ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg clean & jerk", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oussama Mellouli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli', 'summary': 'Oussama Ous Mellouli ( Arabic : أسامة الملولي ; born 16 February 1984 ) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events . He is a three-time Olympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the USC Trojans team based at the University of Southern California , where he studied as a computer science undergraduate and swam collegiately . Since returning from an Adderall related drugs ban , Oussama Mellouli has been the 1500 m freestyle World champion at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships with a winning time of 14:37.28 , then the second best performance of all time . Mellouli was the gold medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2008 Olympics , the bronze medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2012 Olympics , and the gold medalist in the 10 km marathon swim at the 2012 Olympics . He is the first Olympian to win medals in both the open water and the pool in a single Olympics'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex in Pescara , Italy from Saturday 27 June to Wednesday 1 July 2009 . Events were held in a long course ( 50 m ) pool .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m freestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oussama Mellouli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli', 'summary': 'Oussama Ous Mellouli ( Arabic : أسامة الملولي ; born 16 February 1984 ) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events . He is a three-time Olympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the USC Trojans team based at the University of Southern California , where he studied as a computer science undergraduate and swam collegiately . Since returning from an Adderall related drugs ban , Oussama Mellouli has been the 1500 m freestyle World champion at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships with a winning time of 14:37.28 , then the second best performance of all time . Mellouli was the gold medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2008 Olympics , the bronze medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2012 Olympics , and the gold medalist in the 10 km marathon swim at the 2012 Olympics . He is the first Olympian to win medals in both the open water and the pool in a single Olympics'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex in Pescara , Italy from Saturday 27 June to Wednesday 1 July 2009 . Events were held in a long course ( 50 m ) pool .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m freestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oussama Mellouli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli', 'summary': 'Oussama Ous Mellouli ( Arabic : أسامة الملولي ; born 16 February 1984 ) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events . He is a three-time Olympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the USC Trojans team based at the University of Southern California , where he studied as a computer science undergraduate and swam collegiately . Since returning from an Adderall related drugs ban , Oussama Mellouli has been the 1500 m freestyle World champion at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships with a winning time of 14:37.28 , then the second best performance of all time . Mellouli was the gold medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2008 Olympics , the bronze medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2012 Olympics , and the gold medalist in the 10 km marathon swim at the 2012 Olympics . He is the first Olympian to win medals in both the open water and the pool in a single Olympics'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex in Pescara , Italy from Saturday 27 June to Wednesday 1 July 2009 . Events were held in a long course ( 50 m ) pool .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 m freestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oussama Mellouli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli', 'summary': 'Oussama Ous Mellouli ( Arabic : أسامة الملولي ; born 16 February 1984 ) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events . He is a three-time Olympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the USC Trojans team based at the University of Southern California , where he studied as a computer science undergraduate and swam collegiately . Since returning from an Adderall related drugs ban , Oussama Mellouli has been the 1500 m freestyle World champion at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships with a winning time of 14:37.28 , then the second best performance of all time . Mellouli was the gold medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2008 Olympics , the bronze medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2012 Olympics , and the gold medalist in the 10 km marathon swim at the 2012 Olympics . He is the first Olympian to win medals in both the open water and the pool in a single Olympics'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex in Pescara , Italy from Saturday 27 June to Wednesday 1 July 2009 . Events were held in a long course ( 50 m ) pool .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m individual medley", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oussama Mellouli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli', 'summary': 'Oussama Ous Mellouli ( Arabic : أسامة الملولي ; born 16 February 1984 ) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events . He is a three-time Olympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the USC Trojans team based at the University of Southern California , where he studied as a computer science undergraduate and swam collegiately . Since returning from an Adderall related drugs ban , Oussama Mellouli has been the 1500 m freestyle World champion at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships with a winning time of 14:37.28 , then the second best performance of all time . Mellouli was the gold medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2008 Olympics , the bronze medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2012 Olympics , and the gold medalist in the 10 km marathon swim at the 2012 Olympics . He is the first Olympian to win medals in both the open water and the pool in a single Olympics'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex in Pescara , Italy from Saturday 27 June to Wednesday 1 July 2009 . Events were held in a long course ( 50 m ) pool .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m individual medley", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Aouadi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disability athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'At the 2009 Mediterranean Games , the athletics events were held in Pescara , Italy from 30 June to 3 July .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 metres T54", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samira Berri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disability athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'At the 2009 Mediterranean Games , the athletics events were held in Pescara , Italy from 30 June to 3 July .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 800 metres T54", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naziha Hamza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The Wrestling competition at the 2009 Mediterranean Games was held in the Huércal de Almería Sports Hall in Pescara , Italy from June 26 to June 29 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Freestyle 48 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hajer Barhoumi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The Judo Competition at the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held in Pescara , Italy from 2 to 5 July 2009 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 52 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mouna Beji , Nadia Ben Abdesslem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bocce', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's double", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Mathlouthi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Mathlouthi', 'summary': 'Ahmed Mathlouthi ( born 18 December 1989 in Tunis ) is a Tunisian swimmer . He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Olympics . As well as being a multiple times All-Africa Games medalist , he has also won 3 medals at Swimming World Cup events .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The swimming events of the 2009 Mediterranean Games were held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex in Pescara , Italy from Saturday 27 June to Wednesday 1 July 2009 . Events were held in a long course ( 50 m ) pool .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m freestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mourad Sahraoui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mourad_Sahraoui', 'summary': 'Mourad Sahraoui ( Arabic : مراد الصحراوي ) ( born January 12 , 1983 ) is an amateur boxer from Tunisia best known to win Gold in the heavyweight division at the 2007 All-African Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's -91 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soumaya Fatnassi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "The weightlifting competitions at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara took place between 26 June and 30 June at the Pala Rigopiano . Athletes competed in 22 events across 11 weight categories ( 7 for men and 4 for women ) . Three Women 's ( 48 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg ) and the Men 's +105 kg category will not be held because too few nations applied ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 53 kg snatch", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanen Ouerfelli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "The weightlifting competitions at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara took place between 26 June and 30 June at the Pala Rigopiano . Athletes competed in 22 events across 11 weight categories ( 7 for men and 4 for women ) . Three Women 's ( 48 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg ) and the Men 's +105 kg category will not be held because too few nations applied ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 69 kg clean & jerk", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanen Ouerfelli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "The weightlifting competitions at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara took place between 26 June and 30 June at the Pala Rigopiano . Athletes competed in 22 events across 11 weight categories ( 7 for men and 4 for women ) . Three Women 's ( 48 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg ) and the Men 's +105 kg category will not be held because too few nations applied ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 69 kg snatch", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soumaya Fatnassi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': "The weightlifting competitions at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara took place between 26 June and 30 June at the Pala Rigopiano . Athletes competed in 22 events across 11 weight categories ( 7 for men and 4 for women ) . Three Women 's ( 48 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg ) and the Men 's +105 kg category will not be held because too few nations applied ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 53 kg clean & jerk", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marwa Amri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marwa_Amri', 'summary': "Marwa Amri ( born 8 January 1989 ) is a Tunisian freestyle wrestler . She was born in Tunis . She represented Tunisia in the women 's lightweight freestyle competition at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics . She is the first woman from Africa win an Olympic medal in wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The Wrestling competition at the 2009 Mediterranean Games was held in the Huércal de Almería Sports Hall in Pescara , Italy from June 26 to June 29 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Freestyle 55 kg", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tunisia_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games_0', 'intro': 'Tunisia sent 130 athletes to the 2009 Mediterranean Games. Tunisians competed in 17 different sporting disciplines, with 46 competing in team sports and 84 competing individually.'} | null | null | Which athlete trains with the USC Trojans who played at the event held at the Naiadi Swimming Complex ? | Oussama Mellouli |
04595101f969d24a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_Winter_Classic', 'title': 'NHL Winter Classic', 'header': ['Year', 'Rating', 'Viewers', 'Network'], 'data': [{'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2008 NHL Winter Classic ( known via corporate sponsorship as the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season ice hockey game played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) on January 1 , 2008 , at Ralph Wilson Stadium in Orchard Park , New York . The Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Buffalo Sabres , 2-1 , in a shootout on a goal by captain Sidney Crosby . It was the inaugural Winter Classic game , and was the NHL 's second outdoor regular season game ( following the 2003 Heritage Classic in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada ) and the first outdoor regular season professional ice hockey game to be played in the United States . The event was sponsored by AMP Energy , and was televised in the United States on NBC and in Canada on CBC and RDS . Due to the snowy conditions , the game was at the time colloquially referred to as the Ice Bowl by residents of the area and Sabres ' fans . The game , which was played at a temporary ice rink built on the football field , set an NHL attendance record of 71,217 . The Sabres held a Winter Classic house party at HSBC Arena ( now KeyBank Center ) during the game where another 11,000 fans saw the game shown live on the arena 's video scoreboard with synched-up audio from the team 's radio coverage . The Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team played a pre-game at the HSBC Arena as part of the house party festivities . Buffalo Sabres anthem singer Doug Allen sang the Canadian national anthem , as is customary at Sabres home games . Irish tenor Ronan Tynan performed God Bless America before the game at the stadium . The success of the event has led to subsequent outdoor hockey games being scheduled and helped establish the Winter Classic as an annual NHL tradition ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.75 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': 'The 2009 NHL Winter Classic ( known via corporate sponsorship as the Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic 2009 ) was an outdoor regular season ice hockey game played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) on January 1 , 2009 , at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois . It pitted the Chicago Blackhawks against the defending Stanley Cup champion Detroit Red Wings in the 701st game between the Central Division rivals . The Red Wings won the game , 6-4 , despite falling behind 3-1 in the first period . It was the second Winter Classic game , the first to involve at least one of the Original Six teams , and the first to feature teams from the Western Conference . The two teams wore vintage-style uniforms , using the current Reebok Edge equipment and material . The Red Wings wore a version of the sweaters worn by the Detroit Cougars in 1926-27 , their first season in the NHL , but with their familiar Winged Wheel logo on the shoulders . The Blackhawks wore sweaters which were a mix of their 1936-37 sweaters and their 1937-38 sweaters , with the design from 1936-37 and the chest crest from 1937-38 .'}]}, {'value': '2.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.40 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2010 NHL Winter Classic ( known via corporate sponsorship as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic presented by Bridgestone ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2010 , at Fenway Park in Boston . The game , the third Winter Classic , matched the Boston Bruins ( the home team ) against the Philadelphia Flyers . The Bruins won the game , 2-1 , in overtime . With the victory , the Bruins became the first home team to win a Winter Classic . After the game , the roster of the United States men 's hockey team for the 2010 Winter Olympics was released , which included Bruins ' goaltender Tim Thomas . The New York Rangers had previously also been considered as an opponent for the Bruins . The game was telecast on NBC in the United States ; in Canada , CBC televised the game in English , and RDS held the French language rights , while ESPN America televised the contest in Europe . Radio rights nationally were held by Sirius XM Radio , while WBZ-FM in Boston and WIP in Philadelphia used their local announcers . Additionally , there was pre-and-post game coverage on the NHL Network in the USA and Canada . The game garnered a 2.6 national rating and 3.7 million viewers , down slightly from the 2009 Classic . In Boston , the game captured a 14.4 rating and a 29 share . Since there was no NHL All-Star Game in the 2009-10 season due to the 2010 Winter Olympics , which were held in Vancouver , in February , the Winter Classic served as the league 's biggest showcase game of the season ."}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.68 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': 'The 2011 NHL Winter Classic ( known via corporate sponsorship as the Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2011 , at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The visiting Washington Capitals defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins , 3-1 . The game , rescheduled from its original 1:00 p.m . ET start time to 8:00 p.m. due to weather concerns , was telecast on NBC in the United States , and CBC ( English ) and RDS ( French ) in Canada . Pittsburgh native Jackie Evancho performed the Star Spangled Banner and Pittsburgh sports legends Mario Lemieux , Franco Harris and Jerome Bettis presided over the ceremonial dropping of the puck , and during the second intermission Harris and Bettis hosted a fan event at the outside rink . The 2011 Winter Classic was the second time the Penguins participated in an outdoor NHL game ; the team previously visited the Buffalo Sabres for the inaugural Winter Classic in 2008 . Most notably , the Classic pitted two recent number-one draft picks against each other : Capitals winger Alexander Ovechkin ( 2004 ) and Penguins center Sidney Crosby ( 2005 ) ; both players entered the league in the same year , 2005 , due to the 2004-05 NHL lockout and contributed to a rivalry between the two teams that has been growing since the early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': '2.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.50 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2012 NHL Winter Classic ( known via corporate sponsorship as the Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 2 , 2012 , at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The game , the League 's fifth Winter Classic , matched the New York Rangers against the Philadelphia Flyers , two Atlantic Division rivals ; the Rangers won by a score of 3-2 . The original plan was to have the contest at the Philadelphia Eagles ' home , Lincoln Financial Field ; however , the Eagles played there the day before , and the NHL needed at least a week of preparation time to build the ice rink onto the field . The game was broadcast by NBC in the United States and by CBC and RDS in Canada . NBC 's announcers were Mike Emrick and Eddie Olczyk , with Pierre McGuire handling sideline duties and Bob Costas as the studio host . The game returned to its original daytime time slot , with the Rangers-Flyers game beginning at 3:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time ( two hours behind its originally scheduled start time of 1:00 p.m. ) . This marked the first time the Winter Classic was not played on New Year 's Day ; to follow the precedent of bowl games - which do not play on January 1 if it falls on a Sunday out of respect for the National Football League , and the observed New Year 's Day holiday being legally floated to Monday in these scenarios , the game was instead played on January 2 ."}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.73 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2014 NHL Winter Classic was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2014 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The visiting Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Detroit Red Wings , 3-2 , in a shootout to move past the Red Wings in the Atlantic Division . The game was televised nationally in Canada on CBC and nationally in the United States on NBC . The game set an NHL attendance record of 105,491 , surpassing the previous record set during the 2008 NHL Winter Classic . The game was originally planned to be played on January 1 , 2013 , as the 2013 NHL Winter Classic , but was postponed until the following year due to the 2012-13 NHL lockout . The 2014 Winter Classic was one of six outdoor games held during the 2013-14 NHL season , which included the new 2014 NHL Stadium Series of four games and the 2014 Heritage Classic . These six games served as the NHL 's premiere showcase games for the season as there was no All Star Game due to the 2014 Winter Olympics . The event was the first Winter Classic to be held at a stadium dedicated solely to college football . It was also the first whose festivities were split between two locations , as the NHL Alumni Showdown and other side events were held on a second rink constructed at Comerica Park in downtown Detroit ."}]}, {'value': '2.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.40 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2015 NHL Winter Classic was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2015 , at Nationals Park in Washington , D.C . The game , the seventh Winter Classic , matched the Chicago Blackhawks against the Washington Capitals . The Capitals were victorious with a final score of 3-2 after right winger , Troy Brouwer , scored the go-ahead goal with less than 13 seconds remaining in regulation play . This marked the first time in Winter Classic history that the home team won in regulation , the 2010 Winter Classic was the first one to be won by the home team which came in overtime . The game garnered an attendance of 42,832 , and was televised nationally in the United States on NBC and in Canada on CBC . The 2015 Winter Classic marked the Capitals ' second victory in as many outdoor games ( the first being in the 2011 NHL Winter Classic ) , and the Blackhawks ' second loss in three outdoor games ( the previous two being a loss in the 2009 NHL Winter Classic and a victory in the 2014 NHL Stadium Series ) . The game was one of two to be held outdoors during the 2014-15 NHL season , the other being the 2015 NHL Stadium Series in February ."}]}, {'value': '1.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.47 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2016 NHL Winter Classic ( officially the 2016 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2016 . The game , the eighth Winter Classic , saw the Montreal Canadiens defeat the Boston Bruins , 5-1 , at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , a significant event in one of the NHL 's best-known rivalries . A Bruins and Canadiens alumni game was also played on December 31 , 2015 . The Boston Pride women 's professional hockey team played before the alumni game against Les Canadiennes of the Canadian Women 's Hockey League to a 1-1 tie in the first ever 2016 Outdoor Women 's Classic ( officially the Outdoor Women 's Classic presented by Scotiabank ) ."}]}, {'value': '1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.78 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2017 NHL Winter Classic ( officially the 2017 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 2 , 2017 . The game featured the St. Louis Blues taking on the Chicago Blackhawks at Busch Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri , home of Major League Baseball 's Cardinals . The game was announced on March 9 , 2016 , after news of the matchup had been leaked on February 7 before the details had been finalized , and was one of four outdoor regular season games during the 2016-17 NHL season ."}]}, {'value': '1.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.56 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2018 NHL Winter Classic ( officially the 2018 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , played on January 1 , 2018 . The game featured the Buffalo Sabres matched up against the New York Rangers at Citi Field in the New York City borough of Queens , home of Major League Baseball 's New York Mets . The game marked the 10th anniversary of the NHL Winter Classic , following the success of the 2003 Heritage Classic in Edmonton , Alberta . The 2018 game marked the second Winter Classic for each team , following the Rangers ' appearance in the 2012 event and the Sabres ' in 2008 . It was the Rangers ' fourth outdoor game , having also appeared in the 2014 Stadium Series . J. T. Miller of the Rangers scored on a rebound in overtime to give the Rangers a 3-2 win over the Sabres ."}]}, {'value': '1.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.48 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': "The 2019 NHL Winter Classic ( officially the 2019 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , that was played on January 1 , 2019 . The game featured the Chicago Blackhawks taking on the Boston Bruins at Notre Dame Stadium in Notre Dame , Indiana , home of the University of Notre Dame 's Fighting Irish football team . This was the fourth Winter Classic for the Blackhawks ( 2009 , 2015 , 2017 , sixth outdoor appearance overall and fifth in six years ) and the third for the Bruins ( 2010 , 2016 ) . The game was the Bruins ' first Winter Classic as the visiting team , and the first time the NHL hosted an outdoor game outside a team 's immediate media market ( Chicago , the host team , is in an adjacent media market to the South Bend market where Notre Dame is located ) ."}]}, {'value': '1.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.97 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2020_NHL_Winter_Classic', 'summary': 'The 2020 NHL Winter Classic was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , that was played on January 1 , 2020 , at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , Texas . The Dallas Stars defeated the Nashville Predators by a score of 4-2 . This was the first NHL outdoor game for both teams . With a sold-out crowd of 85,630 , it was the second-most attended game in NHL history .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.96 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHL_on_NBC', 'summary': "The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League ( NHL ) games that are produced by NBC Sports , and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States . While NBC has covered the league at various points in its history , the network 's current relationship with the NHL is the result of NBC Sports acquiring the league 's broadcast television rights from ABC in 2005 . Its current contract with the league runs until 2021 . Since 2008 , NBC 's regular season coverage includes the annual NHL Winter Classic , an outdoor game usually played on New Year 's Day ; one national weekly regular season game each Sunday afternoon after New Year 's Day , titled NHL Game of the Week ; one week of regionally televised contests in February for Hockey Weekend Across America ; and one nationally televised game one day after Thanksgiving . NBCSN 's coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday evenings , and later in the season on Sunday nights , titled Sunday Night Hockey . Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN , with CNBC and the USA Network ( beginning in 2015 ) airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Coverage -- Television ratings', 'section_text': "A television camera and media personnel at the 2015 Winter Classic . The event has become the NHL most watched regular season game in the United States . The Winter Classic games usually rank among the most watched regular season NHL games on NBC reacquiring the rights to the NHL in 2005 . Early entries in the Winter Classic ranked among the highest ratings for professional hockey in the United States since the 1970s , prior to that , the highest rating for an NHL game since then had been Wayne Gretzky 's final game , which aired on Fox in 1999 . Winter Classic viewership peaked in 2011 and , with the exception of one-year bumps in 2014 and 2019 , has been in a mostly steady decline since then .", 'uid': 'NHL_Winter_Classic_2', 'intro': "The NHL Winter Classic (French: La Classique hivernale de la LNH) is an annual regular season outdoor hockey game played in the National Hockey League (NHL) on or around New Year's Day, generally in a football or baseball stadium in an area with a resident NHL team. The Winter Classic is distinct from the league's two other series of outdoor games, the NHL Heritage Classic and the NHL Stadium Series. The first Winter Classic was held in 2008 at Ralph Wilson Stadium (now New Era Field) in Orchard Park, New York, between the Buffalo Sabres and Pittsburgh Penguins. Eleven Winter Classics have been held. The most recent game was played during the 2019-20 NHL season at Cotton Bowl, with the Dallas Stars defeating the Nashville Predators 4-2. After the success of the Cold War at Michigan State University in 2001 and the 2003 Heritage Classic, the NHL's first regular season outdoor game, the league inaugurated the Winter Classic in 2008. It eventually caught on as an annual tradition for the league, suspending only in 2013 due to 2012-13 NHL lockout. The 2014 game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Detroit Red Wings set a new NHL attendance record of 105,491. The Winter Classic has been contested only in the United States, while the Heritage Classic has been held exclusively in Canada. The Winter Classic featured only American teams for its first five games, until the Maple Leafs' appearance in 2014. Along with the NHL All-Star Game, the Winter Classic is considered one of the NHL's premier events; with matchups generally booked to showcase the league's most popular teams and players, the event garners the league its highest attendance and among its highest television ratings. The event is typically promoted as a return to the sport's outdoor roots, meant to evoke memories of pond hockey."} | null | null | Who sang the Star Spangled Banner at the event which was rescheduled due to weather concerns ? | Jackie Evancho |
0459640a6b19d0cb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_Philippines', 'title': 'List of shopping malls in the Philippines', 'header': ['Name', 'City/municipality', 'Province', 'Developer'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gaisano Capital Bislig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bislig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bislig', 'summary': "Bislig , officially the City of Bislig and often referred to as Bislig City , is a 3rd class city in the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 94,535 people . It is the most populous among the cities and municipalities in the province of Surigao del Sur . Barangay Mangagoy , the downtown area often dubbed by its residents as the little city within the city , is the center of trade and industry of Bislig which has a population of 32,464 as of the 2015 estimate . It is the largest barangay in the city in terms of population and land area . Since Barangay Poblacion is often referred by the locals simply as 'Bislig ' , Mangagoy on the other hand is often mistaken as a separate town though it is only just one out of the 24 barangays that comprises the entire City of Bislig . In 2000 , Bislig was converted into a city per Republic Act 8804 . It is the easternmost city in the Philippines in terms of geographical location ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Malls', 'summary': 'Gaisano Mall and GMall are shopping malls owned by DSG Sons Group , Inc. based in Davao , Mindanao , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Capital Surigao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surigao City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_City', 'summary': "Surigao City , officially the City of Surigao ( Surigaonon : Siyudad nan Surigao ; Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Surigao ; Spanish : Ciudad de Surigao ) , is a 3rd class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Norte , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 154,137 people . Located at the north-easternmost tip of Mindanao , it has a total land area of 245.34 km2 which is roughly 1.4% of Caraga region . The absence of a fort in Surigao belies its significance and sphere of influence during the Spanish period . It was the capital of the expansive province of the same name from 1750 until its dissolution in 1911 , covering a third of Mindanao Island 's total land area . It is one of the oldest port towns in Mindanao , founded by Spanish colonizers in 1655 . It has abundant mineral reserves including gold , iron , manganese , silica , cobalt , copper , chromite and among the world 's largest nickel deposits in Nonoc Island . The Asian Institute of Management ranks the city as among the most competitive small-sized cities in the Philippines , with an estimated total income of 600 million pesos in 2012 . The city serves as a jump off point to visitors of nearby Siargao , Dinagat and Bucas Grande islands . It is Mindanao 's closest landmass to the Visayas region . Eleven nautical miles across Surigao Strait separates the city from Panaon Island in the Visayas . Surigao is the center of politics , commerce , banking , industry and education of Surigao del Norte and Dinagat Islands as well as parts of neighboring provinces of Surigao del Sur , Agusan del Norte and Southern Leyte ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Surigao del Norte ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte ; Cebuano : Amihanang Surigao ; Spanish : Provincia de Surigao del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is Surigao City . The province comprises two major islands - Siargao and Bucas Grande - in the Philippine Sea , plus a small area at the northeastern tip of Mindanao . This mainland portion borders Agusan del Norte , and Surigao del Sur to the south . Surigao del Norte is the second northernmost of the Mindanao provinces and is an important transportation hub between Visayas and Mindanao . Numerous ferries cross the Surigao Strait between Surigao and the island of Leyte carrying vehicles and passengers between Liloan in Southern Leyte and Surigao City .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Capital San Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the Municipality of San Francisco ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa San Francisco ; Tagalog : Bayan ng San Francisco ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 74,542 people . In 2013 , San Francisco topped first as the Most Competitive Municipality in the Philippines according to the National Competitiveness Council ( NCC ) from out of the 163 first-class municipalities covered by their index . The protected area of the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary can also be reached in San Francisco thru the Barangays Caimpugan and New Visayas . The town is known for the gigantic Toog Tree of Alegria , which is the most sacred tribal tree for many of the indigenous peoples of San Francisco . The town is also popular for its Irosin stone crafts , which has been the cottage industry of many indigenous families in the area for hundreds of years . Due to the town 's commendable folk arts and crafts made in stone , many scholars have suggested for its nomination in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . The town 's name is sometimes colloquially shortened to San Franz or alternately spelled San Frans ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Agusan del Sur ( Cebuano : Habagatang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Prosperidad and borders , from the north clockwise , Agusan del Norte , Surigao del Sur , Davao Oriental , Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Capital Tandag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tandag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tandag', 'summary': "Tandag , officially the City of Tandag , and often referred to as Tandag City , is a 5th income class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 56,364 people . The city celebrates the Diwatahan Festival on the third week of January in honor of Señor Santo Niño . It also celebrates Araw ng Tandag 10th of September showcasing the city 's blissful achievements through the years . Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in Tandag . Chief farm products are rice , corn , and coconut . Livestock and poultry raising are also important sources of income . Tandag has a national secondary airport and a seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Malls', 'summary': 'Gaisano Mall and GMall are shopping malls owned by DSG Sons Group , Inc. based in Davao , Mindanao , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Grand Marketplace Bayugan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayugan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayugan', 'summary': "Bayugan , officially the City of Bayugan , ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Bayugan ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Bayugan ) , or simply known as Bayugan City , is a 5th class city in the province of Agusan del Sur , Philippines with postal code 8502 . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 103,202 people . Gained cityhood through Republic Act No . 9405 , it is only city in the province of Agusan del Sur . Bayugan serves as the growth center of the province . [ citation needed ] Located at the northern part of Agusan del Sur , Bayugan is the cut-flower capital of the province owing to its lucrative cut flower industry . The city 's climate , especially in the highland barangays , is conducive to high yield cut-flower production . The city is also one of the major producers of rice and vegetables in the province , even providing the needs of neighboring municipalities and provinces . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Agusan del Sur ( Cebuano : Habagatang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Prosperidad and borders , from the north clockwise , Agusan del Norte , Surigao del Sur , Davao Oriental , Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Mall Butuan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Grand Mall San Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the Municipality of San Francisco ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa San Francisco ; Tagalog : Bayan ng San Francisco ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 74,542 people . In 2013 , San Francisco topped first as the Most Competitive Municipality in the Philippines according to the National Competitiveness Council ( NCC ) from out of the 163 first-class municipalities covered by their index . The protected area of the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary can also be reached in San Francisco thru the Barangays Caimpugan and New Visayas . The town is known for the gigantic Toog Tree of Alegria , which is the most sacred tribal tree for many of the indigenous peoples of San Francisco . The town is also popular for its Irosin stone crafts , which has been the cottage industry of many indigenous families in the area for hundreds of years . Due to the town 's commendable folk arts and crafts made in stone , many scholars have suggested for its nomination in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . The town 's name is sometimes colloquially shortened to San Franz or alternately spelled San Frans ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Agusan del Sur ( Cebuano : Habagatang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Prosperidad and borders , from the north clockwise , Agusan del Norte , Surigao del Sur , Davao Oriental , Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Grand Mall Tandag ( Soon to Rise )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tandag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tandag', 'summary': "Tandag , officially the City of Tandag , and often referred to as Tandag City , is a 5th income class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 56,364 people . The city celebrates the Diwatahan Festival on the third week of January in honor of Señor Santo Niño . It also celebrates Araw ng Tandag 10th of September showcasing the city 's blissful achievements through the years . Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in Tandag . Chief farm products are rice , corn , and coconut . Livestock and poultry raising are also important sources of income . Tandag has a national secondary airport and a seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bislig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bislig', 'summary': "Bislig , officially the City of Bislig and often referred to as Bislig City , is a 3rd class city in the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 94,535 people . It is the most populous among the cities and municipalities in the province of Surigao del Sur . Barangay Mangagoy , the downtown area often dubbed by its residents as the little city within the city , is the center of trade and industry of Bislig which has a population of 32,464 as of the 2015 estimate . It is the largest barangay in the city in terms of population and land area . Since Barangay Poblacion is often referred by the locals simply as 'Bislig ' , Mangagoy on the other hand is often mistaken as a separate town though it is only just one out of the 24 barangays that comprises the entire City of Bislig . In 2000 , Bislig was converted into a city per Republic Act 8804 . It is the easternmost city in the Philippines in terms of geographical location ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robinsons Place Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinsons_Place_Butuan', 'summary': "Robinsons Place Butuan is a mall located in Jose C. Aquino Avenue ( Butuan-Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Road ) , Brgy . Bayanihan , Butuan City . It is Robinsons Land 's 33rd commercial center in the Philippines and the 4th Robinsons Mall in Mindanao after Robinsons Cagayan de Oro , Robinsons Cybergate Davao and Robinsons Place Gensan . It covers an area of over 45,300 square metres ( 488,000 sq ft ) making it the largest Robinsons Mall in Mindanao . It was opened to the public on 25 November 2013 . The mall also features 102-room hotel component that occupies 4th and 5th levels in the east wing of the building . One of the mall 's main tenants is the DFA CO Butuan , the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Caraga region which opened in June 2015 at the mall 's third level . An expansion wing , located beside the mall , was opened in August 2 , 2017 and will feature more shops and restaurants plus the new integrated land transport terminal ( bound for travel to and from Cagayan de Oro except for Surigao City and Davao City , which are based in the old Langihan Bus Terminal ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Robinsons Land', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinsons_Malls', 'summary': "Robinsons Malls is one of the largest shopping malls and retail operators in the Philippines . It was incorporated on September 9 , 1997 , by entrepreneur John Gokongwei Jr. to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the Robinsons commercial shopping centers and all related businesses , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . Robinsons Malls has also its branches in China under the Robinsons Galleria name . In March 2016 , John Gokongwei , Jr. 's son , Lance Gokongwei took over the leadership of Robinsons Malls following his retirement ."}]}, {'value': 'Puregold Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puregold', 'summary': "Puregold Price Club , Inc. or simply Puregold ( stylized as PUREGOLD ) is a chain of supermarkets in the Philippines , founded in September 8 , 1998 by Chinese Filipino businessman Lucio Co and opened its first branch in Mandaluyong City on December 12 , 1998 . It has grown into a retail chain with more than 300 stores nationwide . In October 2011 , Puregold Price Club went public and inaugurated as listing on the Philippine Stock Exchange . In 2012 , Puregold acquired Kareila Management Corp. , which owns S & R Membership Shopping and Parco . Over 19 operating outlets were purchased and converted to Puregold . The shareholders of the retail chain Puregold have approved the merger of the other two operating units into the parent company , consolidating Puregold 's supermarket businesses under the publicly listed supermarket operator . In February 2013 , global investment firm Capital Group Companies ( CGC ) bought 5.4% total outstanding stock of Puregold . In May 2014 , Puregold formed a joint venture with Japanese convenience store chain Lawson under the name PG Lawson Inc. Puregold owns 70% of the venture and they opened their first branch in Sta . Ana , Manila on March 30 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZCC Mall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Shopping malls by region -- Caraga', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_Philippines_7', 'intro': "This is a list of notable shopping malls in the Philippines. The retail industry in the Philippines is an important contributor to the national economy as it accounts for approximately 15% of the Philippines' total Gross National Product (GNP) and 33% of the entire services sector. It employs some 5.25 million people, representing 18% of the Philippines' workforce. The Philippine Retailers Association is the association of retailers, mall, and shopping center operators in the country."} | null | null | What is the name of the shopping mall that is located in the city with postal code 8502 ? | Gaisano Grand Marketplace Bayugan |
04599e1ac574df84 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCCAA_institutions', 'title': 'List of NCCAA institutions', 'header': ['School', 'City', 'State', 'Other Affiliations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cairn University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairn_University', 'summary': 'Cairn University is a Christian university in Langhorne , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1913 , the university has six schools : Divinity , Liberal Arts and Sciences , Business , Education , Music , and Social Work . All students take a minimum of 30 semester hours of Bible .'}]}, {'value': 'Langhorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langhorne,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Langhorne is a borough in Bucks County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,622 at the 2010 census . The name Langhorne is used broadly to describe the majority of surrounding Middletown Township , which for the most part uses Langhorne 's ZIP code of 19047 . Sesame Place , while physically located in surrounding Middletown Township , has Langhorne as its mailing address . Langhorne also includes the northeastern part of Lower Southampton Township , which uses the ZIP code 19053 . Langhorne Borough is approximately six miles west of the Delaware River . Langhorne Manor is a separate borough that borders Langhorne proper to the south ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonial States Athletic Conference ( NCAA Division III )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_States_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Colonial States Athletic Conference ( CSAC ) is an NCAA Division III collegiate athletic conference in the Mid-Atlantic United States . There are currently nine full member institutions as of 2018 . The conference 's membership , as with most Middle Atlantic conferences , was shaken as a result of the formation of the Landmark Conference and its ensuing domino effect . The conference , founded in 1992 as the Pennsylvania Athletic Conference , changed its name in 2008 . The CSAC experienced another shakeup in 2018 when five members departed the conference to join with two other institutions to form a new Division III conference that eventually became the Atlantic East Conference . In July 2018 , the CSAC added two new members . The conference added its 10th member on July 1 , 2019 and will add an 11th member on July 1 , 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III', 'summary': "NCAA Division III ( D-III ) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . D-III consists of athletic programs at colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletic scholarships to their student-athletes . The NCAA 's first split was into two divisions , the University and College Divisions , in 1956 . The College Division was formed for smaller schools that did not have the resources of the major athletic programs across the country . The College Division split again in 1973 when the NCAA went to its current naming convention : Division I , Division II , and Division III . Division III schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships , while D-II schools can . Division III is the NCAA 's largest division with around 450 member institutions , which are 80% private and 20% public . The median undergraduate enrollment of D-III schools is about 2,750 , although the range is from 418 to over 38,000 . Approximately 40% of all NCAA student-athletes compete in D-III ."}]}, {'value': 'Cedarville University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedarville_University', 'summary': 'Cedarville University is a private Baptist university in Cedarville , Ohio . At its founding , the school was affiliated with the conservative General Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America , General Synod , now Presbyterian Church in America . Today , Cedarville is an independent Baptist school that is endorsed by the State Convention of Baptists in Ohio . Chartered by the state of Ohio and accredited by the Ohio Board of Regents , Cedarville University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'Cedarville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedarville,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Cedarville is a village in Greene County , Ohio , United States . The village is within the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 4,019 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Midwest Athletic Conference ( NCAA Division II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Midwest_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Great Midwest Athletic Conference ( G-MAC ) was named the 24th NCAA Division II conference and operates in the Great Lakes and East South Central States regions of the United States . The G-MAC began conference play in the 2012-13 academic year hosting 12 championships and continued to work through the educational assessment program . The conference received approval and became an active Division II conference in 2013-14 , hosting 17 championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II', 'summary': "NCAA Division II ( D-II ) is an intermediate-level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . It offers an alternative to both the larger and better-funded Division I and to the scholarship-free environment offered in Division III . Before 1973 , the NCAA 's smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division . In 1973 , the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions . The College Division members who wanted to offer athletic scholarships or compete against those who did became Division II , while those who chose not to offer athletic scholarships became Division III . Nationally , ESPN televises the championship game in football , CBS televises the men 's basketball championship , and ESPN2 televises the women 's basketball championship . CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season , and one men 's basketball game per week on Saturdays during that sport 's regular season . The official slogan of NCAA Division II , implemented in 2015 , is Make It Yours ."}]}, {'value': 'Concordia University Ann Arbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concordia_University_Ann_Arbor', 'summary': 'Concordia University Ann Arbor ( CUAA ) is a private Lutheran university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Its 187-acre ( 76 ha ) campus sits on the banks of the Huron River , about ten minutes outside downtown Ann Arbor . Concordia is affiliated with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod ( LCMS ) and is a college of the Concordia University System . In 2013 , CUAA merged with Concordia University Wisconsin in Mequon , Wisconsin . Concordia University Ann Arbor has approximately 1,000 students , with a student-faculty ratio of about 11 to 1 . Concordia offers over 70 areas of study , graduate programs , a set of adult education programs , and a variety of study-abroad activities .'}]}, {'value': 'Ann Arbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County . The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934 . It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Washtenaw County . Ann Arbor is also included in the larger Southeast Michigan Combined Statistical Area . Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan . The university significantly shapes Ann Arbor 's economy as it employs about 30,000 workers , including about 12,000 in the medical center . The city 's economy is also centered on high technology , with several companies drawn to the area by the university 's research and development infrastructure . Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 , named for wives of the village 's founders , both named Ann , and the stands of bur oak trees . The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837 , and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century . During the 1960s and 1970s , the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics . Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism , such as opposition to the Vietnam War and support for the legalization of cannabis ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolverine-Hoosier_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference ( WHAC ) is a college athletic conference of twelve colleges and universities in the U.S. states of Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio . Founded in 1992 , the conference was created as a successor group for the now-defunct NAIA District 23 . The conference is a part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , and is headquartered in Livonia , Michigan . The WHAC announced on January 27 , 2012 , that it is making history by adding bowling and lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012 , becoming the first NAIA conference to offer championships in these sports . On October 13 , 2016 , the Council of Presidents unanimously voted to accept Rochester College ( now Rochester University ) into the Conference beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year . The WHAC again made history in July 2017 , by adding men 's ice hockey as conference sports effective the fall of 2017 . The WHAC became the first conference in the NAIA to offer the sport as a conference championship sport . Initially , the five conference members that sponsor ice hockey will participate in a conference championship . In July 2017 , Concordia University Ann Arbor announced that the university will begin an ice hockey program and begin competition in the NAIA Division and WHAC Hockey Conference in the 2018-19 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva_College', 'summary': "Geneva College is a Christian liberal arts college in Beaver Falls , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1848 , in Northwood , Ohio , the college moved to its present location in 1880 , where it continues to educate a student body of about 1400 traditional undergraduates in over 30 majors , as well as graduate students in a handful of master 's programs . The only undergraduate institution affiliated with the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America , the college 's undergraduate core curriculum emphasizes the humanities and the formation of a Reformed Christian worldview ."}]}, {'value': 'Beaver Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaver_Falls,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Beaver Falls is a city in Beaver County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 8,987 at the 2010 census . It is located 31 miles ( 50 km ) northwest of Pittsburgh , and on the Beaver River , six miles ( 9 km ) north of its confluence with the Ohio River .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': "Presidents ' Athletic Conference ( NCAA Division III )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Presidents'_Athletic_Conference", 'summary': "The Presidents ' Athletic Conference ( PAC ) is an athletic conference which competes in the NCAA 's Division III . Of its nine current member schools , all private , liberal arts institutions of higher learning , eight are located in Western Pennsylvania , with the other in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia , an area adjoining and historically tied to Western Pennsylvania . The conference 's footprint will expand slightly into Appalachian Ohio in 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III', 'summary': "NCAA Division III ( D-III ) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . D-III consists of athletic programs at colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletic scholarships to their student-athletes . The NCAA 's first split was into two divisions , the University and College Divisions , in 1956 . The College Division was formed for smaller schools that did not have the resources of the major athletic programs across the country . The College Division split again in 1973 when the NCAA went to its current naming convention : Division I , Division II , and Division III . Division III schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships , while D-II schools can . Division III is the NCAA 's largest division with around 450 member institutions , which are 80% private and 20% public . The median undergraduate enrollment of D-III schools is about 2,750 , although the range is from 418 to over 38,000 . Approximately 40% of all NCAA student-athletes compete in D-III ."}]}, {'value': 'Grace College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_College', 'summary': 'Grace College & Seminary is an evangelical Christian college in Winona Lake , Indiana . It has six schools : The School of Arts and Sciences , The School of Behavioral Sciences , The School of Business , The School of Education , The School of Ministry Studies , and The School of Professional & Online Education ( SPOE ) . Grace Theological Seminary , which began as the parent institution , now exists as part of the School of Ministry Studies and is also located on the Winona Lake campus . Since 2011 , several commuter campuses have also started . While the college and seminary are historically affiliated with the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches , the student body and faculty of both institutions have diverse denominational backgrounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Winona Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winona_Lake,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Winona Lake is a town in Wayne Township , Kosciusko County , in the U.S. state of Indiana , and the major suburb of Warsaw . The population was 4,908 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crossroads League ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossroads_League', 'summary': 'The Crossroads League ( formerly the Mid-Central College Conference ) is an athletic conference composed of NAIA private Christian colleges in Indiana , Michigan and Ohio . The current conference commissioner is Larry DeSimpelare . In June 2012 , the conference voted to change its name from the Mid-Central College Conference to the Crossroads League , a name which better represents the modern conference growing beyond its Central Indiana roots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Houghton College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houghton_College', 'summary': 'Houghton College is a Christian liberal arts college in Houghton , New York . It is affiliated with the Wesleyan Church . The college is a member of both the Christian College Consortium and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities .'}]}, {'value': 'Houghton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houghton,_New_York', 'summary': 'Houghton is a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) located in the Town of Caneadea in Allegany County , western New York , United States . The population was 1,693 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Empire 8 ( NCAA Division III )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_8', 'summary': "The Empire 8 ( E8 ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . The E8 sponsors intercollegiate athletic competition in men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's cross country , women 's field hockey , men 's football , men 's golf , men 's and women 's lacrosse , men 's and women 's soccer , women 's softball , men 's and women 's swimming and diving , men 's and women 's tennis , men 's and women 's track and field , and women 's volleyball . The E8 shares offices with the United Volleyball Conference , a separate Division III league that competes solely in men 's volleyball ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III', 'summary': "NCAA Division III ( D-III ) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . D-III consists of athletic programs at colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletic scholarships to their student-athletes . The NCAA 's first split was into two divisions , the University and College Divisions , in 1956 . The College Division was formed for smaller schools that did not have the resources of the major athletic programs across the country . The College Division split again in 1973 when the NCAA went to its current naming convention : Division I , Division II , and Division III . Division III schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships , while D-II schools can . Division III is the NCAA 's largest division with around 450 member institutions , which are 80% private and 20% public . The median undergraduate enrollment of D-III schools is about 2,750 , although the range is from 418 to over 38,000 . Approximately 40% of all NCAA student-athletes compete in D-III ."}]}, {'value': 'Huntington University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntington_University_(United_States)', 'summary': 'Huntington University is a private Christian university in Huntington , Indiana . It is affiliated with the Church of the United Brethren in Christ and a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities ( CCCU ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Huntington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntington,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Huntington , known as the Lime City , is the largest city in and the county seat of Huntington County , Indiana , United States . It is in Huntington and Union townships . The population was 17,391 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crossroads League ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossroads_League', 'summary': 'The Crossroads League ( formerly the Mid-Central College Conference ) is an athletic conference composed of NAIA private Christian colleges in Indiana , Michigan and Ohio . The current conference commissioner is Larry DeSimpelare . In June 2012 , the conference voted to change its name from the Mid-Central College Conference to the Crossroads League , a name which better represents the modern conference growing beyond its Central Indiana roots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Indiana Wesleyan University ( IWU ) is a private Christian university headquartered in Marion , Indiana . It is the largest private university in Indiana . The university system includes IWU - Marion , where nearly 3,000 students are enrolled in traditional programs on the main campus in Marion , Ind . ; IWU-National & Global , which includes more than 8,000 adult learners throughout the world who study online or onsite at 15 education centers in Indiana , Kentucky and Ohio ; and Wesley Seminary . IWU offers more than 80 undergraduate degrees , 57 graduate degrees and 9 doctorate degrees and students represent more than 80 Christian denominations and 10 foreign countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_Indiana', 'summary': "Marion is a city in Grant County , Indiana , United States . The population was 29,948 as of the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Grant County . It is named for Francis Marion , a Brigadier General from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War . The city is the home of Indiana Wesleyan University , the largest evangelical Christian university in the Midwest and largest private university in Indiana - if including online and regional campuses in Indiana , Kentucky , Ohio , and Illinois . The traditional campus enrolls approximately 2800 students . Since 2016 , Jess Alumbaugh has been Marion 's mayor . Marion is the birthplace of actor James Dean , and cartoonist Jim Davis . It was the location of the wedding of actress Julia Roberts and singer Lyle Lovett in 1993 . In August 1930 , the spectacle lynching of two African-American men , Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith , was committed by a mob of 5,000 whites at the courthouse square . These were the last two lynchings in Indiana . James Cameron was threatened with hanging , but spared ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crossroads League ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossroads_League', 'summary': 'The Crossroads League ( formerly the Mid-Central College Conference ) is an athletic conference composed of NAIA private Christian colleges in Indiana , Michigan and Ohio . The current conference commissioner is Larry DeSimpelare . In June 2012 , the conference voted to change its name from the Mid-Central College Conference to the Crossroads League , a name which better represents the modern conference growing beyond its Central Indiana roots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster Bible College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster_Bible_College', 'summary': "Lancaster Bible College | Capital Seminary and Graduate School ( LBC | Capital ) is a private Bible college , seminary , and graduate school in Lancaster , Pennsylvania . Lancaster Bible College offers non-credit courses , undergraduate , master 's , and doctoral degree programs . The college offers several Master of Arts and Master of Education degree programs , along with three Doctorate programs . In addition to the Lancaster location which houses all of the traditional undergraduate programs , LBC has four additional sites that offer accelerated undergraduate degrees for adult students and graduate programs . These affiliated sites are in Greenbelt , Maryland ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; and Boca Raton , Florida ."}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkɪstər/ LANG-kə-stər ) is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvania 's Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States . With a population of 59,322 , it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvania 's cities . The Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766 , making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the U.S. and second largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area . The city 's primary industries include healthcare , tourism , public administration , manufacturing , and both professional and semi-professional services . Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than cities such as Boston or San Francisco , despite controversy among residents . Lancaster was home to James Buchanan , the nation 's 15th president , and to congressman and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'North Eastern Athletic Conference ( NCAA Division III )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Eastern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The North Eastern Athletic Conference ( NEAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . Member institutions are located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III', 'summary': "NCAA Division III ( D-III ) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . D-III consists of athletic programs at colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletic scholarships to their student-athletes . The NCAA 's first split was into two divisions , the University and College Divisions , in 1956 . The College Division was formed for smaller schools that did not have the resources of the major athletic programs across the country . The College Division split again in 1973 when the NCAA went to its current naming convention : Division I , Division II , and Division III . Division III schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships , while D-II schools can . Division III is the NCAA 's largest division with around 450 member institutions , which are 80% private and 20% public . The median undergraduate enrollment of D-III schools is about 2,750 , although the range is from 418 to over 38,000 . Approximately 40% of all NCAA student-athletes compete in D-III ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Christian University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Christian_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Christian University ( OCU ) is a private Christian college in Circleville , Ohio . The school is denominationally affiliated with the Churches of Christ in Christian Union .'}]}, {'value': 'Circleville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circleville,_Ohio', 'summary': "Circleville is a city in and the county seat of Pickaway County , Ohio , United States , along the Scioto River 25 miles south of Columbus . The population was 13,314 at the 2010 census . The city is best-known today as the host of the Circleville Pumpkin Show , an annual festival held since 1903 . The city 's name is derived from its original layout created in 1810 within the 1,100 ft ( 340 m ) diameter of a circle of a Hopewell tradition earthwork dating to the early centuries of the Common Era . The county courthouse was built in the center of the innermost circle . By the late 1830s , for numerous reasons residents decided to gain authorization from the state legislature to change the layout to a standard grid , which was accomplished by the mid-1850s . All traces of the Hopewell earthwork were destroyed in Circleville , although hundreds of other monuments may be found in the Ohio Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'River States Conference ( NAIA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_States_Conference', 'summary': 'The River States Conference ( RSC ) , formerly known as Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( KIAC ) , is a collegiate athletic conference with membership in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) . Although it was historically a Kentucky-only conference , it has now expanded to include members in Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and West Virginia , and at various times in the past has also had members in Missouri , Tennessee , and Virginia . In March 2016 , the KIAC announced it would change its name to the River States Conference , effective July 1 , 2016 , to better reflect its membership , which has expanded beyond Kentucky and now includes members in Pennsylvania , Indiana , Ohio and West Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberts Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberts_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Roberts Wesleyan College is a private Christian liberal arts college in Rochester , New York . It was the first educational institution established for Free Methodists in North America . Roberts is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , is a member of the Association of Colleges and Universities of the State of New York , the Rochester Area Colleges , the Association of Free Methodist Educational Institutions , the Council of Independent Colleges ( CIC ) , and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities ( CCCU ) . Northeastern Seminary ( NES ) is a graduate school of theology located on the campus of Roberts Wesleyan College . Northeastern has been fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada since 2003 . It is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the New York State Board of Regents University of the State of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'North Chili', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Chili,_New_York', 'summary': 'North Chili is a hamlet in Monroe County , New York , United States . The community is located at the intersection of New York State Route 33 and New York State Route 259 10.3 miles ( 16.6 km ) west-southwest of downtown Rochester . North Chili has a post office with ZIP code 14514 , which opened on July 10 , 1829 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'East Coast Conference ( NCAA Division II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The East Coast Conference ( ECC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II . Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut and New York , as well as the District of Columbia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II', 'summary': "NCAA Division II ( D-II ) is an intermediate-level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . It offers an alternative to both the larger and better-funded Division I and to the scholarship-free environment offered in Division III . Before 1973 , the NCAA 's smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division . In 1973 , the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions . The College Division members who wanted to offer athletic scholarships or compete against those who did became Division II , while those who chose not to offer athletic scholarships became Division III . Nationally , ESPN televises the championship game in football , CBS televises the men 's basketball championship , and ESPN2 televises the women 's basketball championship . CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season , and one men 's basketball game per week on Saturdays during that sport 's regular season . The official slogan of NCAA Division II , implemented in 2015 , is Make It Yours ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Midwest Region -- Division I', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCCAA_institutions_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of institutions that compete in the National Christian College Athletic Association. There are currently 89 programs in the organization as of 2019.'} | null | null | How many semester hours are required from students at the college in Langhorne ? | 30 |
045ab800da08b2d1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_breaststroke', 'title': 'World record progression 200 metres breaststroke', 'header': ['Time', 'Swimmer', 'Date', 'Place'], 'data': [{'value': '3:38.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Van Den Bogaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 7 , 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antwerp , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '3:34.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Van Den Bogaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': '3:31.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Van Den Bogaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 4 , 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antwerp , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:20.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irene Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irene_Gilbert_(swimmer)', 'summary': "Irene Gilbert ( 22 January 1903 - October 1988 ) was a British swimmer . She competed in the women 's 200 metre breaststroke event at the 1924 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotherham , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotherham', 'summary': 'Rotherham ( /ˈrɒðərəm/ ( listen ) ) is a large minster town in South Yorkshire , England , which together with its conurbation and outlying settlements to the north , south and south-east forms the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham , with a recorded population of 257,280 in the 2011 census . Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire , its central area is on the banks of the River Don below its confluence with the Rother on the traditional road between Sheffield and Doncaster . Rotherham was well known as a coal mining town as well as a major contributor to the steel industry . Traditional industries included glass making and flour milling .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '3:20.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erna Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 5 , 1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '3:19.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brita Hazelius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brita_Hazelius', 'summary': 'Brita Hazelius ( later Johansson , January 22 , 1909 - March 5 , 1975 ) was a Swedish breaststroke swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics . She was born in Denmark and died in Gothenburg . In 1928 she finished sixth in the 200 metre breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'August 11 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm , Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '3:18.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mietje Baron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mietje_Baron', 'summary': 'Mietje Marie Baron ( 5 February 1908 - 23 July 1948 ) was a Dutch swimmer and diver who competed at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics . In 1924 she was sixth in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay . She was disqualified in the first round of the 200 m breaststroke event , as the judges believed she touched the wall with one hand instead of two hands at one of the turns . Meanwhile , her time of 3:22.6 was several seconds ahead of the gold medalist . Four years later she swam 3:15.2 , but this was only enough for a silver medal , as her main rival Hilde Schrader clocked 3:12.6 . At the 1928 Games Baron also competed in the 10 m platform diving event and finished fourth . Between 1926 and 1926 Baron set four breaststroke world records , two in the 200 m ( 3:18:40 on 24 October 1926 and 3:12:80 on 22 April 1928 ) and two in the obsolete 400 m event ( 6:54:80 on 20 March 1927 and 6:45:60 on 25 November 1928 ) . In October 1929 she announced her engagement and retired from swimming . Next year she married Pieter Lourens de Puij .'}]}, {'value': 'October 24 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:16.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Else Jacobsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Else_Jacobsen', 'summary': 'Else Agnes Ella Jacobsen ( later Baade ) ( 31 May 1911 - 3 April 1965 ) was a Danish swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and 1932 Summer Olympics . In the 1928 Olympics she was fourth in the 200 m breaststroke event and fourth in her first round heat of the 100 m backstroke event and did not advance . Four years later she won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oslo , Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '3:15.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Mühe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Mühe', 'summary': 'Charlotte Lotte Mühe ( January 24 , 1910 in Uelzen - January 10 , 1981 in Magdeburg ) was a German swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics . In the 1928 Olympics she won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdeburg , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdeburg', 'summary': "Magdeburg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈmakdəbʊɐ̯k ] ( listen ) ; Low Saxon : Meideborg , [ ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐ̯x ] ) is the capital city and the second largest city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It is situated on the Elbe River . Otto I , the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg , was buried in the town 's cathedral after his death . Magdeburg 's version of German town law , known as Magdeburg rights , spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe . Until 1631 , Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League . Magdeburg has been destroyed twice in its history . The Catholic League sacked Magdeburg in 1631 , resulting in the death of 25,000 non-combatants , the largest loss of the Thirty Years ' War . Allies bombed the city in 1945 , destroying much of it . Magdeburg is the site of two universities , the Otto-von-Guericke University and the Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences . Magdeburg is situated on autobahn route 2 , and hence is at the connection point of the East ( Berlin and beyond ) with the West of Europe , as well as the North and South of Germany . As a modern manufacturing center , the production of chemical products , steel , paper , and textiles are of particular economic significance , along with mechanical engineering and plant engineering , ecotechnology and life-cycle management , health management and logistics . In 2005 Magdeburg celebrated its 1200th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': '3:11.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mietje Baron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mietje_Baron', 'summary': 'Mietje Marie Baron ( 5 February 1908 - 23 July 1948 ) was a Dutch swimmer and diver who competed at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics . In 1924 she was sixth in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay . She was disqualified in the first round of the 200 m breaststroke event , as the judges believed she touched the wall with one hand instead of two hands at one of the turns . Meanwhile , her time of 3:22.6 was several seconds ahead of the gold medalist . Four years later she swam 3:15.2 , but this was only enough for a silver medal , as her main rival Hilde Schrader clocked 3:12.6 . At the 1928 Games Baron also competed in the 10 m platform diving event and finished fourth . Between 1926 and 1926 Baron set four breaststroke world records , two in the 200 m ( 3:18:40 on 24 October 1926 and 3:12:80 on 22 April 1928 ) and two in the obsolete 400 m event ( 6:54:80 on 20 March 1927 and 6:45:60 on 25 November 1928 ) . In October 1929 she announced her engagement and retired from swimming . Next year she married Pieter Lourens de Puij .'}]}, {'value': 'April 22 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotterdam , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotterdam', 'summary': "Rotterdam ( /ˈrɒtərdæm/ , UK also /ˌrɒtərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ˌrɔtərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the second-largest Dutch city after the capital Amsterdam , and is located in the province of South Holland , at the mouth of the Nieuwe Maas channel leading into the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta at the North Sea . Its history goes back to 1270 , when a dam was constructed in the Rotte , after which people settled around it for safety . In 1340 , Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , Rotterdam is in the centre of the Rijnmond conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . A major logistic and economic centre , Rotterdam is Europe 's largest seaport , and had previously been the largest port of the world for a long time . It has a population of 651,446 as of January 2020 and is home to over 180 nationalities . Rotterdam is known for its Erasmus University , its riverside setting , lively cultural life , maritime heritage and modern architecture . The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape , including sky-scrapers ( an uncommon sight in other Dutch cities ) designed by renowned architects such as Rem Koolhaas , Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel . The Rhine , Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe , including the highly industrialized Ruhr . The extensive distribution system including rail , roads , and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames Gateway to Europe and Gateway to the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '3:11.2 =', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Mühe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 15 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '3:10.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margery Hinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margery_Hinton', 'summary': 'Margery Hinton ( 25 June 1915 - February 1996 ) was an English breaststroke and freestyle swimmer who competed for Great Britain in the 1928 Summer Olympics , 1932 Summer Olympics , and 1936 Summer Olympics . She was born in Manchester . In 1928 she was eliminated in the first round of the 200-metre breaststroke event . At these Games she was the youngest member of the Great Britain team . Four years later she finished fourth the 200-metre breaststroke competition . At the 1936 Games she was eliminated in the first round of the 100-metre freestyle event .'}]}, {'value': 'July 20 , 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': '3:08.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clare Dennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clare_Dennis', 'summary': "Clara Clare Dennis ( 7 March 1916 - 5 June 1971 ) , later known by her married name Clare Golding , was an Australian breaststroke swimmer of the 1930s who won the gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Born in Burwood , New South Wales ( a suburb of Sydney ) as one of six children of Alec Dennis , a policeman who acted as a police prosecutor , Clare and her siblings were taught to swim by their father , himself an amateur swimmer , after their family relocated from Burwood to Clovelly Beach . Dennis ' sister Thora developed quickly into a competent competitive swimmer , and joined the Sydney Ladies ' Swimming Club and was later selected for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam , but was prevented from going on the grounds of being too young to travel alone overseas . Dennis pleaded with her father to let her join , which he agreed to on the condition that she first swim the 33 yards ( approximately 30 metres ) across Clovelly Bay . She managed this by pushing off the bottom of the ocean , disguising this with extravagant stroking . Her first lesson and race at the club ended in her having to be fished out of the pool after her endurance failed and the bottom of the pool was too deep to push off . Dennis attended Randwick Primary School , where she acquired a reputation for being interested in sport rather than schoolwork . She spent large amounts of time playing cricket against the male students . Dennis initially swam as a freestyler , but converted to breaststroke at the age of 13 . At her first New South Wales Championships in 1930 , held at the Ramsgate Baths , she was disqualified after drifting out of her unmarked lane . The freestyle race was held four times due to multiple lane crossing . It was later discovered that the taps regulating the water flow had been accidentally left on ."}]}, {'value': 'January 18 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '3:08.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Rocke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Rocke', 'summary': 'Lisa Rocke was a German swimmer who set a 200m . world record for breaststroke for women in Berlin on 23 April 1932 with a time of 3 minutes 8.2 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'April 21 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:03.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Else Jacobsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Else_Jacobsen', 'summary': 'Else Agnes Ella Jacobsen ( later Baade ) ( 31 May 1911 - 3 April 1965 ) was a Danish swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and 1932 Summer Olympics . In the 1928 Olympics she was fourth in the 200 m breaststroke event and fourth in her first round heat of the 100 m backstroke event and did not advance . Four years later she won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm , Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:00.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hideko Maehata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hideko_Maehata', 'summary': "Hideko Maehata ( 前畑 秀子 , Maehata Hideko , May 20 , 1914 - February 24 , 1995 ) was a Japanese breaststroke swimmer and the first Japanese woman to earn a gold medal in the Olympics . Maehata was born in Hashimoto , Wakayama , as the daughter of a tofu producer and as a child learned to swim in the Kinokawa River . In the fifth grade of elementary school , she set an unofficial youth record for the 50-meter breaststroke . She went on to win numerous competitions , and was sponsored to attend a womens boarding school in Nagoya which specialized in swimming , but the sudden death of her parents in 1931 forced her return home . Yet she was selected for the Japanese Olympic swimming team for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , and won the silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event . She lost to Clare Dennis a mere 0.1 of a second . During the post-Olympic celebration after her return to Japan , she stated that she was considering to retire from competitive swimming due to family issues , but then Tokyo mayor Hidejirō Nagata reportedly asked her why she did not bring back a gold medal . Over the next four years , Maehata trained very hard , and set a new world record for the 200-meter breaststroke on September 30 , 1933 . During the 1936 Berlin Olympics , Maehata competed in a dead heat against the reigning German national champion , Martha Genenger , winning the gold medal for the Women 's 200 m breaststroke by over one second . Despite the time difference , the race was broadcast live in Japan by NHK Radio . In 1937 , Maehata married Masahiko Hyodo , a professor of the medical school of Nagoya University , and retired from competition . She was awarded the Purple Ribbon of Merit by the Japanese government in 1964 and inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 30 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '3:00.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jopie Waalberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jopie_Waalberg', 'summary': "Johanna Maria Elisabeth Jopie Waalberg ( 13 April 1920 - 5 July 1979 ) was a Dutch breaststroke swimmer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and was the first woman to swim the 200 meter breaststroke under 3 minutes . In 1936 she finished fifth in the 200 metre breaststroke event , the single breaststroke event until the 1968 Olympics . At the 1938 European Aquatics Championships in London she won a bronze medal on the same distance . On May 11 , 1937 she broke Hideko Maehata 's four-year-old breaststroke record by 0.2 seconds ( 3:00.2 ) . On Jun 27 of that year , in Zaandijk , she improved on that record by more than 2 seconds to 2:58.0 . She improved her own world record once more on October 2 to 2:56.9 . She further held world records in the unconventional distances of 200 yard , 400 m and 500 m breaststroke ."}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '2:58.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jopie Waalberg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaandijk , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaandijk', 'summary': "The first citizens of Zaandijk were members of the family of Hendrik Pietersz who moved into 'de Lage dijk ' ( The Lower Dike ) in the year 1494 . De Lagedijk still exists in Zaandijk . In 1570 the town consisted of 19 houses . These dwellings were burned by the Spaniards in 1572 , during the Eighty Years ' War . The town began to prosper and grow following the return of the populace ."}]}, {'value': '2:56.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jopie Waalberg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghent , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghent', 'summary': "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ."}]}, {'value': '2:56.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Lenk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Lenk', 'summary': 'Maria Emma Hulga Lenk ( January 15 , 1915 - April 16 , 2007 ) was a Brazilian swimmer and to date is considered one of the greatest Brazilian female athletes . At the age of 17 , she was the first Brazilian and South-American woman to participate in the Summer Olympic Games , at the 1932 Summer Olympics , in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro , Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Long course', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'World_record_progression_200_metres_breaststroke_2', 'intro': "The first world record in the men's 200 metres breaststroke in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1908 and the first world record in the women's 200 metres breaststroke was recognised in 1921. In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since March 3, 1991. There have been two rule changes enacted by FINA for this event that have resulted in the nullification of world records. In the mid-1930s, many breaststroke swimmers began practicing an early variant of the butterfly stroke that involved recovering the arms above the water in an effort to reduce drag. This technique was disallowed when the butterfly stroke was established as a distinct stroke with its own rules in 1953, and world records set using the technique were nullified. Another style was developed by the Japanese swimmer Masaru Furukawa shortly after this rule change. It involved swimming underwater for as much of each pool length as possible without surfacing, as the act of breaking the water's surface created resistance, slowing a swimmer. This method of swimming the breaststroke was disallowed by FINA in 1956 and records set with the technique were nullified. (see History of swimming)"} | null | null | What is the nationality of the person with the fourth fastest time ? | Dutch |
045b0ebeb856829e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_shared_universes_in_film_and_television', 'title': 'List of fictional shared universes in film and television', 'header': ['Universe', 'Origin film', 'Start date', 'End date', 'Connecting characters'], 'data': [{'value': 'Universal Monsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Monsters', 'summary': 'Universal Classic Monsters is a name given to the horror , fantasy , thriller and science fiction films made by Universal Pictures during the decades of the 1920s through the 1950s . They were the first shared universe in the entire movie industry in Hollywood and around the world . They began with The Phantom of the Opera , a silent films starring Lon Chaney . Universal classic Monsters continued with talkies including core monsters in the franchise Dracula , Frankenstein , The Mummy , The Invisible Man , The Wolf Man and Creature from the Black Lagoon . The films often featured Bela Lugosi , Boris Karloff and Lon Chaney Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Dracula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)', 'summary': "Dracula is a 1931 American pre-Code supernatural horror film directed and co-produced by Tod Browning from a screenplay written by Garrett Fort . It is based on the 1924 stage play Dracula by Hamilton Deane and John L. Balderston , which in turn is adapted from the 1897 novel Dracula by Bram Stoker . The film stars Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula , a vampire who emigrates from Transylvania to England and preys upon the blood of living victims , including a young man 's fiancée . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Dracula is thought to be the first sound film adaptation of the Stoker novel . Several actors were considered to portray the title character , but Lugosi , who had previously played the role on Broadway , eventually got the part . The film was partially shot on sets at Universal Studios Lot in California , which were reused at night for the filming of Drácula , a concurrently produced Spanish-language version of the story also by Universal . Dracula was a commercial and critical success upon release , and led to several sequels and spin-offs . It has had a notable influence on popular culture , and Lugosi 's portrayal of Dracula established the character as a cultural icon , as well as the archetypal vampire in later works of fiction . In 2000 , the film was selected by the United States Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dracula , Frankenstein , The Invisible Man and The Wolf Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)', 'summary': "Dracula is a 1931 American pre-Code supernatural horror film directed and co-produced by Tod Browning from a screenplay written by Garrett Fort . It is based on the 1924 stage play Dracula by Hamilton Deane and John L. Balderston , which in turn is adapted from the 1897 novel Dracula by Bram Stoker . The film stars Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula , a vampire who emigrates from Transylvania to England and preys upon the blood of living victims , including a young man 's fiancée . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Dracula is thought to be the first sound film adaptation of the Stoker novel . Several actors were considered to portray the title character , but Lugosi , who had previously played the role on Broadway , eventually got the part . The film was partially shot on sets at Universal Studios Lot in California , which were reused at night for the filming of Drácula , a concurrently produced Spanish-language version of the story also by Universal . Dracula was a commercial and critical success upon release , and led to several sequels and spin-offs . It has had a notable influence on popular culture , and Lugosi 's portrayal of Dracula established the character as a cultural icon , as well as the archetypal vampire in later works of fiction . In 2000 , the film was selected by the United States Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)', 'summary': "Frankenstein is a 1931 American pre-Code science fiction horror film directed by James Whale , produced by Carl Laemmle Jr. , and adapted from a play by Peggy Webling , which in turn was based on Mary Shelley 's 1818 novel Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus . The Webling play was adapted by John L. Balderston and the screenplay written by Francis Edward Faragoh and Garrett Fort , with uncredited contributions from Robert Florey and John Russell . Frankenstein stars Colin Clive as Henry Frankenstein , an obsessed scientist who digs up corpses with his assistant in order to assemble a living being from dead body parts . The resulting creature , often known as Frankenstein 's monster , is portrayed by Boris Karloff . The make-up for the monster was provided by Jack Pierce . Alongside Clive and Karloff , the film 's cast also includes Mae Clarke , John Boles , Dwight Frye , and Edward Van Sloan . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , the film was a commercial success upon release , and was generally well-received by both critics and audiences . It spawned a number of sequels and spin-offs , and has had a significant impact on popular culture , with the imagery of a scientist 's hunchbacked assistant - as well as the film 's depiction of Frankenstein 's monster - becoming iconic . In 1991 , the United States Library of Congress selected Frankenstein for preservation in the National Film Registry as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(1933_film)', 'summary': "The Invisible Man is an American 1933 pre-Code science fiction horror film directed by James Whale . It is based on H. G. Wells ' 1897 science fiction novel The Invisible Man and produced by Universal Pictures , the film stars Claude Rains , in his first American screen appearance , and Gloria Stuart . The film was written by R.C . Sherriff , along with Philip Wylie and Preston Sturges , though the latter duo 's work was considered unsatisfactory and they were taken off the project . As an adaptation of a book , the film has been described as a nearly perfect translation of the spirit of the tale upon which it is based . It spawned a number of sequels and spin-offs which used ideas of an invisible man that were largely unrelated to Wells ' original story . Rains portrayed the Invisible Man ( Dr. Jack Griffin ) mostly only as a disembodied voice . Rains is only shown clearly for a brief time at the end of the film , spending most of his on-screen time covered by bandages . In 2008 , The Invisible Man was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wolf_Man_(1941_film)', 'summary': "The Wolf Man is a 1941 American horror film written by Curt Siodmak and produced and directed by George Waggner . The film stars Lon Chaney Jr. in the title role . Claude Rains , Warren William , Ralph Bellamy , Patric Knowles , Bela Lugosi , Evelyn Ankers , and Maria Ouspenskaya star in supporting roles . The title character has had a great deal of influence on Hollywood 's depictions of the legend of the werewolf . The film is the second Universal Pictures werewolf film , preceded six years earlier by the less commercially successful Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) . Lon Chaney Jr. would reprise his classic role as The Wolf Man in four sequels , beginning with Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man in 1943 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toho', 'summary': "The Toho Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese film , theater production , and distribution company . It has its headquarters in Yūrakuchō , Chiyoda , Tokyo , Tokyo and is one of the core companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group . Outside Japan , it is best known as the producer and distributor of many kaiju and tokusatsu films , the Chouseishin tokusatsu superhero television franchise , the films of Akira Kurosawa , and the anime films of Studio Ghibli , TMS Entertainment and OLM , Inc. Other famous directors , including Yasujirō Ozu , Kenji Mizoguchi , Masaki Kobayashi , and Mikio Naruse , also directed films for Toho . Toho 's most famous creation is Godzilla , who is featured in 32 of the company 's films . Godzilla , Rodan , Mothra , King Ghidorah and Mechagodzilla are described as Toho 's Big Five because of the monsters ' numerous appearances in all three eras of the franchise , as well as spin-offs . Toho has also been involved in the production of numerous anime titles . Its subdivisions are Toho-Towa Distribution , Toho Pictures Incorporated , Toho International Company Limited , Toho E. B . Company Limited , and Toho Music Corporation & Toho Costume Company Limited . The company is the largest shareholder ( 7.96% ) of Fuji Media Holdings Inc. Toho is a member of the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan ( MPPAJ ) , and is one of Japan 's Big Four film studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Godzilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)', 'summary': 'Godzilla ( ゴジラ , Gojira ) [ c ] is a 1954 Japanese kaiju film directed by Ishirō Honda , with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya . Produced and distributed by Toho Studios , it is the first film in the Godzilla franchise and the Shōwa period . The film stars Akira Takarada , Momoko Kōchi , Akihiko Hirata , and Takashi Shimura , with Haruo Nakajima and Katsumi Tezuka as Godzilla . In the film , scientists and politicians deal with the sudden appearance of a giant monster known as Godzilla , whose attacks trigger fears of nuclear holocaust during post-war Japan . Godzilla entered production after a Japanese-Indonesian co-production collapsed . Tsuburaya originally opted for a giant octopus before the filmmakers decided on a dinosaur-inspired creature . Godzilla pioneered a form of special effects called suitmation , in which a stunt performer wearing a suit interacts with miniature sets . Principal photography lasted 51 days , and special effects lasted 71 days . Godzilla was theatrically released in Japan on November 3 , 1954 , and grossed ¥183 million during its initial theatrical run . In 1956 , a heavily re-edited Americanized version , known as Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! was released in the United States . The film spawned a multimedia franchise , being recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest running film franchise in history .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Godzilla , Rodan and Mothra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godzilla', 'summary': "Godzilla ( Japanese : ゴジラ , Hepburn : Gōjira ) ( /ɡɒdˈzɪlə/ ; [ ɡoꜜdʑiɾa ] ( listen ) ) is a fictional monster , or kaiju , originating from a series of Japanese films of the same name . The character first appeared in Ishirō Honda 's 1954 film Godzilla and became a worldwide pop culture icon , appearing in various media , including 32 films produced by Toho , three Hollywood films and numerous video games , novels , comic books and television shows . Godzilla has been dubbed the King of the Monsters , a phrase first used in Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! , the Americanized version of the original film . Godzilla is depicted as an enormous , destructive , prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation . With the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Lucky Dragon 5 incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness , Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons . As the film series expanded , some stories took on less serious undertones , portraying Godzilla as an antihero , or a lesser threat who defends humanity . With the end of the Cold War , several post-1984 Godzilla films shifted the character 's portrayal to themes including Japan 's forgetfulness over its imperial past , natural disasters and the human condition . Godzilla has been featured alongside many supporting characters . It has faced human opponents such as the JSDF , or other monsters , including King Ghidorah , Mechagodzilla and Gigan . Godzilla sometimes has allies , such as Rodan , Mothra and Anguirus , and offspring , such as Minilla and Godzilla Junior . Godzilla has also fought characters from other franchises in crossover media , such as the RKO Pictures/Universal Studios movie monster King Kong , as well as various Marvel Comics characters , including S.H.I.E.L.D. , the Fantastic Four and the Avengers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rodan', 'summary': "Rodan ( Japanese : ラドン , Hepburn : Radon ) is a fictional kaiju , which first appeared as the title character in Ishirō Honda 's 1956 film Rodan , produced and distributed by Toho . Following its debut standalone appearance , Rodan would go on to be featured in numerous entries in the Godzilla franchise , including Ghidorah , the Three-Headed Monster , Invasion of Astro-Monster , Destroy All Monsters , Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II and Godzilla : Final Wars , as well as in the Legendary Pictures-produced film Godzilla : King of the Monsters . Rodan is depicted as a colossal , prehistoric , irradiated species of Pteranodon . In 2014 , IGN ranked Rodan as # 6 on their Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters list , while Complex listed the character as # 15 on its The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mothra', 'summary': "Mothra ( モスラ , Mosura ) is a fictional monster , or kaiju , that first appeared in the 1961 film Mothra , produced and distributed by Toho Studios . Mothra has appeared in several Toho tokusatsu films , most often as a recurring character in the Godzilla franchise . She is typically portrayed as a colossal sentient larva ( caterpillar ) or imago ( moth ) , accompanied by two miniature female humanoids speaking on her behalf . Unlike other Toho monsters , Mothra is a largely heroic character , having been variously portrayed as a protector of her own island culture , the Earth and Japan . Though identified as a kind of moth , the character 's design incorporates elements more frequently associated with butterflies , and has caddisfly-like mandibles rather than a proboscis . The character is often depicted hatching offspring ( in some cases , twins ) when approaching death , a nod to the Saṃsāra doctrine of numerous Indian religions . Mothra is one of Tohos most popular monsters and second only to Godzilla in her total number of film appearances . Polls taken during the early 1990s indicated that Mothra was particularly popular among women who were , at the time , the largest demographic among Japan 's movie-going audience , a fact that prompted the filming of 1992 's Godzilla vs. Mothra , which was the best-attended Toho film since King Kong vs. Godzilla . IGN listed Mothra as # 3 on their Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters list , while Complex listed the character as # 7 on its The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time list ."}]}, {'value': 'Alien vs . Predator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_vs._Predator', 'summary': 'Alien vs . Predator ( also known as Aliens versus Predator and AVP ) is a science-fiction horror/action media franchise created by comic book writers Randy Stradley and Chris Warner . The series is a crossover between the Alien and Predator franchises , depicting the two species as being in conflict with one another . It began as a comic series in 1989 , before being adapted into a video game series in the 1990s . Produced and distributed by 20th Century Studios , the film series began with Alien vs . Predator ( 2004 ) , directed by Paul W. S. Anderson , and was followed by Aliens vs . Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , directed by the Brothers Strause , and the development of a third film has been long rumoured . The series has led to numerous novels , comics , and video game spin-offs such as Aliens vs . Predator released in 2010 to generally positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'Alien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_(film)', 'summary': "Alien is a 1979 science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Dan O'Bannon . Based on a story by O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett , it follows the crew of the commercial space tug Nostromo , who encounter the eponymous Alien , a deadly and aggressive extraterrestrial set loose on the ship . The film stars Tom Skerritt , Sigourney Weaver , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm , and Yaphet Kotto . It was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler , and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions , and was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script ; Shusett was executive producer . The Alien and its accompanying artifacts were designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human settings . Alien premiered May 25 , 1979 , in the United States , before receiving a wide release on June 22 , and was released September 6 in the United Kingdom . It was met with critical acclaim and box-office success , winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , three Saturn Awards ( Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright ) , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other nominations . It has been consistently praised in the years since its release , and is considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , Alien was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the seventh-best film in the science-fiction genre , and as the 33rd-greatest film of all time by Empire . The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of films , novels , comic books , video games , and toys ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alien and Predator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_(franchise)', 'summary': 'Alien is a science-fiction horror/action media franchise centered on the film series depicting warrant officer Ellen Ripley ( Sigourney Weaver ) and her battles with an extraterrestrial lifeform , commonly referred to as the Alien . Produced and distributed by 20th Century Studios , the series began with Alien ( 1979 ) , directed by Ridley Scott , and was followed by three sequels , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) , directed by James Cameron , David Fincher , and Jean-Pierre Jeunet , respectively . Scott also directed a prequel series , composed of Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) , which follows the exploits of the David 8 android and the creators of the eponymous creatures referred to as the Engineers . The series has led to numerous novels , comics , and video game spin-offs such as Alien : Isolation released in 2014 to generally positive reviews . The Alien vs . Predator franchise combines the continuities of the Alien franchise with the Predator franchise and consists of two films as well as varying series of comics , books , and video games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Predator_(franchise)', 'summary': "Predator is a science-fiction action media franchise centered on the film series depicting mankind 's encounters with a race of extraterrestrial trophy hunters known as the Predator . Produced and distributed by 20th Century Studios , the series began with Predator ( 1987 ) , directed by John McTiernan , and was followed by three sequels , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Predators ( 2010 ) , and The Predator ( 2018 ) , directed by Stephen Hopkins , Nimród Antal , and Shane Black , respectively . The series has led to numerous novels , comics , and video game spin-offs such as Predator : Concrete Jungle released in 2005 to generally mixed reviews . The Alien vs . Predator franchise combines the continuities of the Alien franchise with the Predator franchise and consists of two films as well as varying series of comics , books , and video games ."}]}, {'value': 'Freddy vs. Jason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddy_vs._Jason', 'summary': "Freddy vs. Jason is a 2003 American slasher film directed by Ronny Yu and written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift . The film , a crossover between the A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th series , retroactively establishes them in a shared universe and pits Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees against each other . It is the last film in each series before their respective reboots , and the last to feature Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger . The film is the eighth in the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise and the eleventh in the Friday the 13th franchise . In the film , Freddy ( Robert Englund ) has become incapable of haunting people 's dreams ; the residents of Springwood , Ohio , have largely forgotten about him after his death and descent into hell . To regain his power ( and freedom ) , he resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) and manipulates him into traveling to Springwood to cause panic and fear ; this sparks rumors that Freddy has returned . Although Jason arouses enough fear for Freddy to haunt the town again , he angers Freddy by depriving him of potential victims . This culminates in a climactic battle between the two supernatural killers . Freddy vs. Jason was released in the United States on August 15 , 2003 . It grossed over $ 116 million worldwide , the highest-grossing film in the Friday the 13th series and the second-highest-grossing film in the Nightmare on Elm Street series . The film is Englund 's final cinematic appearance as Freddy Krueger , although he appeared as the character in an episode of The Goldbergs ."}]}, {'value': 'Friday the 13th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(1980_film)', 'summary': "Friday the 13th is a 1980 American slasher film produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham , written by Victor Miller , and starring Betsy Palmer , Adrienne King , Harry Crosby , Laurie Bartram , Mark Nelson , Jeannine Taylor , Robbi Morgan , and Kevin Bacon . The film tells the story of a group of teenage camp counselors who are murdered one by one by an unknown killer while attempting to re-open an abandoned summer camp . Prompted by the success of John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) , director Cunningham put out an advertisement to sell the film in Variety in early 1979 , while Miller was still drafting the screenplay . After casting the film in New York City , filming took place in New Jersey in the summer of 1979 , on an estimated budget of $ 550,000 . A bidding war ensued over the finished film , ending with Paramount Pictures acquiring the film for domestic distribution , while Warner Bros. secured European distribution rights . Released in May 1980 , Friday the 13th was a major box office success , grossing over $ 59.8 million worldwide . Critical response was divided , with some praising the film 's cinematography , score , and performances , while numerous others derided it for its depiction of graphic violence . Aside from being the first independent film of its kind to secure distribution in the U.S. by a major studio , its box office success led to a long series of sequels , a crossover with A Nightmare on Elm Street , and a 2009 series reboot ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)', 'summary': 'Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films , a television series , novels , comic books , video games , and tie - in merchandise . The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees , who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff . Decades later , the lake is rumored to be cursed and is the setting for a series of mass murders . Jason is featured in all of the films , as either the killer or the motivation for the killings . The original film , created to cash in on the success of Halloween ( 1978 ) , was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham . The films have grossed over $ 529 million at the box-office worldwide . It was the highest-grossing horror franchise in the world until the release of Halloween ( 2018 ) , putting that franchise in the top spot . Frank Mancuso , Jr. , a producer of the films , also developed the television show Friday the 13th : The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives . The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting , but was created based on the idea of bad luck and curses , which the film series symbolized . While the franchise was owned by Paramount , four films were adapted into novels , with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors . When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema , Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films , in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street film series . Under New Line Cinema , thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)', 'summary': 'A Nightmare on Elm Street is an American horror franchise that consists of nine slasher films , a television series , novels , and comic books . The films began with the film A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) created by Wes Craven . The series revolves around the fictional character Freddy Krueger , a former child killer who after being burned alive by the vengeful parents of his victims , returns from the grave to terrorize and kill the teenage residents of Springwood , Ohio in their dreams . The original film was written and directed by Craven , who returned to co-script the second sequel , A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) , and to write and direct New Nightmare ( 1994 ) . The films collectively grossed $ 750 million at the box office worldwide . The original film was released in 1984 . A series of sequels produced by the independent film company New Line Cinema followed . New Line often attributes the growth of their company to the success of the Nightmare series . The film series as a whole has received mixed reviews by critics , but has been a financial success at the box office . When comparing the United States box office grosses of other American horror film series , A Nightmare on Elm Street is the third highest grossing series in adjusted US dollars . In 1988 , a television series was produced with Freddy as the host . The pilot episode focused on the night Freddy was burned alive by the angry parents of the children he had killed , though the rest of the series featured episodes with independent plots .'}]}, {'value': 'Full Moon Features', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Moon_Features', 'summary': 'Full Moon Features is an American motion picture production and distribution company headed by B-movie veteran Charles Band . It is known for the direct-to-video series Puppet Master , Trancers , and Subspecies , as well as the film Castle Freak and the VideoZone featurette through 1989 to 2013 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Puppet Master', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puppet_Master_(film)', 'summary': "Puppet Master ( also titled The Puppet Master , and Puppetmaster ) is a 1989 American horror film written by Charles Band and Kenneth J . Hall , and directed by David Schmoeller . It is the first film in the Puppet Master franchise and stars Paul Le Mat , Irene Miracle , Matt Roe , and Kathryn O'Reilly as psychics who are plotted against by a former colleague , using puppets animated by an Egyptian spell . Originally intended for theatrical release in summer 1989 , before being released on home video the following September , Puppet Master was ultimately pushed to a direct-to-video release on October 12 , 1989 , as Charles Band felt he was likely to make more money this way than he would in the theatrical market . The film was very popular in the video market and since developed a large cult following that has led to the production of twelve sequels ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demonic Toys , Puppet Master , Dollman and Bad Channels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demonic_Toys', 'summary': "Demonic Toys is a 1992 American Direct-to-video horror comedy film produced by Charles Band 's Full Moon Entertainment and directed by Peter Manoogian . The film centers on a police officer who is terrorized by the title characters after a botched arrest . Like many other Full Moon releases , Demonic Toys never had a theatrical release and went straight-to-video in 1992 . In the United States , the film was given an R rating for violence , language , and brief nudity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Puppet_Master_(franchise)', 'summary': "Puppet Master is an American horror film franchise which focuses on a group of anthropomorphic puppets animated by an Egyptian spell , each equipped with its own unique and dangerous device ( although not in all installments of the series are the puppets portrayed as threatening ) and are represented as heroes , antiheroes and antagonists . Produced by Full Moon Features , the series was established in 1989 with the eponymous first installment , which has since been followed by ten sequels , a crossover with the characters of Demonic Toys , a 2018 reboot Puppet Master : The Littlest Reich , an upcoming spin-off film about the puppet Blade , two comic book mini-series , an ongoing comic book series and numerous other collector 's items ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dollman_(film)', 'summary': "Dollman is a 1991 American science fiction action film directed by Albert Pyun and starring Tim Thomerson as the space cop Brick Bardo , also known as Dollman ; he is only 13 inches tall . Bardo is equipped with his Kruger Blaster , which is the most powerful handgun in the universe . The film also stars Jackie Earle Haley as Bardo 's human enemy , Braxton Red . Brick Bardo is a character name used by Albert Pyun in films dating back to his second film , Radioactive Dreams . The film was produced by Full Moon Features , who also worked with Thomerson on the Trancers series . It was followed by a crossover sequel in 1993 called Dollman vs . Demonic Toys , which is also a sequel to Demonic Toys ( 1992 ) and Bad Channels ( 1992 ) . Dollman also had its own comic series published by Eternity Comics , who also made comics for other Full Moon films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bad_Channels', 'summary': 'Bad Channels is a 1992 American science fiction spoof , released by Full Moon Features . It is about two aliens ( Cosmo & Lump ) who invade a radio station with the intention of capturing female humans , by using radio broadcasts . The hero is a DJ forced to combat the aliens alone when listeners think he is joking about the invasion . A semi-sequel was released in the form of Dollman vs . Demonic Toys , a crossover film featuring characters from Dollman , Demonic Toys and Bad Channels . The film also has its own soundtrack composed and performed by Blue Öyster Cult and distributed by Paramount Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'View Askewniverse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/View_Askewniverse', 'summary': "The View Askewniverse is a fictional universe created by writer/director Kevin Smith , featured in several films , comics and a television series ; it is named for Smith 's production company , View Askew Productions . The characters Jay and Silent Bob appear in almost all the View Askewniverse media , and characters from one story often reappear or are referred to in others . Smith often casts the same actors for multiple characters in the universe , sometimes even in the same film ; Smith himself portrays the character of Silent Bob ."}]}, {'value': 'Clerks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clerks', 'summary': "Clerks is a 1994 American independent black-and-white buddy comedy film written , directed , and co-produced by Kevin Smith . Starring Brian O'Halloran and Jeff Anderson , it presents a day in the lives of titular store clerks Dante Hicks ( O'Halloran ) and Randal Graves ( Anderson ) , along with their acquaintances . Clerks is the first of Smith 's View Askewniverse films , and introduces several recurring characters , notably Jay and Silent Bob ( Jason Mewes and Smith ) . Clerks was shot for $ 27,575 in the convenience and video stores where director Smith worked in real life . Upon its theatrical release , the film received generally positive reviews and grossed over $ 3 million in theaters , launching Smith 's career . The film is considered a landmark in independent filmmaking and , in 2019 , was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , who deemed it culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay and Silent Bob', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob', 'summary': "Jay and Silent Bob are fictional characters portrayed by Jason Mewes and Kevin Smith , respectively , in Kevin Smith 's View Askewniverse , a fictional universe created and used in most of the films , comics , and television programs written and produced by Smith , beginning with Clerks . Jay and Silent Bob have appeared in most of Smith 's films , with the exceptions of Jersey Girl , Zack and Miri Make a Porno , Cop Out , Red State , Tusk , and Yoga Hosers . The characters are shown spending most of their time selling cannabis in front of the convenience store in the Clerks films . In Clerks : The Animated Series , they were also shown selling illegal fireworks ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Placid vs. Anaconda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Placid_vs._Anaconda', 'summary': 'Lake Placid vs. Anaconda is a 2015 American comedy horror television film directed by A . B . Stone , written by Berkeley Anderson and stars Corin Nemec , Yancy Butler and Robert Englund . The film premiered on April 25 , 2015 on Syfy . It is a crossover between the Anaconda and Lake Placid series , and the fifth installment in both their respective series . The film is also the last installment in the Anaconda series . It is followed by Lake Placid : Legacy ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Anaconda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaconda_(film)', 'summary': 'Anaconda is a 1997 American adventure horror thriller film directed by Luis Llosa and starring Jennifer Lopez , Ice Cube , Jon Voight , Eric Stoltz , Jonathan Hyde and Owen Wilson . It focuses on a documentary film crew in the Amazon rainforest that is captured by a snake hunter who is hunting down a giant , legendary green anaconda . The film received mixed reviews but was a box office success . It grossed $ 136.8 million worldwide against a budget of $ 45 million , and also achieved the status of a cult classic . It was followed by a series of films .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaconda and Lake Placid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaconda_(film_series)', 'summary': 'Anaconda ( also known as Anacondas ) is an American horror media franchise created by Hans Bauer , Jim Cash and Jack Epps Jr . Produced and distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , the series began with Anaconda ( 1997 ) directed by Luis Llosa , and was followed by one theatrical standalone sequel , Anacondas : The Hunt for the Blood Orchid ( 2004 ) directed by Dwight H. Little , and three television sequels , Anaconda 3 : Offspring ( 2008 ) , Anacondas : Trail of Blood ( 2009 ) , both directed by Don E. FauntLeRoy , and Lake Placid vs. Anaconda ( 2015 ) directed by A . B . Stone and being a crossover with the Lake Placid series . Each installment revolves around giant man-eating anacondas and the efforts of various groups of people to capture or destroy the creatures . The fictional plant known as the Blood Orchid and the company Wexel Hall Pharmaceuticals as well as the fictitious Murdoch family are repeatedly referenced in the films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Placid_(film_series)', 'summary': 'Lake Placid is an American series of monster horror/comedy films created by David E. Kelley . Produced and distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , the series began with Lake Placid ( 1999 ) directed by Steve Miner , and was followed by five television sequels , Lake Placid 2 ( 2007 ) directed by David Flores , Lake Placid 3 ( 2010 ) directed by Griff Furst , Lake Placid : The Final Chapter ( 2012 ) directed by Don Michael Paul , Lake Placid vs. Anaconda ( 2015 ) directed by A . B . Stone and being a crossover with the Anaconda series , and Lake Placid : Legacy ( 2018 ) directed by Darrell Roodt . Each installment revolves around the presence of giant , 30-foot-long man-eating crocodiles in the fictional location of Black Lake , Maine , and the efforts of various groups to capture or destroy the creatures . All of the films reference members of the fictitious Bickerman family .'}]}, {'value': 'Sadako vs. Kayako', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadako_vs._Kayako', 'summary': "Sadako vs. Kayako ( 貞子 vs. 伽椰子 ) is a 2016 Japanese supernatural horror film directed by Kōji Shiraishi . It is a crossover of the Ju-on and the Ring series . The film was first teased as an April Fools ' joke on April 1 , 2015 , but was later confirmed on December 10 , 2015 , to be a real production . It was released on June 18 , 2016 , in Japan , with a North American release on January 26 , 2017 , on streaming site Shudder ."}]}, {'value': 'Ring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ring_(film)', 'summary': 'Ring ( リング , Ringu ) is a 1998 Japanese horror film directed by Hideo Nakata , based on the 1991 novel by Kôji Suzuki . The film stars Nanako Matsushima , Hiroyuki Sanada and Rikiya Ōtaka , and follows a reporter who is racing to investigate the mystery behind a cursed videotape that kills the viewer seven days after watching it . Production took approximately nine months . Ring and its sequel Rasen were released in Japan at the same time . After its release , Ring was a huge box office success in Japan and was acclaimed by critics . It inspired numerous follow-ups within the Ring franchise and triggered a trend of Western remakes , starting with the 2002 American film The Ring .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ring ( Japanese films ) and Ju-On ( Japanese films )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ring_(franchise)', 'summary': "Ring ( Japanese : リング , romanized : Ringu ) , also known as The Ring , is a Japanese horror media franchise , based on the novel series of the same name written by Koji Suzuki . The franchise includes eight Japanese films , two television series , six manga adaptations , five international film remakes , and two video games ; The Ring : Terror 's Realm and Ring : Infinity . The films revolve around a cursed videotape that kills anyone who watches it seven days later . It was created by psychic Sadako Yamamura , who was murdered by her adoptive father and thrown into a well . After her supposed death , she returned as a ghostly serial killer , killing anyone who fails to copy and then send the videotape to someone else under a 7 day deadline ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ju-On_(franchise)', 'summary': "Ju-On ( 呪怨 , Juon , lit . Curse Grudge , also known as The Grudge ) is a Japanese-American horror franchise created by Takashi Shimizu . The franchise began in 1998 with the release of the short films Katsumi and 4444444444 . Shimizu attended the Film School of Tokyo , where he studied under Kiyoshi Kurosawa . Kurosawa helped Shimizu shepherd the Ju-On projects to fruition . The Ju-On films generally revolve around a curse created in a house in Nerima , Tokyo ( or Suginami in the American films ) when Takeo Saeki , convinced that his wife Kayako was having an affair with another man , murdered her , their son Toshio and Toshio 's pet cat in a jealous rage . According to Ju-On , when a person dies with a deep and powerful rage , a curse is born . The curse gathers in the place where that person has died or where they were frequently at , and repeats itself there . The spirits of the deceased haunt the location , potentially killing anyone who encounters the curse by any means , such as entering a cursed house or being in contact with somebody who was already cursed . The curse 's manifestation is mainly death , where the victims ' bodies may or may not disappear . The following deaths may create more curses and spread them to other locations . The franchise consists , to date , of 13 films ( 9 Japanese productions , 4 American ) alongside various additional media and merchandise products ."}]}, {'value': 'Unbreakable film series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unbreakable_(film_series)', 'summary': "The Unbreakable trilogy , officially known as the Eastrail 177 Trilogy , is an American superhero thriller and psychological horror film series . The films were written , produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . The trilogy consists of Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Split ( 2016 ) , and Glass ( 2019 ) . All of the films feature the character David Dunn . The series has been noted for its differences from more traditional superhero movies , with Shyamalan 's work referred to as the first auteur shared superhero universe . It is the first superhero franchise that is written and directed by one person , in comparison to other popular films in the genre . Shyamalan has noted that while it is based on comic book superheroes , and refers to comic books , it is not actually derived from comic book material itself . In contrast to most superhero films , the series is also generally grounded in reality , and is seen as a deconstruction of the superhero genre . The series is thus considered to be a unique take on the superhero genre . The filmmaker has stated that the films are origin stories of people with unique gifts , with the intent being to acknowledge that every person has something special about them . Unbreakable has been labeled the first grounded superhero film , while Split has been called the first solo supervillain origin story , and Hollywood 's first stealth sequel ."}]}, {'value': 'Unbreakable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unbreakable_(film)', 'summary': "Unbreakable is a 2000 American superhero thriller film written , produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan , and starring Bruce Willis , Samuel L. Jackson , Robin Wright , Spencer Treat Clark , and Charlayne Woodard . It is the first installment in the Unbreakable film series a.k.a . Eastrail 177 Trilogy . In Unbreakable , a security guard named David Dunn ( Willis ) survives a horrific train crash with no injuries , leading to him discovering that he harnesses superhuman abilities , which in turn introduces him to comic book store owner Elijah Price ( Jackson ) , who is confined to a wheelchair . Shyamalan organized the narrative of Unbreakable to parallel a comic book 's traditional three-part story structure . After settling on the origin story , Shyamalan wrote the screenplay as a speculative screenplay with Willis already set to star in the film and Jackson in mind to portray Elijah Price . Filming began in April 2000 and was completed in July . Unbreakable was released on November 22 , 2000 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising its aesthetics , the performances , the emotional weight of the story , and the score by James Newton Howard . The film has subsequently gained a strong cult following . A deconstruction of the superhero genre , many regard it as one of Shyamalan 's best films , and one of the best superhero films . In 2011 , Time listed it as one of the top ten superhero films of all time , ranking it number four ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Dunn , Kevin Wendell Crumb and Elijah Price / Mr. Glass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unbreakable_(film)', 'summary': "Unbreakable is a 2000 American superhero thriller film written , produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan , and starring Bruce Willis , Samuel L. Jackson , Robin Wright , Spencer Treat Clark , and Charlayne Woodard . It is the first installment in the Unbreakable film series a.k.a . Eastrail 177 Trilogy . In Unbreakable , a security guard named David Dunn ( Willis ) survives a horrific train crash with no injuries , leading to him discovering that he harnesses superhuman abilities , which in turn introduces him to comic book store owner Elijah Price ( Jackson ) , who is confined to a wheelchair . Shyamalan organized the narrative of Unbreakable to parallel a comic book 's traditional three-part story structure . After settling on the origin story , Shyamalan wrote the screenplay as a speculative screenplay with Willis already set to star in the film and Jackson in mind to portray Elijah Price . Filming began in April 2000 and was completed in July . Unbreakable was released on November 22 , 2000 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising its aesthetics , the performances , the emotional weight of the story , and the score by James Newton Howard . The film has subsequently gained a strong cult following . A deconstruction of the superhero genre , many regard it as one of Shyamalan 's best films , and one of the best superhero films . In 2011 , Time listed it as one of the top ten superhero films of all time , ranking it number four ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Split_(2016_American_film)', 'summary': "Split is a 2016 American psychological horror thriller film and the second installment in the Unbreakable trilogy written , directed , and produced by M. Night Shyamalan and starring James McAvoy , Anya Taylor-Joy , and Betty Buckley . The film follows a man with 23 different personalities who kidnaps and imprisons three teenage girls in an isolated underground facility . Principal photography began on November 11 , 2015 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The film premiered at Fantastic Fest on September 26 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on January 20 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews , with McAvoy 's performance earning high praise and some critics labeling it a welcome return to form for Shyamalan , although some criticized the film for its perceived stigmatization of mental illness . The film grossed $ 278 million worldwide on a budget of $ 9 million . The film is a standalone sequel to the 2000 film Unbreakable , which was also written , produced , and directed by Shyamalan . The film was not marketed as a sequel , instead saving the revelation for a scene featuring Bruce Willis reprising his Unbreakable role in an uncredited cameo . Split is noted as the first solo supervillain origin movie and Hollywood 's first stealth sequel . It is also Shyamalan 's first sequel . The final part of the trilogy , titled Glass , was released in January 2019 , combining the casts and characters of both previous films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glass_(2019_film)', 'summary': "Glass is a 2019 American psychological superhero thriller film written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan , who also produced with Jason Blum , Marc Bienstock , and Ashwin Rajan . The film is a crossover and sequel to Shyamalan 's previous films Unbreakable ( 2000 ) and Split ( 2016 ) and the third and final installment in the Unbreakable trilogy a.k.a . Eastrail 177 Trilogy Bruce Willis , Samuel L. Jackson , Spencer Treat Clark , and Charlayne Woodard reprise their Unbreakable roles , while James McAvoy and Anya Taylor-Joy return as their Split characters , with Sarah Paulson , Adam David Thompson , and Luke Kirby joining the cast . Despite interest in a sequel , Touchstone Pictures opted not to finance one . Shyamalan set out to write Split using a character he had written for Unbreakable but pulled from its script due to balance issues . Shyamalan realized the opportunity he had to create a trilogy of works , and used the ending of Split to establish the film as within the Unbreakable narrative . This included securing the rights to use Willis 's Unbreakable character from Walt Disney Studios , with the promise of including Disney within the production and distribution of this third film alongside Universal Pictures . Split was a financial and critical success , and by April 2017 , Shyamalan announced that he started the production process for Glass . The film had its world premiere at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema on January 12 , 2019 and was released in the United States on January 18 , 2019 , by Universal Pictures . Glass received generally unfavorable reviews from critics , who found the film disappointing and underwhelming . Nevertheless , the film was a financial success as it grossed $ 247 million worldwide against a $ 20 million production budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Marvel Cinematic Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe', 'summary': "The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on a series of superhero films , independently produced by Marvel Studios and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The franchise also includes comic books , short films , television series , and digital series . The shared universe , much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books , was established by crossing over common plot elements , settings , cast , and characters . The first MCU film was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which began the first phase of films culminating in the crossover film The Avengers ( 2012 ) . Phase Two began with Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) and concluded with Ant-Man ( 2015 ) . Phase Three began with Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and concluded with Spider-Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) . The first three phases in the franchise are collectively known as The Infinity Saga . Phase Four will begin with Black Widow ( 2020 ) and is set to conclude with Thor : Love and Thunder ( 2021 ) . Marvel Television expanded the universe to network television with Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . on ABC in the 2013-14 television season , followed by online streaming with Marvel 's Daredevil on Netflix in 2015 and Marvel 's Runaways on Hulu in 2017 , and then to cable television with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger on Freeform in 2018 . Marvel Television also produced the digital series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . : Slingshot ."}]}, {'value': 'Iron Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)', 'summary': "Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures , [ N 1 ] it is the first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Jon Favreau from a screenplay by Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby , and Art Marcum and Matt Holloway , and stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , alongside Terrence Howard , Jeff Bridges , Shaun Toub , and Gwyneth Paltrow . In Iron Man , Tony Stark is an industrialist and master engineer who builds a mechanized suit of armor and becomes the superhero Iron Man . The film had been in development since 1990 at Universal Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and New Line Cinema at various times , before Marvel Studios reacquired the rights in 2006 . Marvel put the project in production as its first self-financed film , with Paramount Pictures serving as distributor . Favreau signed on as director , aiming for a naturalistic feel , and chose to shoot the film primarily in California , rejecting the East Coast setting of the comics to differentiate the film from numerous superhero films set in New York City-esque environments . Filming began in March 2007 and concluded in June . During filming , the actors were free to create their own dialogue because pre-production was focused on the story and action . Rubber and metal versions of the armor , created by Stan Winston 's company , were mixed with computer-generated imagery to create the title character . Iron Man premiered in Sydney on April 14 , 2008 , and was released in the United States on May 2 , 2008 . The film grossed over $ 585 million on its $ 140 million budget , becoming the eighth-highest grossing film of 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iron Man , Hulk , Thor , Captain America , The Avengers , The Guardians of the Galaxy , Ant-Man , Wasp , Doctor Strange , Spider-Man , Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Black Widow and Eternals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)', 'summary': "Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures , [ N 1 ] it is the first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Jon Favreau from a screenplay by Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby , and Art Marcum and Matt Holloway , and stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , alongside Terrence Howard , Jeff Bridges , Shaun Toub , and Gwyneth Paltrow . In Iron Man , Tony Stark is an industrialist and master engineer who builds a mechanized suit of armor and becomes the superhero Iron Man . The film had been in development since 1990 at Universal Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and New Line Cinema at various times , before Marvel Studios reacquired the rights in 2006 . Marvel put the project in production as its first self-financed film , with Paramount Pictures serving as distributor . Favreau signed on as director , aiming for a naturalistic feel , and chose to shoot the film primarily in California , rejecting the East Coast setting of the comics to differentiate the film from numerous superhero films set in New York City-esque environments . Filming began in March 2007 and concluded in June . During filming , the actors were free to create their own dialogue because pre-production was focused on the story and action . Rubber and metal versions of the armor , created by Stan Winston 's company , were mixed with computer-generated imagery to create the title character . Iron Man premiered in Sydney on April 14 , 2008 , and was released in the United States on May 2 , 2008 . The film grossed over $ 585 million on its $ 140 million budget , becoming the eighth-highest grossing film of 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)', 'summary': "The Incredible Hulk is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character the Hulk , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Universal Pictures . It is the second film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Louis Leterrier , with a screenplay by Zak Penn . It stars Edward Norton as Bruce Banner , alongside Liv Tyler , Tim Roth , Tim Blake Nelson , Ty Burrell , and William Hurt . In The Incredible Hulk , Bruce Banner becomes the Hulk as an unwitting pawn in a military scheme to reinvigorate the Super-Soldier program through gamma radiation . On the run , he attempts to cure himself of the Hulk before he is captured by General Thaddeus Ross , but his worst fears are realized when power-hungry soldier Emil Blonsky becomes a similar , but more bestial creature . After the mixed reception to the 2003 film Hulk , Marvel Studios reacquired the rights to the character . Leterrier , who had expressed interest in directing Iron Man , was brought onboard and Penn began work on a script that would be much closer to the comics and the 1978 television series of the same name . In April 2007 , Norton was hired to portray Banner and to rewrite Penn 's screenplay in order to distance itself from the 2003 film and establish its own identity as a reboot , although he would go uncredited for his writing . Filming mostly took place in Toronto , Ontario , from July to November 2007 . Over 700 visual effects shots were created in post-production using a combination of motion capture and computer-generated imagery to complete the film . The Incredible Hulk premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City , California , on June 8 , 2008 , and was released in the United States on June 13 , 2008 , by Universal Pictures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thor_(film)', 'summary': "Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures , [ N 1 ] it is the fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Kenneth Branagh , written by the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz along with Don Payne , and stars Chris Hemsworth as the title character , alongside Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Stellan Skarsgård , Colm Feore , Ray Stevenson , Idris Elba , Kat Dennings , Rene Russo , and Anthony Hopkins . The film sees Thor banished to Earth from Asgard , stripped of his powers and his hammer Mjölnir , after reigniting a dormant war . As his brother Loki plots to take the Asgardian throne , Thor must prove himself worthy . Sam Raimi first developed the concept of a film adaptation based on Thor in 1991 , but soon abandoned the project , leaving it in development hell for several years . During this time , the rights were picked up by various film studios until Marvel signed Mark Protosevich to develop the project in 2006 , and planned to finance it and release it through Paramount . Matthew Vaughn was originally assigned to direct the film for a tentative 2010 release . However , after Vaughn was released from his holding deal in 2008 , Branagh was approached and the film 's release was rescheduled to 2011 . The main characters were cast in 2009 , and principal photography took place in California and New Mexico from January to May 2010 . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . Thor premiered in Sydney , Australia , on April 17 , 2011 , and was released in the United States on May 6 , 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger', 'summary': 'Captain America : The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures , [ N 1 ] it is the fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Joe Johnston , written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside Tommy Lee Jones , Hugo Weaving , Hayley Atwell , Sebastian Stan , Dominic Cooper , Neal McDonough , Derek Luke , and Stanley Tucci . Set predominantly during World War II , the film tells the story of Steve Rogers , a sickly man from Brooklyn who is transformed into the super-soldier Captain America and must stop the Red Skull , who intends to use an artifact called the Tesseract as an energy-source for world domination . The film began as a concept in 1997 and was scheduled for distribution by Artisan Entertainment . However , a lawsuit not settled until September 2003 disrupted the project . In 2005 , Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch , and planned to finance and release it through Paramount Pictures . Directors Jon Favreau and Louis Leterrier were interested in directing the project before Johnston was approached in 2008 . The principal characters were cast between March and June 2010 . Production began in June 2010 , and filming took place in London , Manchester , Caerwent , Liverpool , and Los Angeles . Captain America : The First Avenger premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on July 19 , 2011 , and was released in the United States on July 22 , 2011 . The film was commercially successful , grossing over $ 370 million worldwide .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Marvel 's The Avengers ( classified under the name Marvel Avengers Assemble in the United Kingdom and Ireland ) , or simply The Avengers , is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . [ N 1 ] It is the sixth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , and Jeremy Renner as the titular Avengers team , alongside Tom Hiddleston , Clark Gregg , Cobie Smulders , Stellan Skarsgård , and Samuel L. Jackson . In the film , Nick Fury , director of the spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , recruits Tony Stark , Steve Rogers , Bruce Banner , and Thor to form a team that must stop Thor 's brother Loki from subjugating Earth . The film 's development began when Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch in April 2005 . After the success of the film Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel announced that The Avengers would be released in July 2011 . With the signing of Johansson in March 2009 , the film was pushed back for a 2012 release . Whedon was brought on board in April 2010 and rewrote the original screenplay by Zak Penn . Production began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio , in August and New York City in September . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . The Avengers premiered at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre on April 11 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on May 4 , 2012 . The film received praise for Whedon 's direction and screenplay , visual effects , action sequences , acting , and musical score , and garnered numerous awards and nominations including Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for achievements in visual effects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)', 'summary': 'Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians , along with Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial criminals who are on the run after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star-Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was completed on July 7 , 2014 . Guardians of the Galaxy premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 , and was theatrically released in the United States on August 1 , 2014 , in 3D and IMAX 3D .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ant-Man_(film)', 'summary': "Ant-Man is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name : Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the twelfth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Peyton Reed , with a screenplay by the writing teams of Edgar Wright and Joe Cornish , and Adam McKay and Paul Rudd . It stars Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant-Man , alongside Evangeline Lilly , Corey Stoll , Bobby Cannavale , Michael Peña , Tip T.I . Harris , Anthony Mackie , Wood Harris , Judy Greer , David Dastmalchian , and Michael Douglas as Hank Pym . In Ant-Man , Lang must help defend Pym 's Ant-Man shrinking technology and plot a heist with worldwide ramifications . Development of Ant-Man began in April 2006 with the hiring of Wright to direct and co-write with Cornish . By April 2011 , Wright and Cornish had completed three drafts of the script and Wright shot test footage for the film in July 2012 . Pre-production began in October 2013 after being put on hold so that Wright could complete The World 's End . Casting began in December 2013 , with the hiring of Rudd to play Lang . In May 2014 , Wright left the project citing creative differences , though he still received screenplay and story credits with Cornish as well as an executive producer credit . The following month , Reed was brought in to replace Wright , while McKay was hired to contribute to the script with Rudd ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp', 'summary': "Ant-Man and the Wasp is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the sequel to 2015 's Ant-Man and the twentieth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Peyton Reed and written by the writing teams of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , and Paul Rudd , Andrew Barrer and Gabriel Ferrari . It stars Rudd as Lang and Evangeline Lilly as Van Dyne , alongside Michael Peña , Walton Goggins , Bobby Cannavale , Judy Greer , Tip T.I . Harris , David Dastmalchian , Hannah John-Kamen , Abby Ryder Fortson , Randall Park , Michelle Pfeiffer , Laurence Fishburne , and Michael Douglas . In Ant-Man and the Wasp , the titular pair work with Hank Pym to retrieve Janet van Dyne from the quantum realm . Talks for a sequel to Ant-Man began shortly after that film was released . Ant-Man and the Wasp was officially announced in October 2015 , with Rudd and Lilly returning to reprise their roles . A month later , Ant-Man director Reed was officially set to return . He had joined the first film later in the process and was excited to develop this one from the beginning . He also looked forward to introducing Hope van Dyne as the Wasp in this film , and insisted on treating Lang and her as equals . Filming took place from August to November 2017 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , as well as Metro Atlanta , San Francisco , Savannah , Georgia and Hawaii ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Strange_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'Doctor Strange is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the fourteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Scott Derrickson from a screenplay he wrote with Jon Spaihts and C. Robert Cargill , and stars Benedict Cumberbatch as surgeon Stephen Strange along with Chiwetel Ejiofor , Rachel McAdams , Benedict Wong , Michael Stuhlbarg , Benjamin Bratt , Scott Adkins , Mads Mikkelsen , and Tilda Swinton . In the film , Strange learns the mystic arts after a career-ending car crash . Various incarnations of a Doctor Strange film adaptation had been in development since the mid-1980s , until Paramount Pictures acquired the film rights in April 2005 on behalf of Marvel Studios . Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were brought on board in June 2010 to write a screenplay . In June 2014 , Derrickson was hired to direct , with Spaihts re-writing the script . Cumberbatch was chosen for the eponymous role in December 2014 , necessitating a schedule change to work around his other commitments . This gave Derrickson time to work on the script himself , for which he brought Cargill on to help . The film began principal photography in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , and concluding in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its world premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on November 4 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film grossed over $ 677 million worldwide , was met with praise for its visuals and cast , and received awards attention , including an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man:_Homecoming', 'summary': "Spider-Man : Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man , co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is the second Spider-Man film reboot and the sixteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Jon Watts , from a screenplay by the writing teams of Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley , Watts and Christopher Ford , and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers . Tom Holland stars as Peter Parker / Spider-Man , alongside Michael Keaton , Jon Favreau , Zendaya , Donald Glover , Tyne Daly , Marisa Tomei , and Robert Downey Jr . In Spider-Man : Homecoming , Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being Spider-Man while facing the Vulture . In February 2015 , Marvel Studios and Sony reached a deal to share the character rights of Spider-Man , integrating the character into the established MCU . The following June , Holland was cast as the title character and Watts was hired to direct . This was followed shortly by the hiring of Daley and Goldstein . In April 2016 , the film 's title was revealed , along with additional cast , including Downey in his MCU role of Tony Stark / Iron Man . Principal photography began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in Atlanta , Los Angeles , and New York City . The other screenwriters were revealed during filming , which concluded in Berlin in October 2016 . The production team made efforts to differentiate the film from previous Spider-Man films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)', 'summary': "Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler , who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther , alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong ' o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Letitia Wright , Winston Duke , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa is crowned king of Wakanda following his father 's death , but he is challenged by Killmonger ( Jordan ) who plans to abandon the country 's isolationist policies and begin a global revolution . Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992 , but the project did not come to fruition . In September 2005 , Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011 . Black Panther was officially announced in October 2014 , and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . By 2016 , Cole and Coogler had joined ; additional cast joined in May , making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast . Principal photography took place from January to April 2017 at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16 . The film received praise from critics for its direction , screenplay , acting ( particularly that of Boseman , Jordan , and Wright ) , costume design , production values , and soundtrack , though the computer-generated effects received some criticism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(film)', 'summary': "Captain Marvel is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Carol Danvers . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the twenty-first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is written and directed by Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck , with Geneva Robertson-Dworet also contributing to the screenplay . Brie Larson stars as Danvers , alongside Samuel L. Jackson , Ben Mendelsohn , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , Lashana Lynch , Gemma Chan , Annette Bening , Clark Gregg , and Jude Law . Set in 1995 , the story follows Danvers as she becomes Captain Marvel after Earth is caught in the center of a galactic conflict between two alien civilizations . Development of the film began as early as May 2013 . It was officially announced in October 2014 as Marvel Studios ' first female-led superhero film . Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were hired as a writing team the following April after submitting separate takes on the character . The story borrows elements from Roy Thomas 's 1971 Kree-Skrull War comic book storyline . Larson was announced as Danvers at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con , with Boden and Fleck hired to direct in April 2017 . Robertson-Dworet soon took over scripting duties , with the remainder of the cast added by the start of filming . Location shooting began in January 2018 , with principal photography beginning that March in California before concluding in Louisiana in July 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Widow_(2020_film)', 'summary': 'Black Widow is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is intended to be the twenty-fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Cate Shortland and written by Eric Pearson from a story by Jac Schaeffer and Ned Benson , and stars Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow alongside Florence Pugh , David Harbour , O-T Fagbenle , William Hurt , Ray Winstone , and Rachel Weisz . Set after Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , the film sees Romanoff on the run and forced to confront her past . Development of a Black Widow film began in April 2004 by Lionsgate , with David Hayter attached to write and direct . The project did not move forward and the film rights to the character reverted to Marvel Studios by June 2006 . Johansson was cast in the role for several MCU films beginning with Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) . Marvel and Johansson expressed interest in a solo film several times over the following years , before Schaeffer and Shortland were hired in 2018 . Benson joined and further casting took place in early 2019 . Filming took place from May to October , in Norway , Budapest , Morocco , Pinewood Studios in England , and in Atlanta and Macon , Georgia . Black Widow is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 1 , 2020 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Eternals_(film)', 'summary': 'The Eternals is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is intended to be the twenty-fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Chloé Zhao , written by Matthew and Ryan Firpo , and features an ensemble cast including Richard Madden , Gemma Chan , Kumail Nanjiani , Lauren Ridloff , Brian Tyree Henry , Salma Hayek , Lia McHugh , Don Lee , Barry Keoghan , Angelina Jolie , and Kit Harington . In the film , the Eternals unite to protect Earth from their enemies , the Deviants . In April 2018 , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige announced that a film based on the Eternals had begun development , with Matthew and Ryan Firpo hired to write the script for the project in May 2018 . By late-September , Marvel had hired Zhao to direct the film . Principal photography began in July 2019 , with locations including Pinewood Studios , London and Oxford in the United Kingdom , and the Canary Islands , lasting until February 2020 . The Eternals is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on November 6 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Extended Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe', 'summary': 'DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) [ a ] is an unofficial term used to refer to an American media franchise and shared universe that is centered on a series of superhero films , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and based on characters that appear in American comic books by DC Comics . The shared universe , much like the original DC Universe in comic books and the television programs , was established by crossing over common plot elements , settings , cast , and characters . The films have been in production since 2011 and in that time Warner Bros. has distributed eight films , with a multitude of other planned films in various stages of development . It is the eleventh highest-grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over $ 5.42 billion at the global box office . Its highest-grossing film is Aquaman , which earned over $ 1.15 billion worldwide , becoming the highest grossing DC film to date . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble casts . Henry Cavill , Ben Affleck , Gal Gadot , Ezra Miller , Jason Momoa and Ray Fisher , among others , star in several films . However , unlike the Marvel Cinematic Universe , the franchise has non-linear , loosely connected storylines , with greater autonomy for the filmmakers who create each individual film . The first film in the DCEU was Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , followed by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) , Justice League ( 2017 ) , Aquaman ( 2018 ) , Shazam ! ( 2019 ) , and Birds of Prey ( 2020 ) . The franchise will continue with Wonder Woman 1984 in 2020 , The Batman , The Suicide Squad , and Black Adam in 2021 ; and Shazam ! 2 , The Flash and Aquaman 2 in 2022 .'}]}, {'value': 'Man of Steel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)', 'summary': "Man of Steel is a 2013 superhero film based on the DC Comics character Superman . Produced by DC Entertainment , Legendary Pictures and Syncopy , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , it is a British-American production and the first installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , written by David S. Goyer , and stars Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Michael Shannon , Kevin Costner , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Antje Traue , Ayelet Zurer , Christopher Meloni and Russell Crowe . Man of Steel is a reboot of the Superman film series that portrays the character 's origin story . In the film , Clark Kent learns that he is a superpowered alien from the planet Krypton . He assumes the role of mankind 's protector as Superman , making the choice to face General Zod and prevent him from destroying humanity . Development began in 2008 when Warner Bros. took pitches from comic book writers , screenwriters , and directors , opting to reboot the franchise . In 2009 , a court ruling resulted in Jerry Siegel 's family recapturing the rights to Superman 's origins and Siegel 's copyright . The decision stated that Warner Bros. did not owe the families additional royalties from previous films , but if they did not begin production on a Superman film by 2011 , then the Shuster and Siegel estates would be able to sue for lost revenue on an unproduced film . Producer Christopher Nolan pitched Goyer 's idea after story discussion on The Dark Knight Rises , and Snyder was hired as the film 's director in October 2010 . Principal photography began in August 2011 in West Chicago , Illinois , before moving to Vancouver and Plano , Illinois . Man of Steel was released in theaters on June 14 , 2013 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Superman , Batman , Suicide Squad , Wonder Woman , Justice League , Aquaman , Shazam and Birds of Prey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)', 'summary': "Man of Steel is a 2013 superhero film based on the DC Comics character Superman . Produced by DC Entertainment , Legendary Pictures and Syncopy , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , it is a British-American production and the first installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , written by David S. Goyer , and stars Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Michael Shannon , Kevin Costner , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Antje Traue , Ayelet Zurer , Christopher Meloni and Russell Crowe . Man of Steel is a reboot of the Superman film series that portrays the character 's origin story . In the film , Clark Kent learns that he is a superpowered alien from the planet Krypton . He assumes the role of mankind 's protector as Superman , making the choice to face General Zod and prevent him from destroying humanity . Development began in 2008 when Warner Bros. took pitches from comic book writers , screenwriters , and directors , opting to reboot the franchise . In 2009 , a court ruling resulted in Jerry Siegel 's family recapturing the rights to Superman 's origins and Siegel 's copyright . The decision stated that Warner Bros. did not owe the families additional royalties from previous films , but if they did not begin production on a Superman film by 2011 , then the Shuster and Siegel estates would be able to sue for lost revenue on an unproduced film . Producer Christopher Nolan pitched Goyer 's idea after story discussion on The Dark Knight Rises , and Snyder was hired as the film 's director in October 2010 . Principal photography began in August 2011 in West Chicago , Illinois , before moving to Vancouver and Plano , Illinois . Man of Steel was released in theaters on June 14 , 2013 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice', 'summary': "Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . It is a follow-up to 2013 's Man of Steel and the second installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter , and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman , whom Luthor is obsessed with . The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film is different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the Death of Superman . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit . Additional filming also took place in Illinois and New Mexico , concluding that December . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 , in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX 3D , IMAX , 4DX , premium large formats , and 70 mm prints by Warner Bros. Pictures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Suicide_Squad_(film)', 'summary': "Suicide Squad is a 2016 American superhero film based on the DC Comics supervillain team of the same name . The third installment in the DC Extended Universe , it was written and directed by David Ayer and stars an ensemble cast including Will Smith , Jared Leto , Margot Robbie , Joel Kinnaman , Viola Davis , Jai Courtney , Jay Hernandez , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Scott Eastwood , Ike Barinholtz , and Cara Delevingne . In the film , a secret government agency led by Amanda Waller recruits imprisoned supervillains to execute dangerous black ops missions and save the world from a powerful threat in exchange for reduced sentences . By February 2009 , a Suicide Squad film was in development at Warner Bros. Ayer signed on to write and direct in September 2014 , and by October , the casting process had begun . Principal photography began in Toronto , Ontario on April 13 , 2015 , with additional filming in Chicago , and ended in August that year . Suicide Squad premiered in New York City on August 1 , 2016 , and was released in the United States in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D on August 5 , 2016 . Following a strong debut that set new box office records , the film grossed over $ 746 million worldwide , making it the tenth highest-grossing film of 2016 . It received generally negative reviews from critics , who criticized its perceived thin plot , direction , editing , and characterization , though Robbie 's performance and the makeup was praised . The film was nominated for and won multiple awards across various categories , including an Oscar for Best Makeup and Hairstyling at the 89th Academy Awards , making it the first film in the DCEU to win an Academy Award . It was followed by the spin-off film Birds of Prey , starring Robbie , in 2020 , and will be followed by the standalone sequel The Suicide Squad in 2021 , with Robbie , Kinnaman , Davis , and Courtney returning ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)', 'summary': "Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , produced by DC Films in association with RatPac Entertainment and Chinese company Tencent Pictures , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . Directed by Patty Jenkins from a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , Wonder Woman stars Gal Gadot in the title role , alongside Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . It is the second live action theatrical film featuring Wonder Woman following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . In Wonder Woman , the Amazon princess Diana sets out to stop World War I , believing the conflict was started by the longtime enemy of the Amazons , Ares , after American pilot and spy Steve Trevor crash-lands on their island Themyscira and informs her about it . Development of a live action Wonder Woman film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman slated to produce and possibly direct . The project floundered in development hell for many years ; Jon Cohen , Todd Alcott , and Joss Whedon , among others , were also attached to the project at various points . Warner Bros. announced the film in 2010 and Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Inspiration for Wonder Woman was drawn from Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston 's 1940s stories and George Pérez 's 1980s stories about Wonder Woman , as well as the New 52 incarnation of the character . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before finishing on May 6 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of Marston 's birth . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman had its world premiere in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , Real D 3D , and IMAX 3D by Warner Bros. Pictures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_(film)', 'summary': "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name . It is the follow-up to 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe , and was directed by Zack Snyder and written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon . It features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Gal Gadot , Ezra Miller , Jason Momoa , Ray Fisher , Jeremy Irons , Diane Lane , Connie Nielsen , and J. K. Simmons . In the film , Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash , Aquaman , and Cyborg after Superman 's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons . Plans for the film were announced in October 2014 , with Snyder on board to direct and Terrio attached to write the script . The film was initially titled Justice League Part One , with a second film ( under the name Justice League Part Two ) intended to follow in 2019 . However , the sequel was indefinitely delayed to accommodate the production of a standalone Batman film starring Affleck . Principal photography took place from April to October 2016 . After Snyder stepped down to deal with the death of his daughter , Joss Whedon was hired to oversee the remainder of post-production , including directing additional scenes written by himself . With an estimated production budget of $ 300 million , Justice League is one of the most expensive films ever made . Justice League premiered in Beijing on October 26 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in 2D , RealD 3D , and IMAX on November 17 , 2017 . The film grossed over $ 657 million worldwide against a break-even point of $ 750 million , becoming the highest-grossing film ( as of 2019 ) to become a box office bomb , losing distributor Warner Bros. Pictures an estimated $ 60 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aquaman_(film)', 'summary': "Aquaman is a 2018 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , it is the sixth film in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film was directed by James Wan , from a screenplay by David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick and Will Beall and stars Jason Momoa as Aquaman , with Amber Heard , Willem Dafoe , Patrick Wilson , Dolph Lundgren , Yahya Abdul-Mateen II , and Nicole Kidman in supporting roles . In the film , Aquaman sets out to lead the underwater kingdom of Atlantis , replacing his half-brother , King Orm , who seeks to unite the seven underwater kingdoms against the surface world . Development began in 2004 but did not gain traction until Man of Steel was released in 2013 . In August 2014 , Beall and Kurt Johnstad were hired to write competing scripts . Wan signed on as director in April 2015 , and in July 2016 , the film moved forward with Beall 's screenplay . The main cast was confirmed through 2016 and early 2017 . Principal photography began in Australia in May 2017 , taking place at Village Roadshow Studios on the Gold Coast , Queensland , with additional production teams in Canada , Italy and Morocco . Filming concluded the following October . Several vendors provided visual effects , ranging from high-detail hair simulations to the creation of CG animals and locations . Aquaman premiered in London on November 26 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on December 21 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shazam!_(film)', 'summary': "Shazam ! is a 2019 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character . Produced by New Line Cinema and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , it is the seventh installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . Directed by David F. Sandberg from a screenplay by Henry Gayden , and a story by Gayden and Darren Lemke , the film stars Asher Angel as Billy Batson , a teenage boy who can transform into an adult superhero , played by Zachary Levi . Mark Strong , Jack Dylan Grazer , Adam Brody , and Djimon Hounsou also star . The plot follows Billy Batson , who is chosen by the ancient wizard Shazam as his new champion and receives various superpowers . Billy and his best friend Freddy Freeman ( Grazer ) must discover Billy 's new powers in order to stop the evil Dr. Thaddeus Sivana ( Strong ) and the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man . Development of a live-action Shazam ! film began at New Line in the early 2000s but was delayed for many years . The film went into pre-production in 2009 with director Peter Segal and writer John August and Dwayne Johnson considered to star as the villain Black Adam , but the project fell through ; Dwayne Johnson acts as an executive producer on Shazam ! . William Goldman , Alec Sokolow , Joel Cohen , Bill Birch , and Geoff Johns , among others , were all attached to the project as writers at various points . The film was officially announced in 2014 , with Johnson attached to star as either Shazam or Black Adam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(2020_film)', 'summary': "Birds of Prey ( and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn ) [ a ] is a 2020 American superhero film based on the DC Comics team Birds of Prey . It is the eighth film in the DC Extended Universe , and a follow-up to Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) . It was directed by Cathy Yan and written by Christina Hodson , and stars Margot Robbie , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Jurnee Smollett-Bell , Rosie Perez , Chris Messina , Ella Jay Basco , Ali Wong , and Ewan McGregor . The film follows Harley Quinn as she joins forces with Helena Bertinelli , Dinah Lance , and Renee Montoya to save Cassandra Cain from Gotham City crime lord Black Mask . Robbie , who also served as producer , pitched the idea for Birds of Prey to Warner Bros. in 2015 . The film was announced in May 2016 , with Hodson being hired to write the script that November , followed by Yan signing on to direct in April 2018 . The majority of the cast and crew were confirmed by December 2018 . Principal photography lasted from January to April 2019 in Downtown Los Angeles , parts of the Arts District , Los Angeles , and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . Additional filming took place in September 2019 . Birds of Prey is the first DCEU film and the second DC Films production to be rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America . The film had its world premiere in Mexico City on January 25 , 2020 , and was theatrically released in the United States in IMAX , Dolby Cinema and 4DX on February 7 , 2020 , and has grossed $ 147.1 million worldwide . The film received praise from critics for its visual style , Yan 's direction , and the performances of Robbie and McGregor , but criticism for the screenplay ."}]}, {'value': 'MonsterVerse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MonsterVerse', 'summary': 'The MonsterVerse is an American multimedia franchise and shared fictional universe that is centered on a series of monster films featuring Godzilla and King Kong , produced by Legendary Entertainment and co-produced and distributed by Warner Bros . The first installment was Godzilla ( 2014 ) , a reboot of the Godzilla franchise , which was followed by Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) , a reboot of the King Kong franchise , and Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) . The next film to be released will be Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) . With three films released to date , the series has grossed over $ 1.4 billion worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Godzilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godzilla_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Godzilla is a 2014 American monster film directed by Gareth Edwards . It is a reboot of Toho 's Godzilla franchise and is the 30th film in the Godzilla franchise , the first film in Legendary 's MonsterVerse , and the second Godzilla film to be completely produced by a Hollywood studio . [ a ] The film stars Aaron Taylor-Johnson , Ken Watanabe , Elizabeth Olsen , Juliette Binoche , Sally Hawkins , David Strathairn , and Bryan Cranston . In the film , a soldier attempts to return to his family while caught in the crossfire of an ancient rivalry between Godzilla and two parasitic monsters known as MUTOs . The project began as an IMAX short film in 2004 but was transferred to Legendary in 2009 to be redeveloped as a feature film . The film was officially announced in March 2010 and Edwards was announced as the director in January 2011 . Principal photography began in March 2013 in the United States and Canada and ended in July 2013 . Godzilla was theatrically released on May 16 , 2014 , to positive reviews , with criticisms aimed at Godzilla 's screen-time and underdeveloped characters , but praise towards the film 's direction , visual effects , musical score , cinematography , respect to the source material , and Cranston 's performance . The film was a box office success , grossing $ 524 million worldwide . The film 's success prompted Toho to produce a reboot of their own and Legendary to proceed with sequels , with Godzilla : King of the Monsters released on May 31 , 2019 , and Godzilla vs. Kong to be released on November 20 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Godzilla and King Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godzilla_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Godzilla is a 2014 American monster film directed by Gareth Edwards . It is a reboot of Toho 's Godzilla franchise and is the 30th film in the Godzilla franchise , the first film in Legendary 's MonsterVerse , and the second Godzilla film to be completely produced by a Hollywood studio . [ a ] The film stars Aaron Taylor-Johnson , Ken Watanabe , Elizabeth Olsen , Juliette Binoche , Sally Hawkins , David Strathairn , and Bryan Cranston . In the film , a soldier attempts to return to his family while caught in the crossfire of an ancient rivalry between Godzilla and two parasitic monsters known as MUTOs . The project began as an IMAX short film in 2004 but was transferred to Legendary in 2009 to be redeveloped as a feature film . The film was officially announced in March 2010 and Edwards was announced as the director in January 2011 . Principal photography began in March 2013 in the United States and Canada and ended in July 2013 . Godzilla was theatrically released on May 16 , 2014 , to positive reviews , with criticisms aimed at Godzilla 's screen-time and underdeveloped characters , but praise towards the film 's direction , visual effects , musical score , cinematography , respect to the source material , and Cranston 's performance . The film was a box office success , grossing $ 524 million worldwide . The film 's success prompted Toho to produce a reboot of their own and Legendary to proceed with sequels , with Godzilla : King of the Monsters released on May 31 , 2019 , and Godzilla vs. Kong to be released on November 20 , 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kong:_Skull_Island', 'summary': "Kong : Skull Island is a 2017 American monster film directed by Jordan Vogt-Roberts and written by Dan Gilroy , Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly . It is a reboot of the King Kong franchise , and serves as the second film in Legendary 's MonsterVerse . The film stars Tom Hiddleston , Samuel L. Jackson , John Goodman , Brie Larson , Jing Tian , Toby Kebbell , John Ortiz , Corey Hawkins , Jason Mitchell , Shea Whigham , Thomas Mann , Terry Notary , and John C. Reilly . In the film , set in 1973 , a team of scientists and Vietnam War soldiers travel to the uncharted Skull Island and encounter terrifying creatures before meeting the mighty Kong , a gigantic ape who is the last of his species . The film was announced in July 2014 at San Diego Comic-Con and Vogt-Roberts was announced as the director in September 2014 . The project originally began at Universal Pictures as an origin story but was later moved to Warner Bros. in order to develop a shared cinematic universe featuring Godzilla and King Kong . Principal photography began in October 2015 in Hawaii and various locations around Vietnam and ended in March 2016 . Kong : Skull Island was theatrically released on March 10 , 2017 to positive reviews , with praise for its visual effects , action , and performances , particularly those of Jackson and Reilly . It was also a box office success , grossing $ 566 million worldwide . The film was nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards . A sequel , Godzilla vs. Kong , is scheduled to be released on November 20 , 2020 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Film', 'section_text': 'This is a list of shared universes in film . There are different definitions of shared universe . It is a requirement that two or more previously unconnected characters come together into one film .', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_universes_in_film_and_television_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of shared universes in film. There are different definitions of shared universe. It is a requirement that two or more previously unconnected characters come together into one film.'} | null | null | Which movie does belong to the universe based on superhero movies distributed by Warner Bros ? | DC Extended Universe |
045c60873eb90b3b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2013_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe', 'title': 'Athletics at the 2013 Games of the Small States of Europe', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Team', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcos Sanza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andorra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andorra', 'summary': "Andorra ( /ænˈdɔːrə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /ænˈdɒrə/ ; Catalan : [ ənˈdorə ] ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat d'Andorra ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat de les Valls d'Andorra ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees , bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south . Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988 , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell . The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278 . It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes : the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain , and the president of the French Republic . Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe , having an area of 468 square kilometres ( 181 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 77,006 . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population . Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , at an elevation of 1,023 metres ( 3,356 feet ) above sea level . The official language is Catalan , but Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken . Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually . Andorra is not a member of the European Union , but the euro is its official currency . It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '30:17.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pol Mellina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '30:26.46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kári Steinn Karlsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kári_Steinn_Karlsson', 'summary': "Kári Steinn Karlsson ( born 19 May 1986 ) is an Icelandic long-distance runner . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed in the men 's marathon , finishing in 42nd place . Kári went to University of California , Berkeley ."}]}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '30:41.14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antoni Bernadó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antoni_Bernadó', 'summary': "Antoni Toni Bernadó Planas ( born December 9 , 1966 ) is an Andorran long-distance runner who finished 87th in Men 's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics , 49th at the 2000 Summer Olympics , 57th at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 58th at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 74th at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is the first and so far only athlete to have finished five Olympic Marathons . He held the Masters M40 3000 metres world record for three years ."}]}, {'value': 'Andorra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andorra', 'summary': "Andorra ( /ænˈdɔːrə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /ænˈdɒrə/ ; Catalan : [ ənˈdorə ] ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat d'Andorra ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat de les Valls d'Andorra ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees , bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south . Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988 , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell . The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278 . It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes : the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain , and the president of the French Republic . Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe , having an area of 468 square kilometres ( 181 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 77,006 . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population . Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , at an elevation of 1,023 metres ( 3,356 feet ) above sea level . The official language is Catalan , but Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken . Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually . Andorra is not a member of the European Union , but the euro is its official currency . It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '31:15.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent Nothum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '31:21.98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kassahun Ahmed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '32:01.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omar Bachir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': '33:48.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zouhair Ouerdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zouhair_Ouerdi', 'summary': "Zouhair El-Ouardi ( born 15 February 1977 ) is a Moroccan middle-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2004 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': 'DNF', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Men 's results -- 10,000 metres", 'section_text': 'June 1', 'uid': 'Athletics_at_the_2013_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe_9', 'intro': "Athletics at the 2013 Games of the Small States of Europe was held from 28 May to 1 June at the Stade Josy Barthel. The men's 100 metres champion, Christos Chatziangelidis of Cyprus, gave a positive doping test during the competition, meaning the disqualification of his 100 m title, a 200 m silver medal, and also the 4×100 m relay title on by Cyprus."} | null | null | Which country borders the country whose athlete had the second fastest time to the north ? | Belgium |
046241f21ed68ac1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients', 'title': 'List of foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients', 'header': ['Name', 'Country of birth', 'Rank', 'Branch', 'Place of action', 'Date of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jose Calugas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Calugas', 'summary': "Jose Cabalfin Calugas ( December 29 , 1907 - January 18 , 1998 ) was a member of the Philippine Scouts during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan . At the age of 23 , Calugas joined the Philippine Scouts of the United States Army and completed training as an artilleryman and served with different artillery batteries of the Philippine Scouts until his unit was mobilized to fight in World War II . After noticing one of his unit 's gun batteries had been destroyed and its crew killed , he gathered several members of his unit together , dug in and attempted to defend the line . He was captured along with other members of his unit and forced to march to a distant enemy prison camp , where he was held as a prisoner of war . When he was released in 1943 , he was secretly assigned to a guerrilla unit in the Philippines where he fought for the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese . After World War II Calugas received a direct commission and became a United States citizen . Retiring from the Army , he settled in Tacoma , Washington ."}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Bataan , Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bataan', 'summary': 'Bataan ( /bɑːtɑːˈɑːn/ ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bataan IPA : [ bataʔan ] ; Kapampangan : Lalauígan ning Bataan ) is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . Its capital is the City of Balanga . Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon , Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north . The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west , and encloses Manila Bay to the east . The Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II . The Bataan Death March was named after the province , where the infamous march started .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'January 16 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Cano *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Cano', 'summary': 'Pedro Cano ( June 19 , 1920 - June 24 , 1952 ) was a World War II veteran who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat near Schevenhütte , Germany in December 1944 . Cano was born in La Morita , Nuevo Leon , Mexico . He moved to the United States into the small community of Edinburg , Texas when he was 2 months old . There he served as a farm laborer until he volunteered to serve in the Army during World War II . As a private , he was deployed to the European theater to serve with the 4th Infantry Division where he engaged in battles both in France and in Germany . He exhibited extraordinary courage and valor in battle and later sustained injuries that left him permanently disabled . He returned to South Texas to join his wife and children and resumed his work as a farm laborer . Private Cano received two Bronze Star medals , a Purple Heart , and a Distinguished Service Cross . On March 18 , 2014 , the Distinguished Service Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor . After repeated requests during wartime to become a U.S. citizen and being ignored by his commanding officer due to other pressing matters , Cano finally achieved his longest-lasting ambition , to become an American citizen , in May 1946 . He died six years later on June 24 , 1952 , at the age of 32 in a tragic automobile accident . He left a wife and three children .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Schevenhütte , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schevenhütte', 'summary': 'Stolberg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈʃtɔlbɛʁk ] ; Kölsch : Stolbersch ) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It has a long history as an industrial town and belongs to the district Aachen and the lower district court of Eschweiler .'}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 1944 - December 3 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Craig *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Craig_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'United States Army Second Lieutenant Robert Craig ( 1919-July 11 , 1943 ) received the Medal of Honor for heroic service as an infantry officer during the Allied invasion of Sicily in World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sicily , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 11 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcario Garcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcario_Garcia', 'summary': "Staff Sergeant Marcario García also known as Macario García [ note 1 ] ( January 20 , 1920 - December 24 , 1972 ) was the first Mexican immigrant to receive the Medal of Honor , the United States ' highest military decoration . He received the award for his heroic actions as a soldier during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Grosshau , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 27 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric G. Gibson *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_G._Gibson', 'summary': "Eric Gunnar Gibson ( October 3 , 1919 - January 28 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Technician Fifth Grade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technician_Fifth_Grade', 'summary': "Technician fifth grade ( abbreviated as T/5 or TEC 5 ) was a United States Army technician rank during World War II . Those who held this rank were addressed as corporal , though were often called a tech corporal . Technicians possessed specialized skills that were rewarded with a higher pay grade . The pay grade number corresponded with the technician 's rank . T/5 was under the pay grade 5 , along with corporal . Technicians were easily distinguished by the T imprinted on the standard chevron design for that pay grade . The technician ranks were removed from the U.S. Army rank system in 1948 , though the concept was brought back with the Specialist ranks in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Isola Bella , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isolabella,_Cisterna_di_Latina', 'summary': "Cisterna di Latina is a town and comune in the province of Latina in Lazio , of central Italy . It was the scene of the Battle of Cisterna in January 1944 . The Garden of Ninfa is located in the commune 's territory . The town , then known as Tres Tabernae ( The Three Taverns ) is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles as one of the towns where Saint Paul stopped on his way to Rome ."}]}, {'value': 'January 28 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert M. Hanson *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_M._Hanson', 'summary': 'Robert Murray Hanson ( February 4 , 1920 - February 3 , 1944 ) was a United States Marine Corps flying ace who shot down 25 Japanese planes from the South Pacific skies . He posthumously received the Medal of Honor . One of five children , he is the elder brother of Edith Hanson and Earl Dorchester Hanson .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Bougainville Island and New Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bougainville_Island', 'summary': 'Bougainville Island ( Tok Pisin : Bogenvil ) is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville of Papua New Guinea , also known as Bougainville Province . It formed the main landmass of the German Empire-associated North Solomons . With four to five hundred-metre-width-strait separated Buka Island ( c.500 km2 ) its land measures 9,300 km2 ( 3591 sq miles ) . The population of the province is 234,280 ( 2011 census ) , which includes islets such as the Carterets . Mount Balbi on the main island at 2,715 m is the highest point . The Buka strait , despite its narrowness , is unbridged , however regular ferries operate between the key settlements on either side and Buka Town has the main northern airstrip/airport . It is the largest of the Solomon Islands archipelago most of which , concentrated south and east , are politically independent as the Solomon Islands ; from two of these in the close-knit Shortland Islands it is less than 9 km north or north-west to Bougainville ; they are in turn about 30 km west of Choiseul , a settlement of which , Poroporo faces Bougainville . An outcrop of Buka is 175 kilometres ( 109 mi ) from New Ireland , the next grand island of Papua New Guinea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Britain', 'summary': "New Britain ( Tok Pisin : Niu Briten ) is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago and Papua New Guinea . It is separated from New Guinea by a northwest corner of the Solomon Sea ( or with an island hop of Umboi the Dampier and Vitiaz Straits ) and from New Ireland by St. George 's Channel . The main towns of New Britain are Rabaul/Kokopo and Kimbe . The island is roughly the size of Taiwan . While the island was part of German New Guinea , it was named Neupommern ( New Pomerania ) . In common with most of the Bismarks it was largely formed by volcanic processes , and has active volcanoes including Ulawun ( highest volcano nationally ) , Langila , the Garbuna Group , the Sulu Range , and the volcanoes Tavurvur and Vulcan of the Rabaul caldera . A major eruption of Tavurvur in 1994 destroyed the East New Britain provincial capital of Rabaul . Most of the town still lies under metres of ash , and the capital has been moved to nearby Kokopo ."}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1943 and January 24 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silvestre S. Herrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvestre_S._Herrera', 'summary': "Silvestre Santana Herrera ( July 17 , 1917 - November 26 , 2007 ) was a Private First Class of the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions in Mertzwiller , France during World War II . After he mounted a one-man charge on an enemy stronghold which resulted in the solo capture of eight enemy soldiers , his unit was again attacked by a machine gun placement across another minefield . Herrera again that day single-handedly took on the enemy . While crossing the second minefield , he lost one of his legs to a land mine explosion then the other leg to a second explosion . Unable to continue his 1-man advance and despite a severe loss of blood , he single-handedly held the forward position to provide covering fire pinning down the enemy with his M1 Garand . His accurate rifle fire allowed his comrades to overrun the enemy position in a flanking action clear of the minefield . Born in Mexico of Hispanic heritage , Herrera was the only living person authorized to wear both the Medal of Honor and Mexico 's Order of Military Merit ( First Class ) at the time of his death . A legend in the state of Arizona , he was honored by the city of Phoenix officially renaming the portion of 3rd Street that runs from Indian School Road North into the park , S. Herrera Way ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Mertzwiller , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mertzwiller', 'summary': 'Mertzwiller ( German : Merzweiler ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France .'}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James H. Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_H._Howard', 'summary': "James Howell Howard ( April 8 , 1913 - March 18 , 1995 ) was a general in the United States Air Force and the only fighter pilot in the European Theater of Operations in World War II to receive the Medal of Honor - the United States military 's highest decoration . Howard had the rare distinction of being an ace in two operational theaters during World War II , with over 6 kills with the Flying Tigers of the American Volunteer Group ( AVG ) in the Pacific and 6 kills over Europe with the United States Air Force . CBS commentator Andy Rooney , then a wartime reporter for Stars and Stripes , called Howard 's exploits the greatest fighter pilot story of World War II . In later life , Howard was a successful businessman , author , and airport director ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major', 'summary': 'Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Army Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 11 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isadore S. Jachman *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isadore_S._Jachman', 'summary': 'Isadore Siegfried Jachman ( December 14 , 1922 - January 4 , 1945 ) was a United States Army staff sergeant who was killed in World War II after defending the town of Flamierge in Belgium from a German attack on January 4 , 1945 , for which he received the Medal of Honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Flamierge , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 4 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles A. MacGillivary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_A._MacGillivary', 'summary': 'Charles Andrew MacGillivary ( January 17 , 1917 - June 24 , 2000 ) was a Medal of Honor recipient , born in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada . A Sergeant in the United States Army , he was attached to Company I , 71st Infantry , 44th Infantry Division during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Woelfling , France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 1 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archibald Mathies *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archibald_Mathies', 'summary': 'Archibald Mathies ( June 3 , 1918 - February 20 , 1944 ) posthumously received the Medal of Honor as an enlisted member of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas Minue *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Minue', 'summary': 'Nicholas Minue ( March 13 , 1905 - April 28 , 1943 ) was a Ukrainian American and United States Army career veteran who received the Medal of Honor posthumously in World War II . Private Minue with fixed bayonet , singlehandedly assaulted and destroyed several enemy positions while under fire near Medjez El Bab , Tunisia , until he was fatally wounded .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Medjezel Bab , Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'April 28 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas A. Munro *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_A._Munro', 'summary': "Douglas Albert Munro ( October 11 , 1919 - September 27 , 1942 ) was a United States Coast Guardsman who was posthumously decorated with the Medal of Honor for an act of extraordinary heroism during World War II . He is the only person to have received the medal for actions performed during service in the Coast Guard . [ a ] Munro was born in Canada to an American father and a British mother , and his family moved to the United States when he was a child . He was raised in South Cle Elum , Washington , and attended Central Washington College of Education before volunteering for military service shortly before the United States entered World War II . Munro and his shipmate Raymond Evans were known as the Gold Dust Twins , so-called because they were inseparable . During the Guadalcanal Campaign , Munro was assigned to Naval Operating Base Cactus at Lunga Point , where small boat operations were coordinated . At the Second Battle of the Matanikau in September 1942 , he led the extrication of a force of Marines whose position had been overrun by Japanese forces . He died of a gunshot wound at age 22 while using the Higgins boat that he was piloting to shield a landing craft filled with Marines from Japanese fire . Several ships , buildings , and monuments have been dedicated to Munro , and a street in his hometown is named after him in his honor . The anniversary of his death is annually observed in Cle Elum and at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May . His grave has been designated a historical site by Washington state . He is the namesake of the Douglas Munro March , the Navy League 's Douglas A. Munro Award , the Coast Guard Foundation 's Douglas Munro Scholarship Fund , and the Veterans of Foreign Wars ' Douglas Munro-Robert H. Brooks Post ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signalman First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Signalman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Signalman was a U.S. Navy rating for sailors that specialized in visual communication . See Signaller for more about the roles of Signalmen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Petty_officer,_first_class', 'summary': 'Petty officer first class ( PO1 ) is a rank found in some navies and maritime organizations . It is the sixth enlisted rate in the United States Navy , U.S. Coast Guard , and the U.S . Naval Sea Cadet Corps , ranking just above petty officer second class and directly below chief petty officer . It is designated as non-commissioned officer , as are all petty officer ratings . It is equivalent to the rank of staff sergeant in the Army and Marine Corps , and technical sergeant in the Air Force . They are all ranked E-6 , which refers to the enlisted numbering system associated with pay grades .'}]}, {'value': 'Coast Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard', 'summary': "The United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) is the coastal defense , search and rescue , and maritime law enforcement branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country 's eight uniformed services . The Coast Guard is a maritime , military , multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its duties . It operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime , and can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy by the U.S. President at any time , or by the U.S. Congress during times of war . Congressional authority transfers happened twice : in 1917 , during World War I , and in 1941 , during World War II . Created by the U.S. Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue-Marine , it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States . [ Note 1 ] As Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton headed the Revenue-Marine , whose original purpose was collecting customs duties at U.S. seaports . By the 1860s , the service was known as the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue-Marine gradually fell into disuse . The modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 , under the U.S. Department of the Treasury . In 1939 , the U.S. Lighthouse Service was also merged into the Coast Guard . As one of the country 's six armed services , the Coast Guard has been involved in every U.S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan . In 2018 , the Coast Guard has 40,992 active duty employees , 7,000 reservists , and 8,577 full-time civilian employees , for a total workforce of 56,569 . The Coast Guard maintains an extensive fleet of 243 coastal and ocean-going patrol ships , tenders , tugs , icebreakers , and 1,650 smaller boats , as well as an aviation division consisting of 201 helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalcanal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalcanal', 'summary': "Guadalcanal ( /ˌɡwɑːdəlkəˈnæl/ ; indigenous name : Isatabu ) is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of the nation of Solomon Islands , located in the south-western Pacific , northeast of Australia . The island is mainly covered in dense tropical rainforest and has a mountainous interior . Guadalcanal 's discovery by westerners was under the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña in 1568 . The name comes from the village of Guadalcanal , in the province of Seville , in Andalusia , Spain , birthplace of Pedro de Ortega Valencia , a member of Mendaña 's expedition . During 1942-43 , it was the scene of the Guadalcanal Campaign and saw bitter fighting between Japanese and US troops . The Americans were ultimately victorious . At the end of World War II , Honiara , on the north coast of Guadalcanal , became the new capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate ."}]}, {'value': 'September 27 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Tomich *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Tomich', 'summary': "Petar Herceg Tonić ( later anglicized as Peter Tomich ; June 3 , 1893 - December 7 , 1941 ) was a United States Navy sailor of Herzegovinian Croat descent who received the United States military 's highest award , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina', 'summary': 'Bosnia and Herzegovina , [ a ] abbreviated BiH or B & H , [ b ] sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia , is a country of South and Southeast Europe , located within the Balkans . Sarajevo is the capital and largest city . Bosnia and Herzegovina is an almost landlocked country - to the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea , about 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) long and surrounding the town of Neum . It is bordered by Serbia to the east , Montenegro to the southeast , and Croatia surrounding north and southwest . In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous , in the northwest moderately hilly , and the northeast predominantly flatland . The inland , Bosnia , is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate , with hot summers and cold and snowy winters . The southern tip , Herzegovina , has a Mediterranean climate and mostly mountainous topography . Bosnia and Herzegovina traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age , during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations . Culturally , politically , and socially , the country has a rich history , having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries . In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established , which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century , after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire , under whose rule it remained from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries . The Ottomans brought Islam to the region , and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country . This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , which lasted up until World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Chief Petty Officer Watertender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Petty_Officer', 'summary': 'A chief petty officer is a senior non-commissioned officer in many navies and coast guards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Watertender', 'summary': "A fireman , stoker or watertender is a person whose occupation it is to tend the fire for the running of a boiler , heating a building , or powering a steam engine . Much of the job is hard physical labor , such as shoveling fuel , typically coal , into the boiler 's firebox . On steam locomotives the title fireman is usually used , while on steamships and stationary steam engines , such as those driving saw mills , the title is usually stoker ( although the British Merchant Navy did use fireman ) . The German word Heizer is equivalent and in Dutch the word stoker is mostly used too . The United States Navy referred to them as watertenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Pearl Harbor , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearl_Harbor', 'summary': "Pearl Harbor is an American lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu , Hawaii , west of Honolulu . It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States , before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 . Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep-water naval base . It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet . The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887 . The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7 , 1941 , was the immediate cause of the United States ' entry into World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawaii', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 1941', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'World War II', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_10', 'intro': 'The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. Although Medals of Honor can be awarded only to members of the U.S. armed forces, being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal. Since the American Civil War, hundreds of people born outside the United States have received the medal, the most recent of these recipients being Pedro Cano and Jesus S. Duran who received their medals in March 2014 for actions performed during World War II and the Vietnam War respectively. The large number of foreign-born recipients during the 19th and early 20th centuries was mostly due to immigration waves from Europe.'} | null | null | How many Japanese planes did a flying ace shoot down whose place of action measures 9,300 square kilometers ? | 25 |
04638904640c7843 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Greater_Western_Sydney', 'title': 'List of schools in Greater Western Sydney', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Airds High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airds,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Airds is a suburb of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Airds is 56 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Macarthur region . Airds is a predominantly residential area and the majority of houses within the suburb are owned by Housing NSW .'}]}, {'value': 'Campbelltown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Campbelltown_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The City of Campbelltown is a local government area in the Macarthur region of south-western Sydney , in New South Wales , Australia . The area is located about 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) south west of the Sydney central business district and comprises 312 square kilometres ( 120 sq mi ) . The Mayor of the City of Campbelltown for 2016-18 is Cr . George Brticevic , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intellectual disability support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambarvale High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambarvale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambarvale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Ambarvale is a suburb of south-western Sydney in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Ambarvale is located 55 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Macarthur region . The suburb is predominantly residential and contains a mix of public and private housing .'}]}, {'value': 'Campbelltown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Campbelltown_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The City of Campbelltown is a local government area in the Macarthur region of south-western Sydney , in New South Wales , Australia . The area is located about 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) south west of the Sydney central business district and comprises 312 square kilometres ( 120 sq mi ) . The Mayor of the City of Campbelltown for 2016-18 is Cr . George Brticevic , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intellectual disability support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Phillip High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Phillip_High_School', 'summary': 'Arthur Phillip High School ( abbreviated as APHS ) is a coeducational public high school , located in Parramatta , New South Wales , Australia . The school was established in 1960 in its own right , in buildings which had been used continuously as a school since 1875 , and is named for Arthur Phillip , the first governor of the state of New South Wales and the founder of the city of Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'Parramatta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parramatta,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Parramatta ( /ˌpærəˈmætə/ ) is a suburb of the City of Parramatta , in Greater Sydney which is located in the state of New South Wales , Australia . It is located approximately 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) west of the Sydney central business district on the banks of the Parramatta River . Parramatta is the administrative seat of the City of Parramatta and is often regarded as commercial centre for both the Greater Parramatta region as well as the broader Greater Western Sydney region . Parramatta , founded by the British in 1788 , the same year as Sydney , is the oldest inland European settlement in Australia and the economic capital of Greater Western Sydney . Since 2000 , government agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force and Sydney Water have relocated to Parramatta from the centre of Sydney . Established in 1799 , the Old Government House is a world heritage site and museum within Parramatta Park and is Australia 's second oldest surviving building after Wiebbe Hayes Stone Fort . It is also commonly referred to as the cradle city because of its significant farming contribution to help feed the whole colony . Parramatta is a major business and commercial centre , and home to Westfield Parramatta , the tenth largest shopping centre in Australia . Parramatta is also the major transport hub for Western Sydney , servicing trains and buses , as well as having a ferry wharf and future light rail and metro services . Major upgrades have occurred around Parramatta railway station with the creation of a new transport interchange , and the ongoing development of the Parramatta Square local government precinct ."}]}, {'value': 'Parramatta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Parramatta_Council', 'summary': 'The City of Parramatta Council , is a local government area located west of central Sydney in the Greater Western Sydney region . Parramatta Council is situated between the City of Ryde and Cumberland Council , where the Cumberland Plain meets the Hornsby Plateau , approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) west of the Sydney central business district , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The City occupies an area of 84 square kilometres ( 32 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had an estimated population of 226,149 . The City houses the Parramatta central business district which is one of the key suburban employment destinations for the region of Greater Western Sydney . The Lord Mayor of the City of Parramatta Council since 23 September 2019 is The Right Worshipful Bob Dwyer , a member of the Liberal Party .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intellectual disability support . HS until Jan 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashcroft High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashcroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashcroft,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Ashcroft is a suburb of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia 35 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Liverpool .'}]}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Liverpool_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Liverpool City Council is a local government area to the south-west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The area encompasses 305.5 square kilometres ( 118.0 sq mi ) and its administrative centre is located in the suburb of Liverpool . The Mayor of the City is Cr . Wendy Waller , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn Girls High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Auburn is a Western Sydney suburb in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Auburn is located 18 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is in the local government area of Cumberland Council , having previously been the administrative centre of Auburn Council . Auburn prides itself as one of the most multicultural communities in Australia . The traditionally immigrant Anglo-Celtic European population has slowly been replaced by a high percentage of immigrants from Italian , Turkish , Lebanese , and Chinese backgrounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumberland_Council,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'The Cumberland City Council is a local government area located in the western suburbs of Sydney in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The Council was formed on 12 May 2016 from the merger of parts of the Cities of Auburn , Parramatta ( Woodville Ward ) , and Holroyd . The Council comprises an area of 72 square kilometres ( 28 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had a population of 216,079 . The first Special Meeting of Cumberland Council was held on 19 May 2016 at the Granville Town Hall , and the council currently meets at the Merrylands Administration Centre . The current mayor is Steve Christou .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intellectual disability support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bankstown Girls High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bankstown_Girls_High_School', 'summary': 'Bankstown Girls High School is a government-funded single-sex comprehensive secondary day school for girls , located in Bankstown , a south-western suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1959 , the school enrolled approximately 550 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom less than one percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 97 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; the principal is Betty Harper .'}]}, {'value': 'Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bankstown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bankstown is a suburb south west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . It is 16 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is located in the local government area of Canterbury-Bankstown Council , having previously been the administrive centre of the City of Bankstown prior to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury-Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Council', 'summary': 'The City of Canterbury Bankstown is a local government area located in the Inner West and South Western region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown , after a review of local government in New South Wales by the state government . The Council comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres ( 42.8 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had a population of 346,302 , making it the most populous local government area in Sydney . The inaugural Mayor of Canterbury-Bankstown is Khal Asfour , the final Mayor of Bankstown and a member of the Labor Party , who was elected on 26 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bankstown Senior College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bankstown_Senior_College', 'summary': 'Bankstown Senior College , previously known as Bankstown Boys High school , is a coeducational senior college located in the suburb of Bankstown , in the City of Bankstown , New South Wales , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bankstown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bankstown is a suburb south west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . It is 16 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is located in the local government area of Canterbury-Bankstown Council , having previously been the administrive centre of the City of Bankstown prior to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury-Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Council', 'summary': 'The City of Canterbury Bankstown is a local government area located in the Inner West and South Western region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown , after a review of local government in New South Wales by the state government . The Council comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres ( 42.8 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had a population of 346,302 , making it the most populous local government area in Sydney . The inaugural Mayor of Canterbury-Bankstown is Khal Asfour , the final Mayor of Bankstown and a member of the Labor Party , who was elected on 26 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Includes IEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bass High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bass_High_School', 'summary': 'Bass High School is a comprehensive , co-educational government high school in Bass Hill , a south-western suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Bass Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bass_Hill,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bass Hill , a suburb of local government area Canterbury-Bankstown Council , is located 23 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the state of New South Wales , Australia , and is a part of the South-western Sydney region .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury-Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Council', 'summary': 'The City of Canterbury Bankstown is a local government area located in the Inner West and South Western region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown , after a review of local government in New South Wales by the state government . The Council comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres ( 42.8 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had a population of 346,302 , making it the most populous local government area in Sydney . The inaugural Mayor of Canterbury-Bankstown is Khal Asfour , the final Mayor of Bankstown and a member of the Labor Party , who was elected on 26 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intellectual disability support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baulkham Hills High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baulkham_Hills_High_School', 'summary': 'Baulkham Hills High School ( BHHS , colloquially known as Baulko ) is a government-funded academically selective co-educational secondary day school , located in Baulkham Hills in the Hills District of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in June 1971 , the school enrolled approximately 1,220 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom one percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 83 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; the principal is Jeanne Bathgate . The school is noted for its outstanding academic results . In 2016 and 2017 students were placed second in the NSW Higher School Certificate . The school was ranked fifth in 2018 , and ninth in 2019 . The school is noted as being one of the top ten performing schools in New South Wales . In 2010 , Baulkham Hills High School was ranked the most popular school in NSW for high school applications .'}]}, {'value': 'Baulkham Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baulkham_Hills,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Baulkham Hills /bɔːˈkʌm/ is a suburb of Greater Western Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . It is 31 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district within the local government area of The Hills Shire , with a small portion south of the M2 Motorway in the City of Parramatta . Baulkham Hills is the administrative seat of The Hills Shire , an outer metropolitan shire within Greater Sydney . The suburb is also the most populous within the Hills Shire . It is known colloquially as Baulko .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hills_Shire', 'summary': "The Hills Shire ( from 1906-2008 as Baulkham Hills Shire ) is a local government area in the Greater Western Sydney region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The suburb is north-west of the Sydney central business district , and encompasses 401 square kilometres ( 155 sq mi ) stretching from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to Wiseman 's Ferry on the Hawkesbury River in the north . The Hills Shire had a population of 157,243 as at the 2016 census . The current Mayor of The Hills Shire is Cr . Michelle Byrne ( Liberal ) , who was elected on 9 September 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fully selective . Autism and intellectual disability support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birrong Boys High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birrong,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Birrong , a suburb of local government area Canterbury-Bankstown Council , is located 22 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the state of New South Wales , Australia , and is a part of the South-western Sydney region . Birrong shares its postcode of 2143 with neighbouring suburbs Regents Park and Potts Hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury-Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Council', 'summary': 'The City of Canterbury Bankstown is a local government area located in the Inner West and South Western region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown , after a review of local government in New South Wales by the state government . The Council comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres ( 42.8 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had a population of 346,302 , making it the most populous local government area in Sydney . The inaugural Mayor of Canterbury-Bankstown is Khal Asfour , the final Mayor of Bankstown and a member of the Labor Party , who was elected on 26 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birrong Girls High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birrong_Girls_High_School', 'summary': 'Birrong Girls High School is a government-funded single-sex comprehensive secondary day school for girls , located on Cooper Road , Birrong , a western suburb of Sydney , in New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1957 , the school enrolled approximately 790 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom one percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 94 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; the principal is Zena Dabaja .'}]}, {'value': 'Birrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birrong,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Birrong , a suburb of local government area Canterbury-Bankstown Council , is located 22 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the state of New South Wales , Australia , and is a part of the South-western Sydney region . Birrong shares its postcode of 2143 with neighbouring suburbs Regents Park and Potts Hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury-Bankstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Council', 'summary': 'The City of Canterbury Bankstown is a local government area located in the Inner West and South Western region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown , after a review of local government in New South Wales by the state government . The Council comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres ( 42.8 sq mi ) and as at the 2016 census had a population of 346,302 , making it the most populous local government area in Sydney . The inaugural Mayor of Canterbury-Bankstown is Khal Asfour , the final Mayor of Bankstown and a member of the Labor Party , who was elected on 26 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blacktown Boys High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blacktown_Boys_High_School', 'summary': "Blacktown Boys High School ( abbreviated as BBHS ) is a government-funded single-sex academically partially selective secondary day school for boys , located in Blacktown , a western Sydney suburb of New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1956 as Blacktown High School , the school enrolled approximately 580 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom one percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 87 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; the principal is Shaun Addy . The school 's sister school is Blacktown Girls High School ."}]}, {'value': 'Blacktown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blacktown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Blacktown is a suburb in the City of Blacktown , in Greater Western Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Blacktown is located 34 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district . Blacktown is the largest of any township in New South Wales and is one of the most multicultural places within Greater Sydney . There have been discussions about changing the name of the City to Western Sydney City due to the belief that the name Blacktown is racist . However , this was voted against and the name has remained Blacktown .'}]}, {'value': 'Blacktown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Blacktown', 'summary': 'Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney , situated on the Cumberland Plain , approximately 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) west of the Sydney central business district , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979 , the City occupies an area of 246.9 square kilometres ( 95.3 sq mi ) and had a population of 336,962 as at the 2016 census , making it the second most populous LGA in Sydney . The Mayor of the Blacktown City Council is Cr . Tony Bleasdale OAM a member of the Australian Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Partially selective . Behaviour disorder support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blacktown Girls High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blacktown_Girls_High_School', 'summary': "Blacktown Girls High School ( abbreviated as BGHS ) is a government-funded single-sex academically partially selective secondary day school for girls , located in Blacktown , a suburb of western Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1956 as the co-educational Blacktown High School , the school enrolled approximately 750 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom three percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 85 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; the principal is Jeff Lumb . The school 's brother school is Blacktown Boys High School ."}]}, {'value': 'Blacktown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blacktown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Blacktown is a suburb in the City of Blacktown , in Greater Western Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Blacktown is located 34 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district . Blacktown is the largest of any township in New South Wales and is one of the most multicultural places within Greater Sydney . There have been discussions about changing the name of the City to Western Sydney City due to the belief that the name Blacktown is racist . However , this was voted against and the name has remained Blacktown .'}]}, {'value': 'Blacktown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Blacktown', 'summary': 'Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney , situated on the Cumberland Plain , approximately 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) west of the Sydney central business district , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979 , the City occupies an area of 246.9 square kilometres ( 95.3 sq mi ) and had a population of 336,962 as at the 2016 census , making it the second most populous LGA in Sydney . The Mayor of the Blacktown City Council is Cr . Tony Bleasdale OAM a member of the Australian Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Partially selective', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonnyrigg High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonnyrigg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnyrigg,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bonnyrigg is a suburb of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia 36 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Fairfield . It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Fairfield', 'summary': "The City of Fairfield is a local government area in the west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The council was first incorporated as the Municipal District of Smithfield and Fairfield on 8 December 1888 , and the council 's name was changed to the Municipality of Fairfield in 1920 , before being proclaimed a city in 1979 . The City of Fairfield comprises an area of 102 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) and as of the 2016 census had a population of 198,817 . The Mayor of the City of Fairfield is Cr . Frank Carbone , the first popularly-elected independent mayor of Fairfield . Fairfield is considered one of the most ethnically diverse suburbs in Australia . At the 2016 census , the proportion of residents in the Fairfield local government area who stated their ancestry as Vietnamese and Assyrian , was in excess of sixteen times the national average . The area was linguistically diverse , with Vietnamese , Arabic , Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , or Cantonese languages spoken in households , and ranged from two times to seventeen times the national averages . The Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the southern hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in GWS , with more than 1,000 manufacturing , wholesale , transport and service firms ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Partially selective', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bossley Park High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bossley_Park_High_School', 'summary': "Bossley Park High School ( abbreviated as BPHS ) is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school , located in Bossley Park , a western suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1988 , the school enrolled approximately 1,500 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom one percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 82 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; the principal is Vera Chevell . The school 's catchment area includes the rapidly developing suburbs of Bossley Park and Abbotsbury in western Sydney . In 1999 it was revealed by The Sunday Telegraph that Bossley Park High School was the richest state high school which had a bank balance of more A $ 7 million . In 2004 , The Sydney Morning Herald revealed the school had more than $ 10 million in reserves ."}]}, {'value': 'Bossley Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bossley_Park,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bossley Park is a suburb of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Bossley Park is located 36 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Fairfield . Bossley Park is part of the Greater Western Sydney region .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Fairfield', 'summary': "The City of Fairfield is a local government area in the west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The council was first incorporated as the Municipal District of Smithfield and Fairfield on 8 December 1888 , and the council 's name was changed to the Municipality of Fairfield in 1920 , before being proclaimed a city in 1979 . The City of Fairfield comprises an area of 102 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) and as of the 2016 census had a population of 198,817 . The Mayor of the City of Fairfield is Cr . Frank Carbone , the first popularly-elected independent mayor of Fairfield . Fairfield is considered one of the most ethnically diverse suburbs in Australia . At the 2016 census , the proportion of residents in the Fairfield local government area who stated their ancestry as Vietnamese and Assyrian , was in excess of sixteen times the national average . The area was linguistically diverse , with Vietnamese , Arabic , Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , or Cantonese languages spoken in households , and ranged from two times to seventeen times the national averages . The Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the southern hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in GWS , with more than 1,000 manufacturing , wholesale , transport and service firms ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cabramatta High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cabramatta_High_School', 'summary': 'Cabramatta High School ( abbreviated as CHS ) is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school , located on Aladore Avenue , Cabramatta , a south-western suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1958 , the school enrolled approximately 1,500 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom one percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 96 percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education in accordance with a curriculum developed by the New South Wales Education Standards Authority ; and the principal is Beth Godwin .'}]}, {'value': 'Cabramatta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cabramatta,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Cabramatta is a suburb in south-western Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Cabramatta is located 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Fairfield . Cabramatta is colloquially known as 'Cabra ' and has the largest Hoa Vietnamese community in Australia . It is also Australia 's largest non-Anglo-Celtic commercial precinct . The population demographics are reflected by the many Vietnamese-Australian and Chinese-Australian businesses . As a result , the suburb is considered a gourmand destination for Vietnamese , Thai , Cambodian and Chinese cuisines . Cabramatta used to have a longstanding image problem , primarily due to its reputation as a point for drug-dealing . These drug activities began from the early 1990s ( to late ) as drug addicts were drawn to the area . However , since 2002 , the problems have receded after an anti-drug crackdown was enforced by the NSW State Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Fairfield', 'summary': "The City of Fairfield is a local government area in the west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The council was first incorporated as the Municipal District of Smithfield and Fairfield on 8 December 1888 , and the council 's name was changed to the Municipality of Fairfield in 1920 , before being proclaimed a city in 1979 . The City of Fairfield comprises an area of 102 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) and as of the 2016 census had a population of 198,817 . The Mayor of the City of Fairfield is Cr . Frank Carbone , the first popularly-elected independent mayor of Fairfield . Fairfield is considered one of the most ethnically diverse suburbs in Australia . At the 2016 census , the proportion of residents in the Fairfield local government area who stated their ancestry as Vietnamese and Assyrian , was in excess of sixteen times the national average . The area was linguistically diverse , with Vietnamese , Arabic , Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , or Cantonese languages spoken in households , and ranged from two times to seventeen times the national averages . The Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the southern hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in GWS , with more than 1,000 manufacturing , wholesale , transport and service firms ."}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Includes IEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Park High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Park_High_School', 'summary': 'Cambridge Park High School is located in Western Sydney , at the base of the Blue Mountains . The school offers a comprehensive education to the approximately 700 students enrolled , who come primarily from the surrounding suburbs of Werrington , Werrington County , Cambridge Park and Cambridge Gardens .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Park,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Cambridge Park is a suburb of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia 53 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Penrith . It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region .'}]}, {'value': 'Penrith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Penrith', 'summary': "The City of Penrith is a local government area in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The seat of the city is located in Penrith , located about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) west of Sydney 's central business district.It occupies part of the traditional lands of the Darug people . First incorporated as a municipality on 12 May 1871 , on 1 January 1949 , the municipalities of Penrith , St Marys and Castlereagh and part of the Nepean Shire amalgamated to form a new Municipality of Penrith . Penrith was declared a City on 21 October 1959 , and expanded westwards to include Emu Plains and Emu Heights , formerly part of the City of Blue Mountains , on 25 October 1963 . As at the 2016 census the City of Penrith had an estimated population of 196,066 . The Mayor of the City of Penrith is Cr . Ross Fowler , a member of the Liberal Party ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camden High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden_High_School_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'Camden High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school , located in the town of Camden , in the Macarthur region of New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1956 , the school catered for approximately 1,100 students in 2018 , from Year 7 to Year 12 , of whom five percent identified as Indigenous Australians and ten percent were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education ; the principal is Melinda Brady .'}]}, {'value': 'Camden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Camden is a historic town , south-west of Sydney , New South Wales , located 65 kilometres from the Sydney central business district . Camden was the administrative centre for the local government area of Camden Council until July/August 2016 and is a part of the Macarthur region .'}]}, {'value': 'Camden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'Camden Council is a local government area in the Macarthur region of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The area is located south west of the Sydney central business district and comprises 201 square kilometres ( 78 sq mi ) with an estimated population at the 2016 census of 78,218 . The Mayor of Camden is Cr . Theresa Fedeli , a member of the Liberal Party .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbelltown Performing Arts High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbelltown_Performing_Arts_High_School', 'summary': "The Campbelltown Performing Arts High School ( abbreviated as CPAHS ) is a government-funded co-educational selective and specialist secondary day school with speciality in performing arts , located in Campbelltown , a suburb in south-western Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Founded in 1954 , CPAHS educates approximately 1,000 students from Year 7 to Year 12 who have enrolled based on local residence and/or selectively in the performing arts division . The school 's education curriculum and examinations are governed by the Board of Studies , a government agency initiative under the administration of the New South Wales Department of Education ."}]}, {'value': 'Campbelltown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbelltown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Campbelltown is a town located on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It is located in Greater Western Sydney 42 kilometres ( 26 mi ) south-west of the Sydney central business district . Campbelltown is the administrative seat of the local government area of the City of Campbelltown . It is also acknowledged on the register of the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales as one of only four cities within the Sydney metropolitan area . Campbelltown gets its name from Elizabeth Campbell , the wife of former Governor of New South Wales Lachlan Macquarie . Originally called Campbell-Town , the name was later simplified to the current Campbelltown .'}]}, {'value': 'Campbelltown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Campbelltown_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The City of Campbelltown is a local government area in the Macarthur region of south-western Sydney , in New South Wales , Australia . The area is located about 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) south west of the Sydney central business district and comprises 312 square kilometres ( 120 sq mi ) . The Mayor of the City of Campbelltown for 2016-18 is Cr . George Brticevic , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canley Vale High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canley_Vale_High_School', 'summary': 'Canley Vale High School ( abbreviated as CVHS ) is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school , located in Canley Vale , a south-western suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1965 in an area that once comprised orchards , the school now caters for approximately 1,500 students from Year 7 to Year 12 . The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education ; and its current principal is Peter Rouse .'}]}, {'value': 'Canley Vale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canley_Vale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Canley Vale is a suburb of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Canley Vale is located 30 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of the City of Fairfield and is part of the South-western Sydney region .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Fairfield', 'summary': "The City of Fairfield is a local government area in the west of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The council was first incorporated as the Municipal District of Smithfield and Fairfield on 8 December 1888 , and the council 's name was changed to the Municipality of Fairfield in 1920 , before being proclaimed a city in 1979 . The City of Fairfield comprises an area of 102 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) and as of the 2016 census had a population of 198,817 . The Mayor of the City of Fairfield is Cr . Frank Carbone , the first popularly-elected independent mayor of Fairfield . Fairfield is considered one of the most ethnically diverse suburbs in Australia . At the 2016 census , the proportion of residents in the Fairfield local government area who stated their ancestry as Vietnamese and Assyrian , was in excess of sixteen times the national average . The area was linguistically diverse , with Vietnamese , Arabic , Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , or Cantonese languages spoken in households , and ranged from two times to seventeen times the national averages . The Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the southern hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in GWS , with more than 1,000 manufacturing , wholesale , transport and service firms ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Public schools -- High schools', 'section_text': 'In New South Wales , a high school generally covers Years 7 to 12 in the education system , and a central or community school , intended to provide comprehensive education in a rural district , covers Kindergarten to Year 12 . An additional class of high schools has emerged in recent years as a result of amalgamations which have produced multi-campus colleges consisting of Junior and Senior campuses . While most schools are comprehensive and take in all students of high school age living within its defined school boundaries , some schools are either specialist in a given key learning area , or selective in that they set examinations or other performance criteria for entrance .', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Greater_Western_Sydney_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Greater Western Sydney region of Sydney, the capital of the Australian state of New South Wales. The New South Wales education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6 (ages 5-12), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12 (ages 12-18).'} | null | null | What is the LGA of the school whose principal is Betty Harper ? | Canterbury-Bankstown |
0464ba385a45c015 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Barrington,_Illinois', 'title': 'List of people from Barrington, Illinois', 'header': ['Name', 'Birth', 'Known for', 'Association'], 'data': [{'value': 'Melissa Bean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melissa_Bean', 'summary': "Melissa Luburich Bean ( born January 22 , 1962 ) is an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for Illinois 's 8th congressional district from 2005 to 2011 . Bean is a member of the Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan 22 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': "US congressman representing Illinois 's 8th congressional district", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Illinois's_8th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The 8th congressional district of Illinois is represented by Democrat Raja Krishnamoorthi .'}]}, {'value': 'Resides in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ira Joy Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ira_Joy_Chase', 'summary': 'Ira Joy Chase ( December 7 , 1834 - May 11 , 1895 ) was a veteran of the American Civil War , a leading member of the Grand Army of the Republic , a prominent Church of Christ evangelist , and the 22nd Governor of Indiana between November 23 , 1891 and January 9 , 1893 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dec 7 , 1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-founder of the Grand Army of the Republic , 22nd governor of Indiana , and first Barrington citizen to enlist in the Union Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic', 'summary': "The Grand Army of the Republic ( GAR ) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army ( United States Army ) , Union Navy ( U.S. Navy ) , Marines and the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service who served in the American Civil War . It was founded in 1866 in Springfield , Illinois , and grew to include hundreds of posts ( local community units ) across the nation ( predominantly in the North , but also a few in the South and West ) . It was dissolved in 1956 at the death of its last member , Albert Woolson ( 1850-1956 ) of Duluth , Minnesota . Linking men through their experience of the war , the G.A.R . became among the first organized advocacy groups in American politics , supporting voting rights for black veterans , promoting patriotic education , helping to make Memorial Day a national holiday , lobbying the United States Congress to establish regular veterans ' pensions , and supporting Republican political candidates . Its peak membership , at 410,000 , was in 1890 , a high point of various Civil War commemorative and monument dedication ceremonies . It was succeeded by the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War ( SUVCW ) , composed of male descendants of Union Army and Union Navy veterans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana', 'summary': "The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Indiana . The governor is the head of the executive branch of Indiana 's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws . While a territory , Indiana had two governors appointed by the President of the United States . Since statehood in 1816 , it has had 49 governors , serving 51 distinct terms ; Isaac P. Gray and Henry F. Schricker are the only governors to have served non-consecutive terms . Four governors have served two four-year terms ; territorial governor William Henry Harrison served for over 12 years . The shortest-serving governor is Henry Smith Lane , who served two days before resigning to become a U.S . Senator . The current governor is Eric Holcomb , who took office on January 9 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Union_Army', 'summary': 'During the American Civil War , the Union Army referred to the United States Army , the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states . Also known as the Federal Army , it proved essential to the preservation of the United States as a working , viable republic . The Union Army was made up of the permanent regular army of the United States , but further fortified , augmented , and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated volunteers as well as including those who were drafted in to service as conscripts . To this end , the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War . Over the course of the war , 2,128,948 men enlisted in the Union Army , including 178,895 colored troops ; 25% of the white men who served were foreign-born . Of these soldiers , 596,670 were killed , wounded or went missing . The initial call-up was for just three months , after which many of these men chose to reenlist for an additional three years .'}]}, {'value': 'Moved to Barrington as a young man', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Furey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Furey', 'summary': 'Kevin Timothy Furey was a Democratic Party member of the Montana House of Representatives , he represented District 91 from 2004 to 2007 . He is a First Lieutenant in the United States Army Reserves , currently deployed to Iraq as a Civil Affairs Team Chief . Kevin resigned his seat in October 2007 , his District is being represented by Timothy Furey , his father . As a civilian Kevin works for the Energy Infrastructure Promotion and Development Division in the Montana Department of Commerce .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan 24 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US congressman from Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Born in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregory Garre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregory_Garre', 'summary': 'Gregory G. Garre ( born November 1 , 1964 ) is an American lawyer who served as the 44th United States Solicitor General from June 19 , 2008 , to January 16 , 2009 . He is currently a partner at Latham & Watkins , a private law firm .'}]}, {'value': 'Nov 1 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Solicitor General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The Solicitor General of the United States is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice . The current Solicitor General , Noel Francisco , took office on September 19 , 2017 . The United States Solicitor General represents the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States . The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court . In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party , the office of the Solicitor General also files amicus curiae briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest . The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party , and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an amicus brief . In the federal courts of appeal , the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court . The Solicitor General 's office also reviews cases decided against the United States in the federal district courts and approves every case in which the government files an appeal ."}]}, {'value': 'Was raised in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valerie Allen Marland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_Allen_Marland', 'summary': "Valerie Allen Marland ( 16 June 1917-22 October 1977 ) was the wife of former Governor of West Virginia William C. Marland and served as that state 's First Lady 1953-1957 . She was born June 16 , 1917 at Lacon , Illinois and married Marland in 1942 . As first lady , she dedicated most of her time raising their four children . After former governor Marland lost an election to the United States Senate in 1958 , the family moved to Barrington , Illinois , where Valerie Marland became a high school English teacher . The Marlands returned to West Virginia in 1965 , but William Marland died of cancer shortly thereafter . Valerie Marland returned to Barrington , where she was killed in an apartment fire in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Lady of West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William C. Marland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_C._Marland', 'summary': "William Casey Marland ( March 26 , 1918 - November 26 , 1965 ) , a Democrat , was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957 . He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state 's natural resources , especially coal , as well as overseeing implementation of school desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement when other Southern governors opposed it . Near the end of his life , he re-entered the public stage when a reporter found him driving a cab in Chicago . He responded to the negative publicity by making a public statement to the media about his recovery from alcoholism and indicated that his new , relatively humble job helped in that recovery ."}]}, {'value': 'Mar 26 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24th governor of West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia', 'summary': "The governor of West Virginia is the head of the executive branch of West Virginia 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the West Virginia Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except when prosecution has been carried out by the House of Delegates , to grant pardons and reprieves . Since West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , during the American Civil War , 34 men have served as governor . Two , Arch A. Moore Jr. ( West Virginia 's 28th and 30th governors ) and Cecil H. Underwood ( West Virginia 's 25th and 32nd governors ) , served two nonconsecutive terms in office . The longest-serving governor was Moore , who served for three terms over twelve years . The state 's first governor after admission into the Union , Arthur I. Boreman , served the most consecutive terms , resigning a week before the end of his third term . Before the state 's admission , Francis H. Pierpont , the , Father of West Virginia , was elected governor during the Wheeling Convention of 1861 . Daniel D.T . Farnsworth was senate president at the time ; he filled the last seven days of Boreman 's term and remains the shortest-serving governor . Underwood has the unusual distinction of being both the youngest person to be elected as governor ( age 34 upon his first term in 1957 ) and the oldest to both be elected and serve ( age 74 upon his second term in 1997 ; age 78 at the end of his second term in 2001 ) . The current governor is Republican Jim Justice , who assumed office on January 16 , 2017 . West Virginia 's 36th governor , Justice was elected as a Democrat , but switched to the Republican Party on August 4 of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Lived and died in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Paulson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Paulson', 'summary': 'Henry Merritt Hank Paulson Jr. ( born March 28 , 1946 ) is an American banker who served as the 74th Secretary of the Treasury . Prior to his role in the Department of the Treasury , Paulson was the chairman and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Goldman Sachs . He is now the chairman of the Paulson Institute , which he founded in 2011 to promote sustainable economic growth and a cleaner environment around the world , with an initial focus on the United States and China .'}]}, {'value': 'Mar 28 , 1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Secretary of the Treasury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'summary': "The secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury which is concerned with all financial and monetary matters relating to the federal government , and , until 2003 , also included several major federal law enforcement agencies . This position in the federal government of the United States is analogous to the minister of finance in many other countries . The secretary of the treasury is a member of the president 's Cabinet , and is nominated by the president of the United States . Nominees for secretary of the treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being voted on by the United States Senate . The secretary of the treasury , the secretary of state , the attorney general , and the secretary of defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments . The secretary of the treasury is a non-statutory member of the U.S. National Security Council and fifth in the United States presidential line of succession ."}]}, {'value': 'Graduate of Barrington High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrington_High_School_(Illinois)', 'summary': 'Barrington High School is a public four-year high school located in Barrington , Illinois , a northwest suburb of Chicago , Illinois , in the United States . It is part of Barrington Community Unit School District 220 .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard J. Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_J._Stephenson', 'summary': 'Richard J Stephenson ( born c. 1940 ) is an American investment banker . He is the founder and chairman of Cancer Treatment Centers of America ( CTCA ) , a for-profit network of five hospitals .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Businessman and backer of FreedomWorks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FreedomWorks', 'summary': 'FreedomWorks is a conservative and libertarian advocacy group based in Washington D.C. , United States . FreedomWorks trains volunteers , assists in campaigns , and encourages them to mobilize , interacting with both fellow citizens and their political representatives . It is widely associated with the Tea Party movement .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Politics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_people_from_Barrington,_Illinois_1', 'intro': 'The following list includes notable people who were born or have lived in Barrington, Illinois. For a similar list organized alphabetically by last name, see the category page People from Barrington, Illinois.'} | null | null | What was the condition from which was the recovery of a person that served terms in the position allowed to approve or veto bills passed by the West Virginia Legislature ? | alcoholism |
04654ad5d63d984e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Symonenko', 'title': 'Alexander Symonenko', 'header': ['Date', 'Placing', 'Event', 'Competition', 'Location', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'September 30 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships', 'summary': "The 1995 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Bogotá , Colombia from September 26 to 30 . Twelve events were contested , eight for the men and four for the women at the Velódromo Luis Carlos Galán . There were three events held at the championships for the first time : men 's team sprint ( women 's team sprint followed in 2007 ) , men 's madison and women 's 500 m time trial . They replaced the men 's tandem and men 's stayers events ."}]}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogotá', 'summary': "Bogotá ( /ˌboʊɡəˈtɑː/ , also UK : /ˌbɒɡ-/ , US : /ˈboʊɡətɑː/ , Spanish : [ boɣoˈta ] ( listen ) ) , officially Bogotá , Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá , D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000 , is the capital and largest city of Colombia , administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order , with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It is the political , economic , administrative and industrial center of the country . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6 , 1538 , by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca . The Muisca were the indigenous inhabitants of the region , and they called the place of the foundation Thybzaca or Old Town . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Muisca Bacatá ( or Mueketá ) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota . There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Bacatá , the most accepted being that it means walling of the farmland in the Chibcha language . Another popular translation argues that it means The Lady of the Andes . Further , the word 'Andes ' in the Aymara language means shining mountain , thus rendering the full lexical signification of Bogotá as The Lady of the shining mountain ( notice , however , that the language of the Muisca people was not Aymara but Chibcha ) . Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived . Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of Our Lady of Hope but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé ( Holy Faith ) in 1540 when it was appointed as a city . Santafé became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada ( created in 1550 ) , and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'June 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 1997 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The competition ran from May 23 to August 17 , 1997 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': "Quartu Sant'Elena", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quartu_Sant'Elena", 'summary': "Quartu Sant'Elena [ ˈkwartu ˌsanˈteːlena ] ( Sardinian : Cuartu Sant'Aleni ) , located four miles East from Cagliari on the ancient Roman road , is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari , Sardinia , Italy . It is the third biggest city of Sardinia with a population of 71,216 as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'June 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 1997 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The competition ran from May 23 to August 17 , 1997 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': "Quartu Sant'Elena", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quartu_Sant'Elena", 'summary': "Quartu Sant'Elena [ ˈkwartu ˌsanˈteːlena ] ( Sardinian : Cuartu Sant'Aleni ) , located four miles East from Cagliari on the ancient Roman road , is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari , Sardinia , Italy . It is the third biggest city of Sardinia with a population of 71,216 as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'August 30 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1997 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Perth , Australia from 27 August to 31 August 1997 . Twelve events were contested , eight for the men and four for the women . France dominated most of the events , taking home half of the gold medals on offer .'}]}, {'value': 'Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Perth ( /ˈpɜːrθ/ ( listen ) PURTH ) is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia ( WA ) . It is named after the city of Perth , Scotland and is Australia 's fourth-most populous city , with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River at Guildford , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both later founded downriver . Captain James Stirling founded Perth in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city inherited its name due to the influence of Sir George Murray , then Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Italy , Greece , and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for several large mining operations . As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are in the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 12 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 1998 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 21 May 1998 to 6 September 1998 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'June 19 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 1998 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 21 May 1998 to 6 September 1998 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Hyères', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyères', 'summary': "Hyères ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ jɛːʁ ] ) , Provençal Occitan : Ieras in classical norm , or Iero in Mistralian norm ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France . The old town lies 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) from the sea clustered around the Castle of Saint Bernard , which is set on a hill . Between the old town and the sea lies the pine-covered hill of Costebelle , which overlooks the peninsula of Giens . Hyères is the oldest resort on the French Riviera ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1998 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Bordeaux , France from August 26 to August 30 , 1998 . Twelve events were contested , eight for the men and four for the women . France dominated most of the events , taking home half of the gold medals on offer .'}]}, {'value': 'Bordeaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bordeaux', 'summary': "Bordeaux ( French pronunciation : [ bɔʁdo ] ( listen ) ; Gascon Occitan : Bordèu [ buɾˈðɛw ] ) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France . The municipality ( commune ) of Bordeaux proper has a population of 257,804 ( 2019 ) . Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole that has a population of 783,081 ( 2017 ) and includes its suburbs and close satellite towns . With 1,195,335 in the metropolitan area , it is the sixth-largest in France , after Paris , Marseille , Lyon , Toulouse , and Lille . It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region , as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department . Its inhabitants are called Bordelais ( for men ) or Bordelaises ( women ) . The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region . Being at the center of a major wine-growing and wine-producing region , Bordeaux remains a prominent powerhouse and exercises significant influence on the world wine industry although no wine production is conducted within the city limits . It is home to the world 's main wine fair , Vinexpo , and the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year . Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century . The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century . After Paris , Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved historical buildings of any city in France ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 19 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 1999 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 21 May 1999 to 6 September 1999 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Valencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia,_Spain', 'summary': "Valencia ( Spanish : [ baˈlenθja ] ) , officially València ( Valencian : [ vaˈlensia ] ) , is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona , with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre . Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.6 million people . Valencia is Spain 's third largest metropolitan area , with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million depending on how the metropolitan area is defined . The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea . The city is ranked at Beta-global city in the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Valencia was founded as a Roman colony by the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus in 138 BC , and called Valentia Edetanorum . In 714 Moroccan and Arab Moors occupied the city , introducing their language , religion and customs ; they implemented improved irrigation systems and the cultivation of new crops as well . Valencia was the capital of the Taifa of Valencia . In 1238 the Christian king James I of Aragon conquered the city and divided the land among the nobles who helped him conquer it , as witnessed in the Llibre del Repartiment . He also created a new law for the city , the Furs of Valencia , which were extended to the rest of the Kingdom of Valencia . In the 18th century Philip V of Spain abolished the privileges as punishment to the kingdom of Valencia for aligning with the Habsburg side in the War of the Spanish Succession . Valencia was the capital of Spain when Joseph Bonaparte moved the Court there in the summer of 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 1999 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 21 May 1999 to 6 September 1999 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': "Fiorenzuola d'Arda", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fiorenzuola_d'Arda", 'summary': "Fiorenzuola d'Arda ( Italian pronunciation : [ fjorenˈtswɔːla ˈdarda ] ; Piacentino : Fiurinsöla , IPA : [ fi.uriŋˈsøːlɐ ] or [ fi.uriŋˈsoːlɐ ] ) is a city and comune in Italy in the province of Piacenza , part of the Emilia-Romagna region . Its name derives from Florentia ( prosperous in Latin ) . The d'Arda portion refers to the River Arda which flows from the Apennines into the valley where Fiorenzuola is situated . Fiorenzuola 's origins are old , dating from the first prehistorical human settlements in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2000 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 19 May 2000 to 13 August 2000 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Turin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turin', 'summary': "Turin ( /tjʊəˈrɪn , ˈtjʊərɪn/ tewr-IN , TEWR-in , Piedmontese : [ tyˈriŋ ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Torino [ toˈriːno ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Augusta Taurinorum , then Taurinum ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy . It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin , and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865 . The city is located mainly on the western bank of the Po River , in front of Susa Valley , and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill . The population of the city proper is 875,698 ( 31 December 2018 ) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants . The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million . The city used to be a major European political centre . From 1563 , it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy , and the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865 . Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable individuals who contributed to the Risorgimento , such as Cavour . Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II , Turin became a major European crossroad for industry , commerce and trade , and is part of the famous industrial triangle along with Milan and Genoa . Turin is ranked third in Italy , after Milan and Rome , for economic strength . With a GDP of $ 58 billion , Turin is the world 's 78th richest city by purchasing power . As of 2018 , the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'September 19 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's team pursuit event in cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held on Sunday , September 17 , and Monday , September 18 , 2000 at the Dunc Gray Velodrome . The competition consisted of matches between two teams of four cyclists . The teams started at opposite ends of the track . They had 16 laps ( 4 kilometres ) in which to catch the other cyclist . If neither was caught before one had gone 16 laps , the times for the distance ( based on the third rider of the team to cross the line ) were used to determine the victor ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympic Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics , 3 different bicycle racing disciplines were contested : Road cycling , track cycling , and mountain biking .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 8 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2001 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 25 May 2001 to 26 August 2001 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Szczecin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Szczecin', 'summary': "Szczecin ( UK : /ˈʃtʃɛtʃɪn/ SHCHETCH-in , US : /-tʃiːn , ʃtʃɛtˈsiːn/ -\u2060een , shchet-SEEN , Polish : [ ˈʂtʂɛtɕin ] ( listen ) ; German : Stettin [ ʃtɛˈtiːn ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Stettin [ stɛˈtiːn ] ; known also by other alternative names ) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland . Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border , it is a major seaport and Poland 's seventh-largest city . As of December 2018 , the population was 402,465 . Szczecin is located on the Oder , south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania . The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake , on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river . Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration , an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The city 's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold , built at the site of the Ducal castle . In the 12th century , when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania 's main urban centres , it lost its independence to Piast Poland , the Duchy of Saxony , the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark , and became completely German speaking by the 14th century . At the same time , the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized . After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630 , the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720 , when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire . Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , resulting in the almost complete expulsion of the pre-war population . Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin , Pomeranian Medical University , Maritime University , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin Art Academy , and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 9 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2001 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 25 May 2001 to 26 August 2001 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Szczecin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Szczecin', 'summary': "Szczecin ( UK : /ˈʃtʃɛtʃɪn/ SHCHETCH-in , US : /-tʃiːn , ʃtʃɛtˈsiːn/ -\u2060een , shchet-SEEN , Polish : [ ˈʂtʂɛtɕin ] ( listen ) ; German : Stettin [ ʃtɛˈtiːn ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Stettin [ stɛˈtiːn ] ; known also by other alternative names ) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland . Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border , it is a major seaport and Poland 's seventh-largest city . As of December 2018 , the population was 402,465 . Szczecin is located on the Oder , south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania . The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake , on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river . Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration , an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The city 's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold , built at the site of the Ducal castle . In the 12th century , when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania 's main urban centres , it lost its independence to Piast Poland , the Duchy of Saxony , the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark , and became completely German speaking by the 14th century . At the same time , the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized . After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630 , the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720 , when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire . Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , resulting in the almost complete expulsion of the pre-war population . Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin , Pomeranian Medical University , Maritime University , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin Art Academy , and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 27 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 2001 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Antwerp , Belgium from September 26 to September 30 , 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 2001 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Antwerp , Belgium from September 26 to September 30 , 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'June 1 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2002 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 19 April 2002 to 11 August 2002 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'April 12 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2003 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 14 February 2003 to 18 May 2003 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Cape Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Town', 'summary': "Cape Town ( Afrikaans : Kaapstad ) [ ˈkɑːpstat ] ; Xhosa : iKapa ; Khoi-San : //Hui ! Gaeb ) is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa . Colloquially named the Mother City , it is the largest city of the Western Cape province . It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality , The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town . The other two capitals are located in Pretoria ( the executive capital where the Presidency is based ) and Bloemfontein ( the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located ) . The city is known for its harbour , for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region , and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point . Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape 's population . The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design . In 2014 , Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both The New York Times and The Daily Telegraph. , Cape Town was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Located on the shore of Table Bay , Cape Town , as the oldest urban area in South Africa , was developed by the United East India Company ( VOC ) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa , India , and the Far East . Jan van Riebeeck 's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony , the first permanent European settlement in South Africa . Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope , becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony . Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg , Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Alexander_Symonenko_0', 'intro': 'Alexander Serhiyovych Symonenko (Ukrainian: Симоненко Олександр Сергійович; born 14 February 1974) is a Ukrainian former track cyclist. Symonenko was the world champion in individual pursuit in 2001, as well as the world champion in team pursuit as part of the Ukraine team in 1998 and 2001. In the 2000 Summer Olympics, he won a silver medal in the team pursuit as part of the Ukraine team. Symonenko was born in Kirovohrad (present day Kropyvnytskyi).'} | null | null | What is the GDP for the city that held the World Cup in 2000 ? | $ 58 billion |
046553f754487fd4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_country_music', 'title': '1988 in country music', 'header': ['US', 'Album', 'Artist', 'Record Label'], 'data': [{'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10_(John_Anderson_album)', 'summary': "10 is the tenth studio album of country music artist John Anderson . It was released in 1988 as his last studio album for MCA Nashville , before leaving for BNA Records in 1992 . The album produced the singles : If It Ai n't Broke , Do n't Fix It , Down in the Orange Grove and Lower on the Hog ."}]}, {'value': 'John Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Anderson_(musician)', 'summary': "John David Anderson ( born December 13 , 1954 , in Apopka , Florida ) is an American country musician with a successful career that has lasted more than 40 years . Starting in 1977 with the release of his first single , I 've Got a Feelin ' ( Somebody 's Been Stealin ' ) , Anderson has charted more than 40 singles on the Billboard country music charts , including five number ones : Wild and Blue , Swingin ' , Black Sheep , Straight Tequila Night , and Money in the Bank . He has also recorded 22 studio albums on several labels . His newest album , Goldmine , was released on May 26 , 2015 , on the Bayou Boys Music label . Anderson was inducted to the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame on October 5 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Across the Rio Grande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Across_the_Rio_Grande', 'summary': "Across the Rio Grande is country music artist Holly Dunn 's third album , released in 1988 . It did not do quite as well as the preceding Cornerstone . The only hits were the # 5 That 's What Your Love Does to Me , and ( It 's Always Gon na Be ) Someday , which logged in at Billboard Top Country Singles # 11 . The album itself was at # 26 on the Country albums charts ."}]}, {'value': 'Holly Dunn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holly_Dunn', 'summary': "Holly Suzette Dunn ( August 22 , 1957 - November 14 , 2016 ) was an American country music singer and songwriter . Dunn recorded for MTM Records between 1985 and 1988 , Warner Bros. Records between 1988 and 1993 , and River North Records between 1995 and 1997 . She released 10 albums and charted 19 singles , plus two duets on the Hot Country Songs charts . Two of her single releases , Are You Ever Gon na Love Me and You Really Had Me Going , went to No . 1 on that chart . Other songs for which she is known include Daddy 's Hands and Maybe I Mean Yes . Dunn 's brother , Chris Waters , is a songwriter and record producer , having worked with both his sister and other artists in these capacities . Dunn retired from music in 2003 , and died of ovarian cancer in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'MTM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alive & Well', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Gatlin', 'summary': "Larry Wayne Gatlin ( born May 2 , 1948 ) is an American country and Southern gospel singer and songwriter . As part of a trio with his younger brothers Steve and Rudy , he achieved considerable success within the country music genre , performing on 33 top-40 singles ( combining his solo recordings and those with his brothers ) . As their fame grew , the band became known as Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers . Larry Gatlin is known for his rich falsetto singing style and for the unique pop-inflected songs he wrote and recorded in the 1970s and 1980s . Some of Gatlin 's biggest hits include Broken Lady , All the Gold in California , Houston ( Means I 'm One Day Closer to You ) , She Used to Be Somebody 's Baby , and Talkin ' to the Moon . During this time , country music trended heavily towards slick pop music arrangements in a style that came to be known as Countrypolitan . [ not verified in body ] Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers came to prominence and enjoyed their greatest success during this period with hit singles that showcased the brothers ' three-part harmonies and Larry 's poetic lyrics ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All in Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_in_Love', 'summary': 'All in Love is the seventh solo studio album release by American country music singer , Marie Osmond . It was her third album release for Curb/Capitol records and was issued in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marie Osmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie_Osmond', 'summary': "Olive Marie Osmond ( born October 13 , 1959 ) is an American singer , actress , author , philanthropist , talk show host , and a member of the show business family the Osmonds . Although she was never part of her family 's singing group , she gained success as a solo country music artist in the 1970s and 1980s . Her best known song is a remake of the country pop ballad Paper Roses . From 1976 to 1979 , she and her singer brother Donny Osmond hosted the television variety show Donny & Marie . On September 9 , 2019 , Osmond premiered as a new host of The Talk ."}]}, {'value': 'Capitol/Curb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As I Am', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_I_Am_(Anne_Murray_album)', 'summary': 'As I Am is a studio album by Canadian country artist Anne Murray . It was released by Capitol Records in 1988 . The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart . The album received a mixed review in People , which said that This album , thank goodness , has no hint of the Disco Annie mode that has crept into some later Murray albums but added that it was listless .'}]}, {'value': 'Anne Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Murray', 'summary': "Morna Anne Murray CC ONS ( born June 20 , 1945 ) , known professionally as Anne Murray , is a Canadian singer in pop , country , and adult contemporary music whose albums have sold over 55 million copies worldwide during her 40-year career . Murray was the first Canadian female solo singer to reach No . 1 on the U.S. charts , and also the first to earn a Gold record for one of her signature songs , Snowbird ( 1970 ) . She is often cited as one of the female Canadian artists who paved the way for other international Canadian success stories such as k.d . lang , Céline Dion , and Shania Twain . She is also the first woman and the first Canadian to win Album of the Year at the 1984 Country Music Association Awards for her Gold-plus 1983 album A Little Good News . Murray has received four Grammys , a record 24 Junos , three American Music Awards , three Country Music Association Awards , and three Canadian Country Music Association Awards . She has been inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame , the Juno Hall of Fame , The Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame . She is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame Walkway of Stars in Nashville , and has her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles and on Canada 's Walk of Fame in Toronto . In 2011 , Billboard ranked her 10th on their list of the 50 Biggest Adult Contemporary Artists Ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best of Eddy Raven', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddy Raven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_Raven', 'summary': "Edward Garvin Futch ( born August 19 , 1944 ) , known professionally as Eddy Raven , is an American country music singer and songwriter . Active since 1962 , Raven has recorded for several record labels , including ABC , Dimension , Elektra , RCA , Universal , and Capitol Records . His greatest commercial success came between 1984 and 1990 , during which time Raven achieved six number-one singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts : I Got Mexico , Shine , Shine , Shine , I 'm Gon na Get You , Joe Knows How to Live , In a Letter to You , and Bayou Boys . Raven has a total of eighteen top-ten hits on that chart . In addition to his own work , he has written singles for Don Gibson , Randy Cornor , Jeannie C. Riley , and The Oak Ridge Boys among others . Raven 's music is defined by mainstream country , country pop , Cajun music , and reggae , and he wrote a large number of his singles by himself ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brand New', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Stewart_(singer)', 'summary': "Gary Ronnie Stewart ( May 28 , 1944 - December 16 , 2003 ) was an American country musician and songwriter , known for his distinctive vibrato voice and his Southern rock influenced , outlaw country sound . During the peak of his popularity in the mid-1970s , Time magazine described him as the king of honkytonk . He is remembered for a series of country chart hits from the mid- to late-1970s , his biggest hit being She 's Actin ' Single ( I 'm Drinkin ' Doubles ) , which topped the U.S. country singles chart in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hightone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chasing Rainbows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mickey Gilley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickey_Gilley', 'summary': "Mickey Leroy Gilley ( born March 9 , 1936 ) is an American country music singer and musician . Although he started out singing straight-up country and western material in the 1970s , he moved towards a more pop-friendly sound in the 1980s , bringing him further success on not just the country charts , but the pop charts as well . Among his biggest hits are Room Full of Roses , Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time , and the remake of the Soul hit Stand by Me . Gilley has charted 42 singles in the top 40 on the US Country chart . He is a cousin of Jerry Lee Lewis , Carl McVoy , Jim Gilley and Jimmy Swaggart ."}]}, {'value': 'Airborne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Christmas Tradition , Vol . II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Coast of Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Coast_of_Colorado', 'summary': "The Coast of Colorado is the debut album by American country music artist Skip Ewing . It was released on April 4 , 1988 via MCA Records . The album includes the singles Your Memory Wins Again , I Do n't Have Far to Fall , Burnin ' a Hole in My Heart , The Gospel According to Luke and the title track , all of which reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . Do n't Mind If I Do was previously recorded by George Strait on his 1988 album If You Ai n't Lovin ' You Ai n't Livin ' . Lighter Shade of Blue was covered by Shelby Lynne on her 1991 album Soft Talk and Reba McEntire on her 1993 album It 's Your Call . Autumn 's Not That Cold was covered by Lorrie Morgan on her 1991 album Something in Red . Still Under the Weather was covered by Andy Williams on his 1991 album Nashville and Shania Twain on her 1993 self-titled debut album ."}]}, {'value': 'Skip Ewing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skip_Ewing', 'summary': 'Donald Ralph Skip Ewing ( born March 6 , 1964 , in Redlands , California ) is an American country music singer and songwriter . Active since 1988 , Ewing has recorded nine studio albums and has charted 15 singles on the Billboard country charts .'}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Every Christmas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Morris', 'summary': 'Gary Gwyn Morris ( born December 7 , 1948 ) is an American singer and stage actor who charted a string of hits on the country music charts throughout the 1980s . Morris is known for the 1983 ballad The Wind Beneath My Wings , although his credits include more than twenty-five other chart singles on the Billboard country charts , including five No . 1 hits . He has also released nine studio albums , mostly in the country pop vein , with his 1983 album Why Lady Why having earned a gold certification from the RIAA .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exchange of Hearts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Slater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Slater', 'summary': 'David Slater ( born November 22 , 1962 ) is an American singer and songwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Circle_(Waylon_Jennings_album)', 'summary': "Full Circle is an album by American country music artist Waylon Jennings , released on MCA Records in 1988 . Jennings ' fourth and final studio album for MCA before his move to Epic Records , it yielded four minor country hits : Trouble Man ( # 61 ) , Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) ( # 28 ) , How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. ( # 39 ) and You Put the Soul in the Song ( # 59 ) . Jennings was partly responsible for writing the lyrics to six of the album 's ten tracks . Full Circle was a minor success on the charts , peaking at # 36 ."}]}, {'value': 'Waylon Jennings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waylon_Jennings', 'summary': "Waylon Arnold Jennings ( June 15 , 1937 - February 13 , 2002 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and musician . Jennings began playing guitar at age eight and began performing at age twelve on KVOW radio , after which he formed his first band , The Texas Longhorns . Jennings left high school at age sixteen , determined to become a musician , and bounced around as a performer and DJ on KVOW , KDAV , KYTI , KLLL , in Coolidge , Arizona , and Phoenix . In 1958 , Buddy Holly arranged Jennings 's first recording session , and hired him to play bass . Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight in 1959 that crashed and killed Holly , J. P. The Big Bopper Richardson and Ritchie Valens . Jennings formed a rockabilly club band , The Waylors , which became the house band at JD 's , a club in Scottsdale , Arizona . He recorded for independent label Trend Records and A & M Records , but did not achieve success until moving to RCA Victor , taking on Neil Reshen as a manager , who negotiated significantly better touring and recording contracts for him . After finally wresting creative control from RCA Victor , his career turning point became the critically acclaimed albums Lonesome , On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes , followed by hit LPs Dreaming My Dreams and Are You Ready for the Country . During the 1970s , Jennings was instrumental in the inception of outlaw country and with Willie Nelson , Tompall Glaser , and Jessi Colter recorded country music 's first platinum album , Wanted ! The Outlaws . It was followed by Ol ' Waylon and the hit song Luckenbach , Texas . Jennings was featured in the 1978 album White Mansions , performed by various artists documenting the lives of people in the Confederacy during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gift', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The McCarters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_McCarters', 'summary': "The McCarters was an American country music trio composed of Jennifer McCarter ( born March 7 , 1964 ) and her sisters Lisa and Teresa ( born November 21 , 1966 ) , who are twins . The trio was signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1987 , where they recorded two albums for the label : 1988 's The Gift and 1990 's Better Be Home Soon , the latter of which was released as Jennifer McCarter & the McCarters . The title track of the album is a cover version of the Crowded House hit . These albums produced seven hits for the trio on the Billboard country music charts , of which the highest was 1988 's The Gift , at No . 4 . They supported The Gift with a worldwide tour opening for Randy Travis and an appearance on Dolly Parton 's Dolly variety show ( like Parton , the McCarters were from Sevierville , Tennessee ) . They were released from Warner Bros. Records in the early 1990s soon after their second album ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(1988_album)', 'summary': "Greatest Hits is a 1988 compilation album by Kenny Rogers . All of the tracks on the album were selected from his various recordings for RCA Records between 1983-87 . There is one track that was not originally a single called She 's Ready for Someone to Love Her , which makes fully half of this greatest hits track list identical to the most recent 1987 album I Prefer the Moonlight . One single that is notably missing is Tomb of the Unknown Love from 1985 's The Heart of the Matter . The song was a # 1 single in both the US and Canada . Also missing is Rogers ' 1986 single The Pride is Back which made # 30 on the US Billboard AC chart , it had not yet been released on any album . I Do n't Call Him Daddy was released as a single in support of this album , but with little promotion it peaked at # 86 on the country chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenny Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Rogers', 'summary': "Kenneth Ray Rogers ( born August 21 , 1938 ) is an American retired singer , songwriter , actor , record producer , and entrepreneur . He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame . In the late 1950s , he started his recording career with jazz-singer Bobby Doyle , and joined the folk ensemble The New Christy Minstrels in 1961 , playing double bass and bass guitar as well as singing . In 1967 , he and several members of The New Christy Minstrels left to found the group The First Edition , with whom he scored his first major hit , Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) , a psychedelic rock song which peaked at number five on the Billboard charts . As Rogers took an increased leadership role in The First Edition , and following the success of 1969 's Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town , the band gradually changed styles to a more country feel . The band broke up in 1975-1976 , and Kenny Rogers embarked on a long and successful solo career , which included several successful collaborations , including duets with singers Dolly Parton and Sheena Easton , and a songwriting partnership with Lionel Richie . His signature song is 1978 's The Gambler , a cross-over hit that won him a Grammy award in 1980 and was selected in 2018 for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress . He would develop the Gambler persona into a character for a successful series of television films starting with 1980 's Emmy-nominated Kenny Rogers as The Gambler . Though he has been most successful with country audiences , Rogers has charted more than 120 hit singles across various music genres , topped the country and pop album charts for more than 200 individual weeks in the United States alone , and has sold over 100 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . On September 25 , 2015 , Rogers announced on NBC 's Today Show that he was retiring from show business after a final tour to spend more time with his wife and twin sons . Two of his albums , The Gambler and Kenny , are featured in the About.com poll of The 200 Most Influential Country Albums Ever . He was voted the Favorite Singer of All Time in a 1986 joint poll by readers of both USA Today and People ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits Volume Two', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Greenwood', 'summary': "Melvin Lee Greenwood ( born October 27 , 1942 ) is an American country music artist . Active since 1962 , he has released more than 20 major-label albums and has charted more than 35 singles on the Billboard country music charts . Greenwood is known for his patriotic signature song God Bless the U.S.A. , which was originally released and successful in 1984 , and became popular again during the Gulf War in 1991 and after the September 11 , 2001 attacks ( becoming his highest charting pop hit , reaching number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . He also has charted seven number-ones on the US Hot Country Songs list in his career : Somebody 's Gon na Love You , Going , Going , Gone , Dixie Road , I Do n't Mind the Thorns ( If You 're the Rose ) , Do n't Underestimate My Love For You , Hearts Are n't Made to Break ( They 're Made to Love ) , and Mornin ' Ride . His 1983 single I.O.U . was also a top-five hit on the adult contemporary charts , and a number 53 on the Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Heart of It All', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Thomas Conley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Thomas_Conley', 'summary': 'Earl Thomas Conley ( October 17 , 1941 - April 10 , 2019 ) was an American country music singer-songwriter . Between 1980 and 2003 , he recorded ten studio albums , including seven for RCA Records . In the 1980s and into the 1990s , Conley also charted more than thirty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , of which eighteen reached Number One . His eighteen Billboard Number One country singles during the 1980s marked the most Number One hits by any artist in any genre during that decade , excluding Alabama and Ronnie Milsap .'}]}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higher Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higher_Ground_(John_Denver_album)', 'summary': "Higher Ground is the 20th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver . Released in September , 1988 , it was his first studio album on the Windstar label . It was recorded at Denver 's private studio in Snowmass , Colorado , with the exception of For You and the didjeridu part in Sing Australia . These were recorded in Sydney , Australia . The album shares its title with Denver 's television movie Higher Ground , which uses the album 's title song as its opening theme . Two charting singles were released from the LP , For You , a Top 40 hit in Australia , and Country Girl in Paris , a minor hit in the U.S . The album also includes a cover of Guy Clark 's song Homegrown Tomatoes , a 1981 US Country hit ."}]}, {'value': 'John Denver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Denver', 'summary': "Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. ( December 31 , 1943 - October 12 , 1997 ) , known professionally as John Denver , was an American singer-songwriter , record producer , actor , activist , and humanitarian , whose greatest commercial success was as a solo singer . After traveling and living in numerous locations while growing up in his military family , Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s . Starting in the 1970s , he was one of the most popular acoustic artists of the decade and one of its best-selling artists . By 1974 , he was one of America 's best-selling performers , and AllMusic has described Denver as among the most beloved entertainers of his era . Denver recorded and released approximately 300 songs , about 200 of which he composed , with total sales of over 33 million records worldwide . He recorded and performed primarily with an acoustic guitar and sang about his joy in nature , his disdain for city life , his enthusiasm for music , and his relationship trials . Denver 's music appeared on a variety of charts , including country music , the Billboard Hot 100 , and adult contemporary , in all earning 12 gold and four platinum albums with his signature songs Take Me Home , Country Roads , Annie 's Song , Rocky Mountain High , Calypso , Thank God I 'm a Country Boy , and Sunshine on My Shoulders . Denver appeared in several films and television specials during the 1970s and 1980s . He continued to record in the 1990s , also focusing on environmental issues by lending vocal support to space exploration and testifying in front of Congress in protest against censorship in music . He lived in Aspen for much of his life where he was known for his love of Colorado . In 1974 , Denver was named poet laureate of the state . The Colorado state legislature also adopted Rocky Mountain High as one of its two state songs in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windstar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot Dog !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buck Owens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Owens', 'summary': "Alvis Edgar Owens Jr. ( August 12 , 1929 - March 25 , 2006 ) , known professionally as Buck Owens , was an American musician , singer , songwriter and band leader . He was the front man for Buck Owens and the Buckaroos , which had 21 No . 1 hits on the Billboard country music charts . He pioneered what came to be called the Bakersfield sound , named in honor of Bakersfield , California , Owens ' adopted home , and the city from which he drew inspiration for what he preferred to call American music . While the Buckaroos originally featured a fiddle and retained pedal steel guitar into the 1970s , their sound on records and onstage was always more stripped-down and elemental . The band 's signature style was based on simple story lines , infectious choruses , a twangy electric guitar , an insistent rhythm supplied by a drum track placed forward in the mix , and high , two-part harmonies featuring Owens and his guitarist Don Rich . From 1969 to 1986 , Owens co-hosted the popular CBS television variety show Hee Haw with Roy Clark . According to his son , Buddy Allen ( Owens ) , the accidental 1974 death of Rich , his best friend , devastated him for years and impacted his creative efforts until he performed with Dwight Yoakam in 1988 . Owens is a member of both the Country Music Hall of Fame and Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Guess I Just Missed You', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canyon_(country_music_band)', 'summary': 'Canyon was an American country music group composed of Steve Cooper ( vocals , guitar ) , Johnny Boatright ( guitar ) , Jay Brown ( keyboards ) , Randy Rigney ( bass ) and Keech Rainwater ( drums ) , who replaced Randy Smith , their original drummer . Between 1988 and 1989 , the band released two studio albums on 16th Avenue . They also charted nine songs on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , including the Top 40 single Hot Nights . Canyon got their big break on the show Star Search with Ed McMahon , where they were the runner up to Sawyer Brown in 1983 for Vocal Band . After Canyon disbanded , Rainwater and Britt joined the group Texassee in 1992 , who would later change their name to Lonestar .'}]}, {'value': '16th Avenue', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top new album releases -- Other top albums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1988_in_country_music_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1988.'} | null | null | Which album was released by the artist who had eighteen Billboard Number Ones during the 1980s ? | The Heart of It All |
04676e24d2c800c9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_66', 'title': 'Phillips 66', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Nelson Complexity Factor', 'Crude Oil Processing Capacity ( MBD )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wood River Refinery*', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wood_River_Refinery', 'summary': "The Wood River Refinery is an oil refinery located in Roxana , Illinois , approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of St. Louis , Missouri , on the east side of the Mississippi River . The refinery is currently owned by Phillips 66 and Cenovus Energy and operated by the joint-venture company WRB Refining , LLC ( WRB ) . WRB was formed on 1 July 2007 , with Encana taking a 49% interest in Wood River and also Phillips 66 's Borger refinery . Encana subsequently spun off oil sands producer Cenovus and ConocoPhillips spun off Phillips 66 . In return for a 49% stake in the refinery , ConocoPhillips gained a joint interest in two Alberta oil sands ( bitumen ) heavy oil projects : Christina Lake ( Alberta ) and Foster Creek . ConocoPhillips interest was sold to Cenovus in May 2017 , leaving Cenovus the sole owner and operator of the assets . Cenovus uses SAGD ( steam-assisted gravity drainage ) technology at those sites . The complex is capable of refining 380,000 barrels ( 60,000 m3 ) of crude oil per day and is the largest refinery operated by Phillips 66 . Oil is supplied from the Gulf of Mexico , Canada , and domestic sources through pipelines . The facility produces 165,000 barrels per day ( 26,200 m3/d ) of gasoline , 90,000 barrels per day ( 14,000 m3/d ) of diesel and jet fuels , as well as other products including asphalt , propane , and chemical feedstocks . A new four-drum coker , part of Wood River Refinery 's Coker and Refinery Expansion ( CORE ) was completed in November 2011 . The new coker has a capacity of 75,000 barrels per day and is expected to expand the capacity to handle the bitumen from the Alberta oil sands by nearly 700% ."}]}, {'value': 'Roxana , IL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roxana,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Roxana is a village in Madison County , Illinois , United States . The population was 1,542 at the 2010 census . A majority of the land in Roxana is taken up by the Wood River Refinery , an oil refinery operated by Phillips 66 . The refinery was originally built and owned by Shell Oil . As of 2016 , the refinery is capable of refining 314,000 barrels ( 49,900 m3 ) of oil per day to produce gasoline , jet fuel , diesel , asphalt , propane , and other products , and supplies part of the St. Louis , Chicago , Indiana and Ohio regions . Roxana is considered to be part of the Riverbend or Metro East area , including Alton , East Alton , Godfrey , Rosewood Heights , Bethalto , Wood River , Hartford and South Roxana . It is well known for its bright Christmas lights lining Illinois Route 111 , its main street , throughout the holiday season each year . The zip code for Roxana is 62084 .'}]}, {'value': '9.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '305', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alliance Refinery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belle Chasse , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belle_Chase,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Belle Chasse ( /bɛl ˈtʃeɪs/ bel CHAYSS ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Plaquemines Parish , Louisiana , United States , on the West Bank of the Mississippi River . Belle Chasse is part of the Greater New Orleans Metropolitan area . The population was 12,679 at the 2010 census . Belle Chasse is the largest town in Plaquemines Parish . Belle Chasse is home to Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans , a Naval Air Station for the U.S. Navy Reserve .'}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '247', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweeny Refinery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Ocean , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Ocean,_Texas', 'summary': 'Old Ocean is an unincorporated community in Brazoria County , Texas , United States .'}]}, {'value': '13.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '247', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayway Refinery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayway_Refinery', 'summary': 'Bayway Refinery is a refining facility in the Port of New York and New Jersey , owned by Phillips 66 . Located in Linden and Elizabeth , New Jersey , and bisected by Morses Creek , it is the northernmost refinery on the East Coast of the United States . The oil refinery converts crude oil ( supplied by tanker ships from the North Sea , Canada and West Africa and by rail from the Bakken Formation in North Dakota ) into gasoline , diesel fuel , jet fuel , propane and heating oil . As of 2007 , the facility processed approximately 238,000 bbl/d ( 37,800 m3/d ) of crude oil , producing 145,000 bbl/d ( 23,100 m3/d ) of gasoline and 110,000 bbl/d ( 17,000 m3/d ) of distillates . Its products are delivered to East Coast customers via pipeline transport , barges , railcars and tank trucks . The facility also houses a petrochemical plant which produces lubricants and additives and a polypropylene plant that produces over 775 million pounds of polypropylene per year . The refinery has its own railway container terminal and heliport . The workers at the plant have been unionized under the International Brotherhood of Teamsters ( Local No . 877 ) since 1960 . The refinery has had and continues to have environmental issues , culminating in the major $ 225 million Exxon Mobil-New Jersey Environmental Contamination settlement . A 2010 investigative report conducted by WABC-TV , the ABC flagship station in New York City , characterizes the Bayway Refinery as a repeat offender of environmental regulations .'}]}, {'value': 'Linden , NJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linden,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Linden is a city in southeastern Union County , New Jersey , United States . It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area , located about 13 miles ( 21 km ) southwest of Manhattan and bordering Staten Island , a borough of New York City , across the Arthur Kill . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 40,499 , reflecting an increase of 1,105 ( +2.8% ) from the 39,394 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 2,693 ( +7.3% ) from the 36,701 counted in the 1990 Census . Linden was originally formed as a township on March 4 , 1861 from portions of Elizabeth , Rahway and Union Township . Portions of the township were taken to form Cranford ( March 14 , 1871 ) , Linden Borough ( March 30 , 1882 ) and Roselle ( December 20 , 1894 ) . Linden was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 1 , 1925 , replacing both Linden Township and Linden Borough , based on the results of a referendum held on November 8 , 1923 . The city 's name derives from linden trees brought from Germany ."}]}, {'value': '8.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '238', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Charles Refinery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westlake , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westlake,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Westlake is a city in Calcasieu Parish , in western Louisiana , United States , and is part of the Lake Charles Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 4,568 at the 2010 census . Westlake was incorporated in 1945 .'}]}, {'value': '10.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '239', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ponca City Refinery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ponca City , OK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Ponca City is a city in Kay County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The city was named after the Ponca tribe . Ponca City had a population of 25,387 at the time of the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '9.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borger Refinery*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borger , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borger,_Texas', 'summary': 'Borger ( /ˈbɔːrɡər/ BOAR-gər ) is the largest city in Hutchinson County , Texas , United States . The population was 13,251 at the 2010 census . Borger is named for businessman Asa Philip Ace Borger , who also established the Hutchinson County seat of Stinnett and several other small towns in Texas and Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': '12.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Refinery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carson , CA / Wilmington , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carson,_California', 'summary': 'Carson is a city in Los Angeles County , California , located 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of downtown Los Angeles and approximately 14 miles away from the Los Angeles International Airport . Incorporated on February 20 , 1968 , Carson is the newest municipality in the South Bay region of Metropolitan Los Angeles . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 91,714 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': 'Wilmington is a neighborhood in the Los Angeles Harbor Region area of Los Angeles , California , covering 9.14 square miles ( 23.7 km2 ) . Featuring a heavy concentration of industry and the third-largest oil field in the continental United States , this neighborhood has a high percentage of Latino and foreign-born residents . It is the site of Banning High School , and ten other primary and secondary schools . Wilmington has six parks . Wilmington dates its history back to a 1784 Spanish land grant . It became a separate city in 1863 , and it joined the city of Los Angeles in 1909 . Places of interest include the headquarters U.S. Army for Southern California and the Drum Barracks built to protect the nascent Los Angeles harbor during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '14.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '139', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco Refinery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodeo , CA / Arroyo Grande , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodeo,_California', 'summary': 'Rodeo /roʊˈdeɪ.oʊ/ is a census-designated place ( CDP ) located in Contra Costa County , California , in the East Bay sub-region of the San Francisco Bay Area , on the eastern shore of San Pablo Bay , 25 miles northeast of San Francisco . The population was 8,679 at the 2010 census . The town is named for the livestock roundups common in the late 19th century . Cattle from the surrounding hills were regularly driven down through the old town to a loading dock on the shoreline of San Pablo Bay for shipment to slaughterhouses , a practice which continued through the early 20th century . The town of Rodeo is served by the Interstate 80 freeway and State Route 4 . The Southern Pacific Railroad main line passes through Rodeo . Rodeo has not been a stop on the railroad since the 1950s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arroyo_Grande,_California', 'summary': 'Arroyo Grande is a city in San Luis Obispo County , California , United States . The population was 17,252 as of the 2010 Census .'}]}, {'value': '13.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale Refinery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale_Refinery', 'summary': 'The Ferndale Refinery , owned by Phillips 66 , has 101,000 b/d capacity , making it , as of 2015 , the 64th largest in the United States , and produces predominantly transportation fuels consumed in local markets . The plant is located in the Cherry Point Industrial Zone , west of Ferndale , WA . Its secondary processing facilities include a fluid catalytic cracker , an alkylation unit , hydotreating units and a naphtha reformer . The plant follows a 10-5-3-2 crack spread , meaning that for 10 barrels of crude feedstock the refinery produces 5 barrels of gasoline , 3 barrels of distillate and 2 barrels of fuel oil . The Ferndale Refinery was the first of five currently operating in Washington state , built by General Petroleum Corp in 1954 . The original capacity was rated at 35,000 barrels per stream day . General Petroleum was a subsidiary of Socony ( Standard Oil Company of New York ) and was integrated into Mobil Chemical Co when the company formed in 1960 . BP took control of the refinery in 1988 when its wholly owned subsidiary , Sohio , received the plant from Mobil Oil in exchange for $ 152.5 million and crude oil inventories . In 1993 , Tosco Corp , a California-based downstream and marketing corporation , bought the refinery from BP . The deal included BPs retail stations and marketing assets across Washington and Oregon . BP left the Northwest refining market only five years after entry . Phillips Petroleum Company purchased Tosco for $ 7 billion in February 2001 , and assumed control of the refinery thereafter .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferndale , WA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_Washington', 'summary': 'Ferndale is a city in Whatcom County , Washington , United States . The population was 14,354 at the 2010 census . It is the third largest city in Whatcom County and borders the Lummi Nation on its southern border .'}]}, {'value': '7.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billings Refinery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billings_Refinery_(Phillips_66)', 'summary': 'The Billings Refinery is an oil refinery located in Billings , Montana . The refinery is currently owned and operated by Phillips 66 . Completed in 1947 , the refinery covers 720 acres ( 290 ha ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Billings , MT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billings,_Montana', 'summary': 'Billings is the largest city in the U.S. state of Montana , with a population estimated at 109,550 as of 2018 . Located in the south-central portion of the state , it is the seat of Yellowstone County and the principal city of the Billings Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 171,677 . It has a trade area of over 500,000 . Billings was nicknamed the Magic City because of its rapid growth from its founding as a railroad town in March 1882 . The city is named for Frederick H. Billings , a former president of the Northern Pacific Railroad . With one of the largest trade areas in the United States , Billings is the trade and distribution center for much of Montana east of the Continental Divide , Northern Wyoming , and western portions of North Dakota and South Dakota . Billings is also the largest retail destination for much of the same area . The city is experiencing rapid growth and a strong economy ; it has had and is continuing to have the largest growth of any city in Montana . Parts of the metro area are seeing hyper growth . From 2000 to 2010 Lockwood , an eastern suburb , saw growth of 57.8% , the largest growth rate of any community in Montana . Billings has avoided the economic downturn that affected most of the nation from 2008 to 2012 as well as the housing bust . With more hotel accommodations than any area within a five-state region , the city hosts a variety of conventions , concerts , sporting events , and other rallies .'}]}, {'value': '14.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humber Refinery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humber_Refinery', 'summary': "The Humber Refinery is a British oil refinery in South Killingholme , North Lincolnshire . It is situated south of the railway line next to the A160 ; Total 's Lindsey Oil Refinery is north of the railway line . It is situated approximately ten miles north west of Grimsby , and processes approximately 221,000 barrels ( 35,100 m3 ) of crude oil per day . It is owned by Phillips 66 since the split of ConocoPhillips on 1 May 2012"}]}, {'value': 'North Lincolnshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Lincolnshire', 'summary': "North Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in Lincolnshire , England , with a population of 167,446 at the 2011 census . There are three significant towns : Scunthorpe , the administrative centre , Brigg and Barton-upon-Humber . North Lincolnshire was formed following the abolition of Humberside County Council in 1996 , when four unitary authorities replaced it , North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire , on the south bank of the river Humber , and the East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston upon Hull on the north bank . It is home to the Haxey Hood , a traditional event which takes place in Haxey on 6 January , a large football scrum where a leather tube ( the hood ) is pushed to one of four pubs , where it remains until next year 's game . In 2015 , North Lincolnshire Council began discussions with the other nine authorities in the Greater Lincolnshire area as part of a devolution bid . If successful this would see greater powers over education , transport , health , crime and social care being devolved from central government ."}]}, {'value': '11.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MIRO Refinery*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karlsruhe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karlsruhe', 'summary': 'Karlsruhe ( /ˈkɑːrlzruːə/ , also US : /ˈkɑːrls-/ , German : [ ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə ] ( listen ) ; formerly spelled Carlsruhe ) is the second-largest city of the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart , and its 309,999 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 21st largest city of Germany . On the right bank of the Rhine , the city lies near the French-German border , between the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen conurbation to the north , and the Strasbourg/Kehl conurbation to the south . It is the largest city of Baden , a region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of Baden-Baden . Karlsruhe is also the largest city in the South Franconian dialect area ( transitional dialects between Central and Upper German ) , the only other larger city in that area being Heilbronn . The city is the seat of the Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) , as well as of the Federal Court of Justice ( Bundesgerichtshof ) and the Public Prosecutor General of the Federal Court of Justice ( Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof ) . Karlsruhe was the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach ( Durlach : 1565-1718 ; Karlsruhe : 1718-1771 ) , the Margraviate of Baden ( 1771-1803 ) , the Electorate of Baden ( 1803-1806 ) , the Grand Duchy of Baden ( 1806-1918 ) , and the Republic of Baden ( 1918-1945 ) . Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace , which was built in 1715 . There are nine institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ) . Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport ( Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden ) is the second-busiest airport of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart Airport , and the 17th-busiest airport of Germany . 2019 the UNESCO announced that Karlsruhe will join her network of Creative Cities as „ City of Media Arts .'}]}, {'value': '7.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Operations -- Refineries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Phillips_66_0', 'intro': 'The Phillips 66 Company is an American multinational energy company headquartered in Westchase, Houston, Texas. It debuted as an independent energy company when ConocoPhillips executed a spin-off of its downstream and midstream assets. Its name dating back to 1927 as a trademark of the Phillips Petroleum Company, the newly-reconfigured Phillips 66 began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on May 1, 2012, under the ticker PSX. The company is engaged in producing natural gas liquids (NGL) and petrochemicals. The company has approximately 14,000 employees worldwide and is active in more than 65 countries. Phillips 66 is ranked No. 23 on the Fortune 500 list and No. 67 on the Fortune Global 500 list as of 2018[update].'} | null | null | The workers at a refinery in a city that borders Staten Island belong to what specific chapter of their union ? | Local No . 877 |
0467f625eb83d8a9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Air_Nigeria_destinations', 'title': 'List of Air Nigeria destinations', 'header': ['City', 'Country', 'IATA', 'ICAO', 'Airport'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abidjan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abidjan', 'summary': "Abidjan ( /ˌæbɪˈdʒɑːn/ AB-ih-JAHN , French : [ abidʒɑ̃ ] ; Nko : ߊߓߌߖߊ߲߬ ) is the economic capital of Ivory Coast and one of the most populous French-speaking cities in Africa . According to the 2014 census , Abidjan 's population was 4.7 million , which is 20 percent of the overall population of the country , and this also makes it the sixth most populous city proper in Africa , after Lagos , Cairo , Kinshasa , Dar es Salaam , and Johannesburg . A cultural crossroads of West Africa , Abidjan is characterised by a high level of industrialisation and urbanisation . The city expanded quickly after the construction of a new wharf in 1931 , followed by its designation as the capital city of the then-French colony in 1933 . Abidjan remained the capital of Côte d'Ivoire after its independence from France in 1960 . The completion of the Vridi Canal in 1951 enabled Abidjan to become an important sea port . In 1983 , the city of Yamoussoukro was designated as the official political capital of Côte d'Ivoire . However , almost all political institutions and foreign embassies continue to be located in Abidjan . Because Abidjan is also the largest city in the country and the centre of its economic activity , it has officially been designated as the economic capital of the country . The Abidjan Autonomous District , which encompasses the city and some of its suburbs , is one of the 14 districts of Côte d'Ivoire ."}]}, {'value': "Côte d'Ivoire", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DIAP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Bouet Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Bouet_Airport', 'summary': "Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport ( IATA : ABJ , ICAO : DIAP ) , also known as Port Bouët Airport , is located 16 km ( 9 nmi ; 10 mi ) south east of Abidjan , Ivory Coast . It is the largest airport in the country for air traffic . The airport is the main hub of the national airline Air Côte d'Ivoire . Named after the first president of Ivory Coast , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , this international airport is directly connected currently to five different airports in Europe , to New York-JFK , and to many destinations within the rest of Africa and the Middle East . Usually , the airport is served by over 20 airlines , covering more than 36 destinations ."}]}, {'value': 'Accra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accra', 'summary': "Accra ( /əˈkrɑː/ ; Akuapem & Asante Twi : Nkran ) is the capital of Ghana covering an area of 225.67 km2 ( 87.13 sq mi ) with an estimated urban population of 2.27 million as of 2012 [ update ] . It is organized into 12 local government districts - 11 municipal districts and the Accra Metropolitan District , which is the only district within the capital to be granted city status . Accra usually refers to the Accra Metropolitan Area , which serves as the capital of Ghana , while the district which is within the jurisdiction of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly is distinguished from the rest of the capital as the City of Accra . In common usage , however , the terms Accra and City of Accra are used interchangeably . The intersection of the Lafa stream and Mallam junction serves as the western border of Accra , the Great Hall of the University of Ghana forms Accra 's northern border , while the Nautical College forms the eastern border . The Gulf of Guinea forms the southern border . Formed from the merger of distinct settlements around British Fort James , Dutch Fort Crêvecoeur ( Ussher Fort ) , and Danish Fort Christiansborg as Jamestown , Usshertown , and Christiansborg respectively , Accra served as the capital of the British Gold Coast between 1877 and 1957 and has since transitioned into a modern metropolis . The capital 's architecture reflects this history , ranging from 19th-century colonial architecture to modern skyscrapers and apartment blocks . Accra is the Greater Accra Region 's economic and administrative hub , and serves as the anchor of the larger Greater Accra Metropolitan Area ( GAMA ) , which is inhabited by about 4 million people , making it the thirteenth-largest metropolitan area in Africa . Strategic initiatives , such as transportation , are coordinated between the local government authorities , while the Accra Metropolitan Assembly , based in West Ridge , is responsible for the administration of the 60 km2 ( 23 sq mi ) City of Accra only . The central business district of Accra contains the city 's main banks and department stores , as well as an area known as the Ministries , where Ghana 's government administration is concentrated . Economic activities in Accra include the financial and commercial sectors , fishing and the manufacture of processed food , lumber , plywood , textiles , clothing and chemicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Ghana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DGAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotoka International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotoka_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Kotoka International Airport ( IATA : ACC , ICAO : DGAA ) is an international airport in Accra , the capital of Ghana . It has the capacity for large aircraft such as the Airbus A380 . The airport is operated by Ghana Airports Company Limited ( GACL ) , which has its offices on the airport property . In 2019 , the airport saw 3.019 million passengers . It presently serves as a hub for domestic and regional operator Africa World Airlines , and a base for domestic operator Passion Air . It is the sole international airport in Ghana . The airport consists of two passenger terminals , Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 . Terminal 2 serves only domestic flights , while Terminal 3 serves regional , international and long-haul operators . Terminal 1 is presently no longer in use , but will be redeveloped into an FBO . There is also a VVIP terminal used for diplomatic flights , and a military terminal used for military operations .'}]}, {'value': 'Abuja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abuja', 'summary': "Abuja ( /əˈbuːdʒə/ ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) . It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s , replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991 . Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400-metre ( 1,300 ft ) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock . Zuma Rock , a 792-metre ( 2,598 ft ) monolith , lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna . At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 [ update ] , the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35% , retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world . As at 2016 , the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons , placing it behind only Lagos , as the most populous metro area in Nigeria . Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose-built capital cities in Africa , as well as being one of the wealthiest ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe_International_Airport', 'summary': "Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport ( IATA : ABV , ICAO : DNAA ) is an international airport serving Abuja , in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria . It is the main airport serving the Nigerian capital city and was named after Nigeria 's first President , Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport is approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) west of Abuja , and has an international and a domestic terminal that share its single runway . The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority has its head office on the airport grounds . The Abuja non-directional beacon ( identification : AG ) is 1.7 nautical miles ( 3.1 km ; 2.0 mi ) off the threshold of Runway 22 . The Abuja VOR-DME ( identification : ABC ) is 1.3 NM ( 2.4 km ; 1.5 mi ) off the same runway ."}]}, {'value': 'Banjul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banjul', 'summary': "Banjul ( UK : /bænˈdʒuːl/ , US : /ˈbɑːndʒuːl/ ) , officially the City of Banjul , is the capital and fourth largest city of The Gambia . It is the centre of the eponymous administrative division which is home to an estimated 400,000 residents , making it The Gambia 's largest and densely populated metropolitan area . Banjul is on St Mary 's Island ( Banjul Island ) , where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean . The population of the city proper is 31,301 , with the Greater Banjul Area , which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing Municipal Council , at a population of 413,397 ( 2013 census ) . The island is connected to the mainland to the west and the rest of Greater Banjul Area via bridges . There are also ferries linking Banjul to the mainland at the other side of the river ."}]}, {'value': 'Gambia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GBYD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banjul International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banjul_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Banjul International Airport , also known as Yundum International ( IATA : BJL , ICAO : GBYD ) , is the international airport of Banjul , capital of the Gambia , built during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Benin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benin_City', 'summary': "Benin City is the capital and largest city of Edo State in southern Nigeria . It is situated approximately 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of the Benin River and 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) by road east of Lagos . Benin City is the centre of Nigeria 's rubber industry , and oil production is also a significant industry . Benin City was the principal city of the Edo kingdom of Benin , which flourished during the 13th to the 19th century . It was destroyed in 1897 by the British after the Edo assaulted an earlier British expedition , which had been told not to enter the city during a religious festival but nonetheless attempted to do so . Before burning the city down , the British pillaged it , taking many of its famous bronzes , ivory , and other treasures . Although traces of the old wall and moat remain , the new city is a close-packed pattern of houses and streets converging on the palace and compound of the oba ( sacred king ) and the government offices . In the main square sits a statue of Emotan , a woman honoured for assisting a 15th-century prince attempting to regain power and who later became Oba Ewuare . The present oba retains traditional and advisory roles in government . The indigenous people of Benin City are Edo , and they speak the Edo language and other Edoid languages . The people of Benin City are known as Edo or Bini . The people of the city have one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent and are known for their beads , body marks , bangles , anklets , and raffia work ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BNI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNBE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benin Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benin_Airport', 'summary': 'Benin Airport ( IATA : BNI , ICAO : DNBE ) is an airport serving Benin City , the capital of Edo State in Nigeria . The runway is in the middle of the city . The Benin VOR-DME ( Ident : BEN ) is located 3.1 nautical miles ( 5.7 km ) southwest of the airport . The Benin non-directional beacon ( Ident : BC ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazzaville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazzaville', 'summary': 'Brazzaville ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ bʁazavil ] , Kongo : Balazavile ; Teke : Ncuna ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo ( Congo Republic ) . Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country , it is located on the north side of the Congo River , opposite Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DR Congo ) . The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 1.8 million residents , comprising more than a third of the national populace , 40% of whom are employed in non-agricultural professions . During World War II , Brazzaville was also the capital of Free France between 1940 and 1942 . In 2013 , Brazzaville was designated a City of Music by UNESCO , and has been a member of the Creative Cities Network since then .'}]}, {'value': 'Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BZV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FCBB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maya-Maya Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maya-Maya_Airport', 'summary': 'Maya-Maya Airport ( IATA : BZV , ICAO : FCBB ) is the international airport of Brazzaville , the capital of the Republic of the Congo .'}]}, {'value': 'Calabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calabar', 'summary': 'Calabar ( also referred to as Callabar , Calabari , Calbari , Kalabari and Kalabar ) is the capital of Cross River State , Nigeria . It was originally named Akwa Akpa , in Efik language . The city is adjacent to the Calabar and Great Kwa rivers and creeks of the Cross River ( from its inland delta ) . Calabar is often described as the tourism capital of Nigeria , especially due to several initiatives implemented during the Duke Administration ( 1999-2007 ) , which made the city the cleanest and environmentally friendliest city in Nigeria . Administratively , the city is divided into Calabar Municipal and Calabar South Local Government Areas . It has an area of 406 square kilometres ( 157 sq mi ) and a population of 371,022 as at 2006 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Ekpo International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Ekpo_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Margaret Ekpo International Airport ( IATA : CBQ , ICAO : DNCA ) , also known as Calabar Airport , is an airport serving Calabar , the capital of the Cross River State in Nigeria . The Calabar VOR-DME ( Ident : CAL ) is located 2.9 nautical miles ( 5.4 km ) off the threshold of Runway 03 . The Calabar non-directional beacon ( Ident : CR ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Cotonou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cotonou', 'summary': "Cotonou ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kɔtɔnu ] ; Fon : Kútɔ̀nú ) is the largest city and economic centre of Benin . Its official population count was 761,137 inhabitants in 2006 ; however , some estimates indicate its population to be as high as 1.2 million . [ citation needed ] The population in 1960 was only 70,000 . [ citation needed ] The urban area continues to expand , notably toward the west . The city lies in the southeast of the country , between the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Nokoué . In addition to being Benin 's largest city , it is the seat of government , although Porto-Novo is the official capital . It is home to most of the country 's government buildings and diplomatic services ."}]}, {'value': 'Benin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'COO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DBBB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cadjehoun Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cadjehoun_Airport', 'summary': 'Cotonou Cadjehoun Airport ( IATA : COO , ICAO : DBBB ) is an airport in the Cadjehoun neighborhood of Cotonou , the largest city in Benin , in West Africa . The airport is the largest in the country , and as such , is the primary entry point into the country by air , with flights to Africa and Europe . The Cotonou VOR-DME ( Ident : TYE ) is on the field . The Cotonou non-directional beacon ( Ident : CO ) is located 2.6 kilometres ( 1.4 nautical miles ) northeast of the airport . The airport is named after cardinal Bernardin Gantin .'}]}, {'value': 'Dakar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakar', 'summary': 'Dakar ( English : /dɑːˈkɑːr/ ; French : [ dakaʁ ] ; Wolof : Ndakaaru ) is the capital and largest city of Senegal . The city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594 , whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million . The area around Dakar was settled in the 15th century . The Portuguese established a presence on the island of Gorée off the coast of Cap-Vert and used it as a base for the Atlantic slave trade . France took over the island in 1677 . Following the abolition of the slave trade and French annexation of the mainland area in the 19th century , Dakar grew into a major regional port and a major city of the French colonial empire . In 1902 , Dakar replaced Saint-Louis as the capital of French West Africa . From 1959 to 1960 , Dakar was the capital of the short-lived Mali Federation . In 1960 , it became the capital of the Independent Republic of Senegal .'}]}, {'value': 'Senegal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DKR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GOOY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Léopold_Sédar_Senghor_International_Airport', 'summary': "Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport ( French : Aéroport international Léopold-Sédar-Senghor , IATA : DKR , ICAO : GOOY ) is an international airport serving Dakar , the capital of Senegal . The airport is situated near the town of Yoff , a northern suburb of Dakar . It was known as Dakar-Yoff International Airport ( French : Aéroport international de Dakar-Yoff ) until 9 October 1996 , when it was renamed in honor of Léopold Sédar Senghor , the first president of Senegal . The airport can handle wide body jets , including the Airbus A340-600 from South African Airways , and the Boeing 777-200 from Air France . In 2015 , the airport served about 1,986,000 passengers . Construction of a replacement airport , Blaise Diagne International , 45 km inland from Léopold Sédar Senghor , began in 2007 . Saudi Binladin Group constructed the new airport , named after the first black African elected to France 's parliament in 1914 , Blaise Diagne . It was initially expected to take 30 months to build and is designed for an initial capacity of 3 million passengers a year - almost double the 1.7 million annual traffic handled by the existing airport . Blaise Diagne was delayed several times and finally opened on December 7 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Douala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douala', 'summary': "Douala ( German : Duala ) is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital . It is also the capital of Cameroon 's Littoral Region . Home to Central Africa 's largest port and its major international airport , Douala International Airport ( DLA ) , it is the commercial and economic capital of Cameroon and the entire CEMAC region comprising Gabon , Congo , Chad , Equatorial Guinea , Central African Republic and Cameroon . Consequently , it handles most of the country 's major exports , such as oil , cocoa and coffee , timber , metals and fruits . As from 2018 , the city and its surrounding area had an estimated population of 2,768,400 . The city sits on the estuary of Wouri River and its climate is tropical ."}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DLA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FKKD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douala International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douala_International_Airport', 'summary': "Douala International Airport ( French : Aéroport international de Douala ) ( IATA : DLA , ICAO : FKKD ) is an international airport located in Douala , the largest city in Cameroon and the capital of Cameroon 's Littoral Region . With its 4 terminals and an average of 1.5 million passengers and 50,000 tonnes of freight per year it is the country 's busiest airport . The airport is managed and partly owned ( 34% ) by the company Aeroport du Cameroon ( ADC ) which also manages all other 13 airports on the Cameroonian soil ."}]}, {'value': 'Dubai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai', 'summary': "Dubai ( /duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY ; Arabic : دبي Dubay , Gulf Arabic : Arabic pronunciation : [ dʊˈbɑj ] ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai . Located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the coast of the Persian Gulf , Dubai aims to be the business hub of Western Asia . It is also a major global transport hub for passengers and cargo . Oil revenue helped accelerate the development of the city , which was already a major mercantile hub . Today , less than 5% of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . A centre for regional and international trade since the early 20th century , Dubai 's economy relies on revenues from trade , tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services ."}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DXB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OMDB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubai International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport', 'summary': "Dubai International Airport ( IATA : DXB , ICAO : OMDB ) ( Arabic : مطار دبي الدولي ) is the primary international airport serving Dubai , United Arab Emirates , and is the world 's busiest airport by international passenger traffic . It is also the fifth-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic , the sixth-busiest cargo airport in the world , the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements , and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight . In 2017 , DXB handled 88 million passengers and 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements . In July 2019 , Dubai International airport installed the largest solar energy system in the region 's airports as part of Dubai 's goal to reduce 30 percent of the city energy consumption by 2030 . Dubai International Airport is situated in the Al Garhoud district , 2.5 nautical miles ( 4.6 km ; 2.9 mi ) east of Dubai and spread over an area of 7,200 acres ( 2,900 ha ) of land . Terminal 3 is the second-largest building in the world by floor space and the largest airport terminal in the world . Emirates Airline has its hub airport in Dubai International ( DXB ) and has their own terminal 3 with 3 concourses that they share with flydubai . The Emirates hub is the largest airline hub in the Middle East ; Emirates handles 51% of all passenger traffic and accounts for approximately 42% of all aircraft movements at the airport . Dubai Airport is also the base for low-cost carrier flydubai which handles 13% of passenger traffic and 25% of aircraft movements at DXB . The airport has a total capacity of 90 million passengers annually . As of January 2016 , there are over 7,700 weekly flights operated by 140 airlines to over 270 destinations across all inhabited continents . Over 63% of travelers using the airport in 2018 were connecting passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Enugu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enugu', 'summary': "Enugu ( /eɪˈnuːɡuː/ ( listen ) ay-NOO-goo ; Igbo : Énugwú ) is the capital of Enugu State in Nigeria . It is located in southeastern Nigeria . The city had a population of 722,664 according to the 2006 Nigerian census . The name Enugu is derived from the two Igbo words Énú Ụ́gwụ́ meaning hill top denoting the city 's hilly geography . The city was named after Enugwu Ngwo , under which coal was found . Since the 17th century the location of present-day Enugu has been inhabited by the Nike ( /niːˈkeɪ/ nee-KAY ) subgroup of the Igbo people ; one of Enugu 's neighbourhoods still retains the village 's old name Ogui . In 1900 the Southern Nigeria Protectorate was established by the colonial administration of the British Empire . The discovery of coal by the colonialists led to the building of the Eastern Line railway to carry coal from the inland city to the port of Port Harcourt , a city created for this purpose located 151 miles ( 243 km ) south of what was called Enugu Coal Camp . Enugu was then renamed simply Enugu and developed as one of the few cities in West Africa created from European contact . By 1958 Enugu had over 8,000 coal miners . As of 2005 [ update ] there are no significant coal mining activities left in the city . Enugu became the capital of the Eastern Region after Nigeria 's independence in 1960 ; a succession of territorial adjustments in 1967 , 1976 and 1991 led to Enugu becoming the capital of what is now Enugu State ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNEN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akanu Ibiam International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akanu_Ibiam_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Akanu Ibiam International Airport ( IATA : ENU , ICAO : DNEN ) , also known as Enugu Airport , is an airport serving Enugu , the capital city of Enugu State of Nigeria , and nearby cities , such as Abakaliki , Awka , Onitsha , Nnewi , Afikpo , Okigwe , Nsukka , Ugep , Orlu , Idah , Otukpo and Ogoja . The airport is named after the late Akanu Ibiam ( 1906-1995 ) , a medical doctor and statesman who hailed from Afikpo in Ebonyi State . The airport was closed on February 10 , 2010 , by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria ( FAAN ) for the first phase of major renovation and expansion works . The airport was re-opened on 16 December 2010 , but the second and third phase of the construction work is still ongoing . The airport is being prepared for its new status as an international airport . The Enugu VOR-DME ( Ident : ENG ) and non-directional beacon ( Ident : EN ) are located off the approach end of Runway 26 . The VOR is 2.6 nautical miles ( 4.8 km ) out , and the NDB is 1.8 nautical miles ( 3.3 km ) out .'}]}, {'value': 'Johannesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JNB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FAJS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OR Tambo International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport', 'summary': "O. R. Tambo International Airport ( IATA : JNB , ICAO : FAOR ) is a major international airport situated in Kempton Park , Gauteng , South Africa . It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel to/from South Africa and is Africa 's busiest airport , with a capacity to handle up to 28 million passengers annually . The airport serves as the hub for South African Airways . The airport handled over 21 million passengers in 2017 . It was originally known as Jan Smuts International Airport , after the former South African Prime Minister of the same name . The airport was renamed Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 when the newly elected African National Congress ( ANC ) government implemented a policy of not naming airports after politicians . This policy was later reversed , and on 27 October 2006 the airport was renamed O. R. Tambo International Airport after Oliver Reginald Tambo , a former ANC President ."}]}, {'value': 'Kano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kano', 'summary': "Kano is the state capital of Kano State in North West , Nigeria . It is situated in the Sahelian geographic region , south of the Sahara . Kano is the commercial nerve centre of Northern Nigeria and is the second largest city in Nigeria . The Kano metropolis initially covered 137 square kilometres ( 53 square miles ) , and comprised six local government areas ( LGAs ) - Kano Municipal , Fagge , Dala , Gwale , Tarauni and Nasarawa ; However , it now covers two additional LGAs - Ungogo and Kumbotso . The total area of Metropolitan Kano is now 499 square kilometres ( 193 square miles ) , with a population of 2,828,861 as of the 2006 Nigerian census ; the latest official estimate ( for 2016 ) is 3,931,300 . The principal inhabitants of the city are the Hausa people . However , there are few who speak Fulani language . As in most parts of northern Nigeria , the Hausa language is widely spoken in Kano . The city is the capital of the Kano Emirate . The current emir , Muhammadu Sanusi II , was enthroned on 8 June 2014 after the death of Alhaji Ado Bayero , the fifty seventh emir of Kano Emirate , on Friday , 6 June 2014 . The city 's Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport , the main airport serving northern Nigeria , was named after politician Aminu Kano ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KAN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNKN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mallam_Aminu_Kano_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport ( IATA : KAN , ICAO : DNKN ) is an airport serving Kano , the capital city of Kano State of Nigeria . It was a Royal Air Force station before the country became independent . It is the main airport serving northern Nigeria and was named after politician Aminu Kano . The airport has an international and a domestic terminal . Construction started on a new domestic terminal and was commissioned on 23 May 2011 . In 2009 , the airport handled 323,482 passengers . The bulk of international flights cater to the large Lebanese community in Kano and Muslim pilgrimages to Mecca .'}]}, {'value': 'Lagos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lagos', 'summary': 'Lagos ( /ˈleɪɡɒs , -ɡoʊs/ ; Yoruba : Èkó ) is the largest city in the Nigerian state of the same name . The city , with its adjoining conurbation , is the most populous in Nigeria and South of The Sahara , Africa . It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world and one of the most populous urban areas . Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa ; the megacity has the fourth-highest GDP in Africa and houses one of the largest and busiest seaports on the continent . Lagos initially emerged as a port city that originated on a collection of islands , which are contained in the present day Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) of Lagos Island , Eti-Osa , Amuwo-Odofin and Apapa . The islands are separated by creeks , fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon , while being protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach , which stretch up to 100 km ( 62 mi ) east and west of the mouth . Due to rapid urbanization , the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day Lagos Mainland , Ajeromi-Ifelodun and Surulere . This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas : the Island , which was the initial city of Lagos , before it expanded into the area known as the Mainland . This city area was governed directly by the Federal Government through the Lagos City Council , until the creation of Lagos State in 1967 , which led to the splitting of Lagos city into the present day seven Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) , and an addition of other towns ( which now make up 13 LGAs ) from the then Western Region to form the state . Lagos , the capital of Nigeria since its amalgamation in 1914 , went on to become the capital of Lagos State after its creation . However , the state capital was later moved to Ikeja in 1976 , and the federal capital moved to Abuja in 1991 . Even though Lagos is still widely referred to as a city , the present day Lagos , also known as Metropolitan Lagos , and officially as Lagos Metropolitan Area is an urban agglomeration or conurbation , consisting of 20 LGAs , 37 LCDAs including Ikeja , the state capital of Lagos State .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNMM|', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murtala Muhammed International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Murtala Muhammed International Airport ( MMIA ) ( IATA : LOS , ICAO : DNMM ) is an international airport located in Ikeja , Lagos State , Nigeria , and is the major airport serving the entire state . The airport was initially built during World War II and is named after Murtala Muhammed , the fourth military ruler of Nigeria .'}]}, {'value': 'Libreville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libreville', 'summary': 'Libreville is the capital and largest city of Gabon , in western central Africa . The city is a port on the Komo River , near the Gulf of Guinea , and a trade center for a timber region . As of the 2013 census [ update ] , its population was 703,904 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gabon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LBV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOOL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Libreville International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libreville_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Léon-Mba International Airport ( IATA : LBV , ICAO : FOOL ) is an airport situated in Libreville , Gabon . It is the main international airport in the country and was constructed in the 1950s .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EGKK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gatwick Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gatwick_Airport', 'summary': 'Gatwick Airport ( /ˈɡætwɪk/ ) , also known as London Gatwick ( IATA : LGW , ICAO : EGKK ) , is a major international airport near Crawley in West Sussex , southeast England , 29.5 miles ( 47.5 km ) south of Central London . It is the second-busiest airport by total passenger traffic in the UK , after Heathrow Airport . Gatwick is the ninth-busiest airport in Europe . It covers a total area of 674 hectares ( 1,670 acres ) . Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s ; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933 . The airport has two terminals , the North Terminal and the South Terminal , which cover areas of 98,000 m2 ( 117,000 sq yd ) and 160,000 m2 ( 190,000 sq yd ) respectively . It operates as a single-runway airport , using a main runway with a length of 3,316 m ( 10,879 ft ) . A secondary runway is available but , due to its proximity to the main runway , can only be used if that is out of use . In 2018 , 46.1 million passengers passed through the airport , a 1.1% increase compared with 2017 . As of 2019 , Gatwick is the second busiest airport in the world to operate only one runway ( after Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport ; until 2017 , Gatwick was the busiest ) with a passenger use of 46 million in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LHR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EGLL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Heathrow Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport', 'summary': 'Heathrow Airport , also known as London Heathrow ( IATA : LHR , ICAO : EGLL ) , is a major international airport in London , United Kingdom . Heathrow is the second busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic , as well as the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic , and the seventh busiest airport in the world by total passenger traffic . It is one of six international airports serving London region . In 2019 , it handled a record 80.8 million passengers , a 0.9% increase from 2018 as well as 475,861 aircraft movements , a decrease of 1,743 from 2018 . The airport facility is owned and operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings . Heathrow lies 14 miles ( 23 km ) west of Central London , and has two parallel east-west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres ( 4.74 sq mi ) . The airport is the primary hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic . In September 2012 , the Government of the United Kingdom established the Airports Commission , an independent commission chaired by Sir Howard Davies to examine various options for increasing capacity at UK airports . In July 2015 , the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow , which the government approved in October 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Monrovia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monrovia', 'summary': "Monrovia /mənˈroʊviə/ is the capital city of the West African country of Liberia . Located on the Atlantic Coast at Cape Mesurado , Monrovia had a population of 1,010,970 as of the 2008 census . With 29% of the total population of Liberia , Monrovia is the country 's most populous city . Founded on April 25 , 1822 , Monrovia was the second permanent African American settlement in Africa after Freetown , Sierra Leone . Monrovia 's economy is shaped primarily by its harbour and its role as the location of Liberia 's government offices ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ROB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GLRB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberts International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberts_International_Airport', 'summary': "Roberts International Airport ( IATA : ROB , ICAO : GLRB ) , informally also known as Robertsfield , is an international airport in the West African nation of Liberia . Located near the town of Harbel in Margibi County , the single runway airport is about 35 miles ( 56 km ) outside of the nation 's capital of Monrovia , and as an origin and destination point is referred to as Monrovia and locally is often referred to simply as RIA . The airport is named in honor of Joseph Jenkins Roberts , the first President of Liberia . The airport is the nation 's busiest and most important aviation facility , currently hosting the country 's only scheduled commercial airline services , with direct connections to several major cities in West Africa as well as weekly flights to Europe on Brussels Airlines . The airport is currently reported to serve 228,000 passengers annually and is currently undergoing a major expansion , including a new passenger terminal . The facility with its 11,000 feet ( 3,400 m ) long runway was an emergency landing site for the United States ' Space Shuttle program and is one of only two with paved runways in the country . While Monrovia 's secondary airport , Spriggs Payne , is much closer to the city center and possesses the nation 's only other paved runway , it has not had scheduled commercial service since ASKY Airlines suspended service in November 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Owerri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owerri', 'summary': "Owerri ( /oʊˈwɛri/ oh-WERR-ee , Igbo : Owèrrè ) is the capital of Imo State in Nigeria , set in the heart of Igboland . It is also the state 's largest city , followed by Orlu and Okigwe as second and third respectively . Owerri consists of three Local Government Areas including Owerri Municipal , Owerri North and Owerri West , it has an estimated population of about 1,401,873 as of 2016 and is approximately 100 square kilometres ( 40 sq mi ) in area . Owerri is bordered by the Otamiri River to the east and the Nworie River to the south . The Owerri Slogan is Heartland . It is currently referred to as the entertainment capital of Nigeria because of its high density of spacious hotels , high street casinos , production studios and high quality centres of relaxation . It is the home to annual beauty pageants , Miss Heartland and Miss Adanma . Owerri was the last of three capitals of the Republic of Biafra in 1969 . The capital of the secessionist state was continuously being moved as Nigerian troops captured the older capitals . Enugu and Umuahia were the other capitals before Owerri . Present-day Owerri does contain some statuary memorializing the war , particularly in locations which suffered heavy bombing , but most war artifacts and history are located in the museum at Umuahia , Abia State ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'QOW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNIM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Mbakwe Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Mbakwe_Airport', 'summary': 'Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport ( IATA : QOW , ICAO : DNIM ) , also known as Imo State Airport , serves Owerri , the capital city of Imo State in southeastern Nigeria . Other cities served by the airport are , the commercial city of Onitsha , automobile and manufacturing city of Nnewi in Anambra State , the industrial hub of Aba , Umuahia and Arochukwu in Abia State . Others are Okigwe , Oguta , and Orlu business districts in Imo State . The airport also serves some parts of Akwa Ibom and Cross River States in the South South part of Nigeria . The airport is named in honor of a former governor and politician-philanthropist , the late Chief Sam Mbakwe of Imo State . It is the first state-government-built airport . Navy Commodore Anthony E. Oguguo , who was military governor of Imo State from 1990 to 1992 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida , commissioned and built the airport . He famously said I saw money and looked away , it is not everything ; we can all do the same and teach it to our children . It was later taken over by the federal government .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Air Nigeria ( formerly Nigerian Eagle Airlines and Virgin Nigeria Airways ) , was the national flag carrier of Nigeria . The airline operates scheduled regional and domestic passenger services . Its base is Murtala Mohammed International Airport , Lagos . The airline is a replacement for defunct Nigeria Airways . Its registered office is in Ikoyi , Lagos State , while its head office is on the 9th floor of Etiebets Place in Ikeja , Lagos State . [ 1 ] serves the following destinations ( at June 2010 ) : [ 2 ] On 28 September 2004 , the Nigerian government and Virgin Group signed an agreement to establish a new airline for Nigeria , to be called Virgin Nigeria Airways . Nigerian institutional investors own 51% of the company and Virgin Atlantic Airways owns 49% . The airline 's inaugural flight was on 28 June 2005 from Lagos to London Heathrow using an Airbus A340-300 aircraft . On 19 August 2008 , Virgin Atlantic announced that it was `` in talks to sell its 49 percent stake in Virgin Nigeria '' . It is also reviewing `` whether it is appropriate that the Virgin brand should remain linked to Virgin Nigeria '' . [ 3 ] The dispute arose after Virgin Nigeria 's domestic operations were moved against its will by the Ministry of Transportation to Terminal 2 . On 17 September 2009 , Virgin Nigeria announced on their website they had rebranded as Nigerian Eagle Airlines . Nigerian Eagle Airlines also stated that they plan to focus on domestic and regional flights with further expansion into Europe and eventually the United States of America . [ 4 ] Virgin still own 49% of the new Nigerian Eagle Airlines with the remaining 51% by Nigerian investors . On 2 June 2010 , following the acquisition of a majority share in the airline , Jimoh Ibrahim , the new chairman , announced that Nigerian Eagle Airlines had changed its name to Air Nigeria Development Limited and would be known as Air Nigeria . [ 5 ] In December 2011 , Air Nigeria maintained services to the following domestic and regional destinations : [ 6 ] [ Hub ] Hub [ F ] Future destination [ T ] Terminated destination", 'uid': 'Air_Nigeria_destinations_0', 'intro': "Air Nigeria (formerly Nigerian Eagle Airlines and Virgin Nigeria Airways), was the national flag carrier of Nigeria. The airline operates scheduled regional and domestic passenger services. Its base is Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos. The airline is a replacement for defunct Nigeria Airways. Its registered office is in Ikoyi, Lagos State, while its head office is on the 9th floor of Etiebets Place in Ikeja, Lagos State. serves the following destinations (at June 2010):\n On 28 September 2004, the Nigerian government and Virgin Group signed an agreement to establish a new airline for Nigeria, to be called Virgin Nigeria Airways. Nigerian institutional investors own 51% of the company and Virgin Atlantic Airways owns 49%. The airline's inaugural flight was on 28 June 2005 from Lagos to London Heathrow using an Airbus A340-300 aircraft. On 19 August 2008, Virgin Atlantic announced that it was in talks to sell its 49 percent stake in Virgin Nigeria. It is also reviewing whether it is appropriate that the Virgin brand should remain linked to Virgin Nigeria. The dispute arose after Virgin Nigeria's domestic operations were moved against its will by the Ministry of Transportation to Terminal 2. On 17 September 2009, Virgin Nigeria announced on their website they had rebranded as Nigerian Eagle Airlines."} | null | null | Who was the airport serving Abuja named after ? | Nigeria 's first president |
046804cdc0f09c8e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth', 'title': 'List of impact craters on Earth', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Country', 'Diameter ( km )', 'Age ( million years )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Vredefort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vredefort_crater', 'summary': 'The Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth . More than 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) across when it was formed , what remains of it is in the present-day Free State province of South Africa . It is named after the town of Vredefort , which is near its centre . Although the crater itself has long since been worn away , the remaining geological structures at its centre are known as the Vredefort Dome or Vredefort impact structure . The crater is estimated to be 2.023 billion years old ( ± 4 million years ) , with impact being in the Paleoproterozoic Era . It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth . In 2005 , the Vredefort Dome was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites for its geologic interest .'}]}, {'value': 'Free State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)', 'summary': "The Free State ( Sotho : Freistata ; Afrikaans : Vrystaat ; Xhosa : iFreyistata ; Tswana : Foreistata ; Zulu : iFuleyisitata ; before 1995 , the Orange Free State ) is a province of South Africa . Its capital is Bloemfontein , which is also South Africa 's judicial capital . Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later Orange Free State Province ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2023', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicxulub', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicxulub_crater', 'summary': 'The Chicxulub crater ( /ˈtʃiːkʃʊluːb/ ; Mayan : [ tʃʼikʃuluɓ ] ) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico . Its center is located near the town of Chicxulub , after which the crater is named . It was formed by a large asteroid or comet about 11 to 81 kilometers ( 6.8 to 50.3 miles ) in diameter , the Chicxulub impactor , striking the Earth . The date of the impact coincides precisely with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ( commonly known as the K-Pg boundary ) , slightly less than 66 million years ago , and a widely accepted theory is that worldwide climate disruption from the event was the cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , a mass extinction in which 75% of plant and animal species on Earth became extinct , including all non-avian dinosaurs . The crater is estimated to be 150 kilometers ( 93 miles ) in diameter and 20 kilometers ( 12 miles ) in depth , well into the continental crust of the region of about 10-30 kilometers ( 6.2-18.6 miles ) depth . It is the second largest confirmed impact structure on Earth , and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research . The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield , geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during the late 1970s . Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search . Later , through contact with Alan Hildebrand in 1990 , Penfield obtained samples that suggested it was an impact feature . Evidence for the impact origin of the crater includes shocked quartz , a gravity anomaly , and tektites in surrounding areas . In 2016 , a scientific drilling project drilled deep into the peak ring of the impact crater , hundreds of meters below the current sea floor , to obtain rock core samples from the impact itself . The discoveries were widely seen as confirming current theories related to both the crater impact and its effects .'}]}, {'value': 'Yucatán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yucatán_(state)', 'summary': "Yucatán ( /ˌjuːkəˈtɑːn/ , also UK : /ˌjʊk-/ , US : /-ˈtæn , ˌjuːkɑːˈtɑːn/ , Spanish : [ ɟʝukaˈtan ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán , [ c ] is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 106 municipalities , and its capital city is Mérida . It is located on the north part of the Yucatán Peninsula . It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest and Quintana Roo to the southeast , with the Gulf of Mexico off its north coast . Before the arrival of Spaniards to the Yucatán Peninsula , the name of this region was Mayab . In the Mayan language , ma ' ya'ab is translated as a few . It was a very important region for the Mayan civilization , which reached the peak of its development here , where the Mayans founded the cities of Chichen Itza , Izamal , Motul , Mayapan , Ek ' Balam and Ichcaanzihóo ( also called T'ho ) , now Mérida . After the Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Peninsula was a single administrative and political entity , the Captaincy General of Yucatán . Following independence and the breakup of the Mexican Empire in 1823 , the first Republic of Yucatán was proclaimed , which was then voluntarily annexed to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21 , 1823 . On March 16 , 1841 , as a result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact , Yucatán declared its independence from Mexico . forming a second Republic of Yucatán . Eventually on July 14 , 1848 , Yucatán was forced to rejoin Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sudbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudbury_Basin', 'summary': 'The Sudbury Basin , also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive , is a major geological structure in Ontario , Canada . It is the third-largest known impact crater or astrobleme on Earth , as well as one of the oldest . The crater formed 1.849 billion years ago in the Paleoproterozoic era . The basin is located on the Canadian Shield in the city of Greater Sudbury , Ontario . The former municipalities of Rayside-Balfour , Valley East and Capreol lie within the Sudbury Basin , which is referred to locally as The Valley . The urban core of the former city of Sudbury lies on the southern outskirts of the basin . The Sudbury Basin is located near a number of other geological structures , including the Temagami Magnetic Anomaly , the Lake Wanapitei impact crater , the western end of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben , the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone and the eastern end of the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone , although none of the structures are directly related to each other in the sense of resulting from the same geological processes .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Popigai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popigai_crater', 'summary': "The Popigai crater ( or astrobleme ) in Siberia , Russia , is tied with the Manicouagan Crater as the fourth largest verified impact crater on Earth . A large bolide impact created the 100-kilometre ( 62 mi ) diameter crater approximately 35 million years ago during the late Eocene epoch ( Priabonian stage ) . It might be linked to the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event . The crater is 300 km ( 190 mi ) east from the outpost of Khatanga and 880 km ( 550 mi ) northeast of the city of Norilsk , NNE of the Anabar Plateau . It is designated by UNESCO as a Geopark , a site of special geological heritage . There is a small possibility that the Popigai impact crater may have formed simultaneously with the approximately 35-million-year-old Chesapeake Bay and Toms Canyon impact craters . For decades the Popigai crater has fascinated paleontologists and geologists , but the entire area was completely off limits because of the diamonds found there . However , a major investigatory expedition was undertaken in 1997 , which greatly advanced understanding of the enigmatic structure . The impactor in this event has been identified as either an 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) diameter chondrite asteroid , or a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) diameter stony asteroid . The shock pressures from the impact instantaneously transformed graphite in the ground into diamonds within a 13.6 km ( 8.5 mi ) radius of the impact point . These diamonds are usually 0.5 to 2 mm ( 0.020 to 0.079 in ) in diameter , though a few exceptional specimens are 10 mm ( 0.39 in ) in size . The diamonds not only inherited the tabular shape of the original graphite grains but they additionally preserved the original crystals ' delicate striations ."}]}, {'value': 'Siberia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siberia', 'summary': "Siberia ( /saɪˈbɪəriə/ ; Russian : Сибирь , tr . Sibír ' , IPA : [ sʲɪˈbʲirʲ ] ( listen ) ) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and North Asia . Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the 17th century . The territory of Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins . The Yenisei River conditionally divides Siberia into two parts , Western and Eastern . Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the national borders of Mongolia and China . With an area of 13.1 million square kilometres ( 5,100,000 sq mi ) , Siberia accounts for 77% of Russia 's land area , but it is home to approximately 33 million people - 23% of the country 's population . This is equivalent to an average population density of about 3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 7.8/sq mi ) ( approximately equal to that of Australia ) , making Siberia one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth . If it were a country by itself , it would still be the largest country in area , but in population it would be the world 's 35th-largest and Asia 's 14th-largest . Worldwide , Siberia is well-known primarily for its long , harsh winters , with a January average of −25 °C ( −13 °F ) , as well as its extensive history of use by Russian and Soviet governments as a place for prisons , labor camps , and internal exile ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manicouagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manicouagan_crater', 'summary': 'Manicouagan Reservoir ( also Lake Manicouagan ) is an annular lake in central Quebec , Canada , covering an area of 1,942 km2 ( 750 sq mi ) . The lake island in its centre is known as René-Levasseur Island , and its highest point is Mount Babel . The structure was created 214 ( ±1 ) million years ago by the impact of a meteorite of five km ( three mi ) diameter . The lake and island are clearly seen from space and are sometimes called the eye of Quebec . The lake has a volume of 137.9 km3 ( 33.1 cu mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '215', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acraman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acraman_crater', 'summary': 'Acraman crater is a deeply eroded impact crater in the Gawler Ranges of South Australia . Its location is marked by Lake Acraman , a circular ephemeral playa lake about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) in diameter . The discovery of the crater and independent discovery of its ejecta were first reported in the journal Science in 1986 . The evidence for impact includes the presence of shatter cones and shocked quartz in shattered bedrock on islands within Lake Acraman . The crater is deeply eroded and its original size must be inferred by indirect means . Some authors estimate an original diameter of up to 85 to 90 kilometres ( 53 to 56 mi ) , while other suggest a smaller size , perhaps only 35 to 40 kilometres ( 22 to 25 mi ) , closer to that of the depression in which Lake Acraman is centred . The larger size estimate would imply an energy release of 5.2 × 106 megatons of TNT . The impact event is estimated to have occurred about 580 million years ago during the Ediacaran ; this age is not derived from the crater itself but from the position of ejecta within nearby sedimentary basins . The Lake Acraman Impact Structure is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register .'}]}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Australia', 'summary': "South Australia ( abbreviated as SA ) is a state in the southern central part of Australia . It covers some of the most arid parts of the country . With a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres ( 379,725 sq mi ) , it is the fourth-largest of Australia 's states and territories by area , and fifth largest by population . It has a total of 1.7 million people , and its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia , after Western Australia , with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital , Adelaide , or its environs . Other population centres in the state are relatively small ; Mount Gambier , the second largest centre , has a population of 28,684 . South Australia shares borders with all of the other mainland states , and with the Northern Territory ; it is bordered to the west by Western Australia , to the north by the Northern Territory , to the north-east by Queensland , to the east by New South Wales , to the south-east by Victoria , and to the south by the Great Australian Bight . The state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories . The majority of its people reside in greater Metropolitan Adelaide . Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray . The state 's colonial origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled , planned British province , rather than as a convict settlement . Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836 , when the members of the council were sworn in near the Old Gum Tree . [ citation needed ] As with the rest of the continent , the region has a long history of human occupation by numerous tribes and languages ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': '580', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morokweng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morokweng_crater', 'summary': "The Morokweng crater ( or Morokweng impact structure ) is an impact crater buried beneath the Kalahari Desert near the town of Morokweng in South Africa 's North West province , close to the border with Botswana ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalahari Desert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalahari_Desert', 'summary': 'The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for 900,000 square kilometres ( 350,000 sq mi ) , covering much of Botswana , parts of Namibia and regions of South Africa . It is not to be confused with the Angolan , Namibian and South African Namib coastal desert , whose name is of Khoekhoegowab origin and means vast place .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '145', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_crater', 'summary': 'Kara is a meteor crater in the Yugorsky Peninsula , Nenetsia , Russia . Heavily eroded , it is presently 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) in diameter , though it is thought to be originally 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) before erosion . Its age is estimated to be 70.3 ± 2.2 million years old ( Late Cretaceous ) . Impactite outcrops located on the Baydarata Gulf ( Baydaratskaya ) shore north-east of the crater imply that the original size of the crater could have been the 4th largest on Earth . The crater is not exposed at the surface . The Kara crater lies in the southeastern end of the Yugorsky Peninsula , while the Ust-Kara site lies offshore , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) east of the small Kara or Karskaya Guba inlet . It was formerly believed that these two sites were two separate craters and that they formed a twin impact structure from the Late Cretaceous . However , it seems that the Ust-Kara site does not exist as a separate site . Apparently , the suevite outcrops of the Ust-Kara impact structure are only a part of the Kara impact structure .'}]}, {'value': 'Nenetsia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nenetsia', 'summary': 'Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Russian : Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг ; Nenets : Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук , Nenjocije awtonomnoj ŋokruk ) is a federal subject of Russia and part of Arkhangelsk Oblast ( an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast ) . Its administrative center is the town of Naryan-Mar . It has an area of 176,700 square kilometers ( 68,200 sq mi ) and a population of 42,090 as of the 2010 Census ( the smallest of all federal subjects by population ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaverhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaverhead_crater', 'summary': "The Beaverhead crater is an impact structure spanning the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana . Estimated at 60 kilometers ( 37 mi ) in diameter , it is one of the largest impact craters on Earth . With an estimated age of 600 million years ( Neoproterozoic ) , the impact 's original shatter cones along the crater 's perimeter provide some of the structure 's only remaining visible evidence . It is named for the Beaverhead region of southwestern Montana in which it was first discovered ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho and Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tookoonooka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tookoonooka_crater', 'summary': 'Tookoonooka is a large meteorite impact crater ( astrobleme ) situated in South West Queensland , Australia . It lies deeply buried within Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Eromanga Basin and is not visible at the surface .'}]}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland', 'summary': "Queensland ( locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land , [ note 1 ] abbreviated as Qld ) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north-east of the country , it is bordered by the Northern Territory , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south-west and south respectively . To the east , Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . To its north is the Torres Strait , with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland . The state is the world 's sixth-largest sub-national entity , with an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres ( 715,309 sq mi ) . As of 15 May 2018 , Queensland had a population of 5,000,000 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state 's South East . The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane , Australia 's third-largest city . Often referred to as the Sunshine State , Queensland is home to 10 of Australia 's 30 largest cities and is the nation 's third-largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm climate , is a major industry . Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders . The first European to land in Queensland ( and Australia ) was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 , who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa . In 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '112-133', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlevoix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlevoix_crater', 'summary': 'The Charlevoix impact structure is a large eroded meteorite impact structure in the Charlevoix region of Quebec , Canada . Only part of the impact structure is exposed at the surface , the rest lying beneath the Saint Lawrence River .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siljan Ring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siljan_Ring', 'summary': "The Siljan Ring ( Swedish : Siljansringen ) is a prehistoric impact crater in Dalarna , central Sweden . It is one of the 15 largest known impact craters on Earth and the largest in Europe , with a diameter of about 52 kilometres ( 32 mi ) . The impact that created the Siljan Ring occurred when a meteorite collided with the Earth 's surface during the Devonian period , about 376.8 ± 1.7 Ma . [ dead link ] This coincides around the first Devonian extinction , the Kellwasser Event or Late Frasnian extinction at 376.1 Ma ± 1.6 Ma . The effects of the impact can clearly be seen in the bedrock in the area . The Cambrian , Ordovician and Silurian sedimentary rocks deformed by the impact are rich in fossils . The area around the Siljan Ring has been the site of recent prospecting for oil and natural gas , though none of the projects has so far been commercially viable . There are large deposits of lead and zinc near Boda at the eastern edge of the Ring . There are several lakes in the vicinity , the largest of which is Siljan on the south-southwestern edge of the crater , with the smaller Orsa Lake to the west and Skattungen and Ore on the northeastern margin ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalarna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalarna', 'summary': 'Dalarna ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈdɑ̂ːlaɳa ] ( listen ) ) is a landskap ( historical province ) in central Sweden . English exonyms for it are Dalecarlia ( US : /ˌdɑːləˈkɑːrliə/ ) and the Dales . Dalarna adjoins Härjedalen , Hälsingland , Gästrikland , Västmanland and Värmland . It is also bounded by Norway in the west . Borders of the province mostly coincide with the modern administrative Dalarna County ( län ) . The word Dalarna means the dales ( valleys ) . The area is a popular vacation destination for Swedes from the south , who often travel there to relax during summer vacations , drawn by good fishing lakes , beautiful campgrounds , and deep forests . Many such Swedes own or rent a second residence in Dalarna , where they are likely to have a vegetable garden and apple trees . In mid-June , summerfest celebrations and dances are held in many of the small villages and in the larger cities . Dalarna is a region full of historical associations , possessing strong local characteristics in respect of its products , and especially of its people . In the western district Lima , some people in villages speak a traditional dialect , Dalecarlian , while in Älvdalen , they speak a dialect as foreign as Norwegian and Danish , Elfdalian . Historically , the people of Dalecarlia - called Dalecarlians , or Dalesmen ( dalkarlar , masar ) and Daleswomen ( kullor ) - have been famous for their independent nature toward authority .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '377', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karakul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karakul_(Tajikistan)', 'summary': 'Karakul , Qarokul ( Kyrgyz for black lake , replacing the older Tajik name Siob ) is a 25 km ( 16 mi ) diameter lake within a 52 km ( 32 mi ) impact crater . It is located in the Tajik National Park in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Pamir Mountains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamir_Mountains', 'summary': "The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia , at the junction of the Himalayas with the Tian Shan , Karakoram , Kunlun , Hindu Kush , Suleman and Hindu Raj ranges . They are among the world 's highest mountains . The Pamir Mountains lie mostly in the Gorno-Badakhshan province of Tajikistan . To the north , they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan . To the south , they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor . To the east , they extend to the range that includes China 's Kongur Tagh , in the Eastern Pamirs , separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains ."}]}, {'value': 'Tajikistan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ? 25 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montagnais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montagnais_crater', 'summary': 'Montagnais is a meteorite crater located on the continental shelf south of Nova Scotia , Canada . It measures 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) in diameter , and its age is estimated to be 50.50 ± 0.76 million years ( Eocene ) . The crater is under the sea and buried beneath marine sediments .'}]}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araguainha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araguainha_crater', 'summary': "The Araguainha crater or Araguainha dome is an impact crater on the border of Mato Grosso and Goiás states , Brazil , between the villages of Araguainha and Ponte Branca . With a diameter of 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) , it is the largest known impact crater in South America . The crater has most recently been dated to 254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago , when the region was probably a shallow sea . The margins of error of this date overlap the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction event , one of the largest mass extinction events in Earth 's history . The impact punched through Paleozoic sedimentary units belonging to the Paraná Basin formations , and exposed the underlying Ordovician granite basement rocks . It is estimated that the crater was initially 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) wide and 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) deep , which then widened to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) as its walls subsided inwards ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '244.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chesapeake Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater', 'summary': 'The Chesapeake Bay impact crater was formed by a bolide that impacted the eastern shore of North America about 35.5 ± 0.3 million years ago , in the late Eocene epoch . It is one of the best-preserved wet-target impact craters in the world . Continued slumping of sediments over the rubble of the crater has helped shape the Chesapeake Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mjølnir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mjølnir_crater', 'summary': 'Mjølnir is a meteorite crater on the floor of Barents Sea off the coast of Norway . It is 40 km ( 25 mi ) in diameter and the age is estimated to be 142.0 ± 2.6 million years ( Early Cretaceous ) . The bolide was an estimated 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) wide .'}]}, {'value': 'Barents Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barents_Sea', 'summary': 'The Barents Sea ( /ˈbærənts/ BARR-ənts , also US : /ˈbɑːrənts/ BAR-ənts ; Norwegian : Barentshavet , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈbɑ̀ːrəntsˌhɑːvə ] ; Russian : Баренцево море , romanized : Barentsevo More ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters . Known among Russians in the Middle Ages as the Murman Sea ( Norwegian Sea ) , the current name of the sea is after the historical Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz . This is a rather shallow shelf sea , with an average depth of 230 metres ( 750 ft ) , and it is an important site for both fishing and hydrocarbon exploration . The Barents Sea is bordered by the Kola Peninsula to the south , the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea to the west , and the archipelagos of Svalbard to the northwest , Franz Josef Land to the northeast and Novaya Zemlya to the east . The islands of Novaya Zemlya , an extension of the northern end of the Ural Mountains , separate the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea . Although part of the Arctic Ocean , the Barents Sea has been characterised as turning into the Atlantic because of its status as the Arctic warming hot spot . Hydrologic changes due to global warming have led to a reduction in sea ice and in stratification of the water column , which could produce major changes in weather in Eurasia .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puchezh-Katunki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puchezh-Katunki_crater', 'summary': 'Puchezh-Katunki is a meteor crater located in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of the Volga Federal District , Russia . It is 80 km ( 50 mi ) in diameter and is estimated to be 167 ± 3 million years old , placing it in the Middle Jurassic . The crater is not exposed to the surface , but appears as variation in the vegetation . The Earth Impact Database lists a rim-to-rim diameter of 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nizhny Novgorod Oblast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast', 'summary': "Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ( Russian : Нижегородская область , Nizhegorodskaya oblast ) , also known as Nizhegorod Oblast , is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod . It has a population of 3,310,597 as of the 2010 Census . From 1932 to 1990 it was known as Gorky Oblast . The oblast is crossed by the Volga River . Apart from Nizhny Novgorod 's metropolitan area ( including Dzerzhinsk , Bor and Kstovo ) the biggest city is Arzamas . Near the town of Sarov there is the Serafimo-Diveyevsky Monastery , one of the largest convents in Russia , established by Saint Seraphim of Sarov . The Makaryev Monastery opposite of the town of Lyskovo used to be the location of the largest fair in Eastern Europe . [ citation needed ] Other historic towns include Gorodets and Balakhna , located on the Volga to the north from Nizhny Novgorod ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '167', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Martin_crater', 'summary': 'Saint Martin is an impact crater in Manitoba , Canada . It is located in the northern part of the Rural Municipality of Grahamdale , northwest of Lake St. Martin . The crater is 40 km ( 25 mi ) in diameter and its age was determined to be 227.8 ± 1.1 million years ( Carnian stage of the Triassic ) using the argon-argon dating technique . The crater is well preserved but poorly exposed at the surface as the whole region is covered by glacial drift .'}]}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '227', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodleigh_crater', 'summary': 'Woodleigh is a large meteorite impact crater ( astrobleme ) in Western Australia , centred on Woodleigh Station east of Shark Bay , Gascoyne region . A team of four scientists at the Geological Survey of Western Australia and the Australian National University , led by Arthur J. Mory , announced the discovery in the 15 April 2000 issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Australia', 'summary': "Western Australia [ a ] ( abbreviated as WA ) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west , and the Southern Ocean to the south , [ b ] the Northern Territory to the north-east , and South Australia to the south-east . Western Australia is Australia 's largest state , with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres ( 976,790 sq mi ) , and the second-largest country subdivision in the world , surpassed only by Russia 's Sakha Republic . The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants - around 11 percent of the national total - of whom the vast majority ( 92 per cent ) live in the south-west corner , 79 per cent of the population living in the Perth area , leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated . The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog , who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616 . The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government . He established a convict-supported military garrison at King George III Sound , at present-day Albany , and on 21 January 1827 formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown . This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829 , including the site of the present-day capital , Perth . York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia . Situated 97 kilometres ( 60 miles ) east of Perth , it was settled on 16 September 1831 . Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890 and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901 . Today , its economy mainly relies on mining , oil and gas , services and construction ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '364', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Confirmed impact craters listed by size and age -- Largest craters ( 10 Ma or more )', 'section_text': 'Craters with diameter 20 km ( 12 mi ) or more are all older than 10 Ma , except possibly Karakul , 52 km ( 32 mi ) , whose age is uncertain . There are more than forty craters of such size . The largest two within the last hundred million years have been linked to two extinction events : Chicxulub for the Cretaceous–Paleogene and the Popigai impact for the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event . [ 18 ] Vredefort crater , 300 km ( 190 mi ) Sudbury Basin , 130 km ( 81 mi ) Chicxulub crater , 150 km ( 93 mi ) Popigai crater , 100 km ( 62 mi ) Manicouagan crater , 100 km ( 62 mi ) Acraman crater , 85 to 90 km ( 53 to 56 mi ) Charlevoix crater , 54 km ( 34 mi ) Siljan Ring , 52 km ( 32 mi ) Nördlinger Ries , 24 km ( 15 mi )', 'uid': 'List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth_3', 'intro': 'This list of impact craters on Earth contains a selection of the 190 confirmed craters given in the Earth Impact Database. To keep the lists manageable, only the largest craters within a time period are included. The complete list is divided into separate articles by geographical region.'} | null | null | Which people are indigenous to the state which contains Chicxulub ? | Mayan |
0469b3fda617029d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems', 'title': 'Human blood group systems', 'header': ['ISBT No', 'System name', 'System symbol', 'Epitope or carrier , notes', 'Chromosome'], 'data': [{'value': '001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system', 'summary': 'The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one , both , or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes . In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 36 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized . A very rare ( in modern medicine ) mismatch in this , or any other serotype , can cause a serious , potentially fatal , adverse reaction after a transfusion , or a contra-indicated immune response to an organ transplant . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 , for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals such as rodents and apes , including chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas .'}]}, {'value': 'ABO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbohydrate ( N-Acetylgalactosamine , galactose ) . A , B and H antigens mainly elicit IgM antibody reactions , although anti-H is very rare , see the Hh antigen system ( Bombay phenotype , ISBT # 18 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N-Acetylgalactosamine', 'summary': 'N-Acetylgalactosamine ( GalNAc ) , is an amino sugar derivative of galactose .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Galactose', 'summary': 'Galactose ( /ɡəˈlæktoʊs/ , galacto- + -ose , milk sugar ) sometimes abbreviated Gal , is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose , and about 65% as sweet as sucrose . It is a C-4 epimer of glucose . A galactose linked with a glucose comprise lactose . Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found in hemicellulose , and forming the core of the galactans , a class of natural polymeric carbohydrates .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IgM', 'summary': 'Immunoglobulin M ( IgM ) is one of several isotypes of antibody ( also known as immunoglobulin ) that are produced by vertebrates . IgM is the largest antibody , and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen . In the case of humans and other mammals that have been studied , the spleen , where plasmablasts responsible for antibody production reside , is the major site of specific IgM production .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hh_antigen_system', 'summary': 'Hh or the Bombay blood group , is a rare blood type . This blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay , now known as Mumbai , in India , by Dr. Y. M. Bhende in 1952 . It is mostly found in South Asia ( India , Bangladesh , Pakistan ) and parts of Middle East such as Iran .'}]}, {'value': '9q34.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_9', 'summary': 'Chromosome 9 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome , as they normally do with all chromosomes . Chromosome 9 spans about 138 million base pairs of nucleic acids ( the building blocks of DNA ) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells .'}]}, {'value': '002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MNS_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The MNS antigen system is a human blood group system based upon two genes ( glycophorin A and glycophorin B ) on chromosome 4 . There are currently 46 antigens in the system , but the five most important are called M , N , S , s , and U . The system can be thought of as two separate groups : the M and N antigens are at one location on the ECM and S , s , and U are on a closely related location . The two groups are very closely located together on chromosome 4 and are inherited as a haplotype .'}]}, {'value': 'MNS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPA / GPB ( glycophorins A and B ) . Main antigens M , N , S , s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glycophorin', 'summary': 'A glycophorin is a sialoglycoprotein of the membrane of a red blood cell . It is a membrane-spanning protein and carries sugar molecules . It is heavily glycosylated ( 60% ) . Glycophorins are rich in sialic acid , which gives the red blood cells a very hydrophilic-charged coat . This enables them to circulate without adhering to other cells or vessel walls . A particular mutation in Glycophorins is thought to produce a 40% reduction in risk of severe malaria .'}]}, {'value': '4q31.21', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_4', 'summary': 'Chromosome 4 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 4 spans more than 186 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 6 and 6.5 percent of the total DNA in cells .'}]}, {'value': '003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P_antigen_system', 'summary': 'P antigen system is a human blood group system based upon the A4GALT and B3GALNT1 genes on chromosome 22 .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycolipid . Three antigens : P 1 , P , and P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glycolipid', 'summary': 'Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic ( covalent ) bond . Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition , which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues . Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes , where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment .'}]}, {'value': '22q13.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_22', 'summary': 'Chromosome 22 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells . Humans normally have two copies of chromosome 22 in each cell . Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human chromosome , spanning about 49 million DNA base pairs and representing between 1.5 and 2% of the total DNA in cells . In 1999 , researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome . Chromosome 22 was the first human chromosome to be fully sequenced . Human chromosomes are numbered by their apparent size in the karyotype , with Chromosome 1 being the largest and Chromosome 22 having originally been identified as the smallest . However , genome sequencing has revealed that Chromosome 21 is actually smaller than Chromosome 22 .'}]}, {'value': '004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system', 'summary': 'The Rh blood group system is one of 36 known human blood group systems . It is the second most important blood group system , after the ABO blood group system . The Rh blood group system consists of 49 defined blood group antigens , among which the five antigens D , C , c , E , and e are the most important . There is no d antigen . Rh ( D ) status of an individual is normally described with a positive or negative suffix after the ABO type ( e.g. , someone who is A Positive has the A antigen and the Rh ( D ) antigen , whereas someone who is A Negative lacks the Rh ( D ) antigen ) . The terms Rh factor , Rh positive , and Rh negative refer to the Rh ( D ) antigen only . Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in hemolytic transfusion reactions and antibodies to the Rh ( D ) and Rh ( c ) antigens confer significant risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn . The term Rh was originally an abbreviation of Rhesus factor . It was discovered in 1937 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener , who , at the time , believed it to be a similar antigen found in rhesus monkey red blood cells . It was subsequently learned the human factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey factor , but by then , Rhesus Group and like terms were already in widespread , worldwide use . Thus , notwithstanding it is a misnomer , the term survives ( e.g. , rhesus blood group system and the obsolete terms rhesus factor , rhesus positive , and rhesus negative - all three of which actually refer specifically and only to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified ) . Contemporary practice is to use Rh as a term of art instead of Rhesus ( e.g. , Rh Group , Rh factors , Rh D , etc .'}]}, {'value': 'RH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Protein . C , c , D , E , e antigens ( there is no d antigen ; lowercase d indicates the absence of D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1p36.11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_1', 'summary': 'Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome . Humans have two copies of chromosome 1 , as they do with all of the autosomes , which are the non-sex chromosomes . Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide base pairs , which are the basic units of information for DNA . It represents about 8% of the total DNA in human cells . It was the last completed chromosome , sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project .'}]}, {'value': '005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lutheran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lutheran_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The Lutheran antigen systems is a classification of human blood based on the presence of substances called Lutheran antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells . There are 19 known Lutheran antigens . All of these antigena arise from variations in a gene called BCAM ( basal cell adhesion molecule ) . The system is based on the expression of two codominant alleles , designated Lua and Lub . The antigens Aua and Aub , known as the Auberger antigens , were once thought to make up a separate blood group but were later shown to be Lutheran antigens arising from variations in the BCAM gene . The phenotypes Lu ( a+b− ) and Lu ( a+b+ ) are found at various frequencies within populations . The Lu ( a−b+ ) phenotype is the most common in all populations , whereas the Lu ( a−b− ) phenotype is uncommon . Though present in the fetus , it is seldom the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis or of transfusion reactions .'}]}, {'value': 'LU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Protein ( member of the immunoglobulin superfamily ) . Set of 21 antigens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily', 'summary': 'The immunoglobulin superfamily ( IgSF ) is a large protein superfamily of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition , binding , or adhesion processes of cells . Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins ( also known as antibodies ) ; they all possess a domain known as an immunoglobulin domain or fold . Members of the IgSF include cell surface antigen receptors , co-receptors and co-stimulatory molecules of the immune system , molecules involved in antigen presentation to lymphocytes , cell adhesion molecules , certain cytokine receptors and intracellular muscle proteins . They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system . Otherwise , the sperm-specific protein IZUMO1 , a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily , has also been identified as the only sperm membrane protein essential for sperm-egg fusion .'}]}, {'value': '19q13.32', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_19', 'summary': 'Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs , the building material of DNA .'}]}, {'value': '006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kell_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The Kell antigen system ( also known as Kell-Cellano system ) is a group of antigens on the human red blood cell surface which are important determinants of blood type and are targets for autoimmune or alloimmune diseases which destroy red blood cells . Kell can be noted as K , k , or Kp . The Kell antigens are peptides found within the Kell protein , a 93-kilodalton transmembrane zinc-dependent endopeptidase which is responsible for cleaving endothelin-3 .'}]}, {'value': 'KEL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycoprotein . K 1 can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( anti-Kell ) , which can be severe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)', 'summary': 'Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( anti-Kell1 ) is the second most common cause of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) after Rh disease . Anti-Kell1 is becoming relatively more important as prevention of Rh disease is also becoming more effective . Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( anti-Kell1 ) is caused by a mismatch between the Kell antigens of the mother and fetus . About 91% of the population are Kell1 negative and about 9% are Kell1 positive . A fraction of a percentage are homozygous for Kell1 . Therefore , about 4.5% of babies born to a Kell1 negative mother are Kell1 positive . [ citation needed ] The disease results when maternal antibodies to Kell1 are transferred to the fetus across the placental barrier , breaching immune privilege . These antibodies can cause severe anemia by interfering with the early proliferation of red blood cells as well as causing alloimmune hemolysis . Very severe disease can occur as early as 20 weeks gestation . Hydrops fetalis can also occur early . The finding of anti-Kell antibodies in an antenatal screening blood test ( indirect Coombs test ) is an indication for early referral to a specialist service for assessment , management and treatment . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '7q34', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_7', 'summary': 'Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 7 spans about 159 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 5 and 5.5 percent of the total DNA in cells .'}]}, {'value': '007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The Lewis antigen system is a human blood group system . It is based upon two genes on chromosome 19 : FUT3 , or Lewis gene ; and FUT2 , or Secretor gene . Both genes are expressed in glandular epithelia . FUT2 has a dominant allele which codes for an enzyme ( designated Se ) and a recessive allele which does not produce a functional enzyme ( designated se ) . Similarly , FUT3 has a functional dominant allele ( Le ) and a non-functional recessive allele ( le ) . The proteins produced by the FUT2 and FUT3 genes modify type I oligosaccharide chains to create Lewis antigens . These oligosaccharide chains are similar to the type II chains of the ABO blood system , with a single bond in a different position . The link between the Lewis blood group and secretion of the ABO blood group antigens was possibly the first example of multiple effects of a human gene : the same enzyme ( fucosyltransferase2 ) which converts the Le-a antigen to Le-b is also responsible for the presence of soluble A , B and H antigens in bodily fluids . There are two main types of Lewis antigens , Lewis a ( Le-a ) and Lewis b ( Le-b ) . There are three common phenotypes : Le ( a+b- ) , Le ( a-b+ ) , and Le ( a-b- ) . The enzyme fucosyltransferase 3 ( FUT3 ) , encoded by Le gene , adds a fucose to the precursor oligosaccharide substrate , converting it to the Le-a antigen . People who have the Le allele and who are non-secretors ( homozygous for the nonfunctional se allele ) will express the Le-a antigen in their bodily fluids and on their erythrocytes .'}]}, {'value': 'LE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbohydrate ( fucose residue ) . Main antigens Le and Le - associated with tissue ABH antigen secretion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fucose', 'summary': 'Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5 . It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian , insect and plant cell surface . Fucose is the fundamental sub-unit of the seaweed polysaccharide fucoidan . The α ( 1→3 ) linked core of fucose is a suspected carbohydrate antigen for IgE-mediated allergy . Two structural features distinguish fucose from other six-carbon sugars present in mammals : the lack of a hydroxyl group on the carbon at the 6-position ( C-6 ) ( thereby making it a deoxy sugar ) and the L-configuration . It is equivalent to 6-deoxy-l-galactose . In the fucose-containing glycan structures , fucosylated glycans , fucose can exist as a terminal modification or serve as an attachment point for adding other sugars . In human N-linked glycans , fucose is most commonly linked α-1,6 to the reducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine . However , fucose at the non-reducing termini linked α-1,2 to galactose forms the H antigen , the substructure of the A and B blood group antigens . Fucose is released from fucose-containing polymers by an enzyme called α-fucosidase found in lysosomes . l-Fucose has several potential applications in cosmetics , pharmaceuticals , and dietary supplements Fucosylation of antibodies has been established to reduce binding to the Fc receptor of Natural Killer cells and thereby reduce antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity . Therefore , afucosylated monoclonal antibodies have been designed to recruit the immune system to cancers cells have been manufactured in cell lines deficient in the enzyme for core fucosylation ( FUT8 ) , thereby enhancing the in vivo cell killing .'}]}, {'value': '19p13.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_19', 'summary': 'Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs , the building material of DNA .'}]}, {'value': '008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system', 'summary': 'Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor ( DARC ) , also known as Fy glycoprotein ( FY ) or CD234 ( Cluster of Differentiation 234 ) , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DARC gene . The Duffy antigen is located on the surface of red blood cells , and is named after the patient in which it was discovered . The protein encoded by this gene is a glycosylated membrane protein and a non-specific receptor for several chemokines . The protein is also the receptor for the human malarial parasites Plasmodium vivax , Plasmodium knowlesi and simian malarial parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi . Polymorphisms in this gene are the basis of the Duffy blood group system .'}]}, {'value': 'FY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Protein ( chemokine receptor ) . Main antigens Fy and Fy . Individuals lacking Duffy antigens altogether are immune to malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemokine_receptor', 'summary': 'Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine . There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans . Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-transmembrane ( 7TM ) structure and couples to G-protein for signal transduction within a cell , making them members of a large protein family of G protein-coupled receptors . Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands , chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ( Ca2+ ) ions ( calcium signaling ) . This causes cell responses , including the onset of a process known as chemotaxis that traffics the cell to a desired location within the organism . Chemokine receptors are divided into different families , CXC chemokine receptors , CC chemokine receptors , CX3C chemokine receptors and XC chemokine receptors that correspond to the 4 distinct subfamilies of chemokines they bind . Four families of chemokine receptors differ in spacing of cysteine residues near N-terminal of the receptor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malaria', 'summary': "Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals . Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever , tiredness , vomiting , and headaches . In severe cases it can cause yellow skin , seizures , coma , or death . Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito . If not properly treated , people may have recurrences of the disease months later . In those who have recently survived an infection , reinfection usually causes milder symptoms . This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria . It is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group . The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito . The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito 's saliva into a person 's blood . The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce . Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax', 'summary': 'Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen . This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria . Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum , the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites , P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death , often due to splenomegaly ( a pathologically enlarged spleen ) . P. vivax is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito ; the males do not bite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Plasmodium_knowlesi', 'summary': 'Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that causes malaria in humans and other primates . It is found throughout Southeast Asia , and is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia . Like other Plasmodium species , P. knowlesi has a life cycle that requires infection of both a mosquito and a warm-blooded host . While the natural warm-blooded hosts of P. knowlesi are likely various Old World monkeys , humans can be infected by P. knowlesi if they are fed upon by infected mosquitoes . P. knowlesi is a eukaryote in the phylum Apicomplexa , genus Plasmodium , and subgenus Plasmodium . It is most closely related to the human parasite Plasmodium vivax as well as other Plasmodium species that infect non-human primates . Humans infected with P. knowlesi can develop uncomplicated or severe malaria similar to that caused by Plasmodium falciparum . Diagnosis of P. knowlesi infection is challenging as P. knowlesi very closely resembles other species that infect humans . Treatment is similar to other types of malaria , with chloroquine or artemisinin combination therapy typically recommended . P. knowlesi malaria is an emerging disease previously thought to be rare in humans , but increasingly recognized as a major health burden in Southeast Asia . P. knowlesi was first described as a distinct species and as a potential cause of human malaria in 1932 . It was briefly used in the early 20th century to cause fever as a treatment for neurosyphilis .'}]}, {'value': '1q23.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_1', 'summary': 'Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome . Humans have two copies of chromosome 1 , as they do with all of the autosomes , which are the non-sex chromosomes . Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide base pairs , which are the basic units of information for DNA . It represents about 8% of the total DNA in human cells . It was the last completed chromosome , sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project .'}]}, {'value': '009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kidd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kidd_antigen_system', 'summary': "The Kidd antigen system ( also known as Jk antigen ) are proteins found in the Kidd 's blood group , which act as antigens , i.e. , they have the ability to produce antibodies under certain circumstances . The Jk antigen is found on a protein responsible for urea transport in the red blood cells and the kidney . They are important in transfusion medicine . People with two Jk ( a ) antigens , for instance , may form antibodies against donated blood containing two Jk ( b ) antigens ( and thus no Jk ( a ) antigens ) . This can lead to hemolytic anemia , in which the body destroys the transfused blood , leading to low red blood cell counts . Another disease associated with the Jk antigen is hemolytic disease of the newborn , in which a pregnant woman 's body creates antibodies against the blood of her fetus , leading to destruction of the fetal blood cells . Hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with Jk antibodies is typically mild , though fatal cases have been reported . The gene encoding this protein is found on chromosome 18 . Three Jk alleles are Jk ( a ) , Jk ( b ) and Jk3 . Jk ( a ) was discovered by Allen et al . in 1951 and is named after a patient ( Mrs Kidd delivered a baby with a haemolytic disease of the newborn associated with an antibody directed against a new antigen Jk ( a ) . Whereas Jk ( b ) was discovered by Plant et al ."}]}, {'value': 'JK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Protein ( urea transporter ) . Main antigens Jk and Jk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18q12.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_18', 'summary': 'Chromosome 18 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 18 spans about 80 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents about 2.5 percent of the total DNA in cells .'}]}, {'value': '010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The Diego antigen ( or blood group ) system is composed of 21 blood factors or antigens carried on the Band 3 glycoprotein , also known as Anion Exchanger 1 ( AE1 ) . The antigens are inherited through various alleles of the gene SLC4A1 ( Solute carrier family 4 ) , located on human chromosome 17 . The AE1 glycoprotein is expressed only in red blood cells and , in a shortened form , in some cells in the kidney . The Diegoa antigen is fairly common in Indigenous peoples of the Americas ( in both North and South America ) and East Asians , but very rare or absent in most other populations , supporting the theory that the two groups share common ancestry .'}]}, {'value': 'DI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycoprotein ( band 3 , AE 1 , or anion exchange ) . Positive blood is found only among East Asians and Native Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Band_3', 'summary': 'Band 3 anion transport protein , also known as anion exchanger 1 ( AE1 ) or band 3 or solute carrier family 4 member 1 ( SLC4A1 ) , is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A1 gene in humans . Band 3 anion transport protein is a phylogenetically-preserved transport protein responsible for mediating the exchange of chloride ( Cl− ) with bicarbonate ( HCO3− ) across plasma membranes . Functionally similar members of the AE clade are AE2 and AE3 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Asia', 'summary': "East Asia is the eastern subregion of Asia , which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms . The region constitutes of China , Hong Kong , Macao , Mongolia , North Korea , South Korea , Japan , and Taiwan . People native to the region are known as East Asians . The East Asian states China , North Korea , South Korea , and Taiwan are all unrecognized by at least one other East Asian state . Hong Kong and Macau are officially highly autonomous but are under effective Chinese sovereignty . North Asia borders East Asia 's north , Southeast Asia the south , South Asia the southwest , and Central Asia the west . To the east is the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast is Micronesia ( a Pacific Ocean island group , classified as part of Oceania ) . The region was the cradle of various ancient civilizations such as ancient China , ancient Japan , ancient Korea , and the Mongol Empire . East Asia was one of the cradles of world civilization , with China , an ancient East Asian civilization being one of the earliest cradles of civilization in human history . For thousands of years , China largely influenced East Asia as it was principally the leading civilization in the region exerting its enormous prestige and influence on its neighbors . Historically , societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese sphere of influence , and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script . The Chinese calendar preserves traditional East Asian culture and serves as the root to which many other East Asian calendars are derived from ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas', 'summary': 'The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of North , Central and South America and their descendants . Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers - and many , especially in the Amazon basin , still are - many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture . The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas . Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture , others practiced a mix of farming , hunting and gathering . In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture , large-scale organized cities , city-states , chiefdoms , states , kingdoms and empires . Among these are the Aztec , Inca and Maya states that until the 16th century were among the most politically and socially advanced nations in the world . They had a vast knowledge of engineering , architecture , mathematics , astronomy , writing , physics , medicine , planting and irrigation , geology , mining , sculpture and goldsmithing . Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples ; some countries have sizable populations , especially Belize , Bolivia , Canada , Chile , Ecuador , Greenland , Guatemala , Mexico , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and the United States . At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas . Some , such as the Quechuan languages , Aymara , Guaraní , Mayan languages and Nahuatl , count their speakers in millions . Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees , including religion , social organization and subsistence practices . Like most cultures , over time , cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs .'}]}, {'value': '17q21.31', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_17', 'summary': 'Chromosome 17 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 17 spans more than 83 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 2.5 and 3% of the total DNA in cells . Chromosome 17 contains the Homeobox B gene cluster .'}]}, {'value': '011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yt_antigen_system', 'summary': "The Yt antigen system ( also known as Cartwright ) is present on the membrane of red blood cells and helps determine a person 's blood type . The antigens are found on the protein acetylcholinesterase , an enzyme which helps break down acetylcholine . The Yt system features two alleles , Yt ( a ) and Yt ( b ) . Antibodies against the Yt system can lead to transfusion reactions such as hemolytic anemia ."}]}, {'value': 'YT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Protein ( AChE , acetylcholinesterase )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase', 'summary': 'Acetylcholinesterase ( HGNC symbol ACHE ; EC 3.1.1.7 ) , also known as AChE or acetylhydrolase , is the primary cholinesterase in the body . It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters . AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type , where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission . It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes . It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides .'}]}, {'value': '7q22.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_7', 'summary': 'Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 7 spans about 159 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 5 and 5.5 percent of the total DNA in cells .'}]}, {'value': '012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XG_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The XG antigen is a red blood cell surface antigen discovered in 1962. by researchers at the MRC Blood Group Unit . The PBDX gene that encodes the antigen is located on the short arm of the X chromosome . Since males normally have one X chromosome they are considered hemizygotes . Since women have two copies of the gene and could be heterozygotic for the presence or absence of the functioning gene they could ( through the process of lyonisation ) express the functioning protein on just some of their red blood cells .'}]}, {'value': 'XG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycoprotein', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xp22.33', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X_chromosome', 'summary': 'The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes ( allosomes ) in many organisms , including mammals ( the other is the Y chromosome ) , and is found in both males and females . It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system . The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers , which resulted in the naming of its counterpart Y chromosome , for the next letter in the alphabet , following its subsequent discovery .'}]}, {'value': '013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scianna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scianna_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The Scianna blood antigen system consists of seven antigens . These include two high frequency antigens Sc1 and Sc3 , and two low frequency antigens Sc2 and Sc4 . The very rare null phenotype is characterised by the absence of Sc1 , Sc2 and Sc3 . The antigens are caused by changes in the erythroid membrane associated protein ( ERMAP ) .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycoprotein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1p34.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_1', 'summary': 'Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome . Humans have two copies of chromosome 1 , as they do with all of the autosomes , which are the non-sex chromosomes . Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide base pairs , which are the basic units of information for DNA . It represents about 8% of the total DNA in human cells . It was the last completed chromosome , sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project .'}]}, {'value': '014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dombrock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dombrock_antigen_system', 'summary': 'Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ART4 gene . ART4 has also been designated as CD297 ( cluster of differentiation 297 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycoprotein ( fixed to cell membrane by GPI , or glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol', 'summary': 'Glycosylphosphatidylinositol ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , or glycophosphatidylinositol , or GPI in short , is a phosphoglyceride that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification . Proteins containing a GPI anchor play key roles in a wide variety of biological processes . It is composed of a phosphatidylinositol group linked through a carbohydrate-containing linker ( glucosamine and mannose glycosidically bound to the inositol residue ) and via an ethanolamine phosphate ( EtNP ) bridge to the C-terminal amino acid of a mature protein . The two fatty acids within the hydrophobic phosphatidyl-inositol group anchor the protein to the cell membrane .'}]}, {'value': '12p12.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_12', 'summary': 'Chromosome 12 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 12 spans about 133 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells . Chromosome 12 contains the Homeobox C gene cluster .'}]}, {'value': '015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colton_antigen_system', 'summary': "The Colton antigen system ( Co ) is present on the membranes of red blood cells and in the tubules of the kidney and helps determine a person 's blood type . The Co antigen is found on a protein called aquaporin-1 which is responsible for water homeostasis and urine concentration . The Co antigen is important in transfusion medicine . 99.8% of people possess the Co ( a ) allele . Individuals with Co ( b ) allele or who are missing the Colton antigen are at risk for a transfusion reaction such as hemolytic anemia or alloimmunization . Antibodies against the Colton antigen may also cause hemolytic disease of the newborn , in which a pregnant woman 's body creates antibodies against the blood of her fetus , leading to destruction of the fetal blood cells ."}]}, {'value': 'CO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aquaporin 1 . Main antigens Co ( a ) and Co ( b )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquaporin_1', 'summary': 'Aquaporin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AQP1 gene . AQP1 is a widely expressed water channel , whose physiological function has been most thoroughly characterized in the kidney . It is found in the basolateral and apical plasma membranes of the proximal tubules , the descending limb of the loop of Henle , and in the descending portion of the vasa recta . Additionally , it is found in red blood cells , vascular endothelium , the gastrointestinal tract , sweat glands , and lungs . It is not regulated by vasopressin ( ADH ) .'}]}, {'value': '7p14.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_7', 'summary': 'Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 7 spans about 159 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 5 and 5.5 percent of the total DNA in cells .'}]}, {'value': '016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landsteiner-Wiener', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landsteiner-Wiener_antigen_system', 'summary': 'The LW blood system was first described by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940 . It was often confused with the Rh system , not becoming a separate antigen system until 1982 . The LW and RhD antigens are genetically independent though they are phenotypically related and the LW antigen is expressed more strongly on RhD positive cells than on RhD negative cells . In most populations , the antithetical LW antigens , LWa and LWb are present as very high and very low frequency , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'LW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Protein ( member of the immunoglobulin superfamily )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily', 'summary': 'The immunoglobulin superfamily ( IgSF ) is a large protein superfamily of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition , binding , or adhesion processes of cells . Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins ( also known as antibodies ) ; they all possess a domain known as an immunoglobulin domain or fold . Members of the IgSF include cell surface antigen receptors , co-receptors and co-stimulatory molecules of the immune system , molecules involved in antigen presentation to lymphocytes , cell adhesion molecules , certain cytokine receptors and intracellular muscle proteins . They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system . Otherwise , the sperm-specific protein IZUMO1 , a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily , has also been identified as the only sperm membrane protein essential for sperm-egg fusion .'}]}, {'value': '19p13.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_19', 'summary': 'Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs , the building material of DNA .'}]}, {'value': '017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chido', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chido_antigen_system', 'summary': 'Complement component 4 ( C4 ) , in humans , is a protein involved in the intricate complement system , originating from the human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) system . It serves a number of critical functions in immunity , tolerance , and autoimmunity with the other numerous components . Furthermore , it is a crucial factor in connecting the recognition pathways of the overall system instigated by antibody-antigen ( Ab-Ag ) complexes to the other effector proteins of the innate immune response . For example , the severity of a dysfunctional complement system can lead to fatal diseases and infections . Complex variations of it can also lead to schizophrenia . Yet , the C4 protein derives from a simple two-locus allelic model , the C4A-C4B genes , that allows for an abundant variation in the levels of their respective proteins within a population . Originally defined in the context of the Chido/Rodgers blood group system , the C4A-C4B genetic model is under investigation for its possible role in schizophrenia risk and development .'}]}, {'value': 'CH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C4A C4B ( complement fractions )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6p21.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_6', 'summary': 'Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 6 spans more than 170 million base pairs ( the building material of DNA ) and represents between 5.5 and 6% of the total DNA in cells . It contains the Major Histocompatibility Complex , which contains over 100 genes related to the immune response , and plays a vital role in organ transplantation .'}]}, {'value': '018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hh_antigen_system', 'summary': 'Hh or the Bombay blood group , is a rare blood type . This blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay , now known as Mumbai , in India , by Dr. Y. M. Bhende in 1952 . It is mostly found in South Asia ( India , Bangladesh , Pakistan ) and parts of Middle East such as Iran .'}]}, {'value': 'H', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbohydrate ( fucose residue )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fucose', 'summary': 'Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5 . It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian , insect and plant cell surface . Fucose is the fundamental sub-unit of the seaweed polysaccharide fucoidan . The α ( 1→3 ) linked core of fucose is a suspected carbohydrate antigen for IgE-mediated allergy . Two structural features distinguish fucose from other six-carbon sugars present in mammals : the lack of a hydroxyl group on the carbon at the 6-position ( C-6 ) ( thereby making it a deoxy sugar ) and the L-configuration . It is equivalent to 6-deoxy-l-galactose . In the fucose-containing glycan structures , fucosylated glycans , fucose can exist as a terminal modification or serve as an attachment point for adding other sugars . In human N-linked glycans , fucose is most commonly linked α-1,6 to the reducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine . However , fucose at the non-reducing termini linked α-1,2 to galactose forms the H antigen , the substructure of the A and B blood group antigens . Fucose is released from fucose-containing polymers by an enzyme called α-fucosidase found in lysosomes . l-Fucose has several potential applications in cosmetics , pharmaceuticals , and dietary supplements Fucosylation of antibodies has been established to reduce binding to the Fc receptor of Natural Killer cells and thereby reduce antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity . Therefore , afucosylated monoclonal antibodies have been designed to recruit the immune system to cancers cells have been manufactured in cell lines deficient in the enzyme for core fucosylation ( FUT8 ) , thereby enhancing the in vivo cell killing .'}]}, {'value': '19q13.33', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_19', 'summary': 'Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs , the building material of DNA .'}]}, {'value': '019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XK_(protein)', 'summary': "XK ( also known as Kell blood group precursor ) is a protein found on human red blood cells and other tissues which is responsible for the Kx antigen which helps determine a person 's blood type ."}]}, {'value': 'XK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glycoprotein', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xp21.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X_chromosome', 'summary': 'The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes ( allosomes ) in many organisms , including mammals ( the other is the Y chromosome ) , and is found in both males and females . It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system . The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers , which resulted in the naming of its counterpart Y chromosome , for the next letter in the alphabet , following its subsequent discovery .'}]}, {'value': '020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerbich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerbich_antigen_system', 'summary': "Glycophorin C ( GYPC ; CD236/CD236R ; glycoprotein beta ; glycoconnectin ; PAS-2 ' ) plays a functionally important role in maintaining erythrocyte shape and regulating membrane material properties , possibly through its interaction with protein 4.1 . Moreover , it has previously been shown that membranes deficient in protein 4.1 exhibit decreased content of glycophorin C. It is also an integral membrane protein of the erythrocyte and acts as the receptor for the Plasmodium falciparum protein PfEBP-2 ( erythrocyte binding protein 2 ; baebl ; EBA-140 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'GE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPC / GPD ( Glycophorins C and D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glycophorin', 'summary': 'A glycophorin is a sialoglycoprotein of the membrane of a red blood cell . It is a membrane-spanning protein and carries sugar molecules . It is heavily glycosylated ( 60% ) . Glycophorins are rich in sialic acid , which gives the red blood cells a very hydrophilic-charged coat . This enables them to circulate without adhering to other cells or vessel walls . A particular mutation in Glycophorins is thought to produce a 40% reduction in risk of severe malaria .'}]}, {'value': '2q14.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chromosome_2', 'summary': 'Chromosome 2 is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in humans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome . Chromosome 2 is the second-largest human chromosome , spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost eight percent of the total DNA in human cells . Chromosome 2 contains the HOXD homeobox gene cluster .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Blood group systems', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Human_blood_group_systems_0', 'intro': 'The term human blood group systems is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens - in particular, those on blood cells - are controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them, and include the common ABO and Rh (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; thirty-five major human systems are identified as of November 2014. In addition to the ABO and Rh systems, the antigens expressed on blood cell membrane surfaces include 346 red blood cell antigens and 33 platelet antigens, as defined serologically. [better source needed] The genetic basis for most of these antigens lie in 46 red blood cell and 6 platelet genes. [citation needed] An individual, for example, can be AB RhD positive, and at the same time M and N positive in the MNS system, K positive in the Kell system, and Lea or Leb positive in the Lewis system,[citation needed] where these and many of the systems are named for patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were first detected. [citation needed]'} | null | null | What is the ISBT of the system that is based on the expression of two codominant alleles , designated Lua and Lub ? | 005 |
046a83d5dd6128f8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_primates_in_film', 'title': 'List of fictional primates in film', 'header': ['Name', 'Species', 'Origin', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldo_(Planet_of_the_Apes)', 'summary': 'The Planet of the Apes franchise contains many characters that appear in one or more works .'}]}, {'value': 'Gorilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorilla', 'summary': "Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres ( 7,200 to 14,100 ft ) . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ."}]}, {'value': 'Planet of the Apes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)', 'summary': "Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It stars Charlton Heston , Roddy McDowall , Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , James Whitmore , James Daly and Linda Harrison . The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle . Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score . It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973 , all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox . The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash-lands on a strange planet in the distant future . Although the planet appears desolate at first , the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech . The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins . The script , originally written by Serling , underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced - and therefore less expensive to depict - than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area ."}]}, {'value': "The leader of the gorilla factions ( and the ape revolution , by extension ) during the rise of the ape society prior to humanity 's downfall , as the lowest species of the planet", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorilla', 'summary': "Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres ( 7,200 to 14,100 ft ) . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ."}]}, {'value': 'Amy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mountain gorilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_gorilla', 'summary': "The mountain gorilla ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) is one of the two subspecies of the eastern gorilla . It is listed as endangered by the IUCN as of 2018 . There are two populations : One is found in the Virunga volcanic mountains of Central Africa , within three National Parks : Mgahinga , in south-west Uganda ; Volcanoes , in north-west Rwanda ; and Virunga , in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) . The other population is found in Uganda 's Bwindi Impenetrable National Park . Some primatologists speculate the Bwindi population is a separate subspecies , though no description has been finalized . As of June 2018 , there were more than 1,000 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congo_(film)', 'summary': "Congo is a 1995 American science fiction action-adventure film loosely based on Michael Crichton 's novel of the same name . The picture was directed by Frank Marshall starring Laura Linney , Dylan Walsh , Ernie Hudson , Tim Curry , Grant Heslov and Joe Don Baker . The film was released on June 9 , 1995 , by Paramount Pictures . Congo received quite negative reviews but performed better than Paramount expected ."}]}, {'value': 'A gorilla which speaks using sign language and a translation device and accompanies an expedition into the Congo rainforest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonzo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chimpanzee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Common_chimpanzee', 'summary': "The chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , also known as the common chimpanzee , robust chimpanzee , or simply chimp , is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa . It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies . The chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo ( sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee ) are classified in the genus Pan . Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans ' closest living relative . The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair , but has a bare face , fingers , toes , palms of the hands , and soles of the feet . It is larger and more robust than the bonobo , weighing 40-60 kg ( 88-132 lb ) for males and 27-50 kg ( 60-110 lb ) for females and standing 100 to 140 cm ( 3.3 to 4.6 ft ) . Its gestation period is eight months . The infant is weaned at about three years old , but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more . The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members , although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day . The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy , where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence . Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools , modifying sticks , rocks , grass and leaves and using them for hunting and acquiring honey , termites , ants , nuts and water . The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals ."}]}, {'value': 'Bedtime for Bonzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedtime_for_Bonzo', 'summary': "Bedtime for Bonzo is a 1951 American comedy film directed by Fred de Cordova , starring Ronald Reagan , Diana Lynn , and Peggy as Bonzo . It revolves around the attempts of the central character , psychology professor Peter Boyd ( Reagan ) , to teach human morals to a chimpanzee , hoping to solve the nature versus nurture question . He hires a woman , Jane Linden ( Lynn ) , to pose as the chimp 's mother while he plays father to it , and uses 1950s-era child rearing techniques . A sequel was released called Bonzo Goes to College ( 1952 ) , but featured none of the three lead performers from the original . Peggy died in a zoo fire two weeks after the premiere of Bedtime for Bonzo ; another chimp was hired for the second film whose name really was Bonzo . Reagan did not want to work on the second film , as he thought the premise was silly . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'The subject of an attempt by a psychology professor ( played by Ronald Reagan ) to teach human morals to a chimp in order to solve the nature versus nurture question', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Reagan', 'summary': "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture', 'summary': "The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment , either prenatal or during a person 's life , or by a person 's genes . The alliterative expression nature and nurture in English has been in use since at least the Elizabethan period and goes back to medieval French . The combination of the two concepts as complementary is ancient ( Greek : ἁπό φύσεως καὶ εὐτροφίας ) . Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors . Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g . the product of exposure , experience and learning on an individual . The phrase in its modern sense was popularized by the English Victorian polymath Francis Galton , the modern founder of eugenics and behavioral genetics , discussing the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement . Galton was influenced by the book On the Origin of Species written by his half-cousin , Charles Darwin . The view that humans acquire all or almost all their behavioral traits from nurture was termed tabula rasa ( blank slate ) by John Locke in 1690 . A blank slate view in human developmental psychology , one that assumes that human behavioral traits develop almost exclusively from environmental influences ( sometimes termed blank-slatism ) , was widely held during much of the 20th century . The debate between blank-slate denial of the influence of heritability , and the view admitting both environmental and heritable traits , has often been cast in terms of nature versus nurture . These two conflicting approaches to human development were at the core of an ideological dispute over research agendas throughout the second half of the 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Caesar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caesar_(Planet_of_the_Apes)', 'summary': 'Caesar is a fictional character in the Planet of the Apes franchise . He is the leader of the apes in both the original and reboot series . Caesar is portrayed by Roddy McDowall in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and Battle for the Planet of the Apes , while Andy Serkis portrays the character in the reboot series consisting of Rise of the Planet of the Apes , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , and War for the Planet of the Apes . Caesar is an evolved chimpanzee , the leader of the Ape Army , the king of the Ape Colony and the patriarch of the Royal Ape Family . He is also the biological son of Alpha and Bright Eyes , the adoptive son of Will Rodman and Caroline Aranha , the adoptive grandson of Charles Rodman , the husband of Cornelia , and the father of Cornelius II ( original series ) , Blue Eyes and Cornelius ( reboot series ) . In Rise of the Planet of the Apes , Caesar is raised by Will and Caroline after the death of his mother , but he is forced to live in captivity at the San Bruno Primate Shelter after he violently attacks a neighbor . Caesar later leads his fellow apes in a rebellion against abusive handlers and the police by unleashing the deadly ALZ-113 virus , which is dangerous to the human population , but not to the apes . Caesar maintains dominance over his community of intelligent apes while also having to deal with the threat of war against human survivors , who had been pushed to near-extinction due to a pandemic known as the Simian Flu .'}]}, {'value': 'Chimpanzee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Common_chimpanzee', 'summary': "The chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , also known as the common chimpanzee , robust chimpanzee , or simply chimp , is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa . It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies . The chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo ( sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee ) are classified in the genus Pan . Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans ' closest living relative . The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair , but has a bare face , fingers , toes , palms of the hands , and soles of the feet . It is larger and more robust than the bonobo , weighing 40-60 kg ( 88-132 lb ) for males and 27-50 kg ( 60-110 lb ) for females and standing 100 to 140 cm ( 3.3 to 4.6 ft ) . Its gestation period is eight months . The infant is weaned at about three years old , but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more . The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members , although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day . The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy , where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence . Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools , modifying sticks , rocks , grass and leaves and using them for hunting and acquiring honey , termites , ants , nuts and water . The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals ."}]}, {'value': 'Planet of the Apes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)', 'summary': "Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It stars Charlton Heston , Roddy McDowall , Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , James Whitmore , James Daly and Linda Harrison . The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle . Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score . It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973 , all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox . The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash-lands on a strange planet in the distant future . Although the planet appears desolate at first , the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech . The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins . The script , originally written by Serling , underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced - and therefore less expensive to depict - than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area ."}]}, {'value': 'The leader ( and chief instigator ) of the ape revolution in the fourth entry , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and the ruler of Ape City in the fifth and final film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed in both movies by actor Roddy McDowall , who had also played Cornelius . Along in Rise of the Planet of the Apes , played by actor Andy Serkis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes', 'summary': "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is a 1972 science fiction film directed by J. Lee Thompson and written by Paul Dehn . It is the fourth of five films in the original Planet of the Apes series produced by Arthur P. Jacobs . The film stars Roddy McDowall , Don Murray and Ricardo Montalbán . It explores how the apes rebelled from humanity 's ill treatment following Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) . It was followed by Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) . The first film in the 2010s reboot series , Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , has a similar premise to Conquest , but it is not officially a remake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roddy_McDowall', 'summary': "Roderick Andrew Anthony Jude McDowall ( 17 September 1928 - 3 October 1998 ) was an English-American actor , voice artist , film director and photographer . He is best known for portraying Cornelius and Caesar in the original Planet of the Apes film series , as well as Galen in the spin-off television series . He began his acting career as a child in England , and then in the United States , in How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) , My Friend Flicka ( 1943 ) and Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) . As an adult , McDowall appeared most frequently as a character actor on radio , stage , film , and television . For portraying Augustus in the historical drama Cleopatra ( 1963 ) , he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . Other titles include The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) , Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) , Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) , The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ) , Funny Lady ( 1975 ) , The Black Hole ( 1979 ) , Class of 1984 ( 1982 ) , Fright Night ( 1985 ) , Overboard ( 1987 ) , Fright Night Part 2 ( 1988 ) , Shakma ( 1990 ) , and A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) . He also served in various positions on the Board of Governors for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Selection Committee for the Kennedy Center Honors , further contributing to various charities related to the film industry and film preservation . He was a founding Member of the National Film Preservation Board in 1989 , and represented the Screen Actors Guild on this Board until his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes', 'summary': "Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction action film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . In the film , a substance designed to help the brain repair itself gives advanced intelligence to a chimpanzee named Caesar , who leads an ape uprising . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Serkis', 'summary': "Andrew Clement Serkis ( born 20 April 1964 ) is an English actor and film director . He is best known for his performance capture roles comprising motion capture acting , animation and voice work for such computer-generated characters as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy ( 2001-2003 ) and The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) , King Kong in the eponymous 2005 film , Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series ( 2011-2017 ) , Captain Haddock / Sir Francis Haddock in Steven Spielberg 's The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) , and Supreme Leader Snoke in the first two Star Wars sequel trilogy films , The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) . In 2018 , he portrayed the character of Baloo in his self-directed film , Mowgli : Legend of the Jungle . Serkis 's film work in motion capture has been critically acclaimed . He has received an Empire Award , and two Saturn Awards for his motion-capture acting . He earned a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of serial killer Ian Brady in the British television film Longford ( 2006 ) and was nominated for a BAFTA for his portrayal of new wave and punk rock musician Ian Dury in the biopic Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll ( 2010 ) . In 2020 , Serkis received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema . Serkis portrayed Ulysses Klaue in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and Black Panther ( 2018 ) . Serkis has his own production company and motion capture workshop , The Imaginarium Studios in London , which he used for Mowgli . He made his directorial debut with Imaginarium 's 2017 film Breathe ."}]}, {'value': 'Chee-Chee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorilla', 'summary': "Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres ( 7,200 to 14,100 ft ) . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ."}]}, {'value': 'Dolittle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolittle_(film)', 'summary': "Dolittle ( also referred to as The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle ) is a 2020 American fantasy adventure film directed by Stephen Gaghan from a screenplay by Gaghan , Dan Gregor , and Doug Mand , based on a story by Thomas Shepherd . A reboot of the original Doctor Dolittle film and its modern comedy counterparts , the film is based on the titular character created by Hugh Lofting , and primarily inspired by The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle , the author 's second Doctor Dolittle book . Robert Downey Jr. stars as the title character , alongside Antonio Banderas and Michael Sheen in live action roles , and a voice cast including Emma Thompson , Rami Malek , John Cena , Kumail Nanjiani , Octavia Spencer , Tom Holland , Craig Robinson , Ralph Fiennes , Selena Gomez , and Marion Cotillard . The project was announced in March 2017 with Downey Jr. set to star , and the rest of the cast joined over the following year . Filming began in March 2018 and lasted through June , taking place around the United Kingdom . The film underwent three weeks of reshoots in the spring of 2019 , under the supervision of Jonathan Liebesman and Chris McKay , after initial test screenings yielded poor results . Dolittle was theatrically released in the United States on January 17 , 2020 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally negative reviews from critics , citing stale humor and an incoherent story . Having grossed $ 184 million worldwide it is the second highest grossing film of 2020 but against a production budget of $ 175 million , estimated losses range between $ 50- $ 100 million ."}]}, {'value': "A nervous friend of Doctor Dolittle 's . Voiced by Rami Malek", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle', 'summary': "Doctor John Dolittle is the central character of a series of children 's books by Hugh Lofting starting with the 1920 The Story of Doctor Dolittle . He is a physician who shuns human patients in favour of animals , with whom he can speak in their own languages . He later becomes a naturalist , using his abilities to speak with animals to better understand nature and the history of the world . Doctor Dolittle first appeared in the author 's illustrated letters to his children , written from the trenches during World War I when actual news , he later said , was either too horrible or too dull . The stories are set in early Victorian England , where Doctor John Dolittle lives in the fictional English village of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh in the West Country . Doctor Dolittle has a few close human friends , including Tommy Stubbins and Matthew Mugg , the Cats'-Meat Man . The animal team includes Polynesia ( a parrot ) , Gub-Gub ( a pig ) , Jip ( a dog ) , Dab-Dab ( a goose ) , Chee-Chee ( a monkey ) , Too-Too ( an owl ) , the Pushmi-pullyu , and a white mouse later named simply Whitey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rami_Malek', 'summary': 'Rami Said Malek ( English : /ˈrɑːmi ˈmælɪk/ ; Arabic : رامي سعيد مالك , Egyptian Arabic : [ ˈɾɑːmi sæˈʕiːd ˈmæːlek ] ; born May 12 , 1981 ) is an American actor and producer . His breakthrough role was as computer hacker Elliot Alderson in the USA Network television series Mr . Robot ( 2015-2019 ) , for which he received several accolades , including the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . In 2018 , he portrayed rock singer and songwriter Freddie Mercury in the biopic Bohemian Rhapsody , for which he received critical acclaim and won several awards , including the Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and British Academy Film Award for Best Actor . He is the first actor of Egyptian heritage to win the Academy Award for Best Actor . Time magazine named Malek one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019 . Born and raised in Los Angeles , California , to Egyptian immigrant parents , Malek studied theater at the University of Evansville in Indiana . He began his acting career performing plays in New York City theaters before returning to Los Angeles , where he found supporting roles in film and television , including the Fox sitcom The War at Home ( 2005-2007 ) , the HBO miniseries The Pacific ( 2010 ) , and the Night at the Museum film trilogy ( 2006-2014 ) . He has done voicework for television and video games , as well as motion capture for the latter .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheeta', 'summary': "Cheeta ( sometimes billed as Cheetah , Cheta , and Chita ) is a chimpanzee character that appeared in numerous Hollywood Tarzan films of the 1930s-1960s , as well as the 1966-1968 television series , as the ape sidekick of the title character , Tarzan . Cheeta has usually been characterized as male , but sometimes as female , and has been portrayed by chimpanzees of both sexes . While the character of Cheeta is inextricably associated in the public mind with Tarzan , no chimpanzees appear in the original Tarzan novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs that inspired the films . The closest analog to Cheeta in the Burroughs novels is Tarzan 's monkey companion Nkima , which appears in several of the later books in the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Chimpanzee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Common_chimpanzee', 'summary': "The chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , also known as the common chimpanzee , robust chimpanzee , or simply chimp , is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa . It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies . The chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo ( sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee ) are classified in the genus Pan . Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans ' closest living relative . The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair , but has a bare face , fingers , toes , palms of the hands , and soles of the feet . It is larger and more robust than the bonobo , weighing 40-60 kg ( 88-132 lb ) for males and 27-50 kg ( 60-110 lb ) for females and standing 100 to 140 cm ( 3.3 to 4.6 ft ) . Its gestation period is eight months . The infant is weaned at about three years old , but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more . The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members , although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day . The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy , where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence . Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools , modifying sticks , rocks , grass and leaves and using them for hunting and acquiring honey , termites , ants , nuts and water . The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals ."}]}, {'value': 'Tarzan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarzan_(disambiguation)', 'summary': 'Tarzan is a character created by writer Edgar Rice Burroughs . Tarzan may also refer to :'}]}, {'value': "A chimpanzee character appearing in numerous Hollywood Tarzan movies of the 1930s-1960s as well as the 1966-1968 television series , as the ape sidekick of the title character , Tarzan . Cheeta 's role in these films is to provide comic relief , convey messages between Tarzan and his allies , and occasionally lead Tarzan 's other animal friends to the ape-man 's rescue", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clyde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orangutan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orangutan', 'summary': 'The orangutans ( also spelled orang-utan , orangutang , or orang-utang ) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia . Orangutans are currently only found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra . Classified in the genus Pongo , orangutans were originally considered to be one species . From 1996 , they were divided into two species : the Bornean orangutan ( P. pygmaeus , with three subspecies ) and the Sumatran orangutan ( P. abelii ) . In November 2017 it was reported that a third species had been identified , the Tapanuli orangutan ( P. tapanuliensis ) . Genomic comparisons show that the Tapanuli orangutan separated from the Sumatran orangutan about 3.4 million years ago . The Tapanuli orangutan separated from the Bornean orangutan much later , about 670,000 years ago . The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae , which also included several other species , such as the three extinct species of the genus Gigantopithecus , including the largest known primate , Gigantopithecus blacki . The ancestors of the Ponginae split from the main ape line in Africa more than 14 million years ago ( Mya ) , then spread into Asia . Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes and spend most of their time in trees . Their hair is reddish-brown , instead of the brown or black hair typical of chimpanzees and gorillas . Males and females differ in size and appearance .'}]}, {'value': 'Every Which Way but Loose / Any Which Way You Can', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Every_Which_Way_but_Loose_(film)', 'summary': "Every Which Way but Loose is a 1978 American action comedy film released by Warner Bros. , produced by Robert Daley and directed by James Fargo . It stars Clint Eastwood in an uncharacteristic and offbeat comedy role as Philo Beddoe , a trucker and brawler roaming the American West in search of a lost love while accompanied by his brother/manager , Orville , and his pet orangutan , Clyde . In the process , Philo manages to cross a motley assortment of characters , including a pair of police officers and an entire motorcycle gang ( the Black Widows ) , who end up pursuing him for revenge . Eastwood 's appearance in the film , after his string of spaghetti western and Dirty Harry roles , somewhat startled the film industry and he was reportedly advised against making it . Although it was poorly reviewed by critics , the film went on to become an enormous success and became , along with its 1980 sequel Any Which Way You Can , two of the highest grossing Eastwood films . When adjusted for inflation , it ranks as one of the top 250 highest-grossing films of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Any_Which_Way_You_Can', 'summary': 'Any Which Way You Can is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Buddy Van Horn and starring Clint Eastwood , with Sondra Locke , Geoffrey Lewis , William Smith , and Ruth Gordon in supporting roles . The film is the sequel to the 1978 hit comedy Every Which Way but Loose .'}]}, {'value': "An Orangutan won in a bet by Clint Eastwood 's character , Philo Beddoe , who helps him out in fist fights and looking for love", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clint_Eastwood', 'summary': "Clinton Eastwood Jr. ( born May 31 , 1930 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , musician , and politician . After achieving success in the Western TV series Rawhide , he rose to international fame with his role as the Man with No Name in Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone 's Dollars Trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the 1960s and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s . These roles , among others , have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity . For his work in the Western film Unforgiven ( 1992 ) and the sports drama Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) , Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture , as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor . Eastwood 's greatest commercial successes have been the adventure comedy Every Which Way But Loose ( 1978 ) and its sequel , the action comedy Any Which Way You Can ( 1980 ) , after adjustment for inflation . Other popular films include the Westerns Hang 'Em High ( 1968 ) , The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) , and Pale Rider ( 1985 ) , the war films Where Eagles Dare ( 1968 ) , Kelly 's Heroes ( 1970 ) , and Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) , the action films Firefox ( 1982 ) and In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) , and the thrillers Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) and Tightrope ( 1984 ) . Eastwood also starred in the crime comedy film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) , the prison film Escape from Alcatraz ( 1979 ) , as well as the drama films The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , and Gran Torino ( 2008 ) . In addition to directing many of his own star vehicles , Eastwood has also directed films in which he did not appear , such as the mystery drama Mystic River ( 2003 ) and the war film Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) , for which he received Academy Award nominations , the drama Changeling ( 2008 ) , and the biographical sports drama Invictus ( 2009 ) . The war drama biopic American Sniper ( 2014 ) set box-office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film . Eastwood received considerable critical praise in France for several films , and was awarded two of France 's highest civilian honors : in 1994 , he became a recipient of the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres , and in 2007 , was awarded the Legion of Honour medal . In 2000 , Eastwood was awarded the Italian Venice Film Festival Golden Lion for lifetime achievement . Since 1967 , Eastwood 's Malpaso Productions has produced all but four of his American films ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonny the monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borat', 'summary': "Borat : Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan , more commonly known simply as Borat , is a 2006 comedy film directed by Larry Charles as well as co-written and produced by Sacha Baron Cohen . Baron Cohen stars as Borat Sagdiyev , a fictitious Kazakh journalist who travels through the United States to make a documentary which features real-life interactions with Americans . Much of the film features unscripted vignettes of Borat interviewing and interacting with real-life Americans who believe he is a foreigner with little or no understanding of American customs . It is the second of three films built around Baron Cohen 's characters from Da Ali G Show ( 2000-04 ) : the first , Ali G Indahouse , was released in 2002 , and featured a cameo by Borat , and the third , Brüno , was released in 2009 . The film is produced by Baron Cohen 's production company , Four By Two Productions . The film was very well received , both critically and commercially ; made for $ 18 million , it earned $ 262 million worldwide . Baron Cohen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy , as Borat , while the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy in the same category . Borat was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 79th Academy Awards . Controversy surrounded the film from two years prior to its release , and after the film 's release , some cast members spoke against , and even sued its creators . It was banned in almost all Arab countries , and the governments of Russia and Kazakhstan discouraged cinemas from showing it . It was released on DVD in March 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monkey', 'summary': 'Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals , in part , the simians of infraorder Simiiformes . The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates , such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys . Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ) , although there are species that live primarily on the ground , such as baboons . Most species are also active during the day ( diurnal ) . Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini . Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago . New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago . Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago . Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [ 35-32 million years ago ] , eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists . Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys ; instead they are strepsirrhine primates . Like monkeys , tarsiers are haplorhine primates ; however , they are also not monkeys . Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini , so cladistically they are monkeys as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Borat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borat', 'summary': "Borat : Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan , more commonly known simply as Borat , is a 2006 comedy film directed by Larry Charles as well as co-written and produced by Sacha Baron Cohen . Baron Cohen stars as Borat Sagdiyev , a fictitious Kazakh journalist who travels through the United States to make a documentary which features real-life interactions with Americans . Much of the film features unscripted vignettes of Borat interviewing and interacting with real-life Americans who believe he is a foreigner with little or no understanding of American customs . It is the second of three films built around Baron Cohen 's characters from Da Ali G Show ( 2000-04 ) : the first , Ali G Indahouse , was released in 2002 , and featured a cameo by Borat , and the third , Brüno , was released in 2009 . The film is produced by Baron Cohen 's production company , Four By Two Productions . The film was very well received , both critically and commercially ; made for $ 18 million , it earned $ 262 million worldwide . Baron Cohen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy , as Borat , while the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy in the same category . Borat was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 79th Academy Awards . Controversy surrounded the film from two years prior to its release , and after the film 's release , some cast members spoke against , and even sued its creators . It was banned in almost all Arab countries , and the governments of Russia and Kazakhstan discouraged cinemas from showing it . It was released on DVD in March 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Most famous celebrity in Kazakhstan , according to Borat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borat', 'summary': "Borat : Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan , more commonly known simply as Borat , is a 2006 comedy film directed by Larry Charles as well as co-written and produced by Sacha Baron Cohen . Baron Cohen stars as Borat Sagdiyev , a fictitious Kazakh journalist who travels through the United States to make a documentary which features real-life interactions with Americans . Much of the film features unscripted vignettes of Borat interviewing and interacting with real-life Americans who believe he is a foreigner with little or no understanding of American customs . It is the second of three films built around Baron Cohen 's characters from Da Ali G Show ( 2000-04 ) : the first , Ali G Indahouse , was released in 2002 , and featured a cameo by Borat , and the third , Brüno , was released in 2009 . The film is produced by Baron Cohen 's production company , Four By Two Productions . The film was very well received , both critically and commercially ; made for $ 18 million , it earned $ 262 million worldwide . Baron Cohen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy , as Borat , while the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy in the same category . Borat was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 79th Academy Awards . Controversy surrounded the film from two years prior to its release , and after the film 's release , some cast members spoke against , and even sued its creators . It was banned in almost all Arab countries , and the governments of Russia and Kazakhstan discouraged cinemas from showing it . It was released on DVD in March 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'King Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Kong', 'summary': "King Kong is a giant movie monster , resembling an enormous gorilla , that has appeared in various media since 1933 . Kong has been dubbed the Eighth Wonder of the World , a phrase commonly used within the films . The character first appeared in the novelization of the 1933 film King Kong from RKO Pictures , with the film premiering a little over two months later . The film received universal acclaim upon its initial release and re-releases . A sequel quickly followed that same year with The Son of Kong , featuring Little Kong . In the 1960s , Toho produced King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) , pitting a larger Kong against Toho 's own Godzilla , and King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) , based on The King Kong Show ( 1966-1969 ) from Rankin/Bass Productions . In 1976 , Dino De Laurentiis produced a modern remake of the original film directed by John Guillermin . A sequel , King Kong Lives , followed a decade later featuring a Lady Kong . Another remake of the original , this time set in 1933 , was released in 2005 from filmmaker Peter Jackson . The most recent film , Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) , set in 1973 , is part of Legendary Entertainment 's MonsterVerse , which began with Legendary 's reboot of Godzilla in 2014 . A crossover sequel , Godzilla vs. Kong , once again pitting the characters against one another , is currently planned for 2020 . The character of King Kong has become one of the world 's most famous movie icons , having inspired a number of sequels , remakes , spin-offs , imitators , parodies , cartoons , books , comics , video games , theme park rides , and a stage play ."}]}, {'value': 'Gorilla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)', 'summary': "King Kong is a 2005 epic monster adventure film co-written , produced , and directed by Peter Jackson . A second remake of the 1933 film of the same title , the film stars Naomi Watts , Jack Black , Adrien Brody , and , through motion capture , Andy Serkis as the title character . Set in 1933 , it follows the story of an ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to the mysterious Skull Island . There , they encounter bizarre creatures living on the island as well as a legendary giant gorilla known as Kong , whom they capture and take to New York City . Filming for King Kong took place in New Zealand from September 2004 to March 2005 . The project 's budget climbed from an initial $ 150 million to a then-record-breaking $ 207 million . It was released on December 14 , 2005 in Germany and the United States , and made an opening of $ 50.1 million . While it performed lower than expected , King Kong made domestic and worldwide grosses that eventually added up to $ 562 million , becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film in Universal Pictures history at the time and the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2005 . It also generated $ 100 million in DVD sales upon its home video release . The film garnered positive reviews from critics and appeared on several top ten lists for 2005 . It was praised for its special effects , performances , sense of spectacle and comparison to the 1933 original , while some criticised its 3-hour run time . It won three Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects ."}]}, {'value': "A giant movie monster resembling a gorilla , that has appeared in several movies since 1933 . These include the groundbreaking 1933 movie , the film remakes of 1976 and 2005 , as well as various sequels of the first two films . The character has become one of the world 's most famous movie icons and , as such , has transcended the medium", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Movie_monster', 'summary': 'A monster movie , creature feature , or giant monster film is a film that focuses on a group of characters struggling to survive attacks by one or more antagonistic monsters , often abnormally large ones . The film may also fall under the horror , comedy , fantasy , or science fiction genres . Monster movies originated with adaptations of horror folklore and literature . Typically , movie monsters differ from more traditional antagonists in that many exist due to circumstances beyond their control ; their actions are not entirely based on choice , potentially making them objects of sympathy to film viewers . [ original research ? ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)', 'summary': "King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack . The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was developed from an idea conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace . It stars Fay Wray , Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong , and opened in New York City on March 2 , 1933 , to rave reviews . It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the fourth greatest horror film of all time and the thirty-third greatest film of all time . The film portrays the story of a huge , gorilla-like creature dubbed Kong who perishes in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman ( Wray ) . King Kong contains stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and a music score by Max Steiner . In 1991 , it was deemed culturally , historically and aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . A sequel quickly followed with Son of Kong ( also released in 1933 ) , with several more films made in the following decades ."}, {'url': '/wiki/King_Kong_(1976_film)', 'summary': 'King Kong is a 1976 American monster adventure film produced by Dino De Laurentiis and directed by John Guillermin . It is a remake of the 1933 film of the same name about a giant ape that is captured and taken to New York City for exhibition . Featuring special effects by Carlo Rambaldi , it stars Jeff Bridges , Charles Grodin and Jessica Lange in her first film role . The film was the seventh highest-grossing film of 1976 . It won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Cinematography and Best Sound . Of the three King Kong main films , it is the only one to feature the World Trade Center instead of the Empire State Building . A sequel titled King Kong Lives was released in 1986 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)', 'summary': "King Kong is a 2005 epic monster adventure film co-written , produced , and directed by Peter Jackson . A second remake of the 1933 film of the same title , the film stars Naomi Watts , Jack Black , Adrien Brody , and , through motion capture , Andy Serkis as the title character . Set in 1933 , it follows the story of an ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to the mysterious Skull Island . There , they encounter bizarre creatures living on the island as well as a legendary giant gorilla known as Kong , whom they capture and take to New York City . Filming for King Kong took place in New Zealand from September 2004 to March 2005 . The project 's budget climbed from an initial $ 150 million to a then-record-breaking $ 207 million . It was released on December 14 , 2005 in Germany and the United States , and made an opening of $ 50.1 million . While it performed lower than expected , King Kong made domestic and worldwide grosses that eventually added up to $ 562 million , becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film in Universal Pictures history at the time and the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2005 . It also generated $ 100 million in DVD sales upon its home video release . The film garnered positive reviews from critics and appeared on several top ten lists for 2005 . It was praised for its special effects , performances , sense of spectacle and comparison to the 1933 original , while some criticised its 3-hour run time . It won three Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects ."}]}, {'value': 'King Louis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orangutan or Gigantopithecus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gigantopithecus', 'summary': 'Gigantopithecus ( from the Ancient Greek γίγας gigas giant , and πίθηκος pithekos ape ) is an extinct genus of ape that existed from two million years to as recently as one hundred thousand years ago , at the same period as Homo erectus would have been dispersed , in what is now Vietnam , China and Indonesia , placing Gigantopithecus in the same time frame and geographical location as several hominin species . The primate fossil record suggests that the species Gigantopithecus blacki were the largest known primate species that ever lived , standing up to 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) and weighing as much as 540-600 kg ( 1,190-1,320 lb ) , although some argue that it is more likely that they were much smaller , at roughly 1.8-2 m ( 5.9-6.6 ft ) in height and 180-300 kg ( 400-660 lb ) in weight . Based on peptide sequence data , their closest living relatives are orangutans .'}]}, {'value': 'The Jungle Book', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jungle_Book', 'summary': "The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling . Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear , though a principal character is the boy or man-cub Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves . The stories are set in a forest in India ; one place mentioned repeatedly is Seonee ( Seoni ) , in the central state of Madhya Pradesh . A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering , as in the life of Mowgli , echoing Kipling 's own childhood . The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies , as well as Mowgli 's . Another important theme is of law and freedom ; the stories are not about animal behaviour , still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival , but about human archetypes in animal form . They teach respect for authority , obedience , and knowing one 's place in society with the law of the jungle , but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds , such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village . Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories , reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature . The Jungle Book has remained popular , partly through its many adaptations for film and other media . Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling . The book has been influential in the scout movement , whose founder , Robert Baden-Powell , was a friend of Kipling 's . Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book ."}]}, {'value': 'An ape who rules over monkeys , emulates humans and wishes to master firemaking', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orangutan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannonball Run II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannonball_Run_II', 'summary': 'Cannonball Run II is a 1984 American-Hong Kong comedy film starring Burt Reynolds and an all-star cast , released by Warner Bros. and Golden Harvest . Like the original Cannonball Run , it is a set around an illegal cross-country race . This was the last of the formula comedies for Reynolds . It also marked the final feature film appearances of Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra . Their appearances , coupled with those of Sammy Davis Jr. and Shirley MacLaine , marked the final on-screen appearance of the Rat Pack team . The film also marked the final film appearance of Jim Nabors before his death in November 2017 . The film also featured Jackie Chan in one of his first Hollywood roles .'}]}, {'value': 'An orangutan that can drive a car', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mighty Joe Young', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorilla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) / ( 1998 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_(1949_film)', 'summary': "Mighty Joe Young ( also known as Mr. Joseph Young of Africa and The Great Joe Young ) is a 1949 American black and white fantasy film distributed by RKO Radio Pictures and produced by the same creative team responsible for King Kong ( 1933 ) . Produced by Merian C. Cooper , who wrote the story , and Ruth Rose , who wrote the screenplay , the film was directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack and stars Robert Armstrong ( who appears in both films ) , Terry Moore , and Ben Johnson in his first credited screen role . Animation effects were handled by Ray Harryhausen , Pete Peterson and Marcel Delgado . Mighty Joe Young tells the story of a young woman , Jill Young , living on her father 's ranch in Africa , who has raised the title character , a large gorilla , from an infant and years later brings him to Hollywood seeking her fortune in order to save the family homestead ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_(1998_film)', 'summary': 'Mighty Joe Young is a 1998 American adventure film based on the 1949 film of the same name about a giant mountain gorilla brought to a wildlife preserve in Los Angeles by a young woman who raised him , and a zoologist , to protect him from the threat of poachers until one seeks Joe out in order to take his revenge . It was directed by Ron Underwood and stars Bill Paxton , Charlize Theron , and creature suit actor John Alexander as the title character . In this version , the ape is much larger than in the original . The film grossed $ 50.6 million in the United States against a production budget of $ 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'An oversized gorilla in the care of Jill Young', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Juice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orangutan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life of Pi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_of_Pi_(film)', 'summary': "Life of Pi is a 2012 adventure drama film based on Yann Martel 's 2001 novel of the same name . Directed by Ang Lee , the film 's adapted screenplay was written by David Magee , and it stars Suraj Sharma , Irrfan Khan , Rafe Spall , Tabu , Adil Hussain , and Gérard Depardieu . The storyline revolves around an Indian man named Pi Patel , telling a novelist about his life story , and how at 16 he survives a shipwreck and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger . The film had its worldwide premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28 , 2012 . Life of Pi emerged as a critical and commercial success , earning over US $ 609 million worldwide . It was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards which included the Best Picture - Drama and the Best Director and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . At the 85th Academy Awards it had eleven nominations , including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay , and won four ( the most for the show ) including Best Director for Ang Lee ."}]}, {'value': "An orangutan which is transported by ship from India to Canada , and may represent Pi 's mother in the story", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raffles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chimpanzee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Barefoot Executive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Barefoot_Executive', 'summary': 'The Barefoot Executive is a live-action Walt Disney Productions film released by Buena Vista Distribution in 1971 starring Kurt Russell , Joe Flynn , Wally Cox , Heather North and John Ritter ( in his film debut ) , about a pet chimpanzee , named Raffles , who can predict the popularity of television programs . It was one of the gimmick comedies ( geared towards children with a touch of adult humor for older viewers ) Disney was known for in the 1960s and 1970s , and was frequently shown on The Wonderful World of Disney from the late 1970s through the 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'A pet chimpanzee with the ability to pick hit TV shows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafiki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandrill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandrill', 'summary': "The mandrill ( Mandrillus sphinx ) is a primate of the Old World monkey ( Cercopithecidae ) family . It is one of two species assigned to the genus Mandrillus , along with the drill . Both the mandrill and the drill were once classified as baboons in the genus Papio , but they now have their own genus , Mandrillus . Although they look superficially like baboons , they are more closely related to Cercocebus mangabeys . Mandrills are found in southern Cameroon , Gabon , Equatorial Guinea , and Congo . Mandrills mostly live in tropical rainforests . They live in very large groups . Mandrills have an omnivorous diet consisting mostly of fruits and insects . Their mating season peaks in July to September , with a corresponding birth peak in December to April . Mandrills are the world 's largest monkeys . The mandrill is classified as vulnerable by IUCN ."}]}, {'value': 'The Lion King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_King', 'summary': "The Lion King is a 1994 American animated musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film , and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance . The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , produced by Don Hahn , and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts , and Linda Woolverton . Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice , with a score by Hans Zimmer . The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick , James Earl Jones , Jeremy Irons , Jonathan Taylor Thomas , Moira Kelly , Nathan Lane , Ernie Sabella , Rowan Atkinson , Robert Guillaume , Madge Sinclair , Whoopi Goldberg , Cheech Marin , and Jim Cummings . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by the Biblical stories of Joseph and Moses , and William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The Lion King tells the story of Simba ( Swahili for lion ) , a young lion who is to succeed his father , Mufasa , as King of the Pride Lands ; however , after Simba 's paternal uncle Scar murders Mufasa , Simba is manipulated into thinking he was responsible and flees into exile . After growing up in the company of the carefree outcasts Timon and Pumbaa , Simba receives valuable perspective from his childhood friend , Nala , and his shaman , Rafiki , before returning to challenge Scar to end his tyranny and take his place in the Circle of Life as the rightful King . Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney , and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe . Thomas M. Disch wrote a film treatment , and Woolverton developed the first scripts , while George Scribner was signed on as director , being later joined by Allers . Production began in 1991 concurrently with Pocahontas , which wound up attracting many of Disney 's top animators . Some time after the staff traveled to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya to research the film 's setting and animals , Scribner left production , disagreeing with the decision to turn the film into a musical , and was replaced by Minkoff ."}]}, {'value': 'A wise mandrill involved in the traditions of the lion pride who leads Simba to return from exile . Unlike real mandrills , Rafiki has a tail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spike', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capuchin monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capuchin_monkey', 'summary': 'The capuchin monkeys ( /ˈkæpjʊtʃɪn/ or /ˈkæpjʊʃɪn/ ) are New World monkeys of the subfamily Cebinae . They are readily identified as the organ grinder monkey , and have been used in many movies and television shows . The range of capuchin monkeys includes some tropical forests in Central America and South America as far south as northern Argentina . In Central America , they usually occupy the wet lowland forests on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panama and deciduous dry forest on the Pacific coast .'}]}, {'value': 'Ace Ventura : Pet Detective', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ace_Ventura:_Pet_Detective', 'summary': "Ace Ventura : Pet Detective is a 1994 American comedy film starring Jim Carrey as Ace Ventura , an animal detective who is tasked with finding the abducted dolphin mascot of the Miami Dolphins football team . The film was directed by Tom Shadyac , who wrote the screenplay with Jack Bernstein and Jim Carrey . The film co-stars Courteney Cox , Tone Loc , Sean Young and former Miami Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino and features a cameo appearance from death metal band Cannibal Corpse . Morgan Creek Productions produced the film on a budget of $ 15 million , and Warner Bros. released the film in February 1994 . It grossed $ 72.2 million in the United States and Canada and $ 35 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $ 107.2 million . It received generally unfavorable reviews from critics . Carrey 's performance led to the film having a cult following among male adolescents . In addition to launching Carrey 's film career , it also spawned the sequel film Ace Ventura : When Nature Calls ( 1995 ) , the animated TV series Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ( three seasons , 1995-2000 ) , and later , stand-alone direct-to-video sequel Ace Ventura Jr. : Pet Detective ( 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Ace 's pet and sidekick", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Zaius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Zaius', 'summary': 'The Planet of the Apes franchise contains many characters that appear in one or more works .'}]}, {'value': 'Orangutan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Planet of the Apes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)', 'summary': "Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It stars Charlton Heston , Roddy McDowall , Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , James Whitmore , James Daly and Linda Harrison . The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle . Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score . It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973 , all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox . The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash-lands on a strange planet in the distant future . Although the planet appears desolate at first , the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech . The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins . The script , originally written by Serling , underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced - and therefore less expensive to depict - than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area ."}]}, {'value': 'An orangutan and although given a minor role devoid of dialogue in the novel , he becomes the main antagonist of the story in the subsequent film adaptation . Zaius was portrayed in the first and second films of the series by actor Maurice Evans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorilla', 'summary': "Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres ( 7,200 to 14,100 ft ) . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ."}]}, {'value': 'Rampage ( 2018 film )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rampage_(2018_film)', 'summary': 'Rampage is a 2018 American science fiction monster film directed by Brad Peyton , and based on the video game series of the same name by Midway Games . The film stars Dwayne Johnson , Naomie Harris , Malin Åkerman , Jake Lacy , Joe Manganiello , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . It follows primatologist Davis Okoye who must team up with George , an albino gorilla who turns into a raging creature of enormous size as a result of a rogue experiment , to stop two other mutated animals , a wolf named Ralph and a crocodile named Lizzie , from destroying Chicago . The film is the third collaboration between Peyton and Johnson , following Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island ( 2012 ) and San Andreas ( 2015 ) . Even though their company is uncredited , Rampage also marked the final released Warner Bros. film to be financed by Access Entertainment/RatPac-Dune Entertainment as the studio had ended their partnership with the company due to sexual harassment allegations against RatPac-Dune owner Brett Ratner , and the final project to be produced by RatPac overall before the company went on hiatus . Principal photography began in April 2017 in Chicago . The film was released in the United States on April 13 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures , in 2D , RealD 3D and IMAX . It grossed over $ 428 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics , with praise for the visual effects but criticism of its pacing and story .'}]}, {'value': "George is an extraordinarily intelligent silverback gorilla who has been in the care of the movie 's protagonist since he was young", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of fictional primates in film , and is a subsidiary to the list of fictional primates . The list is restricted to notable non-human characters from in film including monkeys , lemurs , chimpanzees , gorillas , orangutans , gibbons , and other primates .', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_primates_in_film_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional primates in film, and is a subsidiary to the list of fictional primates. The list is restricted to notable non-human characters from in film including monkeys, lemurs, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and other primates.'} | null | null | What is the name of the primate whose species are the world 's largest monkeys ? | Rafiki |
046b03ebff4651d5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_2014', 'title': 'Just Dance 2014', 'header': ['Song', 'Artist', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': '# thatPOWER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ThatPower', 'summary': "# thatPOWER ( stylized in all caps with hashtag ) is a song by American recording artist will.i.am , taken from his fourth studio album , # willpower . The song features Canadian singer Justin Bieber , who wrote the song alongside will.i.am , Verrigni and Damien Leroy ( DJ Ammo ) . The latter two also produced the song . thatPOWER was released in the United States and Canada on March 18 , 2013 , via Interscope Records , as the third single from the album . The song has since charted in several countries . A special version of the song is used for 2013 NBA Playoffs telecasts on ESPN and ABC and the last day of TV5 's primetime sports block on IBC , AKTV ."}]}, {'value': 'will.i.am featuring Justin Bieber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will.i.am', 'summary': 'William Adams ( born March 15 , 1975 ) , known professionally as will.i.am ( pronounced Will-I-am ) , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , DJ , actor and television personality . He is the founding and lead member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . As a solo artist , will.i.am has released four solo albums , beginning with Lost Change , released in 2001 through Atlantic Records . His second solo outing , Must B 21 , was released on September 23 , 2003 . The track Go ! was regularly used as the theme for the NBA Live 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 seasons . The third album , Songs About Girls , was released on September 25 , 2007 . He released his fourth studio album , # willpower , in 2013 . As a music producer , will.i.am has produced music for other artists including Cheryl , Michael Jackson , Justin Bieber , Kesha , Britney Spears , Miley Cyrus , David Guetta , U2 , Rihanna , Lady Gaga , Usher , Justin Timberlake , A. R. Rahman , Nicki Minaj , 2NE1 , and Baby Kaely . In collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas , he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998 , and has sold 9.4 million singles in the UK . In addition to his music career , will.i.am has also been a judge and mentor on the television talent show series The Voice UK ( 2012-present ) , The Voice Australia ( 2014 ) , and The Voice Kids ( 2017-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bieber', 'summary': "Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter and actor . Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos , Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008 . With Bieber 's debut EP My World , released in late 2009 , Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his debut studio album My World 2.0 in 2010 . It debuted at number one in several countries and contained the worldwide hit single Baby , which was certified 12x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following his debut album and promotional tours , he released his 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . In years after the releases of the Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) and Believe ( 2012 ) , Bieber had several run-ins with the law internationally before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . More than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Following the controversies surrounding Bieber , his sound became more mature as he transitioned into EDM and drifted away from teen pop . Released in 2015 , his fourth studio album Purpose became his most critically and commercially successful album , spawning three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : What Do You Mean ? , Sorry , and Love Yourself . It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 59th Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99 Luftballons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/99_Luftballons', 'summary': '99 Luftballons ( German : Neunundneunzig Luftballons , 99 balloons ) is a song by the German band Nena from their 1983 self-titled album . An English-language version titled 99 Red Balloons , with lyrics by Kevin McAlea , was also released on the album 99 Luftballons in 1984 after widespread success of the original in Europe and Japan . The English version is not a direct translation of the German original and contains lyrics with a somewhat different meaning .'}]}, {'value': 'Rutschen Planeten ( as made famous by Nena )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nena', 'summary': "Gabriele Susanne Kerner ( born 24 March 1960 ) , better known as Nena , is a German singer-songwriter , actress , and comedian who rose to international fame in 1983 with the Neue Deutsche Welle song 99 Luftballons . In the same year she re-recorded this song in English as 99 Red Balloons . Nena was also the name of the band with whom she released the song . The re-recording of some of her old songs rekindled her career in 2002 and she has sold over 25 million records , making her one of Germany 's most successful music artists ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso Signorini ( Eroe Nazionale )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fedez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fedez', 'summary': "Federico Leonardo Lucia ( born 15 October 1989 ) , known by his stage name Fedez ( Italian : [ ˈfɛːdets ] ) , is an Italian rapper , influencer , singer and songwriter . In 2011 , he released the albums Penisola che non c ' è and Il mio primo disco da venduto , released as free digital downloads . His first studio album , Sig . Brainwash - L'arte di accontentare , was released in 2013 , and it debuted at number one on the Italian Albums Chart . The album , which spawned three singles , including the top 10 hit Cigno nero featuring Francesca Michielin , was later certified 3× Platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Applause', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)', 'summary': "Applause is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third studio album , ARTPOP ( 2013 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single through Interscope Records on August 12 , 2013 . Written and produced by Gaga , DJ White Shadow , Dino Zisis and Nick Monson , additional songwriters included Martin Bresso , Nicolas Mercier , Julien Arias and William Grigahcine . Applause was inspired by the cheering of her fans , which kept her motivated during the months she toured with the Born This Way Ball in pain , before cancelling it due to a hip injury , and pays respect to the art of performance . It is an electropop and Eurodance song built around synthesizers and hi-NRG beats , with lyrics addressing how Gaga is dependent upon her fans ' adoration and how she lives to perform . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who felt its chorus was catchy and favorably compared it to the material featured on Gaga 's debut album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . Applause achieved commercial success in a number of nations , topping the charts in Hungary , Lebanon , South Korea , and Spain while peaking within the top 10 in Belgium , Bulgaria , Canada , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Norway , Poland , Scotland , the United Kingdom , and the United States as well as the top 20 in Australia , the Czech Republic , the Netherlands , Slovakia , and Sweden . It was also certified multi-platinum in Canada , Sweden , the United States , and Venezuela . An accompanying music video directed by fashion photography duo Inez and Vinoodh was released on August 19 , 2013 , and broadcast on jumbotrons across Times Square . The video received positive reviews from critics , who saw it as a profile of Gaga herself and noted references to German Expressionist cinema and Andy Warhol . To promote the record , Gaga opened the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards with a performance of the song in which she represented her career through several on-stage wardrobe changes . She also performed it live on Good Morning America , Saturday Night Live , her tours ArtRave : The Artpop Ball and the Joanne World Tour , and residency shows Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom and Lady Gaga Enigma ."}]}, {'value': 'Lady Gaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lady_Gaga', 'summary': "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( /ˈstɛfəni ˌdʒɜːrməˈnɒtə/ STEF-ən-ee JUR-mə-NOT-ə ) ( born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . She is known for reinventing herself throughout her career and for her versatility in numerous areas of the entertainment industry . Gaga began performing as a teenager , singing at open mic nights and acting in school plays . She studied at Collaborative Arts Project 21 , through New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , before dropping out to pursue a music career . When Def Jam Recordings canceled her contract , she worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing , where Akon helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own label KonLive Distribution in 2007 . She rose to prominence the following year with her debut album , the electropop record The Fame , and its chart-topping singles Just Dance and Poker Face . The follow-up EP The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , along with the singles Bad Romance , Telephone and Alejandro , were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) , explored electronic rock and techno-pop and debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with more than one million copies sold . Its title track became the fastest-selling song on the iTunes Store with over a million downloads in less than a week . Gaga experimented with EDM on her third studio album , Artpop ( 2013 ) , which included the single Applause . Her collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett , Cheek to Cheek ( 2014 ) , and her soft rock-influenced fifth studio album , Joanne ( 2016 ) , continued to top the US charts . During this period , Gaga ventured into acting , playing leading roles in the miniseries American Horror Story : Hotel ( 2015-2016 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , and the critically acclaimed musical drama film A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquarius/Let_the_Sunshine_In', 'summary': "Medley : Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In ( The Flesh Failures ) ( commonly called Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In , The Age of Aquarius or Let the Sunshine In ) is a medley of two songs written for the 1967 musical Hair by James Rado and Gerome Ragni ( lyrics ) , and Galt MacDermot ( music ) , released as a single by American R & B group The 5th Dimension . The song spent six weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in the spring of 1969 and was eventually certified platinum in the US by the RIAA . Instrumental backing was written by Bill Holman and provided by session musicians commonly known as the Wrecking Crew . The actual recording is something of a rarity ; the song was recorded in two cities , Los Angeles and Las Vegas , then mixed together in the studio . The song listed at number 66 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'The Sunlight Shakers ( as made famous by The 5th Dimension )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_5th_Dimension', 'summary': "The 5th Dimension is an American popular music vocal group , whose repertoire includes pop , R & B , soul , jazz , light opera , and Broadway - the melange was coined as Champagne Soul . Formed as The Versatiles in late 1965 , the group changed its name to the hipper the 5th Dimension by 1966 . They became well known during the late 1960s and early 1970s for their popular hits : Up , Up and Away , Stoned Soul Picnic , Medley : Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In ( The Flesh Failures ) , Wedding Bell Blues , One Less Bell to Answer , Never My Love , ( Last Night ) I Did n't Get to Sleep at All , and The Magic Garden LP . The five original members were Billy Davis Jr. , Florence La Rue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamonte McLemore , and Ronald Townson . They have recorded for several labels over their long careers . Their first work appeared on the Soul City label , which was started by Imperial Records/United Artists Records recording artist Johnny Rivers . The group later recorded for Bell/Arista Records , ABC Records , and Motown Records . Some of the songwriters popularized by the 5th Dimension went on to careers of their own , especially Ashford & Simpson , who wrote California Soul . The group is also notable for having more success with the songs of Laura Nyro than Nyro did herself , particularly with Stoned Soul Picnic , Sweet Blindness , Wedding Bell Blues , Blowin ' Away , and Save the Country . The group also recorded songs by well-known songwriters such as One Less Bell to Answer , written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David , and the songs and music of Jimmy Webb , who wrote their hit Up , Up and Away . The group recorded an album composed almost entirely of Webb songs called The Magic Garden . The 5th Dimension 's producer , Bones Howe , used Bob Alcivar as the singers ' vocal arranger , as well as instrumental backing by the Wrecking Crew for their recording sessions ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blame It on the Boogie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Boogie', 'summary': "Blame It on the Boogie is a song originally released in 1978 by English singer-songwriter Mick Jackson . It was later covered by numerous other artists , including The Jacksons . The song was performed on Musikladen ( January 1979 ) , Aplauso ( February 1979 ) , Sonja Goed Nieuw 's Show ( 2 February 1979 ) and ABBA Special : Disco in the Snow Part 1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mick Jackson ( as made famous by The Jacksons )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mick_Jackson_(singer)', 'summary': "Michael George Mick Jackson ( born 2 November 1947 ) is an English singer-songwriter and the co-writer of the song , Blame It on the Boogie . The song was co-authored by Mick 's brother David Jackson and Elmar Krohn , and produced by Sylvester Levay . Jackson recorded his version first and The Jacksons ' management team picked up the song at Midem , the music industry trade fair in Cannes , where it was offered to them by Mick Jackson 's publisher without Jackson 's knowledge . Due to a delay at the pressing plant which was producing Mick Jackson 's single , in the UK the two versions were released within weeks of each other . The press at the time enjoyed the similarity in the names and release coincidence , calling the situation 'The Battle of the Boogie ' as the two records jockeyed for chart positions . [ citation needed ] Radio stations got on the battle bandwagon . BBC Radio One only played The Jacksons ' version , Capital Radio only played Micks single . The music press was equally split . Melody Maker did not review Mick Jacksons version , but praised the Jacksons and wrongly referred to their single as a self-penned song ( 16 September 1978 ) , whereas NME hailed Mick Jackson as the winner of the battle , calling his version far superior ( 7 October 1978 ) . [ citation needed ] Mick Jackson 's original peaked at # 15 and The Jacksons peaked at # 8 in the UK Singles Chart . Mick Jackson 's subsequent 1979 release , Weekend was released in the same week as The Jacksons ' second single Destiny . The songs entered the charts on the same day , peaking at 38 and 39 in the UK Singles Chart respectively , and both 'Michael Jacksons ' appearing on the same edition of Top of The Pops ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Jacksons', 'summary': "The Jackson 5 ( stylized as the Jackson 5ive ) , later known as the Jacksons , were an American pop band composed of members of the Jackson family . The group was founded in 1965 in Gary , Indiana , by brothers Jackie , Tito , and Jermaine , with younger brothers Marlon and Michael joining soon after . The Jackson 5 performed in talent shows and clubs on the Chitlin ' Circuit , then signed with Steeltown Records in 1967 and released two singles . In 1968 , they left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown , where they were first group to debut with four consecutive number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 with the songs I Want You Back , ABC , The Love You Save , and I 'll Be There . They also achieved 16 top-40 singles on the chart . The group left Motown for Epic Records in early 1976 , with the exception of Jermaine , who was replaced by Randy . At Epic , they released four studio albums and one live album between 1976 and 1981 , including the successful albums Destiny ( 1978 ) and Triumph ( 1980 ) and the singles Enjoy Yourself , Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) , and Can You Feel It . The brothers also released solo albums , most successfully Michael . In 1983 , Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on the Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever TV special . They released the Victory album the following year , followed by an extensive tour which also featured songs from Michael 's solo albums . After the Victory tour , Michael and Randy Jackson left the group . The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blurred Lines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blurred_Lines', 'summary': "Blurred Lines is a song by American singer-songwriters Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams and rapper T.I. , produced by Williams . It was released on March 26 , 2013 , through Williams 's label Star Trak Recordings as the lead single from Thicke 's album Blurred Lines . Recorded in 2012 , the drumming was inspired by the Marvin Gaye song Got to Give It Up , and apart from T.I . 's rap , was entirely the work of Williams . However , Thicke claimed writing credits on the track , according to a Reuters article . The song became the subject of a bitter legal dispute with the family of Gaye and Bridgeport Music , who argued the song infringed on copyrights to the song that inspired it . Williams and Thicke were found liable for copyright infringement by a federal jury in March 2015 , and Gaye was awarded posthumous songwriting credit ( based on the royalties pledged to his estate ) . The song 's music video was released in two versions : one featuring models Emily Ratajkowski , Jessi M'Bengue , and Elle Evans topless , while the other censored the nudity . The uncensored version of the video was removed from YouTube for violating the site 's terms of service , but restored with an age restriction . As of January 2020 , there is no age restriction on the uncensored music video . The lyrics and music video to Blurred Lines were controversial , with some groups claiming they are misogynistic and promote a culture of date rape . It was banned in the United Kingdom from some institutions and students ' unions at universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Robin Thicke featuring Pharrell Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Thicke', 'summary': '{ { Infobox person | name = Robin Thicke | image = Robin Thicke 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Thicke in July 2019 | birth_name = Robin Alan Thicke | birth_date = ( 1977-03-10 ) March 10 , 1977 ( age 42 ) | death_date = { { Death date'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pharrell_Williams', 'summary': "Pharrell Lanscilo Williams ( /fəˈrɛl/ ; born April 5 , 1973 ) is an American singer , rapper , songwriter , record producer , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . Williams and Chad Hugo formed the record production duo The Neptunes in 1994 , producing hip hop and R & B music . He is the lead vocalist of the band N*E*R*D , which he formed with Hugo and childhood friend Shay Haley . Williams also owns I Am Other , a multimedia creative collective that serves as an umbrella for all of Pharrell Williams ' endeavors , including Billionaire Boys Club . Williams released his first solo single , Frontin ' , in 2003 and followed it with his debut solo album , In My Mind , in 2006 . His second album , Girl , was released in March 2014 and included the commercially successful single Happy . As part of the Neptunes , Williams has produced numerous singles for various recording artists . Williams featured on Daft Punk 's Get Lucky which reached the top ten in the music charts of over 32 countries , and has sold more than 9.3 million copies , making it one of the best-selling singles of all time . The song won Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards . Williams has received numerous accolades and nominations ; he has won 13 Grammy Awards , including three as Producer of the Year , Non-Classical ( one came as a member of The Neptunes ) . He is also a two-time Academy Award nominee , receiving a 2014 Best Original Song nomination for Happy ( which was featured in Despicable Me 2 ) and a 2017 Best Picture nomination as one of the producers of Hidden Figures ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "C'mon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/C'Mon_(Kesha_song)", 'summary': "C'Mon is a song by American singer Kesha from her second studio album , Warrior ( 2012 ) . It was released as the album 's second single on November 16 , 2012 , the same day of being released as a promotional single . The song was written by Kesha , Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Max Martin , Cirkut , and fellow pop singer and longtime collaborator Bonnie McKee , while production was handled by Dr. Luke , Blanco , and Cirkut . Containing elements of pop rap , C'Mon is a techno-pop and dance song with brash lyrics that center on partying and falling in love . Stylistically , the song follows a verse-chorus pattern typical in pop music , with Kesha adding traditional singing in the latter and the discordant enunciation and stresses of vowels to force assonance and rhyme that epitomize her rap technique in the former . The music video for the song premiered on January 11 , 2013 , and received positive reviews . C'Mon was well received in Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , Australia , Belgium , and the US . The song peaked at number twenty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the first single not to reach the top ten of the chart since her debut single Tik Tok reached number one on January 1 , 2010 , beginning her eight song stretch . However , the single did peak at number nine in the Billboard Pop Songs Charts , making it Kesha 's seventh top-ten hit since Tik Tok . Follow-up single Crazy Kids featuring will.i.am or Juicy J brought her mainstream success again in the UK . In Australia , the song obtained moderate success , gaining a Platinum certification with digital sales brimming 70,000 units . Only one Kesha song had reached the top 10 since her previous single , Die Young ."}]}, {'value': 'Kesha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kesha', 'summary': "Kesha Rose Sebert ( /ˈkɛʃə ˈsiːbərt/ ; [ citation needed ] born March 1 , 1987 ) , known mononymously as Kesha ( formerly stylized Ke $ ha ) , is an American singer , songwriter and rapper . In 2005 , at age 18 , Kesha was signed to Kemosabe Records . Her first major success came in early 2009 after she was featured on American rapper Flo Rida 's number-one single Right Round . Kesha 's music and image propelled her to immediate success . She has earned two number-one albums on the US Billboard 200 with Animal ( 2010 ) and Rainbow ( 2017 ) , and the number-six record Warrior ( 2012 ) . She has attained ten top-ten singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 , including Blah Blah Blah , Your Love Is My Drug , Take It Off , Blow , Die Young , My First Kiss with 3OH ! 3 , and the chart-topping Tik Tok , We R Who We R , Right Round with Flo Rida , and Timber with Pitbull . Tik Tok , at one point , was the best-selling digital single in history , selling over 16.5 million units internationally . As of November 2019 , the song has sold over 25 million copies . In 2020 , Kesha released her fourth studio album High Road . She has also written songs for other artists , including Till the World Ends for Britney Spears ( 2011 ) . Kesha 's career was halted between Warrior and Rainbow due to a legal dispute with her former producer Dr. Luke , which has been ongoing since 2014 . A series of lawsuits , known collectively as Kesha v. Dr. Luke , were exchanged between the two parties in which Kesha accused him of physical , sexual , and emotional abuse and employment discrimination against her , while Dr. Luke claims breach of contract and defamation by Kesha ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Candy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Candy_(Robbie_Williams_song)', 'summary': "Candy is a song by English pop singer , Robbie Williams , released on 11 September 2012 as the lead single from his ninth studio album Take the Crown . It was written by Williams and Gary Barlow , sampling a riff from Eurodans by Terje Olsen . The song was Williams 's first UK number-one single since Radio in 2004 , and was deliberately produced in the style of other 2012 chart-toppers in a calculated attempt to re-establish his presence in the UK charts . The track premiered on BBC Radio 1 just days before the station removed Williams from their playlist , deeming him no longer relevant to their target audience . Williams claimed to be gutted by the decision , citing Radio 1 as a pop star 's main oxygen . When the song reached number one without Radio 1 airplay , the singer thanked the station , who have supported me for a long , long time and I 'm very grateful to them . Oh , and I can still have number ones without them !"}]}, {'value': 'Robbie Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Williams', 'summary': 'Robert Peter Williams ( born 13 February 1974 ) is an English singer-songwriter and entertainer . He found fame as a member of the pop group Take That from 1989 to 1995 , but achieved greater commercial success with his solo career , beginning in 1997 . Williams has released seven UK number one singles and eleven out of his twelve studio albums have reached number one in the UK . He is the best-selling British solo artist in the United Kingdom and the best selling non-Latino artist in Latin America . Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the United Kingdom-four albums in the top 60-and in 2006 he entered the Guinness Book of World Records for selling 1.6 million tickets of his Close Encounters Tour in a single day . Williams has received a record eighteen Brit Awards - winning Best British Male Artist four times , two awards for Outstanding Contribution to Music and the 2017 Brits Icon for his lasting impact on British culture , and three MTV European Music Awards . In 2004 , he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted the Greatest Artist of the 1990s . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , Williams has been certified for 19.9 million albums and 7.2 million singles in the UK as a solo artist . He is also one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold 75 million records worldwide . Williams also topped the 2000-2010 UK airplay chart . His three concerts at Knebworth in 2003 drew over 375,000 people , the UKs biggest music event to that point . In 2014 , he was awarded the freedom of his home town of Stoke-on-Trent , as well as having a tourist trail created and streets named in his honour .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Careless Whisper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Careless_Whisper', 'summary': "Careless Whisper is a pop ballad written by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley of British music duo Wham ! . It was released on 24 July 1984 on the successful Wham ! 's second album Make It Big . Technically , it is considered the first George Michael 's hit in his solo career : the single was released credited to Wham ! featuring George Michael with only him shown on the cover artwork ; related to this , the official music video features him as a solo artist . The song features a prominent saxophone riff played by English musician Steve Gregory , and has been covered by a number of artists since its first release . It was released as a single and became a huge commercial success around the world . It reached number one in nearly 25 countries , selling about 6 million copies worldwide - 2 million of them in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'George Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Michael', 'summary': "George Michael ( born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou ; 25 June 1963 - 25 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , record producer , and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham ! and later embarked on a solo career . Michael sold over 80 million records worldwide making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He achieved seven number one songs on the UK Singles Chart and eight number one songs on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He was widely known for his success in the 1980s and 1990s , including Wham ! singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas and solo singles such as Careless Whisper and Faith . Michael formed the duo Wham ! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981 . The band 's first two albums , Fantastic ( 1983 ) and Make It Big ( 1984 ) , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . Michael 's first solo single Careless Whisper reached number one in over 20 countries , including the UK and US . Michael 's debut solo album , Faith , was released in 1987 , topping the UK Albums Chart and staying at number one on the Billboard 200 for 12 weeks . Four singles from the album -- Faith , Father Figure , One More Try , and Monkey -- reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Could You Be Loved', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Could_You_Be_Loved', 'summary': "Could You Be Loved is a song by Jamaican reggae band Bob Marley and the Wailers . It was released in 1980 on their last album Uprising and is included on Bob Marley & The Wailers ' greatest-hits album Legend . It was written in 1979 on an aeroplane while The Wailers were experimenting on guitar . In the middle of the song , background singers quote a verse from Bob Marley 's first single Judge Not : The road of life is rocky ; And you may stumble too . So while you point your fingers , someone else is judging you . Instruments used on the original record of this song are guitars , bass , drums , acoustic piano , the Hohner clavinet and an organ , as well as the Brazilian cuíca ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Marley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Marley', 'summary': "Robert Nesta Marley , OM ( 6 February 1945 - 11 May 1981 ) was a Jamaican singer and songwriter . Considered one of the pioneers of reggae , his musical career was marked by blending elements of reggae , ska , and rocksteady , as well as forging a smooth and distinctive vocal and songwriting style . Marley 's contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide , and made him a global figure in popular culture for over a decade . Over the course of his career Marley became known as a Rastafari icon , and the singer sought to infuse his music with a sense of spirituality . He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican culture and identity , and was controversial in his outspoken support for the legalization of marijuana , while he also advocated for Pan-Africanism . Born in Nine Mile , British Jamaica , Marley began his professional musical career in 1963 , after forming Bob Marley and the Wailers . The group released its debut studio album The Wailing Wailers in 1965 , which contained the single One Love/People Get Ready ; the song was immensely popular , peaking in the top five on worldwide music charts , and established the group as a rising figure in reggae . The Wailers subsequently released eleven further studio albums ; while initially employing louder instrumentation and singing , the group began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s , which coincided with the singer 's conversion to Rastafarianism . During this period Marley relocated to London , and the group typified their musical shift with the release of the album The Best of The Wailers ( 1971 ) . The group attained international success after the release of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin ' ( both 1973 ) , and forged a reputation as touring artists . A year later the Wailers disbanded , and Marley went on to release his solo material under the band 's name . His debut studio album Natty Dread ( 1974 ) received positive reception , as did its follow-up Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dançando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dançando', 'summary': 'Dançando Is a song by the Brazilian recording artist Ivete Sangalo from her seventh studio album Real Fantasia . The song , composed by Dan Kambaiah and Davi Salles , was released as second single of the album on 16 January 2013 . A second version , featured the Colombian singer Shakira , was released on 30 January 2013 . However , the duet does not integrate the album in the physical version , because the authorization for the commercialization of the recording did not arrive in a timely manner for the insertion of the duet in the physical edition of the disc . Once authorized , the recording was used by Universal Music as bonus track in the digital version of the album . Dançando is the first Brazilian song to be placed on the Just Dance 2014 track list , the fifth game in the Just Dance series , developed by Ubisoft .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivete Sangalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivete_Sangalo', 'summary': 'Ivete Maria Dias de Sangalo Cady ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ iˈvɛtʃi sɐ̃ˈɡaɫu ] , born May 27 , 1972 ) is a Brazilian singer , songwriter , and occasional actress and television show host . She is one of the most popular and best-selling Brazilian female singers , with six albums released with Banda Eva , and seven more albums in a solo career . Sangalo is noted for her powerful voice , charisma and live performances . Her music is also very popular in Portugal . She has sold 15 million copies of her albums . As a child , Sangalo started to sing and play guitar at events , festivals and presentations of the school where she studied . Her debut show happened in Ondina , Salvador in August 1992 . With that show she won the Dorival Caymmi trophy , considered the Grammy of Bahia music .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danse ( Pop Version )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TAL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tal_(singer)', 'summary': 'Tal Benizri ( Hebrew : טל בניזרי ; born 12 December 1989 ) , professionally known by her mononym Tal , is an Israeli-French singer , songwriter and dancer . She is currently signed to Warner Music France .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feel So Right', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imposs featuring Konshens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imposs', 'summary': 'Stanley Rimsky Salgado , known by his stage name Imposs , is a Canadian rapper of Haitian origin based in Quebec . Before becoming a solo artist , he was part of Muzion , one of the well-known hip hop bands of Quebec . He has collaborated on many occasions with Wyclef Jean during Muzion days and as a solo artist . He is also well known for dubbing the phrase Real City for Montreal . [ citation needed ] He is signed to Sony'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konshens', 'summary': 'Garfield Spence also known as Konshens ( born 11 January 1985 ) is a Jamaican dancehall recording artist .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feel This Moment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feel_This_Moment', 'summary': "Feel This Moment is a song by the American rapper Pitbull , the recording of which features the American singer Christina Aguilera . It is taken from Pitbull 's seventh studio album , Global Warming , which he released in 2012 . The song was released on February 22 , 2013 as the fourth single from the album by Mr. 305 , Polo Grounds Music and RCA Records . It is a dance-pop number that talks about stopping to take a moment to appreciate life . Feel This Moment was written by Nasri Atweh , Chantal Kreviazuk , Adam Messinger , Sir Nolan , DJ Buddha , Pitbull , and Aguilera , while production was handled by Adam Messinger , Sir Nolan , Nasri Atweh , and DJ Buddha . The song interpolates Take On Me by A-ha , written and composed by Morten Harket , Paul Waaktaar-Savoy , and Magne Furuholmen . Feel This Moment received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who praised Aguilera 's appearance and the Take On Me interpolation used on the song , and some of whom compared the song 's theme to songs by Ludacris , David Guetta , Usher and Kesha . The single was a commercial success , reaching the top ten of the charts in many countries including Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In the United States , it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was eventually certified platinum for shipments of one million units . It garnered multiple certifications in many regions , including by the Australian Recording Industry Association and the British Phonographic Industry . An accompanying music video for Feel This Moment was directed by David Rousseau and was released on March 15 , 2013 . The video was shot in a black and white scene , featuring several shots from Pitbull 's Planet Pit World Tour and Aguilera with big curly hair ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitbull featuring Christina Aguilera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitbull_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Armando Christian Pérez ( born January 15 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Pitbull , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and record producer . Pérez began his career in the early 2000s , recording reggaeton , latin hip hop and crunk music under a multitude of labels . In 2004 , he released his debut album M.I.A.M.I . under TVT Records and the executive production of Lil Jon . Pitbull later released his second album El Mariel , in 2006 and his third , The Boatlift , in 2007 . His fourth album , Rebelution ( 2009 ) , included his breakthrough hit single I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) , which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart . After rebranding himself as a pop artist , Pitbull 's next English-language album , Planet Pit , featured his first US number one single Give Me Everything . His 2013 track from Global Warming : Meltdown , titled Timber , topped the charts in twenty nations , and hit # 1 in fifteen countries , including the US and UK . He performed the song We Are One ( Ole Ola ) along with Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte , which served as the official theme of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Pitbull 's music has sold over 100 million records worldwide , as well as number # 1 singles in 15 different countries . Pitbull 's other ventures include brand ambassadorship and for various entities , activism and philanthropy in the Latino American community , and a radio station ( Pitbull 's Globalization ) on Sirius XM Radio . As of May 2019 , Pitbull has won 35 Billboard Latin Music Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christina_Aguilera', 'summary': "Christina María Aguilera ( /ˌæɡɪˈlɛərə/ , Spanish : [ aɣiˈleɾa ] ; born December 18 , 1980 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress and television personality . Her accolades include five Grammy Awards , one Latin Grammy Award , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Aguilera ranked at number 58 on Rolling Stone 's list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time in 2008 , and was included on Time 's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 . With estimated sales of 75 million records , she is one of the world 's best-selling music artists . Born in Staten Island of New York City and raised in Pennsylvania , Aguilera appeared on television shows in her early years , before gaining a recording contract with RCA Records in 1998 . Her self-titled debut album , released in 1999 , reached number one in the US and spawned three US number-one singles : Genie in a Bottle , What a Girl Wants , and Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) . While recognized as a prominent figure in the contemporary teen pop scene , Aguilera sought to assume artistic control with Stripped ( 2002 ) and its lead single Dirrty , which displayed her sexually emancipated persona and generated considerable controversy . The second single from the album , Beautiful , received favorable response for its empowering lyrics and became an anthem for the LGBT community . Aguilera scored her second US number-one album with Back to Basics ( 2006 ) , which drew inspiration from early 20th-century jazz , soul , and blues , and spawned the top-ten singles Ai n't No Other Man , Hurt , and Candyman . Her next three albums , Bionic ( 2010 ) , Lotus ( 2012 ) , and Liberation ( 2018 ) , all experimented with various musical styles and reached the top ten in the US . Besides solo materials , Aguilera earned chart-topping entries with collaborations including Lady Marmalade , Moves like Jagger , Feel This Moment , and Say Something . Alongside her music career , Aguilera starred in the film Burlesque ( 2010 ) and was a coach on six seasons of the singing competition television series The Voice from 2011 to 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fine China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fine_China_(Chris_Brown_song)', 'summary': "Fine China is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown . It served as the lead single from his sixth studio album X and was released on March 29 , 2013 by RCA Records . It was written by Brown , Eric Bellinger , Leon Roccstar Youngblood and Sevyn Streeter , and produced by RoccStar and G'harah PK Degeddingseze . According to Brown and his producers , the song was inspired by the works of Michael Jackson , Stevie Wonder , Sam Cooke , among others . The song received mainly positive reviews from music critics , who considered the song infectious and memorable , mainly for its throwback style , also citing Justin Timberlake and Jackson 's Off the Wall album as clear references to the song . Fine China was a moderate success on the charts , reaching the top-forty in Australia , New Zealand , UK and US , where it reached a peak of number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song 's music video was released on April 1 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Brown', 'summary': "Christopher Maurice Brown ( born May 5 , 1989 ) is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , dancer , actor , and record producer . Born in Tappahannock , Virginia , he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age . Having signed with Jive Records in 2004 , Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year , which became certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . With his first single Run It ! peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100 , Brown became the first male artist since 1997 to have his debut single top the chart . His second album Exclusive ( 2007 ) spawned his second Billboard Hot 100 number one Kiss Kiss . In addition to his solo commercial success , Brown has been featured on several successful singles such as No Air , a duet with singer Jordin Sparks , Shortie Like Mine with the rapper Bow Wow and Shawty Get Loose alongside Lil Mama and T-Pain . In 2009 , Brown received significant media attention after pleading guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend , singer Rihanna . Following the release of his third album Graffiti in the same year of the incident , Brown 's fourth album F.A.M.E . ( 2011 ) became his first to top the Billboard 200 and earned him the Grammy Award for Best R & B Album . His fifth album Fortune , released in 2012 , also topped the Billboard 200 . Following the releases of X , Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon , Brown 's ninth studio album Indigo ( 2019 ) became his third Billboard 200 number-one album ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flashdance ... What a Feeling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flashdance..._What_a_Feeling', 'summary': 'Flashdance . What a Feeling is a song from the 1983 film Flashdance , written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder ( music ) , Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( lyrics ) , and performed by Cara .'}]}, {'value': 'The Girly Team ( as made famous by Irene Cara )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irene_Cara', 'summary': "Irene Cara Escalera ( born March 18 , 1959 ) , known professionally as Irene Cara , is an American singer , songwriter , dancer and actress . Cara sang and co-wrote the song Flashdance . What a Feeling ( from the movie Flashdance ) , for which she won an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1984 . Cara is also known for playing the role of Coco Hernandez in the 1980 film Fame , and for recording the film 's title song Fame . Prior to her success with Fame , Cara portrayed the title character Sparkle Williams in the original 1976 musical drama film Sparkle ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Follow the Leader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Follow_the_Leader_(Wisin_&_Yandel_song)', 'summary': 'Follow the Leader is a song by Puerto Rican duo Wisin & Yandel featuring American singer Jennifer Lopez . Wisin & Yandel and Jennifer Lopez performed the song during the American Idol season eleven finale . The song went on to sell over 500,000 copies in pure sales in the United States earning a Gold Certification .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisin & Yandel featuring Jennifer Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisin_&_Yandel', 'summary': 'Wisin & Yandel is a Puerto Rican reggaeton duo consisting of Wisin and Yandel . They started their career in the late 1990s and have been together since , winning several awards including a Grammy Award in 2009 . They became the first and the only reggaeton artists to win one . In late 2013 , they announced they would take a pause in their career as a duo , after their Líderes tour . In a 2014 interview with People en Español , Yandel confirmed that the group would not be disbanding . In February 2018 , following a 5-year hiatus , the duo announced they would be reuniting , and are set to embark on a world tour , as well as release new music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez', 'summary': 'Jennifer Lynn Lopez ( born July 24 , 1969 ) , also known by her nickname J.Lo , is an American actress , singer , dancer , fashion designer , producer , and businesswoman . In 1991 , Lopez began appearing as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color , where she remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993 . For her first leading role in the 1997 Selena biopic of the same name , Lopez received a Golden Globe nomination and became the first Latin actress to earn over US $ 1 million for a film . She went on to star in Anaconda ( 1997 ) and Out of Sight ( 1998 ) , later establishing herself as the highest-paid Latin actress in Hollywood . Lopez ventured into the music industry with her debut studio album On the 6 ( 1999 ) , which helped propel the Latin pop movement in American music . With the simultaneous release of her second studio album J.Lo and her romantic comedy The Wedding Planner in 2001 , Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album and film in the same week . Her 2002 remix album , J to tha L-O ! The Remixes , became the first in history to debut at number one on the U.S . Billboard 200 . Later that year , she released her third studio album This Is Me . Then , and starred in the US box office number-one Maid in Manhattan . After starring in Gigli ( 2003 ) , a critical and commercial failure , Lopez subsequently starred in the successful romantic comedies Shall We Dance ?'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gentleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gentleman_(Psy_song)', 'summary': "Gentleman is a K-pop song by South Korean musician Psy released on April 12 , 2013 ( KST ) , serving as his 19th single . The song serves as the follow-up to his international hit single Gangnam Style , which at the time of Gentleman 's release had been viewed on YouTube over 1 billion times . The first public performance of the song , with its associated dance , was unveiled at 6:30 pm on April 13 at Seoul World Cup Stadium in Seoul . A poster and Twitter message was released containing the main line of the song I 'm a mother f••••• gentleman ; The obscured word was later revealed to be father . As of November 2019 , the video has been viewed more than 1.2 billion times . It held the YouTube record for most views in its first 24 hours , and most views in any 24 hours for over four years until August 28 , 2017 when Taylor Swift 's Look What You Made Me Do garnered more views . It also held the record for fastest music video to reach 100 million views for over six years until April 7 , 2019 when fellow korean act Blackpink surpassed it with Kill This Love . Other records previously held were the fastest overall video to reach 200 million views ( until September 2017 ) , and 300 million views ( until November 2015 ) . The song has reached number one on charts in three countries and has topped iTunes charts in 40 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'PSY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSY', 'summary': "Park Jae-sang ( Korean : 박재상 ; Hanja : 朴載相 , IPA : [ pɐk̚.t͡ɕεsɐŋ ] ; born December 31 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Psy ( 싸이 ; /saɪ/ SY ; Korean : [ s͈ai ] ) , stylized in all caps , is a South Korean singer , rapper , songwriter , and record producer . Psy is known domestically for his humorous videos and stage performances , and internationally for his hit single Gangnam Style . The song 's refrain was entered into The Yale Book of Quotations as one of the most famous quotations of 2012 . On October 23 , 2012 , Psy met United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the UN Headquarters where Ban expressed his desire to work with the singer because of his unlimited global reach . On December 21 , 2012 , his music video for Gangnam Style exceeded one billion views on YouTube , becoming the first video to do so in the website 's history . Psy was subsequently recognized by the media as the King of YouTube . On May 31 , 2014 , the video for Psy 's Gangnam Style hit two billion views . As of December 2019 [ update ] , it is the seventh most viewed video on YouTube , with over 3.4 billion views . In December 2012 , MTV noted Psy 's rise from being little known outside South Korea , to being hailed as the Viral Star of 2012 . On December 31 , 2012 , Psy performed in a globally televised New Year 's Eve celebration with American rapper MC Hammer on-stage in front of a live audience of over a million people in Times Square , New York City ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gim me ! Gim me ! Gim me ! ( A Man After Midnight )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimme!_Gimme!_Gimme!_(A_Man_After_Midnight)', 'summary': "Gim me ! Gim me ! Gim me ! ( A Man After Midnight ) is a song by Swedish band ABBA . It was recorded in August 1979 in order to help promote their North American and European tour of that year , and was released on ABBA 's Greatest Hits Vol . 2 album as the brand new track ."}]}, {'value': 'ABBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABBA', 'summary': "ABBA is a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog , Björn Ulvaeus , Benny Andersson , and Anni-Frid Lyngstad . The group 's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names . They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music , topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982 . ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 , giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest . They are the most successful group to have taken part in the competition . During the band 's main active years , it was composed of two married couples : Fältskog and Ulvaeus , and Lyngstad and Andersson . With the increase of their popularity , their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages . The relationship changes were reflected in the group 's music , with latter compositions featuring darker and more introspective lyrics . After ABBA disbanded , Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage , while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers . Ten years after their disbanding , a compilation , ABBA Gold was released , which became a worldwide bestseller . In 1999 , ABBA 's music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia ! that toured worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Soundtrack', 'section_text': 'There are a total of 50 songs in the main soundtrack .', 'uid': 'Just_Dance_2014_0', 'intro': "Just Dance 2014 is a dance video game developed by Ubisoft Paris, in collaboration with Ubisoft Milan, Ubisoft Reflections, Ubisoft Bucharest, Ubisoft Pune and Ubisoft Montpellier. The fifth main installment in the Just Dance series (which as of February 2019[update] ranged from Just Dance of 2009 to Just Dance 2019), it was announced at Ubisoft's E3 2013 press event, and released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Wii U on 9 October 2013, and for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One as launch titles on 15 November and 22 November 2013 respectively. The game introduced several new features to the franchise, including expanded second screen support for Wii U and Xbox platforms, the ability to record and share video clips of gameplay on supported platforms, and online multiplayer through the World Dance Floor mode."} | null | null | Hosting the Games of the XXX Olympiad , which city became the first to host the modern Olylympic games 3 times ? | London |
046d5d1d8713eeb3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Naval Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Frank E. Beatty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_E._Beatty', 'summary': 'Frank Edmund Beatty ( 26 November 1853 - 16 March 1926 ) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy .'}]}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; cruiser and battleship commander ; Commandant of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard ; USS Beatty ( DD-640 ) and USS Beatty ( DD-756 ) were named for him ; father of Vice Admiral Frank Edmund Beatty , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard', 'summary': "The Norfolk Naval Shipyard , often called the Norfolk Navy Yard and abbreviated as NNSY , is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth , Virginia , for building , remodeling , and repairing the Navy 's ships . It is the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to the U.S. Navy as well as the most multifaceted . Located on the Elizabeth River , the yard is just a short distance upriver from its mouth at Hampton Roads . It was established as Gosport Shipyard in 1767 . Destroyed during the American Revolutionary War , it was rebuilt and became home to the first operational drydock in the United States in the 1820s . Changing hands during the American Civil War , it served the Confederate States Navy until it was again destroyed in 1862 , when it was given its current name . The shipyard was again rebuilt , and has continued operation through the present day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Beatty_(DD-640)', 'summary': 'USS Beatty ( DD-640 ) , a Gleaves-class destroyer , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral Frank E. Beatty . Beatty was laid down as Mullany on 1 May 1941 at the Charleston Navy Yard . The name Beatty was originally assigned to a destroyer scheduled to be built in San Francisco , but the names of Mullany ( DD-528 ) and DD-640 were switched on 28 May 1941 to accommodate Mrs. Charles H. Drayton , the daughter of the late Rear Admiral , who had asked that the ship honoring her father be built at the Charleston Navy Yard . Sponsored by Mrs. Drayton , Beatty was launched on 20 December 1941 , and commissioned on 7 May 1942 , Lieutenant Commander Frederick C. Stelter , Jr. , in command .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Beatty_(DD-756)', 'summary': 'USS Beatty ( DD-756 ) , an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Admiral Frank Beatty . The second Beatty ( DD-756 ) was launched on 30 November 1944 by Bethlehem Steel Co. , Staten Island , New York ; sponsored by Mrs. Charles H. Drayton , daughter , and Miss Mary Drayton , granddaughter of Admiral Beatty ; and commissioned on 31 March 1945 , Commander M. T. Munger in command .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_Edmund_Beatty,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Frank Edmund Beatty Jr. was a Vice Admiral in the United States Navy .'}]}, {'value': 'Albert W. Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_W._Grant', 'summary': 'Albert Weston Grant ( April 14 , 1856 - September 30 , 1930 ) was an admiral of the United States Navy . He served during the Spanish-American War and was commander of Battleship Force 1 , Atlantic Fleet , in World War I .'}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Admiral ; battleship , steam tanker , and submarine commander ; Commander of the United States Atlantic Fleet ; USS Albert W. Grant was named after him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command', 'summary': "The United States Fleet Forces Command ( USFF ) is a service component command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to a wide variety of U.S. forces . The naval resources may be allocated to Combatant Commanders such as United States Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) under the authority of the Secretary of Defense . Originally formed as United States Atlantic Fleet ( USLANTFLT ) in 1906 , it has been an integral part of the defense of the United States of America since the early 20th century . In 2002 , the Fleet comprised over 118,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel serving on 186 ships and in 1,300 aircraft , with an area of responsibility ranging over most of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole , the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , and the waters of the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Central and South America ( as far west as the Galapagos Islands ) . The command is based at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads in Norfolk , Virginia [ citation needed ] and is the navy 's service component to U.S. Northern Command and is the Joint Functional Maritime Component Command under the U.S. Strategic Command . The command 's mission is to organize , man , train , and equip Naval Forces for assignment to Unified Command Combatant commanders ; to deter , detect , and defend against homeland maritime threats ; and to articulate Fleet warfighting and readiness requirements to the Chief of Naval Operations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Albert_W._Grant_(DD-649)', 'summary': 'USS Albert W. Grant ( DD-649 ) was a Fletcher-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was the only ship named for Vice Admiral Albert W. Grant ( 1856-1930 ) , an admiral during World War I. Albert W. Grant was laid down on 30 December 1942 at North Charleston , South Carolina , by the Charleston Navy Yard ; launched on 29 May 1943 , sponsored by Miss Nell Preston Grant , granddaughter of Admiral Grant ; and commissioned on 24 November 1943 , Commander T. A. Nisewaner in command . That day , the destroyer departed Charleston Navy Yard for a shakedown cruise to Bermuda and returned to Charleston Navy Yard on 29 January 1944 for minor alterations .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Rodman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Rodman', 'summary': 'Admiral Hugh Rodman KCB ( 6 January 1859 - 7 June 1940 ) was an officer in the United States Navy who served during the Spanish-American War and World War I , later serving as the Commander-in-Chief , U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1919 to 1921 .'}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; gunboat , protected cruiser , and battleship commander ; Commander-in-Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet ; USS Rodman and USS Admiral Hugh Rodman were named after him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet', 'summary': 'The United States Pacific Fleet ( USPACFLT ) is a Pacific Ocean theater-level component command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to the United States Indo-Pacific Command . Fleet headquarters is at Naval Station Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with large secondary facilities at North Island , San Diego Bay on the Mainland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Rodman_(DD-456)', 'summary': 'USS Rodman ( DD-456/DMS-21 ) , a Gleaves-class destroyer , is the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Admiral Hugh Rodman . Rodman was laid down on 16 December 1940 by the Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. , Kearny , New Jersey and launched on 26 September 1941 ; sponsored by Mrs. Albert K. Stebbins , Jr. , grandniece of Admiral Rodman . The destroyer was commissioned on 27 January 1942 , Commander William Giers Michelet in command .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Admiral_Hugh_Rodman_(AP-126)', 'summary': 'USS Admiral Hugh Rodman ( AP-126 ) was an Admiral W. S. Benson-class transport : Laid down , 24 April 1944 , as a Maritime Commission type ( P2-SE2-R1 ) hull , under Maritime Commission contract , ( MC hull 684 ) , at Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation , Alameda , California ; launched on 25 February 1945 ; commissioned as the USS Admiral Hugh Rodman ( AP-126 ) , 7 July 1945 , Capt . Lewis E. Coley in command ; decommissioned on 14 May 1946 , at New York ; transferred to the U.S. Army Transportation Service in May 1946 ; commissioned USAT General Maurice Rose on 1 August 1946 ; reacquired by the U.S. Navy and assigned to the Military Sea Transport Service ( MSTS ) ; placed in service as USNS General Maurice Rose ( T-AP-126 ) on 1 March 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington L. Capps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_L._Capps', 'summary': 'Rear Admiral Washington Lee Capps ( 31 January 1864 - 31 May 1935 ) was an officer of the United States Navy , who served during the Spanish-American War and World War I . In the first years of the 20th century , he served as Constructor of the Navy and Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair , with responsibility for naval shipbuilding .'}]}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; Constructor of the Navy ; Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair ; recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal ; USS Capps and the USS Admiral W. L. Capps were named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal', 'summary': 'The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919 . The medal is presented to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritorious service to the United States while serving in a duty or position of great responsibility . The award is the Navy and Marine Corps equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Medal , the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal , and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal . The Navy Distinguished Service Medal was originally senior to the Navy Cross , until August 1942 when the precedence of the two decorations was reversed . Currently , it is worn after the Defense Distinguished Service Medal and before the Silver Star Medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Capps_(DD-550)', 'summary': 'USS Capps ( DD-550 ) , a Fletcher-class destroyer , was a ship of the United States Navy named for Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps ( 1864-1935 ) . Capps was launched 31 May 1942 by Gulf Shipbuilding Corp. , Chickasaw , Ala. , sponsored by Mrs. C. G. Stokes ; commissioned 23 June 1943 , Lieutenant Commander B. E. S. Trippensee in command ; and reported to the Atlantic Fleet .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Admiral_W._L._Capps_(AP-121)', 'summary': 'USS Admiral W. L. Capps ( AP-121 ) , an Admiral W. S. Benson-class transport , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps ( 1864-1935 ) . Unusually , the first - USS Capps ( DD-550 ) - served concurrently with the Admiral W. L. Capps . Via a transfer to the United States Army and then back to the Navy , the ship was renamed USNS General Hugh J. Gaffey ( T-AP-121 ) , making her the only ship to be named for Hugh Joseph Gaffey .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathan C. Twining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_C._Twining', 'summary': 'Nathan Crook Twining ( 17 January 1869 - 4 July 1924 ) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy .'}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; protected cruiser commander ; USS Twining was named in his honor ; the uncle of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Nathan Farragut Twining and Marine Corps General Merrill B. Twining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Twining_(DD-540)', 'summary': 'USS Twining ( DD-540 ) , a Fletcher-class destroyer , was a ship of the United States Navy named for Rear Admiral Nathan C. Twining ( 1869-1924 ) . Twining was laid down on 20 November 1942 at San Francisco , California , by the Bethlehem Steel Co. ; launched on 11 July 1943 , sponsored by Mrs. S.B.D . Wood ; and commissioned on 1 December 1943 , Commander Ellis Kerr Wakefield in command . Twining departed San Francisco on 21 December for shakedown training and completed the cruise at San Diego on Christmas Day . Following exercises out of that port , she returned to San Francisco ; loaded passengers and cargo ; and got underway on 11 February 1944 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining', 'summary': 'Nathan Farragut Twining ( /ˈtwaɪnɪŋ/ TWY-ning ; October 11 , 1897 - March 29 , 1982 ) was a United States Air Force general , born in Monroe , Wisconsin . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force from 1953 until 1957 , and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1957 to 1960 . He was the first member of the Air Force to serve as Chairman . Twining was a distinguished mustang officer , rising from private to four-star general and appointment to the highest post in the United States Armed Forces in the course of his 45-year career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Merrill_B._Twining', 'summary': 'General Merrill Barber Twining ( November 28 , 1902 - May 11 , 1996 ) was a United States Marine Corps general who received a tombstone promotion to four-star general upon retirement . He was the brother of Air Force General Nathan Farragut Twining , and the nephew of Rear Admiral Nathan Crook Twining .'}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery M. Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_M._Taylor', 'summary': 'Montgomery Meigs Taylor ( October 13 , 1869 - October 21 , 1952 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy . He served in the Navy from 1890 to 1933 . He fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War , and later commanded the Control Fleet and the Scouting Fleet . He served as Commander in Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet from 1931 to 1933 .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; gunboat , cruiser , and battleship commander ; recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal ; great-nephew of U.S. President Zachary Taylor ; grandson of Army Brigadier General Montgomery C. Meigs ; cousin of Army General Montgomery Meigs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zachary_Taylor', 'summary': 'Zachary Taylor ( November 24 , 1784 - July 9 , 1850 ) was the 12th president of the United States , serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850 . Taylor previously was a career officer in the United States Army , rose to the rank of major general and became a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-American War . As a result , he won election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs . His top priority as president was preserving the Union , but he died sixteen months into his term , before making any progress on the status of slavery , which had been inflaming tensions in Congress . Taylor was born into a prominent family of plantation owners who moved westward from Virginia to Louisville , Kentucky in his youth . He was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army in 1808 and made a name for himself as a captain in the War of 1812 . He climbed the ranks establishing military forts along the Mississippi River and entered the Black Hawk War as a colonel in 1832 . His success in the Second Seminole War attracted national attention and earned him the nickname Old Rough and Ready . In 1845 , during the annexation of Texas , President James K. Polk dispatched Taylor to the Rio Grande in anticipation of a battle with Mexico over the disputed Texas-Mexico border . The Mexican-American War broke out in April 1846 , and Taylor defeated Mexican troops commanded by General Mariano Arista at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma and drove his troops out of Texas . Taylor then led his troops into Mexico , where they defeated Mexican troops commanded by Pedro de Ampudia at the Battle of Monterrey . Defying orders , Taylor led his troops further south and , despite being severely outnumbered , dealt a crushing blow to Mexican forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs_(1816–1892)', 'summary': "Montgomery Cunningham Meigs ( /ˈmɛɡz/ ; May 3 , 1816 - January 2 , 1892 ) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer , who served as Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army during and after the American Civil War . Meigs strongly opposed secession and supported the Union ; his record as Quartermaster General was regarded as outstanding , both in effectiveness and in ethical probity , and Secretary of State William H. Seward viewed it as a key factor in the Union victory . Meigs was one of the principal architects of Arlington National Cemetery ; the choice of its location , on Robert E. Lee 's family estate , Arlington House , was partly a gesture to humiliate Lee for siding with the Confederacy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_Meigs_(born_1945)', 'summary': 'Montgomery Cunningham Meigs ( born January 11 , 1945 ) is a retired United States Army General . He is named for his great-great-great-granduncle , Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs , the father of Arlington National Cemetery , and for his father Lt. Col. Montgomery Meigs who was a World War 2 tank commander killed in action one month before Gen. Meigs was born .'}]}, {'value': 'Carl Theodore Vogelgesang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Theodore_Vogelgesang', 'summary': 'Carl Theodore Vogelgesang ( January 11 , 1869 - February 16 , 1927 ) was a United States Navy rear admiral and Navy Cross recipient . He was the first U.S. Navy flag officer from California .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; yacht , protected cruiser , and battleship commander ; recipient of the Navy Cross ; USS Vogelgesang ( DE-284 ) and USS Vogelgesang ( DD-862 ) were named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Vogelgesang_(DE-284)', 'summary': 'USS Vogelgesang ( DE-284 ) was a proposed United States Navy Rudderow-class destroyer escort that was never completed . Vogelgesang was laid down at the Charleston Navy Yard , sometime in 1943 . The contract for her construction was cancelled on 12 March 1944 before she could be launched , and the incomplete ship was scrapped . The name Vogelgesang was transferred to the destroyer USS Vogelgesang ( DD-862 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Vogelgesang_(DD-862)', 'summary': 'USS Vogelgesang ( DD-862 ) was a Gearing-class destroyer in the United States Navy . She was named for Rear Admiral Carl Theodore Vogelgesang USN ( 1869-1927 ) . Vogelgesang was laid down by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation at Staten Island in New York on 3 August 1944 , launched on 15 January 1945 by Miss Zenaide Vogelgesang and commissioned on 28 April 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'George Washington Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_Williams_(naval_officer)', 'summary': 'George Washington Williams was born in Yorkville , South Carolina , on 30 July 1869 .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; protected cruiser , battleship , and light cruiser commander ; recipient of the Navy Cross ; USS Williams ( DE-290 ) and USS Williams ( DE-372 ) were named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Williams_(DE-290)', 'summary': "USS Williams ( DE-290 ) was a proposed United States Navy Rudderow-class destroyer escort that was never built . Sources differ on Williams 's planned builder ; plans called for either Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard at Hingham , Massachusetts or the Charleston Navy Yard at Charleston , South Carolina to build her . The contract for her construction was cancelled on 12 March 1944 before construction could begin . The name Williams was transferred to the destroyer escort USS Williams ( DE-372 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Williams_(DE-372)', 'summary': "USS Williams ( DE-372 ) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II . The primary purpose of the destroyer escort was to escort and protect ships in convoy , in addition to other tasks as assigned , such as patrol or radar picket . She was named in honor of Rear Admiral George Washington Williams , who was awarded the Navy Cross for his World War I efforts . The ship 's keel was laid down on 5 June 1944 at Orange , Texas by the Consolidated Steel Corp . The destroyer escort was launched on 22 August 1944 , sponsored by Mrs. E. Willoughby Middleton , the first cousin of Rear Admiral Williams . Williams was commissioned on 11 November 1944 , Lt. Comdr . L. F. Loutrel in command ."}]}, {'value': 'Yates Stirling , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yates_Stirling,_Jr.', 'summary': "Yates Stirling Jr. ( April 30 , 1872 - January 27 , 1948 ) was a decorated and controversial rear admiral in the United States Navy whose 44-year career spanned from several years before the Spanish-American War to the mid-1930s . He was awarded the Navy Cross and French Legion of Honor for distinguished service during World War One . The elder son of Rear Admiral Yates Stirling , he was an outspoken advocate of American sea power as a strong deterrent to war and to protect and promote international commerce . During Stirling 's naval career and following retirement , he was a frequent lecturer , newspaper columnist and author of numerous books and articles , including his memoirs , Sea Duty : The Memoirs of a Fighting Admiral , published in 1939 . Describing himself , Stirling wrote , All my life I have been called a stormy petrel . I have never hesitated to use the pen to reveal what I considered should be brought to public attention , usually within the Navy , but often to a wider public . I seem to see some benefits that have come through those efforts . I have always believed that a naval man is disloyal to his country if he does not reveal acts that are doing harm to his service and show , if he can , how to remedy the fault . An efficient Navy can not be run with 'yes men ' only ."}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; destroyer and submarine commander ; commander of the Yangtze Patrol ; son of Rear Admiral Yates Stirling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol', 'summary': "The Yangtze Patrol , also known as the Yangtze River Patrol Force , Yangtze River Patrol , YangPat and ComYangPat , was a prolonged naval operation from 1854-1949 to protect American interests in the Yangtze River 's treaty ports . The Yangtze Patrol also patrolled the coastal waters of China where they protected U.S. citizens , their property , and Christian missionaries . The Yangtze River is the longest river in China and it plays an important commercial role , with ocean-bound vessels proceeding as far upstream as the city of Wuhan . This squadron-sized unit cruised the waters of the Yangtze from Shanghai on the Pacific Ocean into the far interior of China at Chungking . Initially , the Yangtze Patrol was formed from ships of the United States Navy and assigned to the East India Squadron . In 1868 , patrol duties were carried out by the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy . Under the unequal treaties , the United States , Japan , and various European powers , especially the United Kingdom , which had been on the Yangtze since 1897 , were allowed to cruise China 's rivers . In 1902 , the United States Asiatic Fleet took control of the operations of the Yangtze Patrol . In 1922 , Yangtze Patrol was established as a formal component of the United States Navy in China . In 1942 , at the beginning of World War II , the Yangtze Patrol effectively ceased operations in China because of the limited resources of the United States Navy , which needed the patrol crews and their ships elsewhere in fighting Japanese forces throughout the Pacific . Following the end of World War II , the Yangtze Patrol resumed its duties in 1945 , but on a more limited basis with fewer ships during the Chinese Civil War . When the Chinese Communist forces eventually occupied the Yangtze River valley in 1949 , the United States Navy permanently ceased operations and disbanded the Yangtze Patrol ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yates_Stirling', 'summary': 'Yates Stirling ( 6 May 1843 - 5 March 1929 ) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Hale Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Hale_Campbell', 'summary': 'Edward Hale Campbell ( October 4 , 1872 - December 11 , 1946 ) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy . He served in the Spanish-American War and World War I .'}]}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Admiral ; Judge Advocate General ; protected cruiser commander ; commander of the Naval Training Station , Newport ; recipient of the Navy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Station_Newport', 'summary': 'The Naval Station Newport ( NAVSTA Newport ) is a United States Navy base located in the city of Newport and the town of Middletown , Rhode Island . Naval Station Newport is home to the Naval War College and the Naval Justice School . It once was the homeport for Cruiser Destroyer Force Atlantic ( COMCRUDESLANT ) , which relocated to Naval Station Norfolk in the early 1970s . Newport now maintains inactive ships at its pier facilities , along with the United States Coast Guard . In BRAC 2005 ( Base Realignment and Closure ) , NAVSTA Newport gained over five hundred billets , in addition to receiving , again , the Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) , the Naval Supply Corps School ( in 2011 ) , and several other activities , to include a few Army Reserve units .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph M. Reeves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_M._Reeves', 'summary': "Joseph Mason Bull Reeves ( November 20 , 1872 - March 25 , 1948 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy and an early and important supporter of U.S . Naval Aviation . Though a battleship officer during his early career , he became known as the Father of Carrier Aviation for his role in integrating aircraft carriers into the Fleet as a major part of the Navy 's attack capabilities . Reeves retired in the mid-1930s but was recalled to active duty during World War II to serve in high-level staff positions within the Office of the Secretary of the Navy . He retired again in December 1946 with the rank of full admiral ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; collier , protected cruiser , and battleship commander ; Commander-in-Chief of the United States Fleet ; recipient of the Navy Cross ; USS Reeves was named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Fleet', 'summary': 'The United States Fleet was an organization in the United States Navy from 1922 until after World War II . The acronym CINCUS , pronounced sink us , was used for Commander in Chief , United States Fleet . This was replaced by COMINCH in December 1941 , under Executive Order 8984 , when it was redefined and given operational command over the Atlantic , Pacific , and Asiatic Fleets , as well as all naval coastal forces . [ citation needed ] Executive Order 9096 authorized the offices of the CNO and COMINCH to be held by a single officer ; Admiral Ernest J . King was first to do so , and in 1944 was promoted to the five-star rank of fleet admiral .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Reeves_(DLG-24)', 'summary': "USS Reeves ( DLG/CG-24 ) , a United States Navy ship named after Admiral Joseph Mason Reeves ( Commander-in-Chief of the US Fleet , 1934-1936 ) , was a Leahy-class cruiser built by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard , in Bremerton , Washington . Reeves began her history as a Leahy-class destroyer leader ( DLG-24 ) when her keel was laid down on 1 July 1960 . She was launched on 12 May 1962 and commissioned on 15 May 1964 . Mrs. Joseph M. Reeves , Jr. , daughter-in-law of Vice Adm. Reeves , was the ship 's sponsor . Reeves was later reclassified as a guided missile cruiser ( CG-24 ) on 30 June 1975 . On 12 November 1993 , Reeves was decommissioned and stricken from the Navy Register at Pearl Harbor Naval Base . Reeves remained in mothballs until she was sunk as a target ship on 31 May 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur MacArthur III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_III', 'summary': 'Arthur MacArthur III ( June 1 , 1876 - December 2 , 1923 ) was a United States Navy officer , whose active-duty career extended from the Spanish-American War through World War I . He was the elder brother of General Douglas MacArthur ( 1880-1964 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; submarine , destroyer , minelayer , armored cruiser , and light cruiser commander ; recipient of the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal ; grandson of Wisconsin Governor Arthur MacArthur , Sr. ; son of army lieutenant general and Medal of Honor recipient Arthur MacArthur , Jr. ; brother of army general and Medal of Honor recipient Douglas MacArthur ; father of U.S. diplomat Douglas MacArthur II ( son-in-law of U.S. Vice President Alben W. Barkley ; and son-in-law of Rear Admiral Bowman H. McCalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Sr.', 'summary': 'Arthur MacArthur , Sr. , ( January 26 , 1815 - August 26 , 1896 ) was a Scottish American lawyer and judge . He was the fourth Governor of Wisconsin and was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia . He was the father of General Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , and the grandfather of General Douglas MacArthur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , ( June 2 , 1845 - September 5 , 1912 ) was a United States Army general . He became the military Governor-General of the American-occupied Philippines in 1900 but his term ended a year later due to clashes with the civilian governor , future-U.S. President William Howard Taft . His son , Douglas MacArthur , was one of only five men promoted to the five-star rank of General of the Army during World War II . In addition to their both being promoted to the rank of general officer , Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , and Douglas MacArthur also share the distinction of having been the first father and son to each be awarded a Medal of Honor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur', 'summary': "General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ( 26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964 ) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign , which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal . He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army , and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army . Raised in a military family in the American Old West , MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy where he finished high school , and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he graduated top of the class of 1903 . During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz , he conducted a reconnaissance mission , for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor . In 1917 , he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd ( Rainbow ) Division . In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I , he rose to the rank of brigadier general , was again nominated for a Medal of Honor , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times . From 1919 to 1922 , MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he attempted a series of reforms . His next assignment was in the Philippines , where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny . In 1925 , he became the Army 's youngest major general . He served on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur_II', 'summary': 'Douglas MacArthur II ( July 5 , 1909 - November 15 , 1997 ) was an American diplomat . During his diplomatic career , he served as United States ambassador to Japan , Belgium , Austria , and Iran , as well as Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley', 'summary': "Alben William Barkley ( /ˈbɛərkli/ ; November 24 , 1877 - April 30 , 1956 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served in both houses of Congress and as the 35th vice president of the United States from 1949 to 1953 . In 1905 , he was elected county attorney for McCracken County , Kentucky . He was chosen County Judge/Executive in 1909 and U.S. representative from Kentucky 's First District in 1912 . As a Representative , he was a liberal Democrat , supporting President Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom domestic agenda and foreign policy . Endorsing Prohibition and denouncing parimutuel betting , Barkley narrowly lost the 1923 Democratic gubernatorial primary to fellow Representative J. Campbell Cantrill . In 1926 , he unseated Republican Senator Richard P. Ernst . In the Senate , he supported the New Deal approach to addressing the Great Depression and was elected to succeed Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson upon Robinson 's death in 1937 . During his 1938 re-election bid , his opponent A . B . Happy Chandler accused him of using Works Progress Administration employees to campaign for him ; Barkley claimed Chandler used state employees in the same way . Neither candidate was charged with any wrongdoing , but in 1939 , Congress passed the Hatch Act , making it illegal for federal employees to campaign for political candidates . When World War II focused President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's attention on foreign affairs , Barkley gained influence over the administration 's domestic agenda ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bowman_H._McCalla', 'summary': 'Rear Admiral Bowman Hendry McCalla ( 19 June 1844 - 6 May 1910 ) was an officer in the United States Navy , who was noted for his roles in the Spanish-American War and putting down the Boxer Rebellion .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter E. Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_E._Reno', 'summary': 'Walter Elsworth Reno ( October 3 , 1881 - November 19 , 1917 ) was an officer in the United States Navy . He died while on convoy duty in World War I , when his ship was accidentally rammed by a British vessel .'}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Commander ; destroyer commander ; recipient of the Navy Cross ; USS Reno was named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Reno_(DD-303)', 'summary': 'USS Reno ( DD-303 ) was a Clemson-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Riley Franklin McConnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riley_Franklin_McConnell', 'summary': 'Riley Franklin McConnell was a United States Navy officer who served during World War I and World War II . McConnell was awarded the Navy Cross for service during World War II . A US Navy destroyer escort was named in his honor in 1943 .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; light cruiser commander ; recipient of the Navy Cross ; USS McConnell was named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_McConnell_(DE-163)', 'summary': "USS McConnell ( DE-163 ) was a Cannon-class destroyer escort built for the United States Navy during World War II . She served in the Pacific Ocean and provided escort service against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys . At war 's end , she returned Stateside proudly with three battle stars . She was laid down by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company , Newark , New Jersey , on 19 October 1942 ; launched on 28 March 1943 ; sponsored by Mrs. Grace Otteson McConnell ; and commissioned at Brooklyn Navy Yard on 28 May 1943 , Comdr . D. D. Humphreys in command ."}]}, {'value': 'Zachary Lansdowne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zachary_Lansdowne', 'summary': "Lieutenant Commander Zachary Lansdowne , USN ( December 1 , 1888 - September 3 , 1925 ) was a United States Navy officer and early Naval aviator who contributed to the development of the Navy 's first lighter-than-air craft . He earned the Navy Cross for his participation in the first transoceanic airship flight while assigned to the British R34 in 1919 . He later commanded the USS Shenandoah ( ZR-1 ) , which was the first rigid airship to complete a flight across North America . He was killed in the crash of the Shenandoah ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Commander ; airship commander ; recipient of the Navy Cross ; USS Lansdowne was named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Lansdowne_(DD-486)', 'summary': 'USS Lansdowne ( DD-486 ) , a Gleaves-class destroyer , is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Lieutenant Commander Zachary Lansdowne . He was awarded the Navy Cross for distinguished service . as one of the crew of the British airship R34 , which in July 1919 , made the first successful nonstop passage from England to the United States . Lansdowne was laid down on 31 July 1941 by Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Kearny , New Jersey and launched on 20 February 1942 , sponsored by Miss Peggy Lansdowne , daughter of Lt.Cmdr . Lansdowne . The ship was commissioned on 29 April 1942 , Lt. Cmdr . William R. Smedberg III in command .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Lois Riefkohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Lois_Riefkohl', 'summary': 'Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl ( February 27 , 1889 - September 1969 ) , a native of Maunabo , Puerto Rico , was an officer in the United States Navy and the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the United States Naval Academy and to be awarded the Navy Cross . The Navy Cross is the second highest medal , after the Medal of Honor , that can be awarded by the U.S. Navy for heroism or distinguished service . He was a World War I Navy Cross recipient who served as Captain of the USS Vincennes during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; first Puerto Rican to graduate from the Academy ; Navy Cross recipient for actions against a German submarine in World War I ; captain of USS Vincennes which was sunk at the Battle of Savo Island in 1942 during World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CA-44)', 'summary': "USS Vincennes ( CA-44 ) was a United States Navy New Orleans-class cruiser , sunk at the Battle of Savo Island in 1942 . She was the second ship to bear the name . She was laid down on 2 January 1934 at Quincy , Massachusetts , by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company 's Fore River plant , launched on 21 May 1936 , sponsored by Miss Harriet Virginia Kimmell ( daughter of Joseph Kimmell , mayor of Vincennes , Indiana ) , and commissioned on 24 February 1937 , Captain Burton H. Green in command . The New Orleans-class cruisers were the last U.S. cruisers built to the specifications and standards of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 . Such ships , with a limit of 10,000 tons standard displacement and 8-inch caliber main guns may be referred to as treaty cruisers . Originally classified a light cruiser when she was authorized , because of her thin armor , Vincennes was reclassified a heavy cruiser , because of her 8-inch guns . The term heavy cruiser was not defined until the London Naval Treaty in 1930 . This ship and Quincy were a slightly improved version of the New Orleans-class design ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island', 'summary': "The Battle of Savo Island , also known as the First Battle of Savo Island and , in Japanese sources , as the First Battle of the Solomon Sea ( 第一次ソロモン海戦 , Dai-ichi-ji Soromon Kaisen ) , and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as The Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks , was a naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval forces . The battle took place on August 8-9 , 1942 , and was the first major naval engagement of the Guadalcanal campaign , and the first of several naval battles in the straits later named Ironbottom Sound , near the island of Guadalcanal . The Imperial Japanese Navy , in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands , mobilized a task force of seven cruisers and one destroyer under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa . The task forces sailed from Japanese bases in New Britain and New Ireland down New Georgia Sound ( also known as the Slot ) , with the intention of interrupting the Allied landings by attacking the supporting amphibious fleet and its screening force . The Allied screen consisted of eight cruisers and fifteen destroyers under British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC , but only five cruisers and seven destroyers were involved in the battle . In a night action , Mikawa thoroughly surprised and routed the Allied force , sinking one Australian and three American cruisers , while suffering only light damage in return . The battle has often been cited as the worst defeat in the history of the United States Navy . After the initial engagement , Mikawa , fearing Allied carrier strikes against his fleet upon daybreak , decided to withdraw under cover of night rather than attempt to locate and destroy the Allied invasion transports . The Japanese attacks prompted the remaining Allied warships and the amphibious force to withdraw earlier than planned ( prior to the unloading of all supplies ) , temporarily ceding control of the seas around Guadalcanal to the Japanese . This early withdrawal of the fleet left the Allied ground forces ( primarily United States Marines ) , which had landed on Guadalcanal and nearby islands only two days before , in a precarious situation , with limited supplies , equipment , and food to hold their beachhead . Mikawa 's decision to withdraw under cover of night rather than attempt to destroy the Allied invasion transports was primarily founded on the high risk of Allied carrier strikes against his fleet upon daybreak . In reality , the Allied carrier fleet , similarly fearing Japanese attack , had already withdrawn beyond operational range ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanton Frederick Kalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanton_Frederick_Kalk', 'summary': "Stanton Frederick Kalk ( 14 October 1894 - 6 December 1917 ) was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I . He received the Navy 's Distinguished Service Medal for his actions after his ship was torpedoed by a German submarine ."}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant ( Junior Grade ) ; recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal ( posthumously ) for his actions after his ship , USS Jacob Jones ( DD-61 ) , was torpedoed by a German submarine ; two destroyers , USS Kalk ( DD-170 ) and USS Kalk ( DD-611 ) , were named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Jacob_Jones_(DD-61)', 'summary': 'USS Jacob Jones ( Destroyer No . 61/DD-61 ) [ Note 1 ] was a Tucker-class destroyer built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I . The ship was the first U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of Jacob Jones . Jacob Jones was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden , New Jersey , in August 1914 and launched in May of the following year . The ship was a little more than 315 feet ( 96 m ) in length , just over 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) abeam , and had a standard displacement of 1,090 long tons ( 1,110 t ) . She was armed with four 4-inch ( 10 cm ) guns and had eight 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . Jacob Jones was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 30 knots ( 56 km/h ) . After her February 1916 commissioning , Jacob Jones conducted patrols off the New England coast . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Jacob Jones was sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Jacob Jones rescued the survivors of several ships , picking up over 300 from the sunken Armed merchant cruiser Orama . On 6 December , Jacob Jones was steaming independently from Brest , France , for Queenstown , when she was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-53 with the loss of 66 men , becoming the first United States destroyer sunk by enemy action . Jacob Jones sank in eight minutes without issuing a distress call ; the German submarine commander , Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose , after taking two badly injured Jacob Jones crewmen aboard his submarine , radioed the U.S. base at Queenstown with the coordinates for the survivors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Kalk_(DD-170)', 'summary': 'The first USS Kalk ( DD-170 ) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I , later transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS Hamilton ( I24 ) and then into the Royal Canadian Navy as HMCS Hamilton ( I24 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Kalk_(DD-611)', 'summary': 'USS Kalk ( DD-611 ) was a Benson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was the second ship named for Lieutenant Stanton Frederick Kalk . Kalk was laid down 30 June 1941 by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation , San Francisco , California ; launched 18 July 1942 ; sponsored by Mrs. Flora Stanton Kalk , mother of Lieutenant Kalk ; and commissioned 17 October , Lieutenant Commander C. T. Singleton , Jr. , in command .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni_22', 'intro': 'The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy was founded in 1845 and graduated its first class in 1846. The Academy is often referred to as Annapolis, while sports media refer to the Academy as Navy and the students as Midshipmen; this usage is officially endorsed. During the latter half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, the United States Naval Academy was the primary source of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers, with the Class of 1881 being the first to provide officers to the Marine Corps. Graduates of the Academy are also given the option of entering the United States Army or United States Air Force. Most Midshipmen are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes various fields of engineering. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former Midshipmen, current Midshipmen, and faculty of the Naval Academy. Over 50 U.S. astronauts have graduated from the Naval Academy, more than from any other undergraduate institution. [a] Over 990 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 45 Rhodes Scholars and 16 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 1 President of the United States, 2 Nobel Prize recipients, and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. [b]'} | null | null | In which battle did this US Navy admiral fight who shares the same last name as the 12th president of the United States ? | the Battle of Manila Bay |
046eb45edae92669 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_AFL_draft', 'title': '2004 AFL draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Recruited from', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will Thursfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Thursfield', 'summary': "William Thursfield ( born 19 April 1986 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Known as a courageous backman who has stood some of the more notable forwards of the current game . He is an elevated rookie . Thursfield was born in Oxford in England , moving to Australia at age 3 . Will attended Brighton Grammar and in years 8-10 and played in the 1st XVII . In 2003 he played in the combined APS team against AGS ( Associated Grammar Schools ) . 2004 saw Will play for the Sandringham Dragons Under 18s TAC Cup team as vice-captain . Thursfield made his debut in round 14 , 2005 against eventual premiers Sydney . His first assignment was handling key-forward Michael O'Loughlin . He impressed straight away by keeping the Swans forward to 1 goal , as the Tigers upset Sydney by a solitary point . Thursfield retired at the end of the 2011 season , having played ten senior matches for the year . He stated that , although he was proud to have played the game at the highest level over the past seven seasons , there were some other avenues in [ his ] life that he was keen to pursue ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandringham U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandringham_U18', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruory Kirkby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bendigo U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_U18', 'summary': 'The Bendigo Pioneers is an Australian rules football team in the statewide Victorian under-18s league , the NAB League .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rowan Nayna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dandenong U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dandenong_U18', 'summary': 'The Dandenong Stingrays are an Australian rules football team in a Victorian under 18s league called the NAB League , the Victorian statewide under-18s competition . 1992 saw the birth of the Southern Stingrays and they were developed under the leadership of Steve Kennedy ( Regional Manager ) and Ron Roach ( Promotions Manager ) with the home base located at the Ben Kavanagh Reserve , Mordialloc . The side is coached in the inaugural year by Peter Russo . In 1995 the club moved from Mordialloc to Dandenong and it also changed its name to the Dandenong Southern Stingrays . The club is currently under the leadership of Darren Flanigan ( Region Talent Manager ) and Matthew Crozier ( Female Talent Coordinator ) with the home base located at Shepley Oval , Dandenong . The side is coached by Nick Cox .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Davies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Davies_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Benjamin Ben Davies ( born 10 February 1986 ) is an Australian rules footballer . From Williamstown , Davies played in the TAC Cup for the Western Jets . His courageous ability as an in-and-under player got his name on the list , and was drafted as a rookie by Collingwood in late 2004 . His skills were ordinary , but Davies earned an unexpected promotion early on in the season for injured skipper Nathan Buckley who would be put on the long-term injury list . He made his Australian Football League ( AFL ) debut soon after in Round 7 against Fremantle at Subiaco Oval and showed he was a ball winner , having 14 touches in the first half . His debut season was good enough for him to be elevated on the senior list from the rookie list for season 2006 , where he played mostly in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , managing only five senior appearances . During 2007 he won the Best and Fairest at the Williamstown Football Club but did not convince the Magpies he should be retained for the 2008 season . On 12 October 2007 , Ben was traded to the Kangaroos in exchange for their round six selection ( selection 96 overall ) . He made his debut for North Melbourne in Round 11 of the 2008 season , against Geelong . Davies was delisted at the end of the 2008 season , and now plays for Williamstown in the VFL .'}]}, {'value': 'Western U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_U18', 'summary': "The Western Jets is an Australian rules football club which plays in the Victorian premier U18 competition , the NAB League , since its inception in 1992 . The club have developmental squads in the U15 and 16 age groups , however much of the attention is towards its U18 team . The club is geographically set in Melbourne 's West as part of a decision by AFL Victoria ( formerly Football Victoria ) to have clubs in all regions of the state . The club trains in Melbourne 's inner west at Crofts Reserve in Altona North and plays NAB League matches at Burbank Oval in Williamstown . Their current coach is Ryan OKeefe , who replaced Torin Baker at the end of the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Nye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peel Thunder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peel_Thunder_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Peel Thunder Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The team is based in Mandurah , Western Australia , with their home ground being Rushton Park . The club joined the WAFL as an expansion team in 1997 . Since the 2014 season , Peel has served as the host club in the WAFL for the Fremantle Dockers of the Australian Football League , an arrangement which sees Fremantle 's reserve players playing for Peel ."}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Batson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Ballarat U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Ballarat_U18', 'summary': "The Greater Western Victoria Rebels is an Australian rules football club which plays in the NAB League , the statewide under-18s competition in Victoria , Australia . Initially known as the Ballarat Rebels and wearing green and gold , the team was established in 1993 as one of four regional under-18s clubs , set up as part of a plan by the AFL Commission to have clubs set in all regions of the state of Victoria . The club became affiliated with the new VFL 's North Ballarat Football Club in 1996 , and changed its name to North Ballarat Rebels and its colours to black and white to reflect this . In January 2017 , the club again changed its name to Greater Western Victoria Rebels to reflect their expanded recruitment zone . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Greater Western Victoria has produced many notable AFL players including Adam Goodes , Drew Petrie , Troy Chaplin , Jed Adcock , Tim Notting , Shannon Watt , James Walker and Shane O'Bree ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Gibson_(footballer)', 'summary': "Joshua Gibson is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club and Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He is a member of Hawthorn 's 2013 , 2014 and 2015 premiership winning teams . Currently he is host of the CBS Sports programme Sports Tonight on their Australian division , Network 10 ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Port Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed The Borough , is an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Port Melbourne and is currently playing in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . The club currently has no reserves alignment with an Australian Football League ( AFL ) club . Port Melbourne is traditionally considered one of the strongest , most successful and most supported Victorian clubs outside the AFL due to its long and illustrious history in the competition formerly known as the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'North Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Krieger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Krieger', 'summary': 'This is the list of Fremantle Football Club league players . It documents every player to have played at least one game in the Australian Football League for Fremantle since they entered the league in 1995 . Only league games are included in the ordered list ; players who were on the Fremantle playing list but only played in pre-season or scratch matches are listed separately at the end of the list .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandringham U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandringham_U18', 'summary': 'The NAB League ( formerly known as the TAC Cup ) is an under-19 Australian rules football representative competition held in Victoria , Australia . It is based on geographic regions throughout country Victoria and metropolitan Melbourne with each team representing twelve Victorian regions , while a thirteenth team from Tasmania was reintroduced in 2019 . The competition is sponsored by National Australia Bank , having previously been sponsored by the Transport Accident Commission since its inception . The competition is one of the primary sources of recruitment for AFL clubs from Victoria . The TAC Cup provides an opportunity for talented regional players to participate in a high standard competition without having to relocate too far from their place of origin . The competition has a very successful pathway with players missing AFL selection often being recruited by semi-professional state , country and regional leagues throughout Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Sharp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Sharp', 'summary': 'As of the end of the 2015 season , a total of 224 players have played at least one senior game for the West Coast Eagles , an Australian rules football team in the Australian Football League . A number of other players were listed ( or are listed ) with the club for periods of time without making their debut , some of whom played at senior level for other AFL teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakleigh U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_U18', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brendan Van Schaik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_U18', 'summary': 'The Murray Bushrangers is an Australian rules football team playing in Victorian statewide under-18s competition , presently known as the NAB League , since 1993 based in Wangaratta . The team trains on Norm Minns Oval . The team is coached by Leon Higgins . Guernsey colors are Black , Purple and Yellow , with black socks and black ( home ) or white ( away ) shorts . The Bushrangers have produced some of the current elite Australian Football League players through the AFL Draft including Daniel Cross , Brett Deledio , Steele Sidebottom , Steve Johnson , Jarrad Waite , Kayne Pettifer , Justin Koschitzke , Hamish McIntosh , Barry Hall , Fraser Gehrig , Ben Mathews , Steven King , Robert Campbell , Alipate Carlile , David Mundy & Shannon Byrnes'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Bain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakleigh U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_U18', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bendigo Bombers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_Bombers', 'summary': 'The Bendigo Football Club was an Australian rules football club based in Bendigo , Victoria , Australia . The club played in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) from 1998 until 2014 , under the nicknames Diggers , Bombers and Gold at different times . The club disbanded at the conclusion of the 2014 VFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarrod Garth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasmania_U18', 'summary': 'The Tassie Mariners is an under-18 Australian rules football club representing the state of Tasmania . They currently play in the AFL Under 18 Championships and also played in the Victorian statewide under-18s competition ( then known as the TAC Cup ) from 1995 until 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Mullins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Mullins', 'summary': 'Luke Mullins ( born 24 December 1984 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Mullins played his early football with the Wangaratta Rovers and was picked up by Collingwood in the 2003 Pre-Season Draft , from the Murray Bushrangers . He made his debut against Fremantle at Docklands in the fourth round of the 2004 AFL season and had 13 disposals . His only other games were against St Kilda and Adelaide in rounds eight and nine respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Travis Baird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_Baird', 'summary': 'Travis Baird ( born 25 July 1986 ) is an Australian rules football player who was drafted by the Western Bulldogs from the Brisbane Lions in the 2005 AFL Draft ( 3rd round , number 46 overall ) . He played 3 games with the Bulldogs , and played 2 games with Brisbane in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bendigo U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_U18', 'summary': 'The Bendigo Pioneers is an Australian rules football team in the statewide Victorian under-18s league , the NAB League .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Lions', 'summary': "The Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club who play in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . The club was formed in late 1996 from the merger of the Fitzroy Lions and the Brisbane Bears . The Lions are one of the most successful AFL clubs of the 21st century , having appeared in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals from 2001 to 2004 and winning three premierships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . The club plays home matches in the AFL at the Gabba and is captained by Dayne Zorko and coached by Chris Fagan . The Lions were a foundation team in the AFL Women 's competition in 2017 and have featured in two grand finals in that time , finishing runners-up on both occasions . The Brisbane Bears were the first south-east Queensland based team formed in the region . They played at their home ground at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast from 1987 to 1992 before relocating to the Gabba in 1993 . The club continues to play its home games at the Gabba ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danyle Pearce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danyle_Pearce', 'summary': 'Danyle Pearce ( born 7 April 1986 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club and Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He played for the Port Adelaide between 2005 and 2012 and Fremantle between 2013 and 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sturt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturt_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Sturt Football Club , nicknamed The Double Blues , is a semi-professional Australian rules football club based in the suburb of Unley , South Australia , which plays in the South Australian National Football League . Founded in 1901 by the Sturt Cricket Club , the club initially struggled to make the finals , however , in 1915 they won their first Premiership . After several decades of substantial finals appearances and a few premiership wins , Sturt entered a period of success , winning seven premierships from 1966 to 1976 under coach Jack Oatey . Sturt has a total of 15 premierships , eleven Magarey Medallists and two Night Premierships . Sturt wear Oxford and Cambridge Blue reflecting the street names on which their home ground is based . Sturt play their home games at the 15,000 capacity Unley Oval and their club song is named It 's a grand old flag ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pass', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton_Young', 'summary': 'Clinton Young ( born 16 February 1986 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club and Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Young is widely considered to be one of the best left foot kicks on the run in the AFL , often kicking in excess of 50 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'North Ballarat U18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Ballarat_U18', 'summary': "The Greater Western Victoria Rebels is an Australian rules football club which plays in the NAB League , the statewide under-18s competition in Victoria , Australia . Initially known as the Ballarat Rebels and wearing green and gold , the team was established in 1993 as one of four regional under-18s clubs , set up as part of a plan by the AFL Commission to have clubs set in all regions of the state of Victoria . The club became affiliated with the new VFL 's North Ballarat Football Club in 1996 , and changed its name to North Ballarat Rebels and its colours to black and white to reflect this . In January 2017 , the club again changed its name to Greater Western Victoria Rebels to reflect their expanded recruitment zone . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Greater Western Victoria has produced many notable AFL players including Adam Goodes , Drew Petrie , Troy Chaplin , Jed Adcock , Tim Notting , Shannon Watt , James Walker and Shane O'Bree ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Morris', 'summary': "Dale Morris ( born 29 December 1982 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Morris spent four years playing for Werribee Football Club in the Victorian Football League before being added to the Bulldogs ' rookie list in the 2004 Rookie Draft . He quickly cemented his place in the Western Bulldogs ' lineup , impressing many with his pace and consistency as a defender , and finished with 17 games for season 2005 . He was elevated to the senior list at the end of 2005 . Morris was selected in the back pocket of the 2008 All-Australian team . Morris played in guernsey number 38 for the duration of his career . In Round 21 , 2011 , against the Essendon Bombers , Morris suffered a broken tibia in his lower right leg which prematurely ended his season . Morris returned to play one quarter in a Development Match game in Round 6 , 2012 , but suffered a stress fracture in the same leg which he broke in horrific circumstances in 2011 . The injury sidelined Morris for the rest of the season . Morris made his return to AFL in Round 1 , 2013 . In what was overall a successful campaign for Morris , he provided defensive solidity to the Bulldog 's back line , and also managed to play all 22 games for the season . In 2016 , Morris was part of the Western Bulldogs premiership team that ended their long-standing premiership drought of 62 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Werribee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werribee_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Werribee Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is an Australian rules football club , based in Werribee . The club was formed in 1964 and currently plays in the Victorian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heritier Lumumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heritier_Lumumba', 'summary': "Héritier Lumumba ( born 15 November 1986 ) ( formerly known as Harry O'Brien ) is a Brazilian-born Australian former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Since his debut in 2005 , he achieved All-Australian honours and won an AFL premiership , playing mostly as a half back . He is the first Brazilian-born player who played an AFL match ."}]}, {'value': 'Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}], 'section_title': '2005 rookie draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2004_AFL_Draft_3', 'intro': "The 2004 AFL draft, concerning player acquisitions in the 2004/05 Australian Football League off-season, consisted of a trade period, a national draft, a pre-season draft, and the elevation of rookies. The AFL draft is the annual draft of talented players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League. In 2004 there were 78 picks to be drafted between 16 teams in the national draft. Richmond received the first pick in the national draft after finishing on the bottom of the ladder during the 2004 AFL season. Three teams were allocated priority draft picks for winning 5 or less games in the previous season, Richmond, Hawthorn and Western Bulldogs. Carlton's two-year ban from the first and second rounds of the AFL draft expired in 2004 and they returned to the early part of the draft, with selections 9 and 25. As it had traded away its first and second round draft picks in 2001, effectively the Blues' first and second round draft picks were its first since 2000. They finished the 2004 season 11th with 10 wins and 12 losses, too high to be eligible for a priority draft pick."} | null | null | How many games did this former footballer finish in 2005 who once played for The Double Blues ? | 17 games |
046f512d2bce9aba | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Monica Iagăr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monica_Iagăr', 'summary': 'Monica Dinescu-Iagăr ( born April 2 , 1973 in Sighetu Marmaţiei ) is a Romanian athlete competing in high jump . Her personal best jump is 2.02 metres . She made her international debut in 1995 but went through a six-month drug suspension in 1996 . In 1998 she won the indoor with 1.96 m and outdoor European Championships with 1.97 m. She also won the 1999 Universiade and also won the Hochsprung mit Musik meet that year . She finished 8th at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdulagadir Idriss', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norandrosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norandrosterone', 'summary': '19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samson Idiata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samson_Idiata', 'summary': 'Samson Idiata ( born 23 January 1988 in Ewu ) is a Nigerian high jumper and long jumper . He took the bronze medal at the 2003 All-Africa Games , and later finished fifth at the 2006 African Championships and tenth at the 2007 All-Africa Games . He later switched to long jump . In this event he has finished eighth at the 2010 African Championships . His personal best was 2.15 metres , first achieved in October 2003 in Hyderabad and later equalled once . In long jump his personal best is 8.00 metres , achieved in May 2013 in Castellón . He was the gold medallist in the long jump at the 2015 African Games , but was stripped of this title after failing a drug test for clenbuterol . He was banned for four years , until 15 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clenbuterol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clenbuterol', 'summary': 'Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator . People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier . It is most commonly available as the hydrochloride salt , clenbuterol hydrochloride . It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulustan Ieso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulustan_Ieso', 'summary': "Gulustan Mahmood Ieso ( born 1 August 1991 ) , also known as Kolestan Mahmoud , is an Iraqi track and field athlete who competes in sprinting events . She holds a number of Iraqi records and helped win her country 's first ever women 's medals at the Asian Athletics Championships in 2011 . She lost these medals as her doping sample at that competition came back positive for the banned stimulant methylhexaneamine , receiving a one-year ban for the infraction . Following in the footsteps of Dana Hussein Abdul-Razzaq and Alaa Jassim , her first major appearances came in 2009 when she won the 400 metres and 4×400 metres relay gold medals at the Arab Athletics Championships , as well finishing as runner-up in the 200 metres . Ieso represented her country in the two individual sprints at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships . At the 2009 Asian Indoor Games she set two Iraqi records , running 7.53 seconds for the 60 metres ( finishing sixth ) and an indoor record of 53.75 seconds for the 400 m - a time which brought her the silver medal in the event , behind Chen Jingwen . She then helped the Iraqi women 's 400 m relay team to a third national record of 3:59.01 minutes . Ieso won the 400 m and 800 metres titles at the 2010 Asian Junior Athletics Championships . She went on to reach the semi-finals of the 400 m at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics . With a team featuring Zhilan Salah Mahmood , Dana Hussein Abdul-Razzaq and Alaa Jassim , she won the West Asian Championships with a new national relay record of 3:43.60 minutes . Ieso ran in both the 100 m and 400 m relay events at the 2010 Asian Games , as well as performing in the heats of the individual 400 m. Highlighting the low development of women 's athletics in Iraq , a mark of 33.57 m in the javelin throw at a local meeting brought Ieso another national record . In the 2011 season she set a personal best in the 100 metres at the national junior championships , recording a time of 12.02 seconds ."}]}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprtinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexaneamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexaneamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirill Ikonnikov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirill_Ikonnikov', 'summary': 'Kirill Gennadiyevich Ikonnikov ( Russian : Кирилл Геннадиевич Иконников ; born 5 March 1984 , in Leningrad ) is a male hammer thrower from Russia . His personal best throw is 79.20 metres , achieved in June 2008 in Zhukovsky .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone', 'summary': 'Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ; brand name Oral Turinabol ) , also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone ( dehydromethyltestosterone ) .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chidi Imoh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chidi_Imoh', 'summary': 'Chukwudi Chidi Imoh ( born 27 August 1965 ) is a former sprinter from Nigeria who won an Olympic silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1992 Summer Olympics . He also won a silver medal in the 100 metres at the 1986 Goodwill Games , finished behind Ben Johnson and ahead of Carl Lewis . He won a 60 metres bronze medal at the 1991 World Indoor Championships , and he became African champion in 1984 and 1985 . In 1986 he posted the world leading time for that year in the 100 metres . He won the 100 metres race in the 1987 All-Africa Games . Imoh is also a former runner for the University of Missouri in Columbia . He holds the records there in the 200 m outdoor with a time of 19.9 , the 100 m outdoor with a time of 10.00 , and in the 55 m indoor with a time of 6.10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristinel Irimia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exogenous steroids', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Ishova ( Ekaterina Gorbunova )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Ishova', 'summary': "Ekaterina Ishova ( née Gorbunova , Russian : Екатерина Юрьевна Ишова ; born 17 January 1989 ) is a Russian middle- and long-distance runner . At the start of her career , she mainly competed in cross country running events . She was 63rd at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . At the European Cross Country Championships she was a junior silver medallist in 2006 and 2007 before leading the Russian junior women to bronze with a seventh place at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships . Around 2008 , she began to move towards distance track running . At the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics she ranked in the top eight in both the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres . GOing up an age category , she placed sixth in the 5000 metres at the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships . A silver medal in that event came at the 2011 European Athletics U23 Championships , where she was second only to Ethiopian-Azerbaijani runner Layes Abdullayeva . In July she ran a personal best of 4:01.02 minutes at the Barcelona Meeting , setting a meet record and placing herself in the top three fastest runners that year . She claimed a 1500 m bronze at the Universiade . Her senior debut came at the 2012 European Athletics Championships , where she placed fourth , slightly behind Ukraine 's Anna Mishchenko . After retrospective analysis , her drug test immediately prior to the 2011 European U23 Championships was found to be adverse and her results were annulled for doping from 12 July 2011 onwards ( meaning the loss of her European and Universiade medals ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle/Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Ivanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Ivanov', 'summary': 'Daniel Ivanov ( Bulgarian : Даниел Иванов , born 4 November 1965 ) is a retired Bulgarian long jumper . He became Bulgarian champion in 1989 , and Bulgarian indoor champion in 1989 , 1990 and 1993 . He competed at the 1990 European Championships without reaching the final . 2001 ) < /ref >'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amphetamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amphetamine', 'summary': 'Amphetamine [ note 1 ] ( contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine ) is a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy , and obesity . Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers : [ note 2 ] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine . Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical , the racemic free base , which is equal parts of the two enantiomers , levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine , in their pure amine forms . The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers , or to either of them alone . Historically , it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression . Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer , and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant . It is a prescription drug in many countries , and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use . [ sources 1 ] The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine , a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions . Currently , pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine , Adderall , [ note 3 ] dextroamphetamine , or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine . Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain , with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems . [ sources 2 ] At therapeutic doses , amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria , change in desire for sex , increased wakefulness , and improved cognitive control . It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time , fatigue resistance , and increased muscle strength .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyubov Ivanova ( Lyubov Kharlamova )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyubov_Ivanova', 'summary': 'Lyubov Kharlamova ( Russian : Любовь Харламова ) , née Ivanova ( Иванова , born March 2 , 1981 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Steeplechase', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methyltestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methyltestosterone', 'summary': 'Methyltestosterone , sold under the brand names Android , Metandren , and Testred among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , delayed puberty in boys , at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes , osteoporosis , and low sexual desire in women , and to treat breast cancer in women . It is taken by mouth or held in the cheek or under the tongue . Side effects of methyltestosterone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . It can also cause estrogenic effects like fluid retention , breast tenderness , and breast enlargement in men and liver damage . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate androgenic effects and moderate anabolic effects , which make it useful for producing masculinization . Methyltestosterone was discovered in 1935 and was introduced for medical use in 1936 . It was made shortly after the discovery of testosterone and was one of the first synthetic AAS to be developed . In addition to its medical use , methyltestosterone is used to improve physique and performance , although it is not as commonly used as other AAS for such purposes due to its androgenic effects , estrogenic effects , and risk of liver damage . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olimpiada Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olimpiada_Ivanova', 'summary': 'Olimpiada Vladimirovna Ivanova ( Russian : Олимпиада Владимировна Иванова , born August 26 , 1970 ) is a Russian race walker . She has 4 medals from the major events .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Race walking', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanazolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanazolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'I', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_8', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."} | null | null | between Monica Iagăr and Kirill Ikonnikov what is the birth-date of the one born first ? | April 2 , 1973 |
046fc2d8761502e5 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let's_Dance_(German_season_6)", 'title': "Let's Dance (German season 6)", 'header': ['Dance', 'Best dancer ( s )', 'Best score', 'Worst dancer ( s )', 'Worst score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cha Cha Cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Sila Sahin Manuela Wisbeck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jürgen Milski', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cha-cha-cha ( Dance-Off )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Cortez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Cortez', 'summary': 'Manuel Armando Cortez ( born 24 May 1979 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) is a German-Portuguese actor , creative director and photographer .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Janke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Cortez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Cortez', 'summary': 'Manuel Armando Cortez ( born 24 May 1979 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) is a German-Portuguese actor , creative director and photographer .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simone Ballack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Janke Sila Sahin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simone Ballack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Sila Sahin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Janke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waltz', 'summary': 'The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Cortez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Cortez', 'summary': 'Manuel Armando Cortez ( born 24 May 1979 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) is a German-Portuguese actor , creative director and photographer .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marijke Amado Paul Janke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijke_Amado', 'summary': 'Marijke Amado ( born 1 February 1954 in Tilburg ) is a Dutch television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Cortez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Cortez', 'summary': 'Manuel Armando Cortez ( born 24 May 1979 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) is a German-Portuguese actor , creative director and photographer .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marijke Amado Jürgen Milski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijke_Amado', 'summary': 'Marijke Amado ( born 1 February 1954 in Tilburg ) is a Dutch television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballroom_rumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Cortez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Cortez', 'summary': 'Manuel Armando Cortez ( born 24 May 1979 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) is a German-Portuguese actor , creative director and photographer .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simone Ballack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'Sila Sahin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marijke Amado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijke_Amado', 'summary': 'Marijke Amado ( born 1 February 1954 in Tilburg ) is a Dutch television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)', 'summary': 'The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Sila Sahin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jürgen Milski', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Sila Sahin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simone Ballack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Cortez Sila Sahin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Cortez', 'summary': 'Manuel Armando Cortez ( born 24 May 1979 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) is a German-Portuguese actor , creative director and photographer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sila_Sahin', 'summary': 'Sıla Şahin-Radlinger ( born 3 December 1985 ) is a Kurdish-Turkish-German actress , best known for her portrayal of Ayla Özgül in the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simone Ballack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Couples -- Highest and lowest scoring performances', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' marks are as follows :", 'uid': "Let's_Dance_(German_season_6)_2", 'intro': "The sixth season of Let's Dance began on 5 April 2013. Sylvie van der Vaart and Daniel Hartwich returned as hosts. Motsi Mabuse and Joachim Llambi returned as judges, while Jorge Gonzalez replaced Maite Kelly and Roman Frieling."} | null | null | What is the nationality of the dancer who had the best scores against the dancer with the worst average score ? | Kurdish-Turkish-German |
046fc74ec4325b36 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization', 'title': 'List of public corporations by market capitalization', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Headquarters', 'Primary industry', 'Market value ( USD million )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software industry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software_industry', 'summary': 'The software industry includes businesses for development , maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models , mainly either license/maintenance based ( on-premises ) or Cloud based ( such as SaaS , PaaS , IaaS , MaaS , AaaS , etc. ) . The industry also includes software services , such as training , documentation , consulting and data recovery .'}]}, {'value': '264,003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Electric', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Electric', 'summary': 'General Electric Company ( GE ) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York City and headquartered in Boston . As of 2018 [ update ] , the company operates through the following segments : aviation , healthcare , power , renewable energy , digital industry , additive manufacturing , venture capital and finance and lighting . In 2018 , GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 18th-largest firm in the U.S. by gross revenue . In 2011 , GE ranked among the Fortune 20 as the 14th-most profitable company but has since very severely underperformed the market ( by about 75% ) as its profitability collapsed . Two employees of GE - Irving Langmuir ( 1932 ) and Ivar Giaever ( 1973 ) - have been awarded the Nobel Prize .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conglomerate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)', 'summary': "A conglomerate is a multi-industry company - i.e. , a combination of multiple business entities operating in entirely different industries under one corporate group , usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries . Conglomerates are often large and multinational . Conglomerates were popular in the 1960s due to a combination of low interest rates and a repeating bear-bull market , which allowed the conglomerates to buy companies in leveraged buyouts , sometimes at temporarily deflated values . Famous examples from the 1960s include Ling-Temco-Vought , ITT Corporation , Litton Industries , Textron , Teledyne . Because of low interest on the loans , the overall return on investment of the conglomerate appeared to grow . In addition , the conglomerate had a better ability to borrow in the money market , or capital market , than the smaller firm at their community bank . [ citation needed ] For many years this was enough to make the company 's stock price rise , as companies were often valued largely on their return on investment . The aggressive nature of the conglomerators themselves was enough to make many investors , who saw a powerful and seemingly unstoppable force in business , buy their stock . [ citation needed ] High stock prices allowed them to raise more loans , based on the value of their stock , and thereby buy even more companies . This led to a chain reaction , which allowed them to grow very rapidly . However , all of this growth was somewhat illusory and when interest rates rose to offset inflation , conglomerate profits fell . Investors noticed that the companies inside the conglomerate were growing no faster than before they were purchased , whereas the rationale for buying a company was that synergies would provide efficiency ."}]}, {'value': '259,647', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exxon Mobil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exxon_Mobil', 'summary': "Exxon Mobil Corporation , doing business as ExxonMobil , is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving , Texas . It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil , and was formed on November 30 , 1999 by the merger of Exxon ( formerly the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey ) and Mobil ( formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York ) . ExxonMobil 's primary brands are Exxon , Mobil , Esso , and ExxonMobil Chemical . ExxonMobil is incorporated in Texas . One of the world 's largest companies by revenue , ExxonMobil from 1996 to 2017 varied from the first to sixth largest publicly traded company by market capitalization . The company was ranked ninth globally in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2016 . ExxonMobil was the tenth most profitable company in the Fortune 500 in 2017 . As of 2018 , the company ranked second in the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Approximately 55.56% of the company 's shares are held by institutions . As of March 2019 , ExxonMobil 's largest shareholders include The Vanguard Group ( 8.15% ) , BlackRock ( 6.61% ) , and State Street Corporation ( 4.83% ) . ExxonMobil is one of the largest of the world 's Big Oil companies . As of 2007 [ update ] , it had daily production of 3.921 million BOE ( barrels of oil equivalent ) ; but significantly smaller than a number of national companies ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and gas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petroleum_industry', 'summary': "The petroleum industry , also known as the oil industry or the oil patch , includes the global processes of exploration , extraction , refining , transporting ( often by oil tankers and pipelines ) , and marketing of petroleum products . The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline ( petrol ) . Petroleum ( oil ) is also the raw material for many chemical products , including pharmaceuticals , solvents , fertilizers , pesticides , synthetic fragrances , and plastics . The extreme monetary value of oil and its products has led to it being known as black gold . The industry is usually divided into three major components : upstream , midstream , and downstream . Upstream deals with Drilling and Production mainly . Petroleum is vital to many industries , and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration , making it a critical concern for many nations . Oil accounts for a large percentage of the worlds energy consumption , ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia , to a high of 53% for the Middle East . Other geographic regions ' consumption patterns are as follows : South and Central America ( 44% ) , Africa ( 41% ) , and North America ( 40% ) . The world consumes 30 billion barrels ( 4.8 km³ ) of oil per year [ citation needed ] , with developed nations being the largest consumers . The United States consumed 25% of the oil produced in 2007 . The production , distribution , refining , and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world 's largest industry in terms of dollar value ."}]}, {'value': '241,037', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wal-Mart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wal-Mart', 'summary': "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Retail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Retail', 'summary': "Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit . Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain . The term retailer is typically applied where a service provider fills the small orders of many individuals , who are end-users , rather than large orders of a small number of wholesale , corporate or government clientele . Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products . Sometimes this is done to obtain final goods , including necessities such as food and clothing ; sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity . Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing : it does not always result in a purchase . Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history , dating back to antiquity . Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant peddlers . Over the centuries , retail shops were transformed from little more than rude booths to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era . Most modern retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store , the market to be served , the optimal product assortment , customer service , supporting services and the store 's overall market positioning . Once the strategic retail plan is in place , retailers devise the retail mix which includes product , price , place , promotion , personnel , and presentation . In the digital age , an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels , including both bricks and mortar and online retailing ."}]}, {'value': '234,399', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pfizer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pfizer', 'summary': "Pfizer Inc. ( /ˈfaɪzər/ ) is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City . It is one of the world 's largest pharmaceutical companies . It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange , and its shares have been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004 . Pfizer ranked No . 57 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . On December 19 , 2018 , Pfizer announced a joint merger of their consumer healthcare division with UK pharma giant GlaxoSmithKline ; the British company will maintain a controlling share ( listed at 68% ) . The company developed and produces medicines and vaccines for a wide range of medical disciplines , including immunology , oncology , cardiology , endocrinology , and neurology . Its products include the blockbuster drug Lipitor ( atorvastatin ) , used to lower LDL blood cholesterol ; Lyrica ( pregabalin ) for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia ; Diflucan ( fluconazole ) , an oral antifungal medication ; Zithromax ( azithromycin ) , an antibiotic ; Viagra ( sildenafil ) for erectile dysfunction ; and Celebrex ( also Celebra , celecoxib ) , an anti-inflammatory drug . In 2016 , Pfizer Inc. was expected to merge with Allergan , plc to create the Ireland-based Pfizer plc in a deal that would have been worth $ 160 billion . The merger was called off in April 2016 , however , because of new rules from the United States Treasury against tax inversions , a method of avoiding taxes by merging with a foreign company . The company has made the second-largest pharmaceutical settlement with the United States Department of Justice ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Health care', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Health_care', 'summary': "Health care , health-care , or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention , diagnosis , treatment , recovery , or cure of disease , illness , injury , and other physical and mental impairments in people . Health care is delivered by health professionals in allied health fields . Physicians and physician associates are a part of these health professionals . Dentistry , pharmacy , midwifery , nursing , medicine , optometry , audiology , psychology , occupational therapy , physical therapy , athletic training and other health professions are all part of health care . It includes work done in providing primary care , secondary care , and tertiary care , as well as in public health . Access to health care may vary across countries , communities , and individuals , influenced by social and economic conditions as well as health policies . Providing health care services means the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes . Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations ( such as insurance coverage ) , geographic barriers ( such as additional transportation costs , possibility to take paid time off of work to use such services ) , and personal limitations ( lack of ability to communicate with healthcare providers , poor health literacy , low income ) . Limitations to health care services affects negatively the use of medical services , efficacy of treatments , and overall outcome ( well-being , mortality rates ) . Health care systems are organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations . According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , a well-functioning health care system requires a financing mechanism , a well-trained and adequately paid workforce , reliable information on which to base decisions and policies , and well maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies . An efficient health care system can contribute to a significant part of a country 's economy , development and industrialization ."}]}, {'value': '195,948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Citigroup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citigroup', 'summary': 'Citigroup Inc. or Citi ( stylized as citi ) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services corporation headquartered in New York City . The company was formed by the merger of banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group in 1998 ; Travelers was subsequently spun off from the company in 2002 . Citigroup owns Citicorp , the holding company for Citibank , as well as several international subsidiaries . Citi is incorporated in NY . Citigroup is ranked 3rd on the list of largest banks in the United States and , alongside JPMorgan Chase , Bank of America , and Wells Fargo , it is one of the Big Four banks of the United States . It is a systemically important financial institution and is on the list of systemically important banks that think they are too big to fail . It is one of the nine global investment banks in the Bulge Bracket . Citigroup is ranked 30th on the Fortune 500 as of 2019 . Citigroup has over 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries . It has 214,000 employees , although it had 357,000 employees before the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , when it was rescued via a massive stimulus package by the U.S. government .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banking', 'summary': 'A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit . Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets . Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country , banks are highly regulated in most countries . Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities . In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards , known as the Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways was a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties - notably , the Medicis , the Fuggers , the Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds - have played a central role over many centuries . The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank .'}]}, {'value': '183,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson & Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnson_&_Johnson', 'summary': "Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational corporation founded in 1886 that develops medical devices , pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods . Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the company is ranked No . 37 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . J & J is one of the world 's most valuable companies . Johnson & Johnson is headquartered in New Brunswick , New Jersey , the consumer division being located in Skillman , New Jersey . The corporation includes some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in 60 countries and products sold in over 175 countries . Johnson & Johnson had worldwide sales of $ 70.1 billion during calendar year 2015 . Johnson & Johnson 's brands include numerous household names of medications and first aid supplies . Among its well-known consumer products are the Band-Aid Brand line of bandages , Tylenol medications , Johnson 's Baby products , Neutrogena skin and beauty products , Clean & Clear facial wash and Acuvue contact lenses ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Health care', 'urls': []}, {'value': '170,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Dutch Shell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell', 'summary': "Royal Dutch Shell PLC , commonly known as Shell , is a British-Dutch oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom . It is one of the oil and gas supermajors and the third-largest company in the world measured by 2018 revenues ( and the largest based in Europe ) . In the 2019 Forbes Global 2000 , Shell was ranked as the ninth-largest company in the world ( and the largest outside China and the United States ) , and the largest energy company . Shell was first in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's largest companies ; in that year its revenues were equivalent to 84% of the Dutch national $ 556 billion GDP . Shell is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry , including exploration and production , refining , transport , distribution and marketing , petrochemicals , power generation and trading . It also has renewable energy activities , including biofuels , wind , energy-kite systems , and hydrogen . Shell has operations in over 70 countries , produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide . As of 31 December 2014 , Shell had total proved reserves of 13.7 billion barrels ( 2.18×109 m3 ) of oil equivalent . [ note 1 ] Shell Oil Company , its principal subsidiary in the United States , is one of its largest businesses . Shell holds 50% of Raízen , a joint venture with Cosan , which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of ethanol . Shell was formed in 1907 through the amalgamation of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom . Until its unification in 2005 the firm operated as a dual-listed company , whereby the British and Dutch companies maintained their legal existence but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes ."}]}, {'value': 'The Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and gas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '149,034', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BP', 'summary': "BP plc ( formerly The British Petroleum Company plc and BP Amoco plc ) is a multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London , England . It is one of the world 's seven oil and gas supermajors , whose performance in 2012 made it the world 's sixth-largest oil and gas company , the sixth-largest energy company by market capitalization and the company with the world 's 12th-largest revenue ( turnover ) . It is a vertically integrated company operating in all areas of the oil and gas industry , including exploration and production , refining , distribution and marketing , petrochemicals , power generation and trading . It also has renewable energy interests in biofuels , wind power and solar technology . As of 31 December 2018 [ update ] , BP had operations in nearly 80 countries worldwide , produced around 3.7 million barrels per day ( 590,000 m3/d ) of oil equivalent , and had total proven reserves of 19.945 billion barrels ( 3.1710×109 m3 ) of oil equivalent . The company has around 18,700 service stations worldwide . Its largest division is BP America in the United States . In Russia , BP owns a 19.75% stake in Rosneft , the world 's largest publicly traded oil and gas company by hydrocarbon reserves and production . BP has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It has secondary listings on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange . BP 's origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908 , established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran . In 1935 , it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954 adopted the name British Petroleum ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil and gas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '144,381', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IBM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBM', 'summary': "The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ) is an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk , New York , with operations in over 170 countries . The company began in 1911 , founded in Endicott , New York , as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ( CTR ) and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924 . IBM is incorporated in New York . IBM produces and sells computer hardware , middleware and software , and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology . IBM is also a major research organization , holding the record for most U.S. patents generated by a business ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) for 27 consecutive years . Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine ( ATM ) , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the SQL programming language , the UPC barcode , and dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM ) . The IBM mainframe , exemplified by the System/360 , was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s . IBM has continually shifted business operations by focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets . This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in 1991 and the sale of personal computer ( ThinkPad/ThinkCentre ) and x86-based server businesses to Lenovo ( in 2005 and 2014 , respectively ) , and acquiring companies such as PwC Consulting ( 2002 ) , SPSS ( 2009 ) , The Weather Company ( 2016 ) , and Red Hat ( 2019 ) . Also in 2015 , IBM announced that it would go fabless , continuing to design semiconductors , but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries . Nicknamed Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the world 's largest employers , with ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) over 350,000 employees , known as IBMers . At least 70% of IBMers are based outside the United States , and the country with the largest number of IBMers is India ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Computer software , computer hardware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Computer_hardware', 'summary': 'Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer , such as the case , central processing unit ( CPU ) , monitor , keyboard , computer data storage , graphics card , sound card , speakers and motherboard . By contrast , software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware . Hardware is so-termed because it is hard or rigid with respect to changes , whereas software is soft because it is easy to change . Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction . A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system , although other systems exist with only hardware .'}]}, {'value': '139,272', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Publicly traded companies -- 2002', 'section_text': 'This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2003 . [ 75 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_corporations_by_market_capitalization_3', 'intro': 'The following is a list of publicly traded companies having the greatest market capitalization. This list is primarily based on the Financial Times Global 500. Market capitalization is calculated from the share price (as recorded on selected day) multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. Figures are converted into USD millions (using rate from selected day) to allow for comparison. Only companies with free float at least 15% are included, value of unlisted stock classes is excluded. Investment companies are not included in the list.'} | null | null | What type of corporation is Pfizer ? | Pharmaceutical |
04726738b0a3aec7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskies_of_Honor', 'title': 'Huskies of Honor', 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Position', 'Seasons', 'Hometown', 'Inducted'], 'data': [{'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svetlana Abrosimova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Abrosimova', 'summary': "Svetlana Olegovna Abrosimova ( Russian : Светлана Олеговна Абросимова , born 9 July 1980 ) is a Russian basketball player who has played in college , the Olympics , and in professional leagues . She most recently played for the Seattle Storm in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She is usually called by her nickname , Svet or Sveta . Abrosimova was born in Leningrad , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union ( today St. Petersburg , Russia ) , to Oleg and Ludmilla Abrosimov . Her father Oleg works as a welder in a shipyard and her older sister , Tatiana , was a professional ballroom dancer . While attending school she was trained for the then Soviet Olympic team . She was named the MVP of the 1996 European Basketball Championship ( also known as Eurobasket ) , averaging 18 points , six rebounds and three assists per game . She was also a member of all-star teams that won the 1995 and 1996 European Championship . Abrosimova was a member of the Russian national basketball team that placed sixth at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in the 1998 Basketball World Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1997-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Petersburg , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerry Bascom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerry_Bascom', 'summary': "Kerry Bascom ( born c. 1968 ) is a retired American women 's basketball player . She played forward and center for the Connecticut Huskies ( UConn ) from 1987 to 1991 , scoring 2,177 points , a school record until broken in 1998 by Nykesha Sales . She helped lead the Connecticut team to its first ever Big East regular season championship ( 1989 ) , first Big East Tournament championship ( 1989 ) , first NCAA tournament appearance ( 1989 ) , first NCAA Tournament win ( 1990 ) , and the first ever NCAA Final Four appearance ( 1991 ) . Bascom is the first UConn player to be named to a national All America team . She would go on to play for the gold medal winning World University Game Team in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'C / F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1987-91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epping , New Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epping,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Epping is a town in Rockingham County , New Hampshire , United States . The population was 6,411 at the 2010 census . The primary settlement in town , where 1,681 people resided at the 2010 census , is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the Epping census-designated place ( CDP ) and includes the densely populated portion of the town centered on New Hampshire Route 27 just west of New Hampshire Route 125 .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sue Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sue_Bird', 'summary': "Suzanne Brigit Bird ( born October 16 , 1980 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Bird was drafted by the Storm first overall in the 2002 WNBA Draft . She holds a front office position for the NBA 's Denver Nuggets as their Basketball Operations Associate . She has also played for three teams in Russia . In high school , she was the New York State Player of the Year , the New York Daily News Player of the Year , and a WBCA All-American . In her senior year at undefeated UConn in 2002 , she won the Wade Trophy and the Naismith Award as College Player of the Year . She finished her UConn career ranked first in three-point field goal percentage and free throw percentage , second in assists and steals , and as a three-time winner of the Nancy Lieberman Award as the top point guard in the nation , while leading her team to a record of 114-4 . Bird has won three WNBA championships with the Storm ( 2004 , 2010 , 2018 ) , four Olympic gold medals ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) , two NCAA Championships with UConn ( 2000 , 2002 ) , and four FIBA World Cups ( 2002 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) . She is one of only 11 women to attain all four accolades . She is also a five-time EuroLeague Champion ( 2007-2010 , 2013 ) . During her WNBA career , she has been selected to eleven WNBA All-Star teams and eight All-WNBA teams . Additionally , in 2011 , she was voted by fans as one of the WNBA 's Top 15 Players of All Time and was voted into the WNBA Top 20 @ 20 as one of the league 's Top 20 Players of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1998-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syosset , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syosset,_New_York', 'summary': 'Syosset /saɪˈɒsɪt/ is a hamlet and census-designated place ( Syosset ) in Nassau County , New York , United States , in the northeastern section of the Town of Oyster Bay , on the North Shore of Long Island . Syosset is served by the Syosset railroad station , the Syosset Post Office , the Syosset Central School District , the Syosset Public Library , the Syosset Fire Department , and the Jericho Water District . The population was 18,829 at the 2010 census . Syosset is located approximately 32 miles ( 50 km ) east of Midtown Manhattan , 14 miles ( 20 km ) east of eastern border with Queens , 23 miles ( 40 km ) southeast of the Throgs Neck Bridge , and 168 miles ( 270 km ) southeast of Albany , the state capital . It is also in close proximity to beaches , with Jones Beach only 19 miles ( 30 km ) south of the town . It borders Oyster Bay and Laurel Hollow to the north , Woodbury to the east , Plainview and Hicksville to the south , and Jericho to the west , Service is accessible to New York City by the LIRR and the Long Island Expressway by car .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swin Cash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swin_Cash', 'summary': "Swintayla Marie Swin Cash Canal ( born September 22 , 1979 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who played professionally for 15 seasons in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She currently serves as vice president of basketball operations and team development for the New Orleans Pelicans . A prolific scorer and rebounder , as well as a capable ball handler and defender , she helped lead the University of Connecticut women 's basketball team to national titles in 2000 and 2002 . In her second WNBA season , she led the Detroit Shock to their first ever WNBA title . In 2015 , she was named a studio analyst for MSG Networks covering the New York Knicks pre-games and post-games as well as the weekly coaches show . In 2017 , Cash was named the Director of franchise development for the New York Liberty . Cash will be inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1998-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKeesport , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "McKeesport is a city in Allegheny County , Pennsylvania , United States ; it is situated at the confluence of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers and within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . The population was 19,731 at the 2010 census , and is Allegheny County 's second-largest city , after Pittsburgh . Established in 1795 and named in honor of David McKee , McKeesport remained a village until 1830 when coal mining began of the large deposits of bituminous coal in the region . Originally part of Versailles Township , McKeesport was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and as a city in 1891 . Its population grew steadily until the mid-20th century , when it peaked in the 1940s . The city 's population in 1900 was 34,227 ; in 1910 , 42,694 ; in 1920 , 45,975 ; and in 1940 , 55,355 . The decrease in the population since the 1940s is attributable to the general economic malaise that descended upon the region when the steelmaking industry moved elsewhere . The major employer was the National Tube Works , a manufacturer of iron pipes , which once employed 10,000 men . McKeesport was the site of the first G. C. Murphy five-and-ten-cent store ."}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tina Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tina_Charles_(basketball)', 'summary': "Tina Alexandria Charles ( born December 5 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Liberty of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Originally from Jamaica , New York , Charles was drafted 1st overall in the 2010 WNBA Draft by the Connecticut Sun . In 2009 and 2010 , she and teammate Maya Moore led the Connecticut Huskies to two undefeated national championships . She has won two Olympic gold medals with Team USA ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}]}, {'value': '2006-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens', 'summary': "Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens . It is mainly composed of a large commercial and retail area , though part of the neighborhood is also residential . Jamaica is bordered by Hollis to the east ; St. Albans , Springfield Gardens , Rochdale Village to the southeast ; and South Jamaica to the south ; Richmond Hill and South Ozone Park to the west ; Briarwood to the northwest ; and Kew Gardens Hills , Jamaica Hills , and Jamaica Estates to the north . Jamaica was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp . Under British rule , Jamaica became the center of the Town of Jamaica . Jamaica was the first county seat of Queens County , holding that title from 1683 to 1788 , and was also the first incorporated village on Long Island . When Queens was incorporated into the City of Greater New York in 1898 , both the Town of Jamaica and the Village of Jamaica were dissolved , but the neighborhood of Jamaica regained its role as county seat . Today , some locals group Jamaica 's surrounding neighborhoods into an unofficial Greater Jamaica , roughly corresponding to the former Town of Jamaica . Jamaica is the location of several government buildings including Queens Civil Court , the civil branch of the Queens County Supreme Court , the Queens County Family Court and the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building , home to the Social Security Administration 's Northeastern Program Service Center . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration 's Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica . Jamaica Center , the area around Jamaica Avenue , is a major commercial center . The New York Racing Association , based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park , lists its official address as Jamaica ( Central Jamaica once housed NYRA 's Jamaica Racetrack , now the massive Rochdale Village housing development ) ."}]}, {'value': '20100212 February 13 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefanie Dolson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefanie_Dolson', 'summary': "Stefanie Dolson ( born January 8 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Sky of the WNBA ( WNBA ) . She was drafted 6th overall in the 2014 WNBA Draft . Dolson played Center for the UConn women 's basketball team , and won back to back national championships in 2013 and 2014"}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}]}, {'value': '2010-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Jervis , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Jervis,_New_York', 'summary': "Port Jervis is a city located at the confluence of the Neversink and the Delaware rivers in western Orange County , New York , north of the Delaware Water Gap . Its population was 8,828 at the 2010 census . The communities of Deerpark , Huguenot , Sparrowbush , and Greenville are adjacent to Port Jervis . Matamoras , Pennsylvania is across the river and connected by bridge . Montague Township , New Jersey borders here . It was part of early industrial history , a point for shipping coal to major markets to the southeast by canal and later by railroads . Its residents had long-distance passenger service by railroad until 1970 . The restructuring of railroads resulted in a decline in the city 's business and economy . In the 21st century , from late spring to early fall , many thousands of travelers and tourists pass through Port Jervis on their way to enjoying rafting , kayaking , canoeing and other activities in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River and the surrounding area . Port Jervis is part of the Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area . In August 2008 , Port Jervis was named one of Ten Coolest Small Towns by Budget Travel magazine ."}]}, {'value': '20140301 March 1 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bria Hartley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bria_Hartley', 'summary': "Bria Nicole Hartley ( born September 30 , 1992 ) is an American-born French professional basketball player for the New York Liberty of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She was drafted 7th overall by the Seattle Storm in the 2014 WNBA Draft and was immediately traded to the Washington Mystics . Hartley played point guard for the UConn women 's basketball team , and won back to back national championships in 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2010-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Babylon , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Babylon,_New_York', 'summary': 'North Babylon is a hamlet and census-designated place ( CDP ) located in Suffolk County , on the south shore of Long Island , in New York , United States . The population was 17,509 at the 2010 census . It is a suburban community located within the Town of Babylon . North Babylon is a community in the Town of Babylon . It has a number of recreational areas such as Belmont Lake State park where walking , cycling , picnicking and boating are enjoyed . Phelps Lane pool is also a popular recreation area for swimming , tennis and relaxation . The main commercial thoroughfare in North Babylon is Deer Park Avenue , featuring a wide array of strip malls , shopping centers , restaurants , recreational activities , homes and schools . A portion of this road is known as New York State Route 231 from Montauk Highway to Sylvan Road . The remainder of the road extends north to the Northern State Parkway in Dix Hills . Deer Park Avenue gained notoriety as a very popular cruise strip where hundreds of people would congregate in the shopping centers on the weekends to show off their classic cars . Students in the community attend the North Babylon Union Free School District , home of the Bulldogs , along with a number of private and parochial schools in the area . North Babylon High School is well known across Long Island for their high performing school sports teams .'}]}, {'value': '20140301 March 1 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moriah Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moriah_Jefferson', 'summary': "Moriah Jefferson ( born March 8 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Wings of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She was drafted 2nd overall by the San Antonio Stars in the 2016 WNBA draft . Jefferson played point guard for UConn women 's basketball team , where she won four consecutive national championships . She finished her UConn career ranked first in assists , second in steals , and as a two-time winner of the Nancy Lieberman Award as the top point guard in the nation . On May 16 , 2019 , Jefferson was traded to the Dallas Wings"}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2012-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Heights , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Heights,_Texas', 'summary': 'Glenn Heights is a city in Dallas and Ellis counties in the U.S. state of Texas . The population was 11,278 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '20160227 February 27 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Lobo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebecca_Lobo', 'summary': "Rebecca Rose Lobo-Rushin ( born October 6 , 1973 ) is an American television basketball analyst and former women 's basketball player in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2003 . Lobo , at 6 ' 4 , played the center position for much of her career . Lobo played college basketball at the University of Connecticut , where she was a member of the team that won the 1995 national championship , going 35-0 on the season in the process . Lobo was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 . In April 2017 , she was announced as one of the members of the 2017 class of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , alongside Tracy McGrady and Muffet McGraw ."}]}, {'value': 'C / F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1991-95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwick , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwick,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Southwick is a town in Hampden County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 9,502 at the 2010 census , up from 8,835 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Springfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renee Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renee_Montgomery', 'summary': "Renee Danielle Montgomery ( born December 2 , 1986 ) is an American basketball player for the Atlanta Dream of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She won national championships with the UConn Huskies in 2009 , and with the Minnesota Lynx in 2015 and 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2005-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Albans , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Albans,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'St. Albans is a city in Kanawha County , West Virginia , United States , at the confluence of the Kanawha and Coal Rivers . The population was 11,044 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '20090215 February 15 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maya Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maya_Moore', 'summary': "Maya April Moore ( born June 11 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Lynx of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) who is on sabbatical . Naming her their inaugural Performer of the Year in 2017 , Sports Illustrated called Moore the greatest winner in the history of women 's basketball . In high school , Moore was the National Gatorade Player of the Year , the Gatorade Female Athlete of the Year , and a McDonald 's All-American . She played forward for the UConn women 's basketball team and won back to back national championships in 2009 and 2010 . She was selected as the John Wooden Award winner in 2009 after leading Connecticut to an undefeated national championship . The following season , Moore led Connecticut to its second straight national championship and continued its overall undefeated streak at 78 ; in the 2010-11 season , she led the Huskies in extending that streak to an NCAA both-gender record ( all divisions ) of 90 . That season , Moore became the first female basketball player to sign with Air Jordan . After the 2017 season , her win-loss record in the U.S. since high school was 497-78 . Moore was the first overall pick in the 2011 WNBA Draft and joined a Minnesota Lynx team that already featured all-star caliber players in Seimone Augustus , Rebekkah Brunson , and Lindsay Whalen . Since 2011 , Moore has continued to excel , both with the Lynx and with overseas teams in Europe and China . Moore has won four WNBA championships ( 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , and 2017 ) , a WNBA Most Valuable Player Award ( 2014 ) , a WNBA Finals MVP Award ( 2013 ) , three WNBA All-Star Game MVPs ( 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 ) , two Olympic gold medals ( 2012 and 2016 ) , a WNBA Scoring Title ( 2014 ) , and the WNBA Rookie of the Year Award ( 2011 ) . She has also been selected to four WNBA All-Star teams and three All-WNBA teams ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2007-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawrenceville , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrenceville,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Lawrenceville is a city and the county seat of Gwinnett County , Georgia , United States . It is a suburb of Atlanta , located approximately 30 miles ( 50 km ) northeast of downtown . As of the 2010 census , the population of Lawrenceville was 28,546 . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city population to be 29,795 . Lawrenceville has six ZIP codes ( 30042-30046 , 30049 ) , and it is part of the 678/770/404 telephone area code , which is used throughout metropolitan Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': '20110228 February 28 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaleena_Mosqueda-Lewis', 'summary': "Kaleena Jordan Mosqueda-Lewis ( born Kaleena Jordan Lewis , November 3 , 1993 ) is an American basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She plays for the Seattle Storm . Prior to enrolling at UConn she played for Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana , California . She played on the USA Basketball U16 National Team , where she helped the team win the FIBA Americas U16 Championship Gold Medal . Mosqueda-Lewis was named the 2011 State Farm/WBCA High School Player of the Year by the Women 's Basketball Coaches Association ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2011-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Hills , Anaheim , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Hills,_Anaheim,_California', 'summary': 'Anaheim Hills is a planned community encompassing the eastern portions of the city of Anaheim , in Orange County , California .'}]}, {'value': '20150228 February 28 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shea Ralph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shea_Ralph', 'summary': "Shea Sydney Ralph ( born March 12 , 1978 ) is a former collegiate basketball player and current assistant coach for the University of Connecticut Huskies women 's basketball team . Ralph was proficient in multiple sports , set state high school records in basketball , and earned multiple national player of the year awards in high school and college . She helped win a national championship as a player at the University of Connecticut in 2000 and won numerous individual awards , including the Sports Illustrated for Women Player of the Year and the Honda Sports Award for the best collegiate female athlete in basketball . She suffered five ACL injuries in her career , two of which led to sitting out the 1997-98 season . Ralph was drafted by the WNBA Utah Starzz , but continued knee problems prevented her from embarking on a professional career . Ralph started her coaching career as an assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh in 2003 , then moved to the University of Connecticut in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1996-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jennifer Rizzotti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Rizzotti', 'summary': "Jennifer Marie Rizzotti ( born May 15 , 1974 ) is a retired American collegiate and professional basketball player , and current Division I coach at George Washington University . Rizzotti was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1992-96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Fairfield , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Fairfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'New Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 13,881 at the 2010 census . New Fairfield is one of five towns that surround Candlewood Lake , the largest lake in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nykesha Sales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nykesha_Sales', 'summary': 'Nykesha Simone Sales ( born May 10 , 1976 ) is an assistant coach at the University of Central Florida . She is a former professional basketball player in the WNBA , as well as playing in the Bosnian league for the ZKK Mladi Krajisnik club . Her primary position is the small forward . Her second position is shooting guard . In 1999 Sales was added to the roster of the USA FIBA Senior National Team . Her brother Brooks Sales played forward for Villanova from 1998-2002 , and currently plays overseas in Spain for the Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '1994-98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomfield , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Bloomfield is a town in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 20,486 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breanna Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breanna_Stewart', 'summary': "Breanna Mackenzie Stewart ( born August 27 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Stewart was the first overall pick in the 2016 WNBA Draft . In high school , she was the National Gatorade Player of the Year , the Gatorade Female Athlete of the Year , and a McDonald 's All-American . Stewart played forward for the University of Connecticut ( UConn ) Huskies women 's basketball team . She led the Huskies to four national championships , was named the Final Four 's most outstanding player a record four times , and was a three-time consensus national player of the year . Prior to her first WNBA game , Stewart signed a multi-year endorsement deal with Nike . She was the 2016 WNBA Rookie of the Year , is a two-time All-Star , and was named the WNBA MVP in 2018 . Due to injury , she is not playing in the 2019 season , and the WNBA hired her as a league ambassador for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2012-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Syracuse , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Syracuse,_New_York', 'summary': 'North Syracuse is a village in Onondaga County , New York , United States . The population was 6,800 at the 2010 census . North Syracuse is located in the towns of Cicero and Clay , north of the city of Syracuse .'}]}, {'value': '20160227 February 27 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Taurasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Taurasi', 'summary': "Diana Lorena Taurasi ( born June 11 , 1982 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Mercury of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She was drafted by Phoenix first overall in the 2004 WNBA draft . Taurasi has won the WNBA Rookie of the Year Award ( 2004 ) , three WNBA championships ( 2007 , 2009 , and 2014 ) , one WNBA Most Valuable Player Award ( 2009 ) , two WNBA Finals MVP Awards ( 2009 and 2014 ) , four Olympic gold medals , ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 ) , five scoring titles ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 ) , and three FIBA World Cups ( 2010 , 2014 , and 2018 ) . She has also been selected to nine WNBA All-Star teams and ten All-WNBA teams . In 2011 , she was voted by fans as one of the WNBA 's Top 15 Players of All Time . On June 18 , 2017 , Taurasi became the WNBA all-time leading scorer . Taurasi is considered one of the greatest female basketball players of all time . Her penchant for scoring in crucial situations has earned her the nickname White Mamba , first coined by Kobe Bryant ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2000-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chino , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chino,_California', 'summary': "Chino ( /ˈtʃiːnoʊ/ CHEE-noh ) is a city in the western end of San Bernardino County , California , United States with Los Angeles County to its west and Orange County to its south in the Southern California region . Chino is adjacent to Chino Hills , California . Chino 's surroundings have long been a center of agriculture and dairy farming , providing milk products in Southern California and much of the southwestern United States . Chino 's agricultural history dates back to the Spanish land grant forming Rancho Santa Ana del Chino . The area specialized in orchard , row crops and dairy . Chino is bounded by Chino Hills , and Los Angeles County to the west , Pomona to the northwest , unincorporated San Bernardino County ( near Montclair ) to the north , Ontario to the northeast , Eastvale to the southeast in Riverside County and Orange County to the southwest . It is easily accessible via the Chino Valley ( 71 ) and Pomona ( 60 ) freeways . The population was 77,983 at the 2010 census . Downtown Chino is home to satellite branches of the San Bernardino County Library and Chaffey Community College , the Chino Community Theatre , the Chino Boxing Club and a weekly Farmer 's Market . In 2008 , the city of Chino was awarded the prestigious 100 Best Communities for Youth award for the second time in three years . Chino hosted shooting events for the 1984 Summer Olympics at the Prado Olympic Shooting Park in the Prado Regional Park ."}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morgan Tuck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morgan_Tuck', 'summary': "Morgan Tuck ( born April 30 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She played her first four WNBA seasons with the Connecticut Sun . She won 4 consecutive NCAA championships with the University of Connecticut . She completed her high school career at Bolingbrook High School in Bolingbrook , Illinois . She played on the USA Basketball U17 , U18 and U19 teams , where she helped each team win a Gold Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2012-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Rapids , Michigan / Bolingbrook , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan', 'summary': "Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan and the largest city in West Michigan . It is on the Grand River about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Lake Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 188,040 . In 2010 , the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648 , and the combined statistical area of Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland had a population of 1,321,557 . Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County . A historic furniture-manufacturing center , Grand Rapids is home to five of the world 's leading office furniture companies , and is nicknamed Furniture City . Other nicknames include River City and more recently , Beer City ( the latter given by USA Today and adopted by the city as a brand ) . The city and surrounding communities are economically diverse , based in the health care , information technology , automotive , aviation , and consumer goods manufacturing industries , among others . Grand Rapids is the childhood home of U.S. President Gerald Ford , who is buried with his wife Betty on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in the city . The city 's main airport and one of its freeways are also named after him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bolingbrook,_Illinois', 'summary': "The village of Bolingbrook is a southwest suburb of Chicago in Will and DuPage counties in the U.S. state of Illinois . As of the 2017 US Census , the population is 75,201 . It is the 17th largest incorporated place in Illinois and the state 's 2nd largest village ."}]}, {'value': '20160406 April 6 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabby Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabby_Williams', 'summary': "Gabrielle Lisa Williams ( born September 9 , 1996 ) is an American-French professional basketball player for the Chicago Sky of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She was drafted 4th overall by the Chicago Sky in the 2018 WNBA Draft . In 2019 , she played for Spar Citylift Uni Girona ( Catalonia , Spain ) and won the Spanish League Championship . Williams played forward for the UConn women 's basketball team , and won back to back national championships in 2015 and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': '2014-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sparks , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Sparks is a city in Washoe County , Nevada , United States . It was founded in 1904 , incorporated on March 15 , 1905 , and is located just east of Reno . The 2010 U.S. Census Bureau population count was 90,264 . It is the fifth most populous city in Nevada . It is named after the late Nevada Governor John Sparks , a member of the Silver Party . Sparks is located within the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 February 26 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kara Wolters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Wolters', 'summary': "Kara Wolters Drinan ( born August 15 , 1975 ) is a retired American collegiate and professional basketball player . Standing at six feet seven inches ( 2.01 m ) , she was nicknamed Big Girl . She is the tallest player in University of Connecticut women 's basketball history and one of the tallest women to ever play in the WNBA . Wolters was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}]}, {'value': '1993-97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holliston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holliston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Holliston is a New England town in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States in the Greater Boston area . The population was 13,547 at the 2010 census , and in 2016 , the population was 14,556 . It is located in MetroWest , a Massachusetts region that is west of Boston . Holliston is the only town in Middlesex County that borders both Norfolk and Worcester counties .'}]}, {'value': '20061221 December 21 , 2006', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Honorees -- Women 's basketball", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Huskies_of_Honor_1', 'intro': "Huskies of Honor is a recognition program sponsored by the University of Connecticut (UConn). Similar to a hall of fame, it honors the most significant figures in the history of the UConn Huskies - the university's athletic teams - especially the men's and women's basketball teams. The inaugural honorees, inducted in two separate ceremonies during the 2006-07 season, included thirteen men's basketball players, ten women's basketball players, and four head coaches, of whom two coaches - Jim Calhoun and Geno Auriemma - and two players - Ray Allen and Rebecca Lobo - are also enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Since that time, an additional nine women's basketball players, seven men's basketball players, five national championship teams, one women's basketball assistant coach, and one athletic director have been honored. Men's basketball has been played at the University of Connecticut since 1901, when the school was known as Connecticut Agricultural College. The Huskies first achieved success under Coach Hugh Greer, who over a sixteen-year period led the team to twelve Yankee Conference championships, seven National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Tournament berths, and one National Invitation Tournament appearance before dying suddenly during the 1962-63 college basketball season. It was not until Calhoun took over the university's basketball program in 1985, however, that UConn grew from a regional basketball power to a nationally prominent one. Under Calhoun, UConn won three national championships (1999, 2004, 2011), seven Big East Tournaments, and ten Big East[Note 1] regular season titles, while placing twenty-six former players into the National Basketball Association (NBA). Following Calhoun's retirement, new head coach Kevin Ollie would lead UConn to a fourth national championship win in 2014. Women's basketball was not a major sport at UConn until the arrival of Auriemma in 1985. Under his guidance UConn has enjoyed unprecedented success, winning 11 national titles, including six at the end of undefeated seasons and four consecutive championships from 2013-16. The Huskies also have the two longest winning streaks in NCAA Division I basketball history, at 111 games from 2014-17 and 90 games from 2008-10."} | null | null | What sea is the hometown of Svetlana Abrosimova on ? | Baltic Sea |
0472d78b10cfb416 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Central_Queensland', 'title': 'List of schools in Central Queensland', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alsace State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alsace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alsace,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Alsace is a rural locality in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Alsace had a population of 3 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alton Downs State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alton Downs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alton_Downs,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Alton Downs is a locality in the Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Arthur 's Creek State School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baffle Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baffle_Creek,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Baffle Creek is a locality in the Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia . The neighbourhood of Wartburg is within the locality ( 24°30′07″S 151°55′52″E / 24.50194°S 151.93111°E / -24.50194 ; 151.93111 ( Wartburg , Queensland ) ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': 'c1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baffle Creek State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baffle Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baffle_Creek,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Baffle Creek is a locality in the Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia . The neighbourhood of Wartburg is within the locality ( 24°30′07″S 151°55′52″E / 24.50194°S 151.93111°E / -24.50194 ; 151.93111 ( Wartburg , Queensland ) ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bariveloe State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bariveloe ( now in Colosseum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bariveloe,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Colosseum is a locality in the Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colosseum,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Colosseum is a locality in the Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barmoya East State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barmoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barmoya,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Barmoya is a locality in the Shire of Livingstone , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Livingstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Livingstone', 'summary': "The Shire of Livingstone is a local government area located in the Capricornia region of Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia , to the immediate north and east of the regional city of Rockhampton . The shire , administered from the coastal town of Yeppoon , covers an area of 11,758 square kilometres ( 4,539.8 sq mi ) , and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008 , when it amalgamated with several other councils to become the Rockhampton Region . The Shire was re-established on 1 January 2014 following a successful de-amalgamation referendum in 2013 . Industry within the shire is diverse . Timber is harvested from extensive pine plantations near Byfield in the north . Significant pineapple production takes place within the shire , as well as other agricultural crops . Tourism is increasingly becoming a mainstay of the area , with Keppel Bay and the nearby islands a major drawcard , and more than half of the Shire 's population lives in the coastal area centred on Yeppoon and Emu Park . The coastal strip within the shire is known as the Capricorn Coast . The Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area is also located within the shire ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bathampton State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bathampton ( now in Clermont )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bathampton,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Clermont is a town and a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . Clermont is a major hub for the large coal mines in the region as well as serving agricultural holdings . In the 2016 census , Clermont had a population of 3,031 people , but its boundaries have subsequently changed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clermont,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Clermont is a town and a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . Clermont is a major hub for the large coal mines in the region as well as serving agricultural holdings . In the 2016 census , Clermont had a population of 3,031 people , but its boundaries have subsequently changed .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berserker Street State Infants School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berserker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berserker,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Berserker is a suburb of Rockhampton in the Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia , situated about six kilometres north east of the central business district .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair Athol State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair Athol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair_Athol,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Blair Athol is a former town within Clermont in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . It was obliterated by the development of the Blair Athol coal mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bogantungan State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bogantungan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogantungan,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Bogantungan is a rural town in the locality of Willows in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boolburra State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boolburra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boolburra,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Boolburra is a town and a locality in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracewell State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bracewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bracewell,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Bracewell is a locality in Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braeside State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braeside ( now in Strathfield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braeside,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Strathfield is a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Strathfield,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Strathfield is a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buckland State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckland,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Buckland is a locality in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunerba State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunerba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bunerba,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Dululu is a small town and locality in the Shire of Banana , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Banana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Banana', 'summary': "The Shire of Banana is a local government area located in the Capricorn region of Queensland , Australia , inland from the regional city of Gladstone . The shire was named after the first township in the region ( Banana ) , which in turn was named for the burial site of a huge dun coloured bullock named 'Banana ' . The council sits in the town of Biloela , which is the largest town in the Shire . Major industries in the shire include coal mining , beef production , power generation , dryland cropping and irrigation cropping such as lucerne and cotton ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buneru State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wowan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wowan,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Wowan is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Banana , Queensland , Australia . The town of Deeford is also within the locality . In the 2016 census , the locality of Wowan had a population of 216 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Banana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Banana', 'summary': "The Shire of Banana is a local government area located in the Capricorn region of Queensland , Australia , inland from the regional city of Gladstone . The shire was named after the first township in the region ( Banana ) , which in turn was named for the burial site of a huge dun coloured bullock named 'Banana ' . The council sits in the town of Biloela , which is the largest town in the Shire . Major industries in the shire include coal mining , beef production , power generation , dryland cropping and irrigation cropping such as lucerne and cotton ."}]}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bungundarra State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bungundarra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bungundarra,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Bungundarra is a locality in the Livingstone Shire , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Livingstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Livingstone', 'summary': "The Shire of Livingstone is a local government area located in the Capricornia region of Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia , to the immediate north and east of the regional city of Rockhampton . The shire , administered from the coastal town of Yeppoon , covers an area of 11,758 square kilometres ( 4,539.8 sq mi ) , and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008 , when it amalgamated with several other councils to become the Rockhampton Region . The Shire was re-established on 1 January 2014 following a successful de-amalgamation referendum in 2013 . Industry within the shire is diverse . Timber is harvested from extensive pine plantations near Byfield in the north . Significant pineapple production takes place within the shire , as well as other agricultural crops . Tourism is increasingly becoming a mainstay of the area , with Keppel Bay and the nearby islands a major drawcard , and more than half of the Shire 's population lives in the coastal area centred on Yeppoon and Emu Park . The coastal strip within the shire is known as the Capricorn Coast . The Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area is also located within the shire ."}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Callide State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Callide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callide,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Callide is a town and a locality in the Shire of Banana , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Banana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Banana', 'summary': "The Shire of Banana is a local government area located in the Capricorn region of Queensland , Australia , inland from the regional city of Gladstone . The shire was named after the first township in the region ( Banana ) , which in turn was named for the burial site of a huge dun coloured bullock named 'Banana ' . The council sits in the town of Biloela , which is the largest town in the Shire . Major industries in the shire include coal mining , beef production , power generation , dryland cropping and irrigation cropping such as lucerne and cotton ."}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calliungal North State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baree,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Baree is a rural locality in the Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Baree had a population of 164 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calmorin State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ridgelands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ridgelands,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Ridgelands is a locality in the Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'State schools -- Defunct state schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Central_Queensland_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Central Queensland region of Queensland, Australia, and includes schools in Central West Queensland. The region is centred on the coastal cities of Rockhampton and Gladstone, and the inland towns of Emerald, Longreach and Barcaldine.Prior to 2015, the Queensland education system consisted of primary schools, which accommodated students from kindergarten to Year 7 (ages 5-13), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 8 to 12 (ages 12-18). However, from 2015, Year 7 became the first year of high school.'} | null | null | What is the opening year of the school whose LGA 's major industries in the shire include coal mining , beef production , power generation , dryland cropping and irrigation cropping such as lucerne and cotton ? | 1925 |
0472de02ed6b9d4f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Kamloops', 'title': 'Media in Kamloops', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '610 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHNL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHNL', 'summary': "CHNL is a radio station in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . The station , owned by the Stingray Group since 2018 , airs a classic hits format with some talk and sports at 610 on the AM dial . The station launched in 1970 . 610 AM is a regional broadcast frequency . There are four stations in Canada on this frequency , although CKYL is planning to move to FM . On April 25 , 2009 , CHNL received CRTC approval to add a transmitter in Merritt at 1230 kHz . The transmitter took over the AM frequency of Merritt 's local radio station CJNL , which converted to 101.1 MHz and now broadcasts with the call sign CKMQ-FM ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio NL - News , Talk , Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcap Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcap_Radio', 'summary': 'Newfoundland Capital Corporation Ltd. , operating as Newcap Radio , was a Canadian radio broadcasting conglomerate based in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Founded by Harold R. Steele , the company owned 101 radio stations in Canada ( making it the second-largest radio conglomerate in Canada behind Bell Media ) particularly in Newfoundland and Labrador , and Alberta , as well as two television stations in Lloydminster .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFBX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFBX-FM', 'summary': 'CFBX-FM 92.5 FM , also known as The X , is a campus radio station at Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops , British Columbia . During the 1980s , CFBX began operations as a closed-circuit radio station at the university . During the early 2000s , they applied to the CRTC for a license for a low-power radio station , which was approved . Following CRTC approval , the station commenced aerial broadcasting on April 2 , 2001 at 8:00am . CFBX-FM is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association ( NCRA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The X', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'campus radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campus_radio', 'summary': 'Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station .'}]}, {'value': 'Thompson Rivers University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University', 'summary': "Thompson Rivers University ( commonly referred to as TRU ) is a public teaching and research university offering undergraduate and graduate degrees and vocational training . Its main campus is in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada , and its name comes from the two rivers which converge in Kamloops , the North Thompson and South Thompson . The university has a satellite campus in Williams Lake , BC and a distance education division called TRU-Open Learning . It also has several international partnerships through its TRU World division . TRU offers 140 on-campus programs and approximately 60 online or distance programs through the Open Learning division , including trades apprenticeships , vocational certificates and diplomas , bachelor 's and master 's degrees and law ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBYK-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBYK-FM', 'summary': 'CBYK-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Radio One network in Kamloops , British Columbia . The station airs at 94.1 FM in Kamloops .'}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBUF-FM-6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBUF-FM', 'summary': "CBUF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 97.7 MHz in Vancouver and on a chain of rebroadcasters around British Columbia . CBUF-FM is a non-commercial public broadcasting station airing news/talk and some music programming . The station was first launched in 1967 as the first French language Radio-Canada station west of Ontario . Its studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver , while its transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . CBUF also serves as the Première outlet for the Yukon , by way of a locally owned repeater in Whitehorse ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'French ; repeats CBUF-FM Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBUF-FM', 'summary': "CBUF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 97.7 MHz in Vancouver and on a chain of rebroadcasters around British Columbia . CBUF-FM is a non-commercial public broadcasting station airing news/talk and some music programming . The station was first launched in 1967 as the first French language Radio-Canada station west of Ontario . Its studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver , while its transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . CBUF also serves as the Première outlet for the Yukon , by way of a locally owned repeater in Whitehorse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': '97.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKRV-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKRV-FM', 'summary': "CKRV-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 97.5 FM in Kamloops , British Columbia . The station broadcasts a classic hits format branded as K 97-5 , and prior to 2010 , it had a hot adult contemporary format . Even though as a top 40 station , it was still being classified as a hot AC station by Mediabase and Nielsen BDS . CKRV-FM 's most recent shift to top 40 was plagued by CKBZ-FM shifting from adult contemporary to hot adult contemporary in the late 2000s . The station was launched in 1984 by Hal Yerxa 's CFCW Ltd . It was acquired by Newcap Broadcasting in 1989 , but was then sold to local broadcaster NL Broadcasting , the owner of AM station CHNL in the city , in 1993 . On February 20 , 2015 , CKRV-FM switched to a variety hits format and adopted a new slogan Kamloops ' best variety of the '80s , '90s and WOW , but kept the station 's branding . In June 2017 , the station was reacquired by Newcap , along with sister stations CHNL and CJKC-FM . Recently , in February 2018 , CKRV-FM rebranded to K 97-5 and flipped to classic hits ."}]}, {'value': '97.5 The River', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_hits', 'summary': "Classic hits is a radio format which generally includes songs from the top 40 music charts from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s , with music from the 1980s serving as the core of the format . Music that was popularized by MTV in the early 1980s and the nostalgia behind it is a major driver to the format . It is considered the successor to the oldies format , a collection of top 40 songs from the late 1950s through the late 1970s that was once extremely popular in the United States . The term is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for the adult hits format , which uses a slightly newer music library stretching from all decades to the present with a major focus on 1990s and 2000s rock and alternative songs . In addition , adult hits stations tend to have larger playlists , playing a given song only a few times per week , compared to the tighter libraries on classic hits stations . For example , KRTH , a classic hits station in Los Angeles , plays power songs up to 30 times a week , which is another differentiator compared to other formats that share songs with classic hits libraries . The classic hits format has become extremely popular in the last few years with stations like KRTH , WCBS-FM in New York , and WLS-FM in Chicago having successful ratings with this model . Classic hits was named format of the summer of 2018 by Nielsen Audio 's research team emphasizing the huge popularity of the format . In addition , the Millennial generation is listening to this format in record numbers , according to a Nielsen report . As of December 2019 there are now over 1,100 classic hits stations in the United States , the largest amount in format history ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcap Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcap_Radio', 'summary': 'Newfoundland Capital Corporation Ltd. , operating as Newcap Radio , was a Canadian radio broadcasting conglomerate based in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Founded by Harold R. Steele , the company owned 101 radio stations in Canada ( making it the second-largest radio conglomerate in Canada behind Bell Media ) particularly in Newfoundland and Labrador , and Alberta , as well as two television stations in Lloydminster .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CIFM-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CIFM-FM', 'summary': "CIFM-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 98.3 FM in Kamloops , British Columbia . The station currently broadcasts an Active rock format branded as 98.3 CIFM ' Kamloops Best Rock . The station was launched in 1962 as CFFM-FM by Inland Broadcasters , and was acquired by the Jim Pattison Group in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': '98.3 CIFM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKBZ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKBZ-FM', 'summary': "CKBZ-FM is a radio station in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . Broadcasting at 100.1 FM , the station airs an adult contemporary format ( per reporting status on Mediabase ) branded as B-100 . The station is currently owned by the Jim Pattison Group . The station was first launched in 1926 as CFJC 1120 AM , owned by the local N. S. Dalgliesh & Son department store . It was acquired by the Kamloops Sentinel in 1932 , and changed frequency the following year to 1310 . The station became an affiliate of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission , a corporate precursor to the CBC , and retained an affiliation with CBC Radio afterward . Its frequency subsequently changed to 800 AM in 1934 , 880 in 1935 and 910 in 1941 . The Sentinel finally sold the station to Inland Broadcasters in 1957 . Sister station CFJC-FM was launched in 1962 . CFJC dropped its CBC affiliation in 1977 when the CBC launched CBYK-FM , then a local rebroadcaster of Vancouver 's CBU . The station then moved to its final AM frequency , 550 , in 1979 . CFJC and its FM sister station were acquired by the Jim Pattison Group , their current owner , in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'B100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBPL-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBPL-FM', 'summary': "Weatheradio Canada ( French : Radiométéo Canada ) is a Canadian weather radio network that is owned and operated by Environment and Climate Change Canada 's Meteorological Service of Canada division . The network transmits in both official languages ( English and French ) from 230 sites across Canada . Weatheradio Canada like their telephone service , uses the Starcaster Text to Speech , which has been used for many years and is owned by STR-SpeechTech Ltd . In most locations , the service broadcasts on one of seven specially-allocated VHF radio frequencies , audible only on dedicated weather band receivers or any VHF radio capable of receiving 10 kHz bandwidth FM signals centered on these assigned channels , which are located within the larger public service band . The radio frequencies used by Weatheradio Canada are the same as those used by its American counterpart , NOAA Weather Radio , and receivers designed for use in one country are compatible for use in the other . Since 2004 , the service has used Specific Area Message Encoding ( SAME ) alerting technology to disseminate severe weather bulletins . Weatheradio has indicated that , in the future , it also plans to add other hazard and civil emergency information ( such as natural disasters , technological accidents , AMBER alerts and terrorist attacks ) to its broadcasts . In some locations , primarily national parks , provincial parks and remote communities with little or no local media service , a transmitter operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation carries the service on a standard AM or FM broadcast frequency . As of August 2007 , most of these AM and FM transmitters were unlicensed by the CRTC under a special license exemption granted to low-power non-commercial broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'WeatherRadio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weather', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( owner ) Weatheradio Canada ( operator )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Weatheradio_Canada', 'summary': "Weatheradio Canada ( French : Radiométéo Canada ) is a Canadian weather radio network that is owned and operated by Environment and Climate Change Canada 's Meteorological Service of Canada division . The network transmits in both official languages ( English and French ) from 230 sites across Canada . Weatheradio Canada like their telephone service , uses the Starcaster Text to Speech , which has been used for many years and is owned by STR-SpeechTech Ltd . In most locations , the service broadcasts on one of seven specially-allocated VHF radio frequencies , audible only on dedicated weather band receivers or any VHF radio capable of receiving 10 kHz bandwidth FM signals centered on these assigned channels , which are located within the larger public service band . The radio frequencies used by Weatheradio Canada are the same as those used by its American counterpart , NOAA Weather Radio , and receivers designed for use in one country are compatible for use in the other . Since 2004 , the service has used Specific Area Message Encoding ( SAME ) alerting technology to disseminate severe weather bulletins . Weatheradio has indicated that , in the future , it also plans to add other hazard and civil emergency information ( such as natural disasters , technological accidents , AMBER alerts and terrorist attacks ) to its broadcasts . In some locations , primarily national parks , provincial parks and remote communities with little or no local media service , a transmitter operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation carries the service on a standard AM or FM broadcast frequency . As of August 2007 , most of these AM and FM transmitters were unlicensed by the CRTC under a special license exemption granted to low-power non-commercial broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'English / French', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJKC-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJKC-FM', 'summary': 'CJKC-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 103.1 FM in Kamloops , British Columbia . The station broadcasts a country music format branded as New Country 103.1 . The station received approval in 2005 and was launched in 2006 by local broadcaster NL Broadcasting , the owner of CHNL and CKRV . It was acquired by Newcap Radio in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Country 103.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Newcap Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcap_Radio', 'summary': 'Newfoundland Capital Corporation Ltd. , operating as Newcap Radio , was a Canadian radio broadcasting conglomerate based in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Founded by Harold R. Steele , the company owned 101 radio stations in Canada ( making it the second-largest radio conglomerate in Canada behind Bell Media ) particularly in Newfoundland and Labrador , and Alberta , as well as two television stations in Lloydminster .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBU-FM-4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBU-FM', 'summary': "CBU-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Music network in Vancouver , British Columbia . The station broadcasts at 105.7 FM . CBU-FM 's transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . The station was originally launched in 1947 as an FM simulcast of the CBC AM station CBR ( Vancouver ) . It was rebranded as CBU-FM in 1952 when the Vancouver AM station was renamed . It was not part of the CBC 's original FM network in 1960 , but became part of the 1964 relaunch . The station operates from the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at 700 Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver . As with most CBC Music stations , presently there is no Vancouver-specific programming on the station apart from short weather updates . However , Saturday Afternoon at the Opera and In Concert , both hosted by Bill Richardson , currently originate from Vancouver ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Music', 'summary': 'CBC Music ( formerly known as CBC FM , CBC Stereo and CBC Radio 2 ) is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It used to concentrate on classical music and jazz . In 2007 and 2008 , the network transitioned towards a new adult music format with a variety of genres , with the classical genre generally restricted to midday hours . In 2009 , Radio 2 averaged 2.1 million listeners weekly , and it was the second largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Public/Music', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'English ; repeats CBU-FM Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBU-FM', 'summary': "CBU-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Music network in Vancouver , British Columbia . The station broadcasts at 105.7 FM . CBU-FM 's transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . The station was originally launched in 1947 as an FM simulcast of the CBC AM station CBR ( Vancouver ) . It was rebranded as CBU-FM in 1952 when the Vancouver AM station was renamed . It was not part of the CBC 's original FM network in 1960 , but became part of the 1964 relaunch . The station operates from the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at 700 Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver . As with most CBC Music stations , presently there is no Vancouver-specific programming on the station apart from short weather updates . However , Saturday Afternoon at the Opera and In Concert , both hosted by Bill Richardson , currently originate from Vancouver ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Media_in_Kamloops_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of media in Kamloops, British Columbia.'} | null | null | Which FM station has a higher frequency ? One which has a transmitter on top of Mount Seymour , or one that currently broadcasts an Active rock format branded and claims it has the best rock ? | CIFM-FM |
0472fa87a7ec8460 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FC_Edmonton_season', 'title': '2011 FC Edmonton season', 'header': ['No', 'Pos', 'Name', 'MS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Baart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rein_Baart', 'summary': 'Rein Baart ( born 13 April 1972 in Oosterbeek ) , is a Dutch former footballer .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lance_Parker', 'summary': "Lance Parker ( born August 19 , 1985 ) is an American soccer player and model . As a model , Parker has appeared on several magazine covers , and in such magazines as Men 's Health , GQ , and Vogue Hommes ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Monsalve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Monsalve', 'summary': 'David Andrés Monsalve ( born December 21 , 1988 ) is a Canadian soccer player who most recently played for the Ottawa Fury in the United Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ammar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Ammar', 'summary': 'Ammar attended Paul Kane High School and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology , before joining the Canadian European Futbol Academy in an attempt to secure a professional playing contract in Europe . After attending several trials , Ammar signed with German Fußball-Bayernliga team SV Heimstetten for 2009-2011 season . He made his professional debut on July 31 , 2010 , coming on as a substitute for starting keeper Patrick Lehner in a game against SpVgg Bayreuth . He went on to make 30 appearances for the club .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'LeRoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_LeRoy', 'summary': 'Adrian LeRoy ( born May 6 , 1987 ) is a Canadian former soccer player .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Surprenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Surprenant', 'summary': 'Alex Surprenant ( born September 4 , 1989 ) is a Canadian soccer player currently unattached .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Duberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Duberry', 'summary': 'André Duberry ( born August 24 , 1982 ) is a Canadian soccer player who currently plays for FC Edmonton in the North American Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Jonke', 'summary': 'John Jonke ( born January 20 , 1987 in Scarborough , Ontario ) is a Canadian soccer player .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Saler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niko_Saler', 'summary': 'Niko Saler ( born April 15 , 1992 in Lethbridge , Alberta ) is a Canadian soccer player .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthijs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Matthijs', 'summary': 'Paul Matthijs ( born 5 October 1976 in Paterswolde ) is a Dutch footballer .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Paul Hamilton ( born March 23 , 1988 ) is a Canadian soccer player who currently plays for Edmonton Scottish . Previously having played professionally for the Vancouver Whitecaps , FC Edmonton and the Carolina Railhawks .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Rago', 'summary': 'Antonio Rago ( born November 5 , 1990 in St. Albert , Alberta ) is a former Canadian soccer player .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Saiko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaun_Saiko', 'summary': 'Shaun Saiko ( born November 13 , 1989 ) is a Canadian retired professional soccer player .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Yamada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Yamada', 'summary': 'Kyle Yamada ( born April 12 , 1983 in Calgary , Alberta ) is a Canadian soccer player .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Chin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Chin', 'summary': 'Shawn Chin ( born May 11 , 1989 ) is an American professional soccer player currently playing for Miami FC in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sidra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_Sidra', 'summary': 'Eduard Mahir Sidra ( born February 20 , 1989 in Khartoum ) is a Canadian soccer player . He is an attacking defender who often plays on the right side . He married Marie Gilada-Sidra on November 11 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Kwesele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mutanda_Kwesele', 'summary': 'Mutanda Kwesele ( born March 14 , 1986 in Mufulira ) is a Zambian footballer .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Kooy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Kooy', 'summary': 'Chris Kooy ( born June 11 , 1982 in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian soccer player who played for FC Edmonton in the North American Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Oppong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominic_Oppong', 'summary': 'Dominic Oppong ( born January 21 , 1986 in Kumasi ) is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player who last played for the Atlanta Silverbacks in the North American second tier NASL .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Lam', 'summary': 'Sam Lam ( born December 30 , 1988 ) is a Canadian professional soccer player . Also , he scored the biggest goals of his career vs Edmonton drillers to send the team to the provincial finals ( August 31,2019 ) . Paul Hamilton beat him to the ballondor in 2013 while kevin poissant won the puskas award from scoring a top cheese goal .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '[ 25 ]', 'uid': '2011_FC_Edmonton_season_1', 'intro': "The 2011 NASL season was the first official season in FC Edmonton's existence. The club had played an exhibition season consisting of friendlies against various domestic and international opponents in 2010."} | null | null | Where was the midfielder with the jersey number of 17 born ? | Mufulira |
04738f60d4fe7b79 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_militias_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War', 'title': 'List of militias in the Lebanese Civil War', 'header': ['Militia', 'Political Organization', 'Main faction', 'Community', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lebanese Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_(militia)', 'summary': 'The Lebanese Forces - LF ( Arabic : القوات اللبنانية | al-quwwat al-lubnāniyya ) or Forces Libanaises ( FL ) in French , was one of the main Christian factions of the Lebanese Civil War . Originally an umbrella organization for different Christian parties , the Lebanese Forces later became a separate organization . It was mainly staffed by Maronite Christians . The Lebanese Front was informally organized in January 1976 under the leadership of Pierre Gemayel and Camille Chamoun . It began as a simple coordination or joint command between the predominantly Christian Kataeb Party/Kataeb Regulatory Forces ( KRF ) , Tyous Team of Commandos ( TTC ) , Ahrar/Tigers Militia , Al-Tanzim , Marada Brigade and Lebanese Renewal Party/Guardians of the Cedars ( GoC ) parties and their respective military wings . The main reason behind the formation of the Lebanese Front was to strengthen the Christian side against the challenge presented by the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) , an umbrella alliance of leftist Muslim parties/militias backed by the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and Rejectionist Front Palestinian guerrilla factions .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front ( as a whole ) ; Lebanese Forces Party led by Samir Geagea , emerged from LF structure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_Party', 'summary': "The Lebanese Forces ( Arabic : القوات اللبنانية al-Quwwāt al-Libnānīyah ) is a Lebanese Christian based political party and former militia during the Lebanese Civil War . It currently holds fifteen of the 64 Christian seats in Lebanon 's parliament and is therefore the second largest Christian party in parliament The Lebanese Forces were originally created in 1976 as an umbrella organization co-ordinating all the right-wing party militias of the Lebanese Front , mainly composed of the Kataeb Party . After the assassination of Bachir Gemayel , a few uprisings led to Geagea taking over and dissolving the Lebanese Front . Later developing into a separate organization from those parties in the early 1990s . The party was led by Samir Geagea , former commander-in-chief of the armed organization . The organization was created by the Gemayels , Camille Chamoun , and other party leaders during the Lebanese Civil War . It was initially a conglomerate of the various right-wing party militias , placed under the control of a council composed of various party representatives . The Kataeb Regulatory Forces provided the largest share of fighters and the Kataeb had the largest share on the council . Despite its original creation from party militias , the Lebanese Forces accepted new recruits without any specific party allegiance . The movement fought as the main Lebanese resistance within the Christian-dominated Lebanese Front . During the civil war , the Lebanese Forces fought different opponents at different times : the Palestinian Liberation Organization , the LNM , the LNRF , the Syrian Army , the Druze-dominated PSP in the Chouf , and the Lebanese Army loyal to General Aoun . In the mid-1980s , political friction within the Lebanese Front resulted in growing distance between the Kataeb militants and the rest of the Lebanese Forces ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samir_Geagea', 'summary': "Samir Farid Geagea ( Arabic : سمير فريد جعجع Lebanese pron . : [ saˈmiːɾ faˈɾiːd ˈʒaʕʒaʕ ] , also spelled Samir Ja'ja ' ; born on 25 October 1952 in Ain al-Remaneh ) , from the town of Bsharri in northern Lebanon , is a Lebanese leader and politician . He is the executive chairman of the Lebanese Forces , a Christian political party in Lebanon . On 12 March 1985 , Samir Geagea , Elie Hobeika and Karim Pakradouni rebelled against Abou Nader 's command , ostensibly to take the Lebanese Forces back to its original path . The relationship between Geagea and Hobeika soon broke down , however , and Hobeika began secret negotiations with the Syrians . On 28 December 1985 , he signed the Tripartite Accord , against the wishes of Geagea and most of the other leading Christian figures . Claiming that the Tripartite Accord gave Syria unlimited power in Lebanon , Geagea mobilized factions inside the Lebanese Forces and on 15 January 1986 , attacked Hobeika 's headquarters in Karantina . Hobeika surrendered and fled , first to Paris and subsequently to Damascus , Syria . He then moved to Zahlé with tens of his fighters where he prepared for an attack against East Beirut . On 27 September 1986 , Hobeika 's forces tried to take over the Achrafieh neighborhood of Beirut but the Lebanese Forces of Geagea 's command held them back . This failed attempt by Hobeika was the last episode of internal struggles in East Beirut during Amine Gemayel 's mandate . As a result , the Lebanese Forces led by Geagea were the only major force on ground ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': 'Initially an umbrella organization for Maronite party militias ; became an independent power structure in the year 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kataeb Regulatory Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces', 'summary': "The Kataeb Regulatory Forces - KRF or RF ( Arabic : قوى الكتائب النظامية | Quwwāt al-Katāʾib an-Niẓāmiyyah ) , Forces Regulatoires du Kataeb ( FRK ) in French , were the military wing of the right-wing Lebanese Christian Kataeb Party , otherwise known as the 'Phalange ' , from 1961 to 1977 . The Kataeb militia , which fought in the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , was the predecessor of the Lebanese Forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Kataeb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kataeb', 'summary': "The Lebanese Phalanges Party ( Arabic : حزب الكتائب اللبنانية Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnānīya ) , better known in English as the Phalange ( Arabic : الكتائب al-Katā'ib ) , is a Christian Democratic political party in Lebanon . Despite being officially secular , it is supported mainly by Maronite Catholics . The party played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975-90 ) . In decline in the late 1980s and 1990s , the party slowly re-emerged in the early 2000s . It is now part of the March 14 Alliance ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kataeb Security Sections', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kataeb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kataeb', 'summary': "The Lebanese Phalanges Party ( Arabic : حزب الكتائب اللبنانية Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnānīya ) , better known in English as the Phalange ( Arabic : الكتائب al-Katā'ib ) , is a Christian Democratic political party in Lebanon . Despite being officially secular , it is supported mainly by Maronite Catholics . The party played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975-90 ) . In decline in the late 1980s and 1990s , the party slowly re-emerged in the early 2000s . It is now part of the March 14 Alliance ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': "The Kataeb party 's police militia First commander was Bashir Gemayel", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bashir_Gemayel', 'summary': "Bachir Gemayel ( Arabic : بشير الجميّل Bashīr al-Jimayyel , also romanized al-Jumayyil and El Gemaiel , Arabic pronunciation : [ baˈʃiːr ʤɪ'ma.jjɪl ] ; 10 November 1947 - 14 September 1982 ) , also Bashir Gemayel , was a member of the right-wing Christian Kataeb Party , also known as the Phalange Party ( حزب الكتائب ) , and the son of its founder Pierre Gemayel . He became the supreme commander of the Lebanese Forces ( militia ) , uniting major Christian militias by force during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War under the campaign of Uniting the Christian Rifle and later founded the Lebanese Forces ( militia ) military organization . Gemayel 's Forces became the most powerful militia in Lebanon and is widely remembered for its resistance and battles against the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Syrian Army , most notably the Hundred Days ' War and the Battle of Zahleh . He was democratically elected president on 23 August 1982 by the majority of Christian and Muslim MPs while the country was torn by civil war and occupied by Israel , Syria and Palestinian factions . Gemayel started enacting policies to disarm Christian militias , ordered the Lebanese Army to enter West Beirut for the first time since the start of the war and forced Yasser Arafat and the PLO to leave Lebanon . On 14 September , before he could take office , he was assassinated , along with 26 others , when a bomb exploded in Beirut Phalange headquarters . While some have blamed Habib Tanious Shartouni , the US Federal Bureau of Investigation blamed the Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) . Gemayel remains the youngest elected president and one of the most charismatic and controversial figures in Lebanese history ."}]}, {'value': 'Tigers Militia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tigers_Militia', 'summary': 'The Tigers Militia ( Arabic : نمور الأحرار , transliterated : Numūr or Al-Noumour ) , also known as NLP Tigers ( Arabic : نمور الأحرار | Numur al-Ahrar ) or Tigers of the Liberals ( Arabic : نمور الليبراليين | Numur al-Liybiraliyyn ) and PNL Lionceaux in French , was the military wing of the National Liberal Party ( NLP ) during the Lebanese Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'National Liberal Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)', 'summary': 'The National Liberal Party ( NLP , Arabic : حزب الوطنيين الأحرار , literally Ḥizb Al-Waṭaniyyīn Al-Aḥrār ) is a center-right [ citation needed ] political party in Lebanon , established by President Camille Chamoun in 1958 . It is now under the leadership of Dory Chamoun , his son .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zgharta Liberation Army ( informally Marada Brigades )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zgharta_Liberation_Army', 'summary': "The Zgharta Liberation Army - ZLA ( Arabic : جيش تحرير زغرتا | Jayish Tahrir Zaghrita ) , also known as Zghartawi Liberation Army or Armée de Liberation de Zgharta ( ALZ ) in French , was the paramilitary branch of the Lebanese Marada Movement during the Lebanese Civil War . The militia was formed in 1967 on President Suleiman Frangieh 's instructions as the Marada Brigade ( also translated as Mardaite Brigade , Arabic : Liwa ' al-Marada ) seven years before the war began . The force was initially commanded by Suleiman Franjieh 's son , Tony Frangieh . It operated mainly out of Tripoli and Zgharta , but it also fought in Beirut . The ZLA fought against various Palestinian and Lebanese Muslim militias as well as the Lebanese Forces in Bsharri and Ehden ."}]}, {'value': 'Marada Movement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marada_Movement', 'summary': "The Marada Movement ( Arabic : تيار المردة Tayyār Al-Marada ) is a Lebanese political party and a former militia active during the Lebanese civil war named after the legendary Marada ( also called Mardaites ) warriors of the early Middle Ages that fought on the external edge of the Byzantine Empire . Originally designated the Marada Brigade ( لواء المردة Liwa al-Marada ) , the group initially emerged as the personal militia of Suleiman Frangieh , president of Lebanon at the outbreak of the war in 1975 . They were also initially known as the Zgharta Liberation Army - ZLA ( Arabic : Zgharta Jayish al-Tahrir ) or Armée de Liberation de Zgharta ( ALZ ) in French , after Frangieh 's hometown of Zgharta in northern Lebanon ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front ( until 1978 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': 'Operated around its power-base in northern Lebanon ; pro-Syrian after 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guardians of the Cedars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars', 'summary': 'The Guardians of the Cedars ( GoC ) ( Arabic : حراس الأرز ; Ḥurrās al-Arz ; French : Gardiens du Cedre or Gardiens des Cèdres , GdC ) are a far-right ultranationalist Lebanese party and former Christian militia in Lebanon . It was formed by Étienne Saqr ( also known with the kunya or nom de guerre Abu Arz or Father of the Cedars ) and others along with the Lebanese Renewal Party in the early 1970s . It operated in the Lebanese Civil War under the slogan : Lebanon , at your service .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Renewal Party', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': 'Extremist group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Organization In Arabic : At-tanzim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Tanzim', 'summary': "Al-Tanzim , Al-Tanzym or At-Tanzim ( Arabic : حركة المقاومة اللبنانية - التنظيم , lit . 'The Organization ' ) was the name of an ultranationalist secret military society and militia set up by right-wing Christian activists in Lebanon at the early 1970s , and which came to play an important role in the Lebanese Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Cedars Movement', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Front', 'summary': "The Lebanese Front ( Arabic : الجبهة اللبنانية | al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front Libanais in French , was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese Civil War . It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) of Kamal Jumblatt and other Left-Wing allies . The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon , Camille Chamoun , and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel , the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon , the Kataeb Party , president Suleiman Frangieh , who had just finished his presidential years in office . It also included first class intellectuals , such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958 , and Fouad Frem al-Boustani , the president of the Lebanese University . The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis , who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders . For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member . As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon , and before the Lebanese Front was formed , many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias , most notably Camille Chamoun 's National Liberal Party , Pierre Gemayel 's influential longstanding Kataeb Party , and Suleiman Frangieh 's Marada Brigade . The number of men totalled around 18,000 , which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million . However , the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh 's pro-Syrian approach . In addition , in 1978 , Suleiman Frangieh 's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel , the son of Pierre Gemayel . The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front ."}]}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': 'Secretive , was possibly linked to Lebanese Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Army', 'summary': "The Lebanese Armed Forces ( LAF ) ( Arabic : القوات المسلحة اللبنانية | Al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥa al-Lubnāniyya ) or Forces Armées Libanaises ( FAL ) in French , also known as the Lebanese Army ( Arabic : الجيش اللبناني or Armée libanaise in French ) , is the military of the Lebanese Republic . It consists of three branches , the army , the air force , and the navy . The motto of the Lebanese Armed Forces is Honor , Sacrifice , Loyalty ( Arabic : شرف · تضحية · وفاء - Sharaf.Tadhia.Wafa ' ) . The Lebanese Armed Forces symbol consists of a Lebanon cedar tree surrounded by two laurel leaves , positioned above the symbols of the three branches : the ground forces represented by the two bayonets , the navy represented by an anchor , and the air force represented by two wings ."}]}, {'value': 'South Lebanon Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army', 'summary': "The South Lebanon Army or South Lebanese Army ( SLA ) ( Arabic : جيش لبنان الجنوبي , romanized : Jayš Lubnān al-Janūbiyy ) , also known as Lahad Army ( جيش لحد ) and De Facto Forces ( DFF ) , was a Lebanese Christian-dominated militia which was active during the Lebanese Civil War and its aftermath , until it was disbanded in the year 2000 . It was originally named the Free Lebanon Army , which split from the Army of Free Lebanon . After 1979 , the militia mainly operated in southern Lebanon under the authority of Saad Haddad 's Government of Free Lebanon . It was supported by Israel , and became its primary ally in Lebanon during the 1985-2000 South Lebanon conflict to fight against Hezbollah . The United Nations did not want to give them the status of a proper army so they were referred to by the UN as the De Facto Forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Government of Free Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_of_Free_Lebanon', 'summary': "The South Lebanon Army or South Lebanese Army ( SLA ) ( Arabic : جيش لبنان الجنوبي , romanized : Jayš Lubnān al-Janūbiyy ) , also known as Lahad Army ( جيش لحد ) and De Facto Forces ( DFF ) , was a Lebanese Christian-dominated militia which was active during the Lebanese Civil War and its aftermath , until it was disbanded in the year 2000 . It was originally named the Free Lebanon Army , which split from the Army of Free Lebanon . After 1979 , the militia mainly operated in southern Lebanon under the authority of Saad Haddad 's Government of Free Lebanon . It was supported by Israel , and became its primary ally in Lebanon during the 1985-2000 South Lebanon conflict to fight against Hezbollah . The United Nations did not want to give them the status of a proper army so they were referred to by the UN as the De Facto Forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Government of Free Lebanon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maronite -led , Muslim recruits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Islam in Lebanon ( Arabic : الإسلام في لبنان ) is followed by nearly 60% , including the Druze , of the country 's total population : Sunnis make up also 27.4% , with the Shafi ' i madhhab being the predominant Sunni group with pockets of Hanafi and Hanbali . Shias make up 26.8% , with Twelvers being the predominant Shia group , followed by Alawites and Ismailis . Several large Sufi orders are active in the country , including the Naqshbandi and Qadiriyya tariqas . Although not traditionally considered as Muslims , the Druze make up 5.6% of the total population , which under the Lebanese political division ( Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation ) the Druze community is designated as one of the five Lebanese Muslim communities ( Sunni , Shia , Druze , Alawi , and Ismaili ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Israeli proxy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Forces - Executive Command', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_–_Executive_Command', 'summary': 'The Lebanese Forces - Executive Command or LFEC ( Arabic : القوات اللبنانية - القيادة التنفيذية | Al-Quwwat al-Lubnaniyya - Al-Qiyada Al-Tanfeethiyya ) , was a splinter group from the Lebanese Forces led by Elie Hobeika , based in the town of Zahlé in the Beqaa valley in the late 1980s . It was initially founded in January 1986 under the title Lebanese Forces - Uprising or LFU ( Arabic : القوات اللبنانية - الانتفاضة | Al-Quwwat al-Lubnaniyya - Intifada ) , but later changed its designation .'}]}, {'value': 'Promise Party ( Waad ) formed by Hobeika and loyalists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Promise_Party', 'summary': 'The Promise Party , also known as the Waad Party ( Arabic : Hizb al-Waad ) is a Lebanese political party founded by former Lebanese Forces leader Elie Hobeika .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maronite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان , Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , which is the largest Christian denomination in the country . the Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church . The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 25% of the total population of Lebanon . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the president of the country must be a Maronite ."}]}, {'value': 'Notorious Lebanese Forces splinter group led by Hobeika ; pro-Syrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elie_Hobeika', 'summary': 'Elie Hobeika ( 22 September 1956 - 24 January 2002 ; Arabic : إيلي حبيقة ) was a commander in the Lebanese Forces militia during the Lebanese Civil War where he gained notoriety for his involvement in the Sabra and Shatila massacre . He became president of the Lebanese Forces political party until he was ousted in 1986 . He then founded the Promise Party and was elected to serve two terms in the Parliament of Lebanon . In January 2002 , he was assassinated by a car bomb at his house in Beirut .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Arab Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Arab_Army', 'summary': 'The Lebanese Arab Army - LAA ( Arabic : جيش لبنان العربي transliteration Jayish Lubnan al-Arabi ) , also known as the Arab Army of Lebanon ( AAL ) , Arab Lebanese Army or Armée du Liban Arabe ( ALA ) in French , was a predominantly Muslim splinter faction of the Lebanese Army that came to play a key role in the 1975-77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War .'}]}, {'value': "Lebanese National Movement 's ( self-proclaimed ) government", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}]}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni ( by default )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Sunni Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon , which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shia Muslims . Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium . According to a CIA study , Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 27% of Lebanon 's population . The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in west Beirut , Tripoli , Sidon , Western Beqaa , and in the countryside of the Akkar . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together , and they are still the only sect eligible for the post of Prime Minister ."}]}, {'value': 'Broke away from Lebanese Army ; considered itself the legitimate Lebanese Army and at highpoint controlled 3/4 of Lebanese Army positions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arab Red Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arab_Red_Knights', 'summary': "The Arab Democratic Party - ADP ( Arabic : الحزب العربي الديمقراطي , romanized : Al-Hizb Al-'Arabi Al-Dimuqrati ) or Parti Démocratique Arabe ( PDA ) in French , is a Lebanese party , based in Tripoli . Its current leader is Rifaat Eid ."}]}, {'value': 'Arab Democratic Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Party_(Lebanon)', 'summary': "The Arab Democratic Party - ADP ( Arabic : الحزب العربي الديمقراطي , romanized : Al-Hizb Al-'Arabi Al-Dimuqrati ) or Parti Démocratique Arabe ( PDA ) in French , is a Lebanese party , based in Tripoli . Its current leader is Rifaat Eid ."}]}, {'value': 'LNRM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Alawite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alawites_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Shia Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيين ) , historically known as Mutawila or Metoualis ( Arabic : متاولة ) , refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon , which is the largest Muslim denomination in the country tied with Sunni Muslims . Shia Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium . According to the CIA World Factbook , Shia Muslims constituted an estimated 27% of Lebanon 's population in 2012 . Most of its adherents live in the northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley , Southern Lebanon and Beirut . The great majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon are Twelvers , with an Alawite minority numbering in the tens of thousands in north Lebanon . Few Isma'ilis remain in Lebanon today , though the quasi-Muslim Druze sect , which split from Isma'ilism around a millennium ago , has hundreds of thousands of adherents . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of Speaker of Parliament ."}]}, {'value': "Pro-Syrian ; Small but received very considerable support from Syria 's Alawite leader ; eventually controlled Tripoli harbour", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tripoli', 'summary': "Tripoli ( /ˈtrɪpəli/ ; Arabic : طرابلس , Ṭarābulus ) is the capital city and the largest city of Libya , with a population of about 2.358 million people in 2018 . It is located in the northwest of Libya on the edge of the desert , on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean Sea and forming a bay . It includes the port of Tripoli and the country 's largest commercial and manufacturing centre . It is also the site of the University of Tripoli . The vast Bab al-Azizia barracks , which includes the former family estate of Muammar Gaddafi , is also located in the city . Colonel Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks . Tripoli was founded in the 7th century BC by the Phoenicians , who gave it the Libyco-Berber name Oyat ( Punic : 𐤅𐤉\u202c\u202c𐤏\u202c𐤕\u202c , Wyʿt ) before passing into the hands of the Greek rulers of Cyrenaica as Oea ( Greek : Ὀία , Oía ) . Due to the city 's long history , there are many sites of archaeological significance in Tripoli . Tripoli may also refer to the sha'biyah ( top-level administrative division in the current Libyan system ) , the Tripoli District . Tripoli is also known as Tripoli-of-the-West ( Arabic : طرابلس الغرب Ṭarābulus al-Gharb ) , to distinguish it from its Phoenician sister city Tripoli , Lebanon , known in Arabic as Ṭarābulus al-Sham ( طرابلس الشام ) , meaning 'Levantine Tripoli ' . It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean ( عروسة البحر ʿArūsat al-Baḥr ; lit : 'bride of the sea ' ) , describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings . Tripoli is a Greek name that means 'Three Cities ' , introduced in Western European languages through the Italian Tripoli ."}]}, {'value': "People 's Liberation Army", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/People’s_Liberation_Army_(Lebanon)', 'summary': "The People 's Liberation Army - PLA ( Arabic : جيش التحرير الشعبي | Jayish al-Tahrir al-Sha'aby ) or Armée de Libération Populaire ( ALP ) in French was the military wing of the left-wing Druze Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) , which fought in the Lebanese Civil War . The PSP and its militia were members of the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) from 1975 to 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Socialist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party', 'summary': "The Progressive Socialist Party or PSP ( Arabic : الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي , al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki , French : Parti socialiste progressiste ) is a political party in Lebanon . Its current leader is Walid Jumblatt , who has led the party since 1977 . It is ideologically secular and officially non-sectarian , however , support for the party mainly comes from Lebanon 's Druze community . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Druze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Druze ( Arabic : دروز لبنان ) are Lebanese people who adhere of the Druze faith , an ethnoreligious esoteric group originating from the Near East who self identify as unitarians ( Muwahhideen ) . The Lebanese Druze people are believed to constitute about 5.2 percent of the total population of Lebanon and have around 1.5 million members worldwide . The Druze , who refer to themselves as al-Muwahhideen , or believers in one God , are concentrated in the rural , mountainous areas east and south of Beirut . Under the Lebanese political division ( Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation ) the Druze community is designated as one of the five Lebanese Muslim communities in Lebanon ( Sunni , Shia , Druze , Alawi , and Ismaili ) , even though the Druze are no longer considered Muslim . Lebanon 's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation 's ethno-religious groups . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , the Chief of the General Staff must be a Druze ."}]}, {'value': 'Power base in the Chouf mountains south of Beirut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chouf', 'summary': 'Chouf ( also spelled Shouf , Shuf or Chuf , in Arabic : جبل الشوف Jabal ash-Shouf ) is a historic region of Lebanon , as well as an administrative district in the governorate ( muhafazat ) of Mount Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Resistance Regiments ( abbreviated to Amal )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Resistance_Regiments', 'summary': "The Lebanese Resistance Regiments ( Arabic : أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية | ʾAfwāj al-Muqāwama al-Lubnāniyya , أَمَل ʾAMAL ) , also designated Lebanese Resistance Battalions , Lebanese Resistance Detachments , Lebanese Resistance Legions and Battalions de la Resistance Libanaise ( BRL ) or Légions de la Resistance Libanaise ( LRL ) in French , but simply known by its Arabic acronym أَمَل ʾAmal which means Hope , were the military wing of the Movement of the Dispossessed or Movement of the Deprived , a political organization representing the Muslim Shia community of Lebanon . The movement 's political wing was officially founded in February 1973 from a previous organization bearing the same name and its military wing was formed in January 1975 . The Amal militia was a major player in the Lebanese Civil War from 1975 to 1991 . The militia has now been disarmed , though the movement itself , now known as the Amal Movement ( Arabic : Harakat Amal ) , is a notable Shia political party in Lebanon ."}]}, {'value': 'Amal Movement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amal_Movement', 'summary': "The Amal Movement ( or Hope Movement in English , Arabic : حركة أمل Ḥarakat Amal ) is a Lebanese political party associated with Lebanon 's Shia community . It was co-founded by Musa al-Sadr and Hussein el Husseini as the Movement of the Dispossessed in 1974 . The Amal movement gained attention from Shia outcry after the disappearance of Musa al-Sadr and saw a renewal in popularity after Israel 's invasion of Lebanon in 1978 . The Iranian Revolution of 1978-79 also provided momentum for the party . The Amal Movement is , by a small margin , the largest Shia party in parliament , having sixteen representatives to Hezbollah 's thirteen . Amal has an alliance with the Progressive Socialist Party , and with Hezbollah . The movement 's current name was originally used by the Movement of the Dispossessed militia , the Lebanese Resistance Regiments ( Arabic : أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية ) . This name , when abbreviated , created the acronym Amal , which is Arabic for hope ."}]}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': "Shi ' a", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shi'a_Islam_in_Lebanon", 'summary': "Lebanese Shia Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيين ) , historically known as Mutawila or Metoualis ( Arabic : متاولة ) , refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon , which is the largest Muslim denomination in the country tied with Sunni Muslims . Shia Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium . According to the CIA World Factbook , Shia Muslims constituted an estimated 27% of Lebanon 's population in 2012 . Most of its adherents live in the northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley , Southern Lebanon and Beirut . The great majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon are Twelvers , with an Alawite minority numbering in the tens of thousands in north Lebanon . Few Isma'ilis remain in Lebanon today , though the quasi-Muslim Druze sect , which split from Isma'ilism around a millennium ago , has hundreds of thousands of adherents . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of Speaker of Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Militia created with Fatah support', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatah', 'summary': "Fatah ( Arabic : فتح Fatḥ ) , formerly the Palestinian National Liberation Movement , is a Palestinian nationalist social democratic political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and the second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council ( PLC ) . The President of the Palestinian Authority is a member of Fatah . Fatah is generally considered to have had a strong involvement in revolutionary struggle in the past and has maintained a number of militant groups . Fatah had been closely identified with the leadership of its founder and Chairman Yasser Arafat , until his death in 2004 , when Farouk Kaddoumi constitutionally succeeded him to the position of Fatah Chairman , and continued in the position until 2009 , when Mahmoud Abbas was elected Chairman . Since Arafat 's death , factionalism within the ideologically diverse movement has become more apparent . In the 2006 election for the PLC , the party lost its majority in the PLC to Hamas . However , the Hamas legislative victory led to a conflict between Fatah and Hamas , with Fatah retaining control of the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank through its President . Fatah is also active in the control of Palestinian refugee camps ."}]}, {'value': 'Islamic Resistance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hezbollah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hezbollah', 'summary': "Hezbollah ( /ˌhɛzbəˈlɑː/ ; Arabic : حزب الله Ḥizbu 'llāh , literally Party of Allah or Party of God ) - also transliterated Hizbullah , Hizballah , etc . - is a Shia Islamist political party and militant group based in Lebanon . Hezbollah 's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council , and its political wing is Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese parliament . Since the death of Abbas al-Musawi in 1992 , the group has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah , its Secretary-General . The group , along with its military wing is considered a terrorist organization by the United States , Israel , Canada , the Arab League , the Gulf Cooperation Council , Argentina , Paraguay , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Australia , Venezuela ( Guaidó government ) Honduras and Colombia . Germany and the European Union outlawed only Hezbollah 's military wing , and work with Hezbollah 's political wing and allow it to raise funds in Europe . Hezbollah was founded in the early 1980s as part of an Iranian effort to aggregate a variety of militant Lebanese Shia groups into a unified organization . Hezbollah acts as a proxy for Iran in the ongoing Iran-Israel proxy conflict . Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran primarily to harass Israel . Its leaders were followers of Ayatollah Khomeini and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Revolutionary Guards that arrived from Iran with permission from the Syrian government , which was in occupation of Lebanon at the time . Hezbollah 's 1985 manifesto listed its objectives as the expulsion of the Americans , the French and their allies definitely from Lebanon , putting an end to any colonialist entity on our land , submission of the Christian Phalangists to just power and bringing them to justice for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians , and permitting all the sons of our people to choose the form of government they want , while calling on them to pick the option of Islamic government . Hezbollah waged a guerilla campaign in South Lebanon and , as a result , Israel withdrew from Lebanon on 24 May 2000 and the SLA collapsed and surrendered ."}]}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': "Shi ' a", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shi'a_Islam_in_Lebanon", 'summary': "Lebanese Shia Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيين ) , historically known as Mutawila or Metoualis ( Arabic : متاولة ) , refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon , which is the largest Muslim denomination in the country tied with Sunni Muslims . Shia Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium . According to the CIA World Factbook , Shia Muslims constituted an estimated 27% of Lebanon 's population in 2012 . Most of its adherents live in the northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley , Southern Lebanon and Beirut . The great majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon are Twelvers , with an Alawite minority numbering in the tens of thousands in north Lebanon . Few Isma'ilis remain in Lebanon today , though the quasi-Muslim Druze sect , which split from Isma'ilism around a millennium ago , has hundreds of thousands of adherents . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of Speaker of Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Evolved from Amal in early 80s , initially as Iranian proxy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Palestinian Liberation Organization 's affiliated militias ( e.g . Fatah militia , PFLP-GC militia )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatah', 'summary': "Fatah ( Arabic : فتح Fatḥ ) , formerly the Palestinian National Liberation Movement , is a Palestinian nationalist social democratic political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and the second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council ( PLC ) . The President of the Palestinian Authority is a member of Fatah . Fatah is generally considered to have had a strong involvement in revolutionary struggle in the past and has maintained a number of militant groups . Fatah had been closely identified with the leadership of its founder and Chairman Yasser Arafat , until his death in 2004 , when Farouk Kaddoumi constitutionally succeeded him to the position of Fatah Chairman , and continued in the position until 2009 , when Mahmoud Abbas was elected Chairman . Since Arafat 's death , factionalism within the ideologically diverse movement has become more apparent . In the 2006 election for the PLC , the party lost its majority in the PLC to Hamas . However , the Hamas legislative victory led to a conflict between Fatah and Hamas , with Fatah retaining control of the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank through its President . Fatah is also active in the control of Palestinian refugee camps ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PFLP-GC', 'summary': "The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command ( Arabic : الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - القيادة العامة ) or PFLP-GC is a Palestinian nationalist militant organisation based in Syria . It was founded in 1968 by Ahmed Jibril after splitting from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP ) based on claims that it was producing impotent intellectuals , and not making any meaningful progress in terms of armed struggle to liberate Palestine . In the 1970s and 1980s it was involved in the Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and launched a number of attacks against Israeli soldiers and civilians ; including the Avivim school bus massacre ( 1970 ) , the bombing of Swissair Flight 330 ( 1970 ) , the Kiryat Shmona massacre ( 1974 ) and the Night of the Gliders ( 1987 ) . Since the late 1980s PFLP-GC had been largely inactive , but re-emerged during the Syrian Civil War fighting on the side of the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic . The group has a paramilitary wing called the Jihad Jibril Brigades ."}]}, {'value': 'Palestinian Liberation Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization', 'summary': "The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ; Arabic : منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية , Munaẓẓamat at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīniyyah ( help·info ) ) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle , with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians . It is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations , and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974 . The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991 . In 1993 , the PLO recognized Israel 's right to exist in peace , accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338 , and rejected violence and terrorism . In response , Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people . However , the PLO has employed violence in the years since 1993 , particularly during the 2000-2005 Second Intifada . On 29 October 2018 , the Palestinian Central Council suspended the recognition of Israel and halted security and economic coordination in all its forms with it ."}]}, {'value': 'Palestinian ( at times fought alongside LNM / LNRF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Palestinian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Different PLO militias often fought as proxies of different Arab states , including Syria , Iraq , & Libya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palestinian Liberation Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Army', 'summary': 'The Palestine Liberation Army ( PLA , Arabic : جيش التحرير الفلسطيني , Jaysh al-Tahrir al-Filastini ) is ostensibly the military wing of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , set up at the 1964 Arab League summit held in Alexandria , Egypt , with the mission of fighting Israel . However , it has never been under effective PLO control , but rather it has been controlled by its various host governments , usually Syria .'}]}, {'value': 'purely nominally , under the Palestinian Liberation Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization', 'summary': "The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ; Arabic : منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية , Munaẓẓamat at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīniyyah ( help·info ) ) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle , with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians . It is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations , and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974 . The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991 . In 1993 , the PLO recognized Israel 's right to exist in peace , accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338 , and rejected violence and terrorism . In response , Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people . However , the PLO has employed violence in the years since 1993 , particularly during the 2000-2005 Second Intifada . On 29 October 2018 , the Palestinian Central Council suspended the recognition of Israel and halted security and economic coordination in all its forms with it ."}]}, {'value': 'As Syria required', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palestinian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Under Syrian command', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Popular Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Guard', 'summary': "The Popular Guard - PG or Popular Guards ( Arabic : الحرس الشعبي | Al-Harass al-Sha'abiy ) , Garde Populaire ( GP ) in French was the military wing of the Lebanese Communist Party ( LCP ) , which fought in the 1975-77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War and subsequent conflicts . The LCP and its militia were members of the Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) and its successor , the Lebanese National Resistance Front ( LNRF ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Communist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party', 'summary': "The Lebanese Communist Party - LCP ( Arabic : الـحـزب الشـيـوعـي اللبـنـانـي , transliterated : al-Ḥizb aš-Šuyūʿī al-Lubnānī ) or Parti communiste libanais ( PCL ) in French , is a communist party in Lebanon . It was founded in 1924 by the Lebanese intellectual , writer and reporter Youssef Ibrahim Yazbek and Fou'ad al-Shmeli , a tobacco worker from Bikfaya ."}]}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Secular , but most members nominally from Orthodox & Armenian communities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon', 'summary': 'Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية الأرثوذكسية الرومية في لبنان ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch in Lebanon , which is an autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , and is the second largest Christian denomination in Lebanon after the Maronite Christians . Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians are believed to constitute about 8% of the total population of Lebanon . Most of the Greek Orthodox Christians live either in the capital city of Beirut , the Metn hinterland , the Hasbayya and Rashayya districts in the southeast , and the North Governorate , in the Koura region ( south of Tripoli ) and Akkar . Under the consensus of the unwritten agreement known as the National Pact among the different political leaders of Lebanon , the Deputy Speaker of Parliament and the Deputy Prime Minister in Lebanon are assumed to be Greek Orthodox Christians .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon', 'summary': 'The Armenians in Lebanon ( Armenian : Լիբանանահայեր lipananahayer , Arabic : اللبنانيون الأرمن ) ( French : Libano-Arméniens ) are Lebanese citizens of Armenian descent . There has been an Armenian presence in Lebanon for centuries . According to Minority Rights Group International , there are 156,000 Armenians in Lebanon , around 4% of the population . Prior to the Lebanese Civil War , the number was higher , but the community lost a portion of its population to emigration . Prior to 1975 , Beirut was a thriving center of Armenian culture with varied media production , which was exported to the Armenian diaspora .'}]}, {'value': 'SSNP militia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party', 'summary': "The Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) ( Arabic : الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي , transliterated : Al-Ḥizb Al-Sūrī Al-Qawmī Al-'Ijtimā ' ī , often referred to in French as Parti populaire syrien or Parti social nationaliste syrien ) , is a nationalist political party operating in Lebanon , Syria , Jordan , Iraq and Palestine . It advocates the establishment of a Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent , including present day Syria , Lebanon , Iraq , Kuwait , Jordan , Palestine , Israel , Cyprus , Sinai , southeastern Turkey ( Alexandrette and Cilicia ) , based on geographical boundaries and the common history people within the boundaries share . With over 100,000 members as of 2016 , it is the second largest legal political group in Syria after the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , In Lebanon , it has been a major secular and highly organised elite party in the political history of the country for over 80 years . Until recent times it was a key group in the March 8 Alliance . Founded in Beirut in 1932 as an anticolonial and national liberation organization modeled on European fascist movements in order to oppose French colonialism , the party played a significant role in Lebanese politics and was involved in attempted coups d'etat in 1949 and 1961 following which it was thoroughly repressed . It was active in resistance against the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the subsequent occupation of southern Lebanon until 2000 while continuously supporting the Syrian presence in Lebanon out of both belief in Syrian irredentism but also due to the decades-long repression it endured at the hands of the Baath Party in Syria . In Syria , the SSNP had become a major Right-wing political force in the early 1950s , but was thoroughly repressed in 1955-56 . It remained organized , and by the late 1990s had joined the Left and allied itself with the PLO and the Lebanese Communist Party , despite the ideological rivalry that persists among them . In 2005 , it was legalized in Syria and joined the Ba'ath Party-led National Progressive Front . From 2012 to 6 May 2014 , the party was part of the Popular Front for Change and Liberation . During the course of the Syrian Civil War the party has seen its relevance increasing in Syria , where almost 12,000 fighters of the Party 's armed branch , the Eagles of the Whirlwind , fight alongside the Syrian Armed Forces against the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ."}]}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Advocated union with Syria ; 1976 split into pro- and anti- Assad factions members linked to assassinations of Jumblatt and Gemayel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hafez_Al-Assad', 'summary': "Hafez al-Assad ( Arabic : حافظ الأسد Ḥāfiẓ al-ʾAsad , Levantine Arabic : [ ˈħaːfezˤ elˈʔasad ] , Modern Standard Arabic : [ ħaːfɪðˤ al'ʔasad ] ; 6 October 1930 - 10 June 2000 ) was a Syrian politician who served as President of Syria from 1971 to 2000 . He was also Prime Minister from 1970 to 1971 , as well as Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000 . Assad participated in the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power , and the new leadership appointed him Commander of the Syrian Air Force . In 1966 , Assad participated in a second coup , which toppled the traditional leaders of the Ba'ath Party and brought a radical military faction headed by Salah Jadid to power . Assad was appointed defense minister by the new government . Four years later , Assad initiated a third coup which ousted Jadid , and appointed himself as the undisputed leader of Syria . Assad de-radicalised the Ba'ath government when he took power by giving more space to private property and by strengthening the country 's foreign relations with countries which his predecessor had deemed reactionary . He sided with the Soviet Union during the Cold War in turn for support against Israel , and , while he had forsaken the pan-Arab concept of unifying the Arab world into one Arab nation , he sought to make Syria the defender of Arab interests against Israel . When he came to power , Assad organised state services along sectarian lines ( the Sunnis became the heads of political institutions , while the Alawites took control of the military , intelligence , and security apparatuses ) . The formerly collegial powers of Ba'athist decision-making were curtailed , and were transferred to the Syrian presidency . The Syrian government ceased to be a one-party system in the normal sense of the word , and was turned into a one-party state with a strong presidency . To maintain this system , a cult of personality centered on Assad and his family was created by the president and Ba'ath party ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt', 'summary': 'Kamal Fouad Jumblatt ( Arabic : كمال فؤاد جنبلاط ) ( December 6 , 1917 - March 16 , 1977 ) was a prominent Lebanese politician , philosopher , author , and poet . He is the founder of the Progressive Socialist Party . He was also the leader of the Lebanese National Movement who opposed the right wing and the Assad government in the Lebanese Civil War and a major ally of the Palestine Liberation Organization until his assassination in 1977 . He is the father of the Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bashir_Gemayel', 'summary': "Bachir Gemayel ( Arabic : بشير الجميّل Bashīr al-Jimayyel , also romanized al-Jumayyil and El Gemaiel , Arabic pronunciation : [ baˈʃiːr ʤɪ'ma.jjɪl ] ; 10 November 1947 - 14 September 1982 ) , also Bashir Gemayel , was a member of the right-wing Christian Kataeb Party , also known as the Phalange Party ( حزب الكتائب ) , and the son of its founder Pierre Gemayel . He became the supreme commander of the Lebanese Forces ( militia ) , uniting major Christian militias by force during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War under the campaign of Uniting the Christian Rifle and later founded the Lebanese Forces ( militia ) military organization . Gemayel 's Forces became the most powerful militia in Lebanon and is widely remembered for its resistance and battles against the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Syrian Army , most notably the Hundred Days ' War and the Battle of Zahleh . He was democratically elected president on 23 August 1982 by the majority of Christian and Muslim MPs while the country was torn by civil war and occupied by Israel , Syria and Palestinian factions . Gemayel started enacting policies to disarm Christian militias , ordered the Lebanese Army to enter West Beirut for the first time since the start of the war and forced Yasser Arafat and the PLO to leave Lebanon . On 14 September , before he could take office , he was assassinated , along with 26 others , when a bomb exploded in Beirut Phalange headquarters . While some have blamed Habib Tanious Shartouni , the US Federal Bureau of Investigation blamed the Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) . Gemayel remains the youngest elected president and one of the most charismatic and controversial figures in Lebanese history ."}]}, {'value': 'Al-Mourabitoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun', 'summary': 'The Independent Nasserite Movement - INM ( Arabic : حركة الناصريين المستقلين-المرابطون , romanized : Harakat al-Nasiriyin al-Mustaqillin ) or simply Al-Murabitoun ( المرابطون lit . The Steadfast ) , also termed variously Mouvement des Nasséristes Indépendants ( MNI ) in French , Independent Nasserite Organization ( INO ) , or Movement of Independent Nasserists ( MIN ) , is a Nasserist political party in Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent Nasserite Movement', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LNM / LNRF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement', 'summary': "The Lebanese National Movement ( LNM ) ( Arabic : الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Mouvement National Libanais ( MNL ) in French , was a front of leftist , pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War , which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt , a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) . The Vice-President was Inaam Raad , leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party . The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim , leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon ( OCAL ) . The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War , the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front , which comprised the Phalange , the National Liberal Party and others ; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Resistance Front - LNRF ( Arabic : جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية , romanized : Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya ) or Front National de la Résistance Libanaise ( FNRL ) in French , but best known by its Arabic acronym , Jammoul ( جمول ) , was an underground guerrilla alliance active in Lebanon in the 1980s . It acted as a successor to the Lebanese National Movement , which ceased to exist after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . They became a vital ally to Hezbollah during its war with Israel in Southern Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Sunni Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon , which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shia Muslims . Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium . According to a CIA study , Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 27% of Lebanon 's population . The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in west Beirut , Tripoli , Sidon , Western Beqaa , and in the countryside of the Akkar . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together , and they are still the only sect eligible for the post of Prime Minister ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tawheed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Islamic Unification Movement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islamic_Unification_Movement', 'summary': "The Islamic Unification Movement - IUM ( Arabic : حركة التوحيد الإسلامي | Harakat al-Tawhid al-Islami ) , also named Islamic Unity Movement or Mouvement d'unification islamique ( MUI ) in French , but best known as Al-Tawhid , At-Tawhid , or Tawheed , is a Lebanese Sunni Muslim political party . It plays an active role in Lebanese internal politics since the Lebanese Civil War in the 1980s ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanese Sunni Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon , which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shia Muslims . Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium . According to a CIA study , Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 27% of Lebanon 's population . The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in west Beirut , Tripoli , Sidon , Western Beqaa , and in the countryside of the Akkar . Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon , Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together , and they are still the only sect eligible for the post of Prime Minister ."}]}, {'value': 'Islamist movement , mainly fought the Syrian army and its allies in Tripoli', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "vteLebanese Civil WarFirst phase 1975–1977 Bus massacre Hotels Black Saturday Karantina Damour 1976 Syrian intervention Tel al-Zaatar Second phase 1977–1982 Hundred Days ' War Litani Ehden At Tiri Safra Zahleh 1981 Israeli bombing Iraqi Embassy bombing Third phase 1982–1984 1982 Beirut bombing 1982 Lebanon War 1982 Iranian diplomats kidnapping Sabra and Shatila U.S. Embassy bombing Barracks bombings Mountain War February 6 Intifada Fourth phase 1984–1990 U.S. embassy annex bombing War of the Camps 1985 Beirut bombings LF coup War of Brothers War of Liberation Assassination of René Moawad Sidon The Maronite-led `` legal '' Lebanese Army favoured the Lebanese Front government The Muslim `` Lebanese Arab Army '' fought for the rival Lebanese National Movement government In addition , there was an autonomous faction within the `` legal '' Lebanese Army called the Army of Free Lebanon . It formed in 1976 and was composed of Maronites and Greek-Catholics reacting against the split with the mainly Muslim Lebanese Arab Army . It continued to be paid by the government , and was fully re-integrated into the `` legal '' army in 1978 , with the exception of some units which chose instead to form the South Lebanon Army listed below .", 'uid': 'List_of_militias_in_the_Lebanese_civil_war_0', 'intro': 'The list of militias in the Lebanese civil war does not include the legal Lebanese Army; note that the Army split into two major parts:'} | null | null | How many members did the political party that is associated with the SSNP in 2016 ? | Over 100,000 |
0473f0c83f169682 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election', 'title': 'Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election', 'header': ['Riding', "Candidate 's Name", 'Notes', 'Gender', 'Residence', 'Occupation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cape Breton - Canso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Breton—Canso', 'summary': "Cape Breton - Canso is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004 . Its population in 2011 was 75,247 . It is the successor to Bras d'Or ( later known as Bras d'Or - Cape Breton ) , which was represented in the House of Commons from 1997 to 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Derrick Kennedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Nova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Nova', 'summary': "Central Nova ( French : Nova-Centre ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1997 and since 2004 . From 1983 to 1984 , the riding 's then Member of Parliament , Brian Mulroney , was Leader of Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition . Mulroney was later Prime Minister while representing a riding in Quebec ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter MacKay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_MacKay', 'summary': "Peter Gordon MacKay PC QC ( born September 27 , 1965 ) is a Canadian lawyer and politician . He was a Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2015 and has served as Minister of Justice and Attorney General ( 2013-2015 ) , Minister of National Defence ( 2007-2013 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 2006-2007 ) in the Cabinet of Canada under Prime Minister Stephen Harper . MacKay was the final leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC Party ) , and he agreed to merge the party with Stephen Harper 's Canadian Alliance in 2003 , forming the Conservative Party of Canada . MacKay represented the riding of Pictou - Antigonish - Guysborough from 1997 to 2004 , and the riding of Central Nova from 2004 until 2015 , when he decided not to run in that year 's federal election . With the defeat of the Conservatives in the 2015 federal election , MacKay was considered a potential candidate to succeed Harper as permanent leader of the party ."}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Member of Parliament', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Glasgow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Glasgow,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County , in the province of Nova Scotia , Canada . It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou , which flows into Pictou Harbour , a sub-basin of the Northumberland Strait . The town 's population was 9,075 in the 2016 census . New Glasgow is at the centre of the province 's fourth largest urban area ; the population of the New Glasgow census agglomeration in the 2016 census was 34,487 . The New Glasgow census agglomeration includes the smaller adjacent towns of Stellarton , Westville , and Trenton as well as adjacent rural areas of the county ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cumberland - Colchester - Musquodoboit Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit_Valley', 'summary': 'Cumberland - Colchester ( formerly Cumberland - Colchester - Musquodoboit Valley and North Nova ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004 . Cumberland - Colchester North and Cumberland - Colchester were ridings that covered roughly the same geographic area and were represented in the House of Commons from 1968 to 1979 and 1979 to 2004 , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Armstrong_(politician)', 'summary': 'David Scott Armstrong ( born July 9 , 1966 ) is a Canadian politician , who was elected as a Conservative member to represent the electoral district of Cumberland - Colchester - Musquodoboit Valley in the federal by-elections on November 9 , 2009 . He served until his defeat in the 2015 election . After his defeat in the 2015 election , Armstrong was appointed as the official opposition critic on Atlantic Canadian issues and ACOA and is the only official opposition critic who is not a member of parliament . On September 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Armstrong would be returning to full-time teaching and would relinquish his posts with the Conservative Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Member of Parliament', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Truro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Truro ( Mi'kmaq : Wagobagitik , Gaelic : Truru ) is a town in central Nova Scotia , Canada . Truro is the shire town of Colchester County and is located on the south side of the Salmon River floodplain , close to the river 's mouth at the eastern end of Cobequid Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'School principal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dartmouth - Cole Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth—Cole_Harbour', 'summary': 'Dartmouth - Cole Harbour ( formerly Dartmouth and Dartmouth - Halifax East ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wanda Webber', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 Candidate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dartmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Dartmouth ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a former city and current community located in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia , Canada . Dartmouth is located on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour . Dartmouth has been nicknamed the City of Lakes , after the large number of lakes located within its boundaries . On April 1 , 1996 , the provincial government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) . Dartmouth and its neighbouring city of Halifax , the town of Bedford and the Municipality of the County of Halifax were dissolved . The city of Dartmouth forms part of the urban core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the capital district by the Halifax Regional Municipality . At the time that the City of Dartmouth was dissolved , the provincial government altered its status to a separate community to Halifax ; however , its status as part of the metropolitan Halifax urban core existed prior to municipal reorganization in 1996 . Dartmouth is still an official geographic name that is used by all levels of government for legal purposes , postal service , mapping , 9-1-1 emergency response , municipal planning , and is recognized by the Halifax Regional Municipality as a civic addressing community . The official place name did not change , due to the confusion with similar street names , land use planning set out by the former City of Dartmouth , and significant public pressure . Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force , as well as specific bylaws created prior to April 1 , 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Teacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teacher', 'summary': 'A teacher ( also called a school teacher or , in some contexts , an educator ) is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge , competence or virtue . Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone ( e.g . when showing a colleague how to perform a specific task ) . In some countries , teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting , such as within the family ( homeschooling ) , rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college . Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching ( e.g . youth worker , pastor ) . In most countries , formal teaching of students is usually carried out by paid professional teachers . This article focuses on those who are employed , as their main role , to teach others in a formal education context , such as at a school or other place of initial formal education or training .'}]}, {'value': 'Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Halifax is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada . It is one of a handful of ridings which has been represented continuously ( albeit with different boundaries ) in the House of Commons since Confederation in 1867 . The riding of Halifax includes the communities of Spryfield , Sambro , Herring Cove , Harrietsfield , Williamswood , Prospect , Purcell 's Cove , Armdale , Cowie Hill , Fairmount , Kline Heights , and the peninsula of Halifax ."}]}, {'value': 'George Nikolaou', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_West', 'summary': 'Halifax West ( French : Halifax-Ouest ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979 . Its population in 2011 was 87,275 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Pretty', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prospect', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prospect,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Prospect is a Canadian coastal community on the Chebucto Peninsula in Halifax Regional Municipality , Nova Scotia , Canada . It borders the Atlantic Ocean approximately 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) southwest of Halifax off the Prospect Road ( Route 333 ) . During the American Revolution , fishermen at Prospect captured an American Privateer and 23 crew members . In 2003 , the town was hit by the eye of Hurricane Juan . Wind damage was substantial and storm surge washed away many wharfs and stages , but no homes . The area suffered significant land erosion due to the impact .'}]}, {'value': 'Ophthalmologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kings - Hants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings—Hants', 'summary': 'Kings - Hants ( formerly Annapolis Valley - Hants and Annapolis Valley ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968 . It is a largely rural and fairly conservative riding , but its conservatism is in the Red Tory tradition of the rest of the Maritimes , i.e. , there is a strong concern for social programs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'David Morse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Morse_(politician)', 'summary': 'David Morse ( born October 31 , 1954 ) is a Canadian politician in Nova Scotia . He represented the electoral district of Kings South in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2009 as a member of the Progressive Conservatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Former provincial cabinet minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Minas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Minas,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "New Minas is a village located in the eastern part of Kings County in Nova Scotia 's Annapolis Valley . As of 2011 , the population was 5,135 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sackville - Eastern Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sackville—Eastern_Shore', 'summary': 'Sackville - Preston - Chezzetcook ( formerly known as Sackville - Eastern Shore and Sackville - Musquodoboit Valley - Eastern Shore ) is a federal electoral district in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Mimnagh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fall River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_River,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Fall River is a suburban community in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . It is located north-northeast of the Bedford Basin , northeast of Bedford and Lower Sackville and north of Waverley . Fall River 's name is derived from a stream running between Miller Lake and Lake Thomas which had a waterfall . These falls supplied water power for several mills during the 19th century as well as a local electrical utility during the early 20th century . The waterfall was demolished in the late 1950s as a result of the construction of the Bicentennial Highway leading to Halifax ; the waterfall was located where the 4-lane expressway currently runs up the hill from the crossing of Lake Thomas to the interchange with Highway 118 at Miller Lake . Hydro-electric power is now generated by a tunnel that carries the water from Miller Lake which once flowed through this stream and down the waterfall . Turbines produce electricity for the main grid , during peak periods ."}]}, {'value': 'Small Business Owner', 'urls': []}, {'value': "South Shore - St. Margaret 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Shore—St._Margaret's", 'summary': "South Shore - St. Margarets ( formerly South Shore - St. Margaret 's and South Shore ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968 . It covers the South Shore region of Nova Scotia . It was created in 1966 mostly from Queens - Lunenburg and Shelburne - Yarmouth - Clare . In 2003 , the district added portions of Halifax West ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Keddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Keddy', 'summary': 'Gerald Gordon Keddy ( born February 15 , 1953 ) is a Canadian politician . Keddy is a former Christmas tree grower , and offshore drill operator and was a Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2015 , first sitting with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and latterly with its successor the Conservative Party of Canada . Keddy was chair of The Standing Committee on Fisheries , and later long time Parliamentery Secretary for International Trade , Atlantic Canada Opportunities , and then National Revenue and Agriculture . His wife , Judy Streatch , is a former Nova Scotia MLA and cabinet minister .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Member of Parliament', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Ross,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'New Ross is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located in the Chester Municipal District . Home of the Ross Farm Museum . The village is named after Henry Phipps , 1st Earl of Mulgrave , whose second title derives its name from New Ross , Ireland . New Ross was the end-point for construction of the Western segment of the Annapolis Road which was intended to eventually reach Halifax . However construction was never completed . After the War of 1812 , the village of Sherbrooke ( renamed New Ross ) and the Ross Farm was established by William Ross ( 1783-1822 ) in 1816 . William Ross was originally from Cork , Ireland . During the Napoleonic Wars , he became part of the British Army 16th Regiment of Foot and stationed in Fort Amsterdam , Surinam . His wife Mary accompanied him . They had their second child while they were there . During their return to Britain , they survived their ship being wrecked on the Tuskar Rock off the coast of Wexford , Ireland . William and Mary moved to Sunderland , England , where their son Edward Ross ( 1813-1894 ) was born , the author of the diaries on which the museum is based .'}]}, {'value': 'Parliamentarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney - Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney—Victoria', 'summary': 'Sydney - Victoria is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997 . It was created in 1996 from parts of Cape Breton - The Sydneys , Cape Breton - East Richmond and Cape Breton Highlands - Canso ridings . Cape Breton - Canso is the only adjacent riding .'}]}, {'value': 'Cecil Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecil_Clarke', 'summary': 'Cecil Phillip Clarke ( born April 12 , 1968 ) is a politician in Nova Scotia , Canada . He is the mayor of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality , and represented the riding of Cape Breton North in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly , from 2001 to 2011 as a Progressive Conservative .'}]}, {'value': 'Former provincial cabinet minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Nova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Nova', 'summary': 'West Nova ( French : Nova-Ouest ) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968 . South Western Nova and South West Nova were ridings that covered roughly the same geographic area and were represented in the House of Commons from 1968 to 1979 and 1979 to 1997 , respectively . The district is rural with a few small towns and communities located along the coast . The riding has been called a microcosm of rural Canada because it includes fishing , farming , tourism , small business and an English-French mix . The riding is noted as having the highest Baptist proportion in Canada at 28% .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Kerr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Kerr', 'summary': 'John Gregory Kerr ( born October 8 , 1947 ) is a Canadian politician . He was the Member of Parliament for West Nova from 2008 to 2015 and a member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1978 to 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Member of Parliament', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granville Ferry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granville_Ferry,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Granville Ferry is a village in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located in Annapolis County . Granville Ferry is located directly across the Annapolis River from Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia . It was the northern terminus for ferries running across the river . Granville Ferry was a major shipbuilding centre in the Golden Age of Sail . The village was also home to Bessie Hall , a notable female mariner in the 19th century . The community is named after John Carteret , 2nd Earl Granville . Its population at the 2016 census was 110 , a decline of 22.5% since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Retired Teacher', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Nova Scotia - 11 seats', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election_2', 'intro': 'Candidates representing the Conservative Party took part in the 2011 Canadian federal election. 166 of them won their seat, giving the party an overall majority in the House of Commons.'} | null | null | What is the occupation of the candidate whose wife is a former Nova Scotia MLA and cabinet minister ? | Parliamentarian |
0474577b5f18fe13 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of radio stations in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Name', 'Licence area', 'Analogue frequencies', 'DAB channels'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bridge FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/106.3_Bridge_FM', 'summary': "Bridge FM Radio is a British Independent Local Radio station serving the Bridgend County Borough and surrounding areas of South Wales . It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 106.3 FM from studios at the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan . The station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day , alongside local news , travel and community information . Shows include Breakfast with Mark and Laura weekdays between 6am & 10am , Daytime with Jay Curtis between 11am & 3pm , Drivetime with Lee Jukes ( Lee is Bridge FM 's longest serving presenter ) between 3pm & 7pm , evenings with Mike Jordan from 7pm ( Monday to Thurs ) and the late show with Louise Apsee from 10pm ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgend and Vale of Glamorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgend', 'summary': 'Bridgend ( English : /brɪˈdʒɛnd/ ; Welsh : Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr or just Pen-y-bont , meaning the end ( or head ) of the bridge on the Ogmore ) is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the capital Cardiff and 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Swansea . The river crossed by the original bridge , which gave the town its name , is the River Ogmore , but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town . Historically a part of Glamorgan , Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s - the 2001 census recorded a population of 39,429 for the town and the 2011 census reported that the Bridgend Local Authority had a population of 139,200 - up from 128,700 in 2001 . This 8.2% increase was the largest increase in Wales except for Cardiff . The town is undergoing a redevelopment project , with the town centre mainly pedestrianised and ongoing works including Brackla Street Centre redevelopment to Bridgend Shopping Centre , Rhiw Car Park redevelopment , ongoing public realm improvements and the upgrade of the Bridgend Life Centre and demolition of Sunnyside offices to accommodate a large retirement complex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan', 'summary': "The Vale of Glamorgan ( Welsh : Bro Morgannwg [ ˈbroː mɔrˈɡanʊɡ ] ) , often referred to as The Vale , is a county borough in Wales , bordering Bridgend , Cardiff , and Rhondda Cynon Taf . With an economy based largely on agriculture and chemicals , it is the southernmost unitary authority in Wales . Attractions include Barry Island Pleasure Park , the Barry Tourist Railway , Porthkerry Park , St Donat 's Castle , Cosmeston Lakes Country Park and Cosmeston Medieval Village . It is also the location of Atlantic College , one of the United World Colleges . The largest town is Barry . Other towns include Penarth , Llantwit Major and Cowbridge . There are many villages in the county borough ."}]}, {'value': '106.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12C ( Cardiff and Newport )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital Cymru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Cymru', 'summary': 'Capital Cymru is a local Welsh language radio station owned and operated by Global . The station broadcasts to Gwynedd and Anglesey from studios in Gwersyllt , Wrexham via the Arfon transmitting station . Previously , the station formed part of the Heart network and earlier the Marcher Radio Group . It switched to Capital on Tuesday 6 May 2014 . Heart North Wales now covers the region as part of the Heart network . From May 2014 to May 2019 , the station formed part of the Capital network .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglesey and Gwynedd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglesey', 'summary': 'Anglesey ( /ˈæŋɡəlsiː/ ; Welsh : Ynys Môn [ ˈənɨs ˈmoːn ] ) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales . It forms the principal area ( as Isle of Anglesey ) and historic county of that name , which includes Holy Island to the west and some islets and skerries . Anglesey island , at 260 square miles ( 673 km2 ) , is by far the largest island in Wales , seventh largest in the British Isles , largest in the Irish Sea and second most populous after the Isle of Man . The local-government area of Isle of Anglesey County Council measures 276 square miles ( 715 km2 ) , , with a 2011 census population of 69,751 , of whom 13,659 live on Holy Island . The Menai Strait between Anglesey and mainland Wales is spanned by the Menai Suspension Bridge , designed by Thomas Telford in 1826 , and the Britannia Bridge , built in 1850 and replaced in 1980 . The largest town is Holyhead , where the port handles over 2 million passengers a year with Ireland . The next largest is Llangefni , seat of the county council . From 1974 to 1996 Anglesey was run as part of Gwynedd . Most Anglesey inhabitants are Welsh speakers . The name Ynys Môn is used for the UK Parliament and National Assembly constituencies . The island forms the LL postcode area ( LL58-LL78 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gwynedd', 'summary': 'Gwynedd ( English : /ˈɡwɪnɪð/ ; Welsh : [ ˈɡʊɨnɛð ] ) is a county in Wales , sharing borders with Powys , Conwy , Denbighshire , Anglesey over the Menai Strait , and Ceredigion over the River Dyfi . The scenic Llŷn Peninsula and most of Snowdonia National Park are in Gwynedd . Bangor is the home of Bangor University . In the northern part of the county , the other main settlements are Caernarfon , Bethesda , Ffestiniog , Porthmadog and Pwllheli . The largest settlement in the south is Tywyn . As a local government area , it is the second largest in Wales in terms of land area and also one of the most sparsely populated . A majority of the population is Welsh-speaking . Gwynedd also refers to being one of the preserved counties of Wales , covering the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey . Named after the old Kingdom of Gwynedd , both culturally and historically , Gwynedd can also be used for most of North Wales , such as the area that was policed by the Gwynedd Constabulary . The current area is 2,548 square kilometres ( 984 square miles ) , slightly smaller than Luxembourg , with a population of 121,874 as measured in the 2011 Census .'}]}, {'value': '103.0 FM ( Anglesey and Gwynedd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10D/12D ( North West Wales )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital North West and Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_North_West_and_Wales', 'summary': "Capital North West and North Wales is a regional radio station owned and operated by Global as part of the Capital network . It broadcasts to Cheshire , the Wirral Peninsula and North Wales . The station broadcasts from its studios in Gwersyllt , Wrexham , the former headquarters of Marcher Radio Group . The station was previously part of the Heart radio network , which began broadcasting on 2 July 2010 as a result of a merger between Heart Cheshire and North East Wales ( formerly Marcher Sound ) , Heart Wirral ( formerly Wirral 's Buzz ) and Heart North Wales Coast ( formerly Coast 96.3 ) . It switched to Capital on 6 May 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'North Wales Coast , Wrexham and Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Wales', 'summary': 'North Wales ( Welsh : Gogledd Cymru ) is an unofficial region of Wales . Retail , transport and educational infrastructure are centred on Wrexham ( the largest town ) , Rhyl , Colwyn Bay , Llandudno , Bangor and Caernarfon . It is bordered to the rest of Wales with the counties of Ceredigion and Powys , and to the east by the English counties of Shropshire , Merseyside , and Cheshire . People from North Wales are sometimes referred to as Gogs , derived from gogledd - the Welsh for north . The north of Wales was traditionally divided into three regions : Upper Gwynedd ( or Gwynedd above the Conwy ) , defined as the area north of the River Dyfi and west of the River Conwy ) ; Lower Gwynedd ( or Gwynedd below the Conwy , also known as the Perfeddwlad and defined as the region east of the River Conwy and west of the River Dee ; and Ynys Môn ( or Anglesey ) , a large island off the north coast . The division with the rest of Wales is arbitrary and depends on the particular use being made . For example , the boundary of North Wales Police differs from the boundary of the North Wales area of the Natural Resources Wales and the North Wales Regional Transport Consortium ( Taith ) . The historic boundary follows the pre-1996 county boundaries of Merionethshire and Denbighshire which in turn closely follow the geographic features of the River Dovey to Aran Fawddwy , then crossing the high moorlands following the watershed until reaching Cadair Berwyn and then following the River Rhaeadr and River Tanat to the Shropshire border . Montgomeryshire , one of the historic counties of Wales , is sometimes referred to as being in North Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wrexham', 'summary': 'Wrexham ( /ˈrɛksəm/ REKS-əm ; Welsh : Wrecsam ; Welsh pronunciation : [ ˈwrɛksam ] ) is a minster and market town in the north of Wales and an administrative , commercial , retail and educational centre . Wrexham is situated between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley alongside the border with England . Historically part of Denbighshire , the town became part of Clwyd in 1974 and since 1996 has been the centre of the Wrexham County Borough . The town is also the largest town in North Wales . At the 2011 Census , Wrexham had a population of 65,692 , making it the fourth largest urban area in Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chester', 'summary': "Chester is a walled city in Cheshire , England , on the River Dee , close to the border with Wales . With a population of 79,645 in 2011 , it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester , which had a population of 329,608 in 2011 , and serves as the unitary authority 's administrative headquarters . Chester is the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington . Chester was founded as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian in 79 AD . One of the main army camps in Roman Britain , Deva later became a major civilian settlement . In 689 , King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia , which later became Chester 's first cathedral , and the Saxons extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes . Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans . William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle , to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border . Chester was granted city status in 1541 . Chester is one of the best-preserved walled cities in Britain . It has a number of medieval buildings , but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations , originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement . Apart from a 100-metre ( 330 ft ) section , the Grade I listed walls are almost complete ."}]}, {'value': '96.3 FM ( North Wales Coast ) , 97.1 ( Wirral ) , 103.4 ( Wrexham , Denbighshire , Flintshire , Cheshire West and Chester )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10D ( NE Wales and W Cheshire )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Capital South Wales is a regional radio station owned by Communicorp and operated by Global as part of the Capital network . It broadcasts to Cardiff , Newport and the surrounding areas - from studios in Cardiff Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff and Newport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Wales', 'summary': "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ."}]}, {'value': '103.2 FM ( Cardiff ) , 97.4 ( Newport )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radio Carmarthenshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radio_Carmarthenshire', 'summary': 'Radio Carmarthenshire is a British Independent Local Radio station serving Carmarthenshire in West Wales . It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 97.1 and 97.5 FM from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan . The station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day , alongside local news , weather , travel and community information .'}]}, {'value': 'Carmarthenshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmarthenshire', 'summary': 'Carmarthenshire ( /kərˈmɑːrðənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; Welsh : Sir Gaerfyrddin ; [ siːr gɑːɨrˈvərðɪn ] or informally Sir Gâr ) is a unitary authority in southwest Wales , and one of the historic counties of Wales . The three largest towns are Llanelli , Carmarthen and Ammanford . Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre . Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times . The county town was founded by the Romans , and the region was part of the Principality of Deheubarth in the High Middle Ages . After invasion by the Normans in the 12th and 13th centuries it was subjugated , along with other parts of Wales , by Edward I of England . There was further unrest in the early 15th century , when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr , and during the English Civil War . Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county , apart from the southeastern part which was once heavily industrialised with coal mining , steel-making and tin-plating . In the north of the county , the woollen industry was very important in the 18th century . The economy depends on agriculture , forestry , fishing and tourism . West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base , and the low profitability of the livestock sector . Carmarthenshire , as a tourist destination , offers a wide range of outdoor activities .'}]}, {'value': '97.1 FM ( Carmarthenshire ) , 97.5 ( Carmarthen ) , 97.5 ( Llanelli )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nation_Radio', 'summary': "Nation Radio Wales is a regional radio station , broadcasting to south and west Wales on FM and across Wales on DAB . It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts from studios near the St Hilary transmitter on the outskirts of Cowbridge . The station 's music playlist originally consisted of new and classic guitar-led music , reflecting the franchise won originally by XFM , but in 2015 , the format was changed to a broader format including mainstream pop music ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'DAB only', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12C ( Cardiff and Newport ) , 10C ( Mid and West Wales ) , 10D ( NE Wales and W Cheshire - DAB+ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heart North Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_North_Wales', 'summary': 'Heart North Wales is a local radio station owned by Communicorp and operated by Global Radio as part of the Heart network . It broadcasts to North and Mid Wales from studios in Gwersyllt , near Wrexham . The new Heart North Wales station launched at 6am on Tuesday 6 May 2014 , replacing the former Heart North West and Wales station . The rebrand coincided with the relaunch of Heart Wales - meaning a fully separate North and Mid Wales licence , effectively restoring a regional service to South and West Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'North Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88.0 FM Wrexham , 106.9 The Vale of Clwyd , 107.3 Prestatyn , 105.7 North Wales Coast , 107.2 North West Wales/Gwynedd 102.8 Welshpool , 106.0 Newtown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heart South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_Wales', 'summary': 'Heart South Wales is a British Independent Local Radio station serving South and West Wales . The station is owned and operated by Global Radio and forms part of the expanded Heart radio network of stations .'}]}, {'value': 'South and West Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106.0 Swansea , 102.3 Pontypridd , 105.9 Merthyr Tydfil , 107.3 Bargoed , 105.2 Abergavenny , 106.1 Ebbw Vale , 105.4 South and South East Wales , 105.9 Newport 107.7 Ceredigion , 105.7 Pembrokeshire , 105.2 Carmarthenshire , 106.0 Carmarthen , 106.2 Fishguard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12C ( Cardiff and Newport ) , 12A ( Swansea )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nation Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nation_Radio', 'summary': "Nation Radio Wales is a regional radio station , broadcasting to south and west Wales on FM and across Wales on DAB . It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts from studios near the St Hilary transmitter on the outskirts of Cowbridge . The station 's music playlist originally consisted of new and classic guitar-led music , reflecting the franchise won originally by XFM , but in 2015 , the format was changed to a broader format including mainstream pop music ."}]}, {'value': 'South Wales and Mid Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Wales', 'summary': 'South Wales ( Welsh : De Cymru ) is a loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south . It has a population of around 2.2 million , almost three-quarters of the whole of Wales , including 400,000 in Cardiff , 250,000 in Swansea and 150,000 in Newport . Generally considered to include the historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire , South Wales extends westwards to include Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire . In the western extent , from Swansea westwards , local people would probably recognise that they lived in both south Wales and west Wales . The Brecon Beacons National Park covers about a third of South Wales , containing Pen y Fan , the highest British mountain south of Cadair Idris in Snowdonia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mid_Wales', 'summary': 'Mid Wales ( Welsh : Canolbarth Cymru or simply Y Canolbarth The Midlands ) is the central region of Wales . The Mid Wales Regional Committee of the National Assembly for Wales covered the unitary authority areas of Ceredigion and Powys and the area of Gwynedd that had previously been the district of Meirionnydd . A similar definition is used by the BBC . The Wales Spatial Plan defines a region known as Central Wales which covers Ceredigion and Powys . If Mid Wales is classed as Ceredigion and Powys , the area would be 6,962 square kilometres ( 2,688 sq mi ) ( about the size of Cumbria ) . Mid Wales is dominated by the Cambrian Mountains , including the Green Desert of Wales . The region is sparsely populated , with an economy dependent on farming and small businesses . The density of the unitary authority areas of Ceredigion and Powys combined is only 30 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 78/sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '106.8 FM ( South East Wales ) , 107.3 ( South West Wales ) , 102.9 ( Carmarthenshire ) , 107.1 ( Pembrokeshire ) 103.3 FM ( Aberystwyth , North , Mid & West Ceredigion ) , 96.6 ( South East Ceredigion ) , 97.4 ( Cardigan Town )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12C ( Cardiff and Newport ) , 10D ( NE Wales and W Cheshire - DAB+ ) , 10D/12D ( North West Wales )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radio Pembrokeshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radio_Pembrokeshire', 'summary': 'Radio Pembrokeshire is a British Independent Local Radio station serving Pembrokeshire in West Wales . It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 102.5 and 107.5 FM and DAB from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan . The station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day , alongside local news , travel and community information .'}]}, {'value': 'Pembrokeshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pembrokeshire', 'summary': "Pembrokeshire ( /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃɪər/ , /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃər/ , or /ˈpɛmbroʊkʃɪər/ ; Welsh : Sir Benfro [ ˈsiːr ˈbɛnvrɔ ] ) is a county in the southwest of Wales . It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east , Ceredigion to the northeast , and the sea [ note 1 ] everywhere else . The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park , the only national park in the United Kingdom established primarily because of the coastline ; the Park occupies more than a third of the area of the county and includes the Preseli Hills in the north as well as the 190-mile ( 310 km ) Pembrokeshire Coast Path . Industry is nowadays focused on agriculture ( 86 per cent of land use ) , oil and gas , and tourism ; Pembrokeshire 's beaches have won many awards . Historically , mining and fishing were important activities . The county has a diverse geography with a wide range of geological features , habitats and wildlife . Its prehistory and modern history have been extensively studied , from tribal occupation , through Roman times , to Welsh , Irish , Norman , English , Scandinavian and Flemish influences . Pembrokeshire County Council 's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest . The council has a majority of Independent members , but the county 's representatives in both the Welsh and Westminster Parliaments are Conservative . Pembrokeshire 's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census , an increase of 7.2 per cent from the 2001 figure of 114,131 . Ethnically , the county is 99 per cent white and , for historical reasons , Welsh is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south ."}]}, {'value': '102.5 FM , 107.5 ( Fishguard and Tenby )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smooth Radio ( Wales )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smooth_Radio', 'summary': 'Smooth Radio is a network of adult contemporary local radio stations broadcasting on FM and MW stations in the United Kingdom . Launched in March 2014 , they replaced the national Smooth Radio that had launched in 2010 on FM , and most outlets of Gold on MW . Each FM station broadcasts localised breakfast and drivetime programming on weekdays , with networked shows simulcast from London at all other times . Three of the six FM stations , and all eighteen AM frequencies , are owned and operated by Global , with the remaining three FM licences owned by Communicorp and run as a franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1359 AM ( Cardiff ) , 1305 ( Newport ) , 1260 AM ( Wrexham )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12C ( Cardiff and Newport ) , 10D ( NE Wales and W Cheshire ) , 10D/12D ( North West Wales )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunshine Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunshine_Radio_(FM)', 'summary': 'Sunshine Radio is a British radio station which broadcasts to Herefordshire and Monmouthshire areas of the West Midlands and South Wales respectively from its studios in Hereford . It is operated by Murfin Media Ltd , and previously by Laser Broadcasting .'}]}, {'value': 'Monmouthshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monmouthshire', 'summary': 'Monmouthshire ( Welsh : Sir Fynwy ) is a county in south-east Wales . The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern 60% . The largest town is Abergavenny . Other towns and large villages are Caldicot , Chepstow , Monmouth , Magor and Usk . It borders Torfaen and Newport to the west ; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east ; and Powys to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'See England listings for full details', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea Bay Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/102.1_Bay_Radio', 'summary': 'Swansea Bay Radio is a British Independent Local Radio station serving the Swansea Bay area of West Wales . It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 102.1 FM and DAB from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan . The station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day , alongside local news , travel and community information . Nation Radio also operate other radio stations in the local region .'}]}, {'value': 'Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': '102.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10D/12D ( North West Wales )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea Sound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea_Sound', 'summary': 'Swansea Sound ( Welsh : Sain Abertawe ) is a independent local radio station broadcasting to Swansea and surrounding areas of south west Wales , aimed at a core 40+ demographic . The station , launched in 1974 as the first of its kind in Wales , is owned and operated by Bauer Radio , alongside its sister station , 96.4 The Wave .'}]}, {'value': 'Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': '1170 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wave_96.4_FM', 'summary': '96.4 The Wave is a British Independent Local Radio station that serves the Swansea Bay area of West Wales . The station is owned by Bauer Radio and mainly broadcasts chart and contemporary music , alongside news and local information , for an audience of under 40s .'}]}, {'value': 'Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': '96.4 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wave 80s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wave_96.4_FM', 'summary': '96.4 The Wave is a British Independent Local Radio station that serves the Swansea Bay area of West Wales . The station is owned by Bauer Radio and mainly broadcasts chart and contemporary music , alongside news and local information , for an audience of under 40s .'}]}, {'value': 'Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': 'DAB only', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Local and regional analogue and digital ( DAB ) stations -- Local commercial radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom_11', 'intro': 'This is a list of radio stations in the United Kingdom.'} | null | null | What radio station 's license area has a population of 122,439 ? | Radio Pembrokeshire |
047632cc295ab0ad | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_Massachusetts', 'title': 'List of National Natural Landmarks in Massachusetts', 'header': ['Name', 'Date', 'Location', 'County', 'Ownership', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acushnet Cedar Swamp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acushnet_Cedar_Swamp', 'summary': "Acushnet Cedar Swamp is a 1,100-acre ( 450 ha ) swamp located in Bristol County , Massachusetts . It is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection . In 1972 , Acushnet Cedar Swamp was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service . The New Bedford Regional Airport borders the swamp to the south . One of the State 's largest , wildest and most impenetrable swamps , and an outstanding example of the diversity of conditions and species in the glaciated section of the oak-chestnut forest ."}]}, {'value': 'June 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Bedford 41°41′32″N 70°57′35″W / 41.692222°N 70.959722°W / 41.692222 ; -70.959722 ( Acushnet Cedar Swamp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Bristol County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 548,285 . The county seat is Taunton . Some governmental functions are performed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , others by the county , and others by local towns and cities . See administrative divisions of Massachusetts . The property deed records are kept in Taunton , Attleboro , Fall River , and New Bedford . Bristol County is part of the Providence-Warwick , RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area . The county is adjacent to the state of Rhode Island . The adjacent counties are Plymouth County , Norfolk County , Bristol County , Rhode Island ( RI ) , Newport County , Rhode Island , Providence County , Rhode Island , and Dukes County .'}]}, {'value': 'state', 'urls': []}, {'value': "One of the state 's largest , wildest and most impenetrable swamps , and an outstanding example of the diversity of conditions and species in the glaciated section of the oak-chestnut forest", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bartholomew 's Cobble", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bartholomew's_Cobble", 'summary': "Bartholomew 's Cobble is a 329-acre ( 1.33 km2 ) National Natural Landmark , open space preserve , agricultural preserve , and bio-reserve located in southwest Massachusetts in the village of Ashley Falls abutting Canaan , Connecticut . The preserve contains over 800 plant species , including North America 's greatest diversity of ferns and the greatest overall biodiversity in Berkshire County , Massachusetts ; it also contains Massachusetts ' highest populations of ground nesting bobolinks . It was declared a National Natural Landmark in October 1971 The preserve includes two rocky knolls for which the property is named ( the Cobbles ) , as well as floodplain along the Konkapot and Housatonic Rivers , working hayfields and pastures , meadows , and 1,000-foot ( 300 m ) Hurlburt 's Hill , an open hilltop with a panoramic view of The Berkshires , the Taconic Mountains , and the Housatonic River Valley . The property has been owned and managed by the non-profit conservation organization The Trustees of Reservations since 1946 . Hiking trails and an interpretive center and museum are located on the preserve . Rangers and staff lead guided canoe trips on the Housatonic River in season ."}]}, {'value': 'October 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ashley Falls 42°03′26″N 73°21′03″W / 42.057222°N 73.350833°W / 42.057222 ; -73.350833 ( Bartholomew 's Cobble )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Sheffield is a town in Berkshire County , Massachusetts , United States . It is part of the Pittsfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 3,257 at the 2010 census . Sheffield is home to Berkshire School , a private preparatory school . The former resort town includes the village of Ashley Falls , and is bordered by various other towns and villages , such as Egremont and Great Barrington .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Berkshire County ( pronounced /ˈbɜːrkʃər/ ) is a county on the western edge of the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,219 . Its largest city and traditional county seat is Pittsfield . The county was founded in 1761 . The Berkshire Hills are centered on Berkshire County . Residents are known as Berkshirites . It exists today only as a historical geographic region , and has no county government , with the exception of the retirement board for former county workers , and certain offices such as the sheriff and registry of deeds .'}]}, {'value': 'private ( The Trustees of Reservations )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Trustees_of_Reservations', 'summary': 'The Trustees of Reservations is a non-profit land conservation and historic preservation organization dedicated to preserving natural and historical places in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . It is the oldest land conservation nonprofit organization of its kind in the world and has 140,000 dues-paying members as of 2018 [ update ] . In addition to land stewardship , the organization is also active in conservation partnerships , community supported agriculture ( CSA ) , environmental and conservation education , community preservation and development , and green building . The Trustees of Reservations own title to 116 properties on 27,000 acres ( 11,000 ha ) in Massachusetts , all of which are open to the public ; it maintains conservation restrictions on over 200 additional properties . Properties include historic mansions , estates , and gardens ; woodland preserves ; waterfalls ; mountain peaks ; wetlands and riverways ; coastal bluffs , beaches , and barrier islands ; farmland and CSA projects ; and archaeological sites . Main offices of the organization are located in Beverly , Leominster , and Sharon , Massachusetts . Financial support for the organization comes from membership dues , annual contributions , property admission fees , special events , grants , and endowments . In June 2006 , The Trustees earned gold-level recognition from the United States Green Building Council for its Doyle Conservation Center in Leominster . In 2014 , after seven years as an affiliate , the Boston Natural Areas Network merged with the Trustees of Reservations .'}]}, {'value': "Contains over 800 plant species , including North America 's greatest diversity of ferns", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fern', 'summary': 'A fern ( Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants ( plants with xylem and phloem ) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers . They differ from mosses by being vascular , i.e. , having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase . Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls , that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses . Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns , sometimes referred to as true ferns . They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds . The group includes about 10,560 known extant species . Ferns are defined here in the broad sense , being all of the Polypodiopsida , comprising both the leptosporangiate ( Polypodiidae ) and eusporangiate ferns , the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns , including horsetails or scouring rushes , whisk ferns , marattioid ferns , and ophioglossoid ferns . Ferns first appear in the fossil record about 360 million years ago in the middle Devonian period , but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the early Cretaceous , after flowering plants came to dominate many environments . The fern Osmunda claytoniana is a paramount example of evolutionary stasis ; paleontological evidence indicates it has remained unchanged , even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes , for at least 180 million years . Ferns are not of major economic importance , but some are used for food , medicine , as biofertilizer , as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil . They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere . Some fern species , such as bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) and water fern ( Azolla filiculoides ) are significant weeds worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Cold River Virgin Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_River_Virgin_Forest', 'summary': 'Cold River Virgin Forest was designated a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in April 1980 . It is located within Mohawk Trail State Forest nine miles southeast of North Adams in Berkshire and Franklin counties . Cold River Virgin Forest is probably the only virgin hemlock-northern hardwood forest in New England with the hemlocks and sugar maples exceeding 400 years in age .'}]}, {'value': 'April 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohawk Trail State Forest 42°38′48″N 72°56′47″W / 42.646667°N 72.946389°W / 42.646667 ; -72.946389 ( Cold River Virgin Forest )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohawk_Trail_State_Forest', 'summary': 'Mohawk Trail State Forest is a publicly owned forest with recreational features located in the towns of Charlemont , Hawley , and Savoy , Massachusetts . The state forest covers more than 7,700 acres ( 3,100 ha ) of mountain ridges , gorges , and old-growth forests at elevations ranging from around 600 to 2,080 feet . It is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire , Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Berkshire County ( pronounced /ˈbɜːrkʃər/ ) is a county on the western edge of the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,219 . Its largest city and traditional county seat is Pittsfield . The county was founded in 1761 . The Berkshire Hills are centered on Berkshire County . Residents are known as Berkshirites . It exists today only as a historical geographic region , and has no county government , with the exception of the retirement board for former county workers , and certain offices such as the sheriff and registry of deeds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Franklin County is a nongovernmental county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,372 , which makes it the least-populous county on the Massachusetts mainland , and the third-least populous county in the state . Its traditional county seat and most populous city is Greenfield . Its largest town by area is New Salem . Franklin County comprises the Greenfield Town , MA Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Springfield-Greenfield Town , MA Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Probably the only virgin hemlock-northern hardwood forest in New England , with the hemlocks and sugar maples exceeding 400 years in age', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fannie Stebbins Refuge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longmeadow 42°02′22″N 72°36′09″W / 42.039468°N 72.602584°W / 42.039468 ; -72.602584 ( Fannie Stebbins Refuge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Longmeadow is a town in Hampden County , Massachusetts , in the United States . The population was 15,784 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Hampden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Hampden County is a non-governmental county located in the Pioneer Valley of the state of Massachusetts , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , Hampden County 's population was 463,490 . As of 2018 , Hampden County 's estimated population was 470,406 . Its traditional county seat is Springfield , the Connecticut River Valley 's largest city , and economic and cultural capital ; with an estimated population of 154,758 , approximately 1 in 3 residents of Hampden County live in Springfield . Hampden County was split from Hampshire County in 1812 , because Northampton , Massachusetts , was made Hampshire County 's shire town in 1794 ; however , Springfield - theretofore Hampshire County 's traditional shire town , dating back to its founding in 1636 - grew at a pace far quicker than Northampton and was granted shire town-status over its own , southerly jurisdiction . It was named for parliamentarian John Hampden . To the north of Hampden County is modern-day Hampshire County ; to the west is Berkshire County ; to the east is Worcester County ; to the south are Litchfield County , Hartford County , and Tolland County in Connecticut . Hampden County is part of the Springfield , MA Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the most urban county in Western Massachusetts . The Knowledge Corridor surrounding Springfield-Hartford is New England 's second most populous urban area ( after Greater Boston ) with 1.9 million people ."}]}, {'value': 'municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The area contains the only sizeable example of Connecticut River flood plain under preservation , exhibiting many successional stages including upland and flood plain forest , swamp , marsh , ponds , and meadows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay Head Cliffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gay_Head_Cliffs', 'summary': "Aquinnah is a town located on the island of Martha 's Vineyard in Massachusetts . Until 1997 , the town was called Gay Head . The population was 311 at the 2010 U.S. census . It is known for its beautiful clay cliffs and quiet natural serenity . In 1965 , Gay Head Cliffs were designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service . Aquinnah has become celebrated as a center of Wampanoag culture and a center of pride and tradition among members of the federally recognized Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head . They make up about one-third of the town 's voters and are one of two federally recognized tribes of Wampanoag people in Massachusetts . This area is one of the earliest sites of whaling . The Wampanoag harvested whales from small boats and the shore , using harpoons , long before the 19th-century industry of whaling became the major maritime industry of Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , and New Bedford , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': 'October 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aquinnah 41°20′04″N 70°47′45″W / 41.334444°N 70.795833°W / 41.334444 ; -70.795833 ( Gay Head Cliffs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquinnah,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Aquinnah is a town located on the island of Martha 's Vineyard in Massachusetts . Until 1997 , the town was called Gay Head . The population was 311 at the 2010 U.S. census . It is known for its beautiful clay cliffs and quiet natural serenity . In 1965 , Gay Head Cliffs were designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service . Aquinnah has become celebrated as a center of Wampanoag culture and a center of pride and tradition among members of the federally recognized Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head . They make up about one-third of the town 's voters and are one of two federally recognized tribes of Wampanoag people in Massachusetts . This area is one of the earliest sites of whaling . The Wampanoag harvested whales from small boats and the shore , using harpoons , long before the 19th-century industry of whaling became the major maritime industry of Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , and New Bedford , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': 'Dukes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Dukes County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,535 , making it the second-least populous county in Massachusetts . Its county seat is Edgartown . Dukes County comprises the Vineyard Haven , MA Micropolitan Statistical Area . The county consists of the island of Martha 's Vineyard ( including Chappaquiddick Island ) , the Elizabeth Islands ( including Cuttyhunk ) , the island of Nomans Land , and other associated islets ."}]}, {'value': 'native lands ( Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head', 'summary': "The Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head ( Aquinnah ) is a federally recognized tribe of Wampanoag people based in the town of Aquinnah on the southwest tip of Martha 's Vineyard in Massachusetts . The tribe hosts an annual Cranberry Day celebration . The tribe received official recognition in 1987 , the same year that their land claim on Martha 's Vineyard was settled by an act of Congress , with agreement by the state and the United States Department of Interior . The government took into trust on behalf of the tribe 485 acres of Tribal Lands purchased ( 160 acres private and approximately 325 acres common lands ) . In 2011 the state of Massachusetts passed a law allowing legalized gambling , and federally recognized Native American tribes began to develop proposals to develop casinos . Faced with state opposition to a Class III facility on its land , in 2013 the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head proposed a Class II facility to be developed on its property . The state and town filed suit against it in federal district court , and the judge ruled in their favor . The tribe , together with the Department of Interior , appealed to the US Court of Appeals , First Circuit , defending its case in December 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'An unusual cross section of Raritan and Magothy sediments of Cretaceous age and fossil -bearing sands of Miocene and either Pliocene or Pleistocene ages that rise as much as 150 feet ( 46 m ) above sea level , resting on the continental shelf and detached from the mainland . The center of Wampanoag native culture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cretaceous', 'summary': 'The Cretaceous ( /krɪˈteɪ.ʃəs/ , krih-TAY-shəs ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago ( mya ) . It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era . The name is derived from the Latin creta . It is usually abbreviated K , for its German translation Kreide . The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate , resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas . These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles , ammonites and rudists , while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land . During this time , new groups of mammals and birds , as well as flowering plants , appeared . The Cretaceous ( along with the Mesozoic ) ended with the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , a large mass extinction in which many groups , including non-avian dinosaurs , pterosaurs and large marine reptiles died out . The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ( K-Pg boundary ) , a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fossil', 'summary': 'A fossil ( from Classical Latin : Fossilis ; literally means : obtained by digging ) is any preserved remains , impression , or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age . Examples include bones , shells , exoskeletons , stone imprints of animals or microbes , objects preserved in amber , hair , petrified wood , oil , coal , and DNA remnants . The totality of fossils is known as the fossil record . Paleontology is the study of fossils : their age , method of formation , and evolutionary significance . Specimens are usually considered to be fossils if they are over 10,000 years old . The oldest fossils are around 3.48 billion years old to 4.1 billion years old . The observation in the 19th century that certain fossils were associated with certain rock strata led to the recognition of a geological timescale and the relative ages of different fossils . The development of radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century allowed scientists to quantitatively measure the absolute ages of rocks and the fossils they host . There are many processes that lead to fossilization , including permineralization , casts and molds , authigenic mineralization , replacement and recrystallization , adpression , carbonization , and bioimmuration . Fossils vary in size from one-micrometre ( 1 µm ) bacteria to dinosaurs and trees , many meters long and weighing many tons . A fossil normally preserves only a portion of the deceased organism , usually that portion that was partially mineralized during life , such as the bones and teeth of vertebrates , or the chitinous or calcareous exoskeletons of invertebrates . Fossils may also consist of the marks left behind by the organism while it was alive , such as animal tracks or feces ( coprolites ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miocene', 'summary': "The Miocene ( /ˈmaɪ.əˌsiːn , ˈmaɪ.oʊ-/ MY-ə-seen , MY-oh- ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago ( Ma ) . The Miocene was named by Charles Lyell ; its name comes from the Greek words μείων ( meiōn , less ) and καινός ( kainos , new ) and means less recent because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene . The Miocene is preceded by the Oligocene and is followed by the Pliocene . As the earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene , the climate slowly cooled towards a series of ice ages . The Miocene boundaries are not marked by a single distinct global event but consist rather of regionally defined boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene Epoch . The apes first evolved , arose , and diversified during the early Miocene ( Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages ) , becoming widespread in the Old World . By the end of this epoch and the start of the following one , the ancestors of humans had split away from the ancestors of the chimpanzees to follow their own evolutionary path during the final Messinian stage ( 7.5-5.3 Ma ) of the Miocene . As in the Oligocene before it , grasslands continued to expand and forests to dwindle in extent . In the seas of the Miocene , kelp forests made their first appearance and soon became one of Earth 's most productive ecosystems . The plants and animals of the Miocene were recognizably modern . Mammals and birds were well-established . Whales , pinnipeds , and kelp spread ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pliocene', 'summary': 'The Pliocene ( /ˈplaɪ.əˌsiːn , ˈplaɪ.oʊ-/ PLY-ə-seen , PLY-oh- ; also Pleiocene ) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP . It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch . Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale , which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene , the Pliocene also included the Gelasian stage , which lasted from 2.588 to 1.806 million years ago , and is now included in the Pleistocene . As with other older geologic periods , the geological strata that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain . The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pliocene . The upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pleistocene', 'summary': "The Pleistocene ( /ˈplaɪs.təˌsiːn , -toʊ-/ PLYSE-tə-seen , -\u2060toh- , often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age ) is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago , spanning the world 's most recent period of repeated glaciations . The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology . The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era . In the ICS timescale , the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages , the Gelasian , Calabrian , Chibanian , and Upper Pleistocene ( unofficially the Tarantian ) . [ note 1 ] In addition to these international subdivisions , various regional subdivisions are often used . Before a change finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences , the time boundary between the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being at 1.806 million years Before Present ( BP ) , as opposed to the currently accepted 2.58 million years BP . Publications from the preceding years may use either definition of the period ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Continental_shelf', 'summary': "A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea . Much of these shelves has been exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods . The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf . The continental margin , between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain , comprises a steep continental slope , surrounded by the flatter continental rise , in which sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope . Extending as far as 500 km ( 310 mi ) from the slope , it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope . The continental rise 's gradient is intermediate between the gradients of the slope and the shelf . Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wampanoag_people', 'summary': "The Wampanoag /ˈwɑːmpənɔːɡ/ , also rendered Wôpanâak , are a Native American people . They were a loose confederation of several tribes in the 17th century , but today Wampanoag people encompass five officially recognized tribes . The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head in Massachusetts are Federally recognized , and the Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe , Namasket ( or Nemasket ) Pokanoket Band , and Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe ( Pokonoket ) are recognized by the State of Massachusetts . They lived in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island in the beginning of the 17th century , at the time of first contact with the English colonists , a territory that included the islands of Martha 's Vineyard and Nantucket . Their population numbered in the thousands ; 3,000 Wampanoag lived on Martha 's Vineyard alone . From 1615 to 1619 , the Wampanoag suffered an epidemic , long suspected to be smallpox . Modern research , however , has suggested that it may have been leptospirosis , a bacterial infection which can develop into Weil 's syndrome . It caused a high fatality rate and decimated the Wampanoag population . Researchers suggest that the losses from the epidemic were so large that colonists were able to establish their settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony more easily . More than 50 years later , King Philip 's War ( 1675-1676 ) of Indian allies against the colonists resulted in the death of 40 percent of the surviving tribe . Many male Wampanoag were sold into slavery in Bermuda or the West Indies , and some women and children were enslaved by colonists in New England . The tribe largely disappeared from historical records after the late 18th century , although its people and descendants persisted ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawley Bog', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawley 42°34′33″N 72°53′26″W / 42.575807°N 72.890564°W / 42.575807 ; -72.890564 ( Hawley Bog )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawley,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Hawley is a town in Franklin County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 337 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Springfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Franklin County is a nongovernmental county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,372 , which makes it the least-populous county on the Massachusetts mainland , and the third-least populous county in the state . Its traditional county seat and most populous city is Greenfield . Its largest town by area is New Salem . Franklin County comprises the Greenfield Town , MA Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Springfield-Greenfield Town , MA Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unspoiled cold northern boreal sphagnum-heath bog occupying an old shallow glacial lake basin which demonstrates bog succession from the central open water pond to the surrounding spruce-fir forest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Greylock Old Growth Spruce', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adams 42°38′15″N 73°09′58″W / 42.637455°N 73.166216°W / 42.637455 ; -73.166216 ( Mt . Greylock Old Growth Spruce )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Adams is a town in northern Berkshire County , Massachusetts , United States . It is part of the Pittsfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 8,485 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Berkshire County ( pronounced /ˈbɜːrkʃər/ ) is a county on the western edge of the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,219 . Its largest city and traditional county seat is Pittsfield . The county was founded in 1761 . The Berkshire Hills are centered on Berkshire County . Residents are known as Berkshirites . It exists today only as a historical geographic region , and has no county government , with the exception of the retirement board for former county workers , and certain offices such as the sheriff and registry of deeds .'}]}, {'value': 'state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This site contains three separate stands of undisturbed old growth red spruce on the northwest slopes of Mt . Greylock , the highest mountain in Massachusetts . These stands have been undisturbed for at least 150-180 years , and may be virgin . No other old growth red spruce stands are known in southern New England , while only a few comparable or better sites occur in northern New England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Greylock', 'summary': "Mount Greylock is a 3489-foot ( 1069 meter ) mountain located in the northwest corner of Massachusetts , the highest point in the state . Its summit is in the western part of the town of Adams ( near its border with Williamstown ) in Berkshire County . Although technically it is geologically part of the Taconic Mountains , Mount Greylock is commonly associated with the abutting Berkshire Mountains to the east . The mountain is known for its expansive views encompassing five states and the only taiga-boreal forest in the state . A seasonal automobile road ( open annually from late May through November 1 ) climbs to the summit , topped by a 93-foot-high ( 28 m ) lighthouse-like Massachusetts Veterans War Memorial Tower . A network of hiking trails traverse the mountain , including the Appalachian Trail . Mount Greylock State Reservation was created in 1898 as Massachusetts ' first public land for the purpose of forest preservation ."}]}, {'value': 'Muskeget Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muskeget', 'summary': 'Muskeget Island is a low sandy island to the west of Tuckernuck Island and Nantucket , in the town of Nantucket , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'April 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'west of Tuckernuck and Nantucket Islands 41°20′07″N 70°18′15″W / 41.335278°N 70.304167°W / 41.335278 ; -70.304167 ( Muskeget Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuckernuck_Island', 'summary': 'Tuckernuck ( latitude : 41° 18N longitude : 70° 15W ) is an island in the town and former whaling port of Nantucket , Massachusetts , west of Nantucket Island and east of Muskeget . Its name allegedly means a loaf of bread . The island has an area of about 900 acres ( 1.4 square miles ) . The highest point is about 50 feet .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Nantucket /ˌnænˈtʌkɪt/ is an island about 30 miles ( 50 km ) by ferry south from Cape Cod , in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget , it constitutes the Town of Nantucket , and the conterminous Nantucket County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 10,172 . Part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP , or census-designated place . The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts . The name Nantucket is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island , perhaps meaning faraway land or island or sandy , sterile soil tempting no one . Nantucket is a tourist destination and summer colony . Due to tourists and seasonal residents , the population of the island increases to at least 50,000 during the summer months . The average sale price for a single-family home was $ 2.3 million in the first quarter of 2018 . The National Park Service cites Nantucket , designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 , as being the finest surviving architectural and environmental example of a late 18th- and early 19th-century New England seaport town .'}]}, {'value': 'Nantucket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nantucket_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Nantucket /ˌnænˈtʌkɪt/ is an island about 30 miles ( 50 km ) by ferry south from Cape Cod , in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget , it constitutes the Town of Nantucket , and the conterminous Nantucket County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 10,172 . Part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP , or census-designated place . The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts . The name Nantucket is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island , perhaps meaning faraway land or island or sandy , sterile soil tempting no one . Nantucket is a tourist destination and summer colony . Due to tourists and seasonal residents , the population of the island increases to at least 50,000 during the summer months . The average sale price for a single-family home was $ 2.3 million in the first quarter of 2018 . The National Park Service cites Nantucket , designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 , as being the finest surviving architectural and environmental example of a late 18th- and early 19th-century New England seaport town .'}]}, {'value': 'municipal , private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The only known locality where the Muskeget beach vole is found , and southernmost station where the gray seal breeds . The area supports an enormous nesting population of herring gulls and black-backed gulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_vole', 'summary': 'The beach vole ( Microtus breweri ) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae . It is found only in the United States , and its natural habitat is temperate grassland . Muskeget Island , between Nantucket , Massachusetts and Marthas Vineyard is the only known home of the beach vole , also known as the Muskeget vole . There is a question whether the Muskeget vole is a unique species or a subspecies of the meadow vole ( M. pennsylvanicus ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gray_seal', 'summary': 'The grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean . It is a large seal of the family Phocidae which are commonly referred to as true seals or earless seals . It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus . Its name is spelled gray seal in the US ; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal .'}]}, {'value': 'North and South Rivers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwell,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Norwell is an affluent town in Plymouth County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 10,506 at the 2010 Census . The town 's southeastern border runs along the North River ."}]}, {'value': 'Plymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Plymouth County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 494,919 . Its county seats are Plymouth and Brockton . In 1685 the County was created by the Plymouth General Court , the legislature of Plymouth Colony , predating its annexation by the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Plymouth County is part of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'state , municipal , private', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classic examples of drowned rivermouth estuaries , supporting at least 45 species of fish and many species of birds . The site contains salt marsh , brackish marsh , and freshwater marsh areas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poutwater Pond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holden 42°25′29″N 71°50′18″W / 42.424722°N 71.83825°W / 42.424722 ; -71.83825 ( Poutwater Pond )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holden,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Holden is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The town was founded in 1741 , and the Town Square ( center ) was donated by John Hancock , former Governor of Massachusetts . The population was 17,346 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An undisturbed sphagnum-heath bog in southern New England , illustrating ecological succession from open water in a glacial depression to upland forest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reedy Meadow was Lynnfield Marsh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Between Wakefield and South Lynnfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakefield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Wakefield is a town in Middlesex County , Massachusetts in the Greater Boston metropolitan area , incorporated in 1812 and located about 12.5 mi ( 20.1 km ) north-northwest of Downtown Boston . The 73rd most populous municipality in Massachusetts , Wakefield 's population was 24,932 at the 2010 census , with a 2016 population estimate of 26,399 . Wakefield offers an assortment of activities around the local lake , Lake Quannapowitt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynnfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Lynnfield is a town in Essex County , Massachusetts , in the United States . At the 2010 census , the town population was 11,596 . Lynnfield initially consisted of two distinct villages with a single governing body . Lynnfield Center comprises mostly an agricultural population , while South Lynnfield boasted a mixed culture . Together , the two towns evolved into one of the most prosperous suburbs in the North Shore region of Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'Essex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essex,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Essex is a coastal town in Essex County , Massachusetts , 26 miles ( 42 km ) north of Boston and 13 miles ( 21 km ) southeast of Newburyport . It is known for its former role as a center of shipbuilding . The population was 3,504 at the 2010 census . The central village areas of Essex and South Essex make up the census-designated place of Essex .'}]}, {'value': 'municipal ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The largest freshwater cattail marsh in Massachusetts . The area preserves the habitat requirements of many bird species and serves as a breeding ground for the king rail and least bittern , rare species in the region', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX The National Park Service has designated eleven National Natural Landmarks in Massachusetts . Most of these are bogs , swamps , wetlands and old-growth forest . Acushnet Cedar SwampAquinnah , MassachusettsBartholomew 's CobbleCold River Virgin ForestMt . Greylock Old Growth SpruceMuskeget Island Massachusetts National Natural Landmarks ( clickable map )", 'uid': 'List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_Massachusetts_0', 'intro': 'The National Park Service has designated eleven National Natural Landmarks in Massachusetts. Most of these are bogs, swamps, wetlands and old-growth forest.'} | null | null | What city is the seat of the county that includes Fannie Stebbins Refuge ? | Springfield |
04776aa3844a587c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_Reloaded', 'title': 'Rock Band Reloaded', 'header': ['Song title', 'Artist', 'Decade', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': 'A-Punk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A-Punk', 'summary': 'A-Punk is a single by American indie rock band Vampire Weekend , released on February 28 , 2008 as the second single from their 2008 self-titled debut album . The band made their network television debut by performing A-Punk on the Late Show with David Letterman .'}]}, {'value': 'Vampire Weekend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vampire_Weekend', 'summary': "Vampire Weekend is an American indie rock band from New York City , formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records . The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig , multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij , drummer Chris Tomson , and bassist Chris Baio . The band 's first album Vampire Weekend ( 2008 ) - which included the singles Mansard Roof , A-Punk , Oxford Comma , Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa , and The Kids Do n't Stand a Chance - was acclaimed by critics for its world music influences . Their following album , Contra ( 2010 ) , was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success . Their third studio album , Modern Vampires of the City ( 2013 ) , won the group a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2014 . Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016 . The band 's fourth album , Father of the Bride , was released in 2019 , again winning Best Alternative Music Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards , where it was also nominated for Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bodies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodies_(Drowning_Pool_song)', 'summary': "Bodies ( often incorrectly called Let the Bodies Hit the Floor ) is a song by the American rock band Drowning Pool and also is the lead single from their debut album Sinner . Released in May 2001 , Bodies is Drowning Pool 's signature song and has been featured in various films , TV programs , and advertisements since its release . It was also the theme song for the 2001 WWF SummerSlam pay-per-view event , as well as that of the ECW brand in 2006 to early 2008 . During 2001 , the song got popular , but the song was taken off radio stations after the September 11 attacks because the song was considered inappropriate in the wake of the terrorist attack . An early version of Bodies appeared in their EP Pieces of Nothing , the version omits the lyrics in the bridge and features a significantly greater amount of screaming . Neil Cicierega 's seminal 2017 mashup album Mouth Moods features a mashup between Bodies and Hot Butter 's Popcorn , titled Floor Corn ."}]}, {'value': 'Drowning Pool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drowning_Pool', 'summary': "Drowning Pool is an American rock band formed in Dallas , Texas in 1996 . The band was named after the film The Drowning Pool . Since its formation , the band has consisted of guitarist C.J . Pierce , bassist Stevie Benton , and drummer Mike Luce , as well as a revolving cast of vocalists , the latest being Jasen Moreno . After the release of their debut album , Sinner ( 2001 ) , original vocalist Dave Williams was found dead on August 14 , 2002 from heart disease . Jason Jones , who replaced Williams in 2003 , recorded one album , Desensitized ( 2004 ) , but left in 2005 due to musical differences . Ryan McCombs of Chicago-based band SOiL , later replaced Jones and released two albums , Full Circle ( 2007 ) and Drowning Pool ( 2010 ) , making it the first time Drowning Pool had not switched singers after just one album . However , McCombs left the band in 2011 to rejoin SOiL . Jasen Moreno was announced as McCombs ' replacement in 2012 , and the band has since recorded two albums with him : Resilience ( 2013 ) and Hellelujah ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nu-Metal', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Call Me When You 're Sober", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Call_Me_When_You're_Sober", 'summary': "Call Me When You 're Sober is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their second studio album The Open Door . Wind-up Records released it as the album 's lead single on September 4 , 2006 ; this release was preceded by the song 's Internet leak and its earlier distribution to radio stations on July 31 . The track was written by group members Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo , while Dave Fortman handled its production . Lee revealed that the song was inspired by an unsuccessful relationship with Shaun Morgan , lead singer of the band Seether . The track is an alternative metal , symphonic rock , and electropop piano ballad about a woman terminating a relationship with a love interest who suffers from an addiction . It received a polarized response from music critics ; although some praised its radio appeal and the use of numerous musical styles and instruments paired with Lee 's laudable vocal performance , others felt that it was not a worthy comeback song and found it inferior to previous songs by the band . Call Me When You 're Sober was commercially successful in the US , where it peaked at number ten on the main Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Alternative Songs chart in addition to entering the top ten of several Billboard component charts . It was a success elsewhere as well , peaking within the top ten on various charts internationally , including the UK , Australia , Finland and New Zealand . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Marc Webb and filmed in Hollywood ; it draws inspiration from the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood . It features British actor Oliver Goodwill as the Big Bad Wolf , trying to seduce Lee . The video was noted to contain metaphorical undertones as opposed to the song 's literal lyrics ."}]}, {'value': 'Evanescence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanescence', 'summary': "Evanescence ( /ˌɛvəˈnɛsns , ˌiːvə-/ ) is an American rock band founded in Little Rock , Arkansas , in 1995 by singer and pianist Amy Lee and guitarist Ben Moody . After recording independent albums , the band released their first full-length album , Fallen , on Wind-up Records in 2003 . Fallen sold more than 17 million copies worldwide and helped the band win two Grammy Awards out of six nominations . A year later , Evanescence released their first live album , Anywhere but Home , which sold more than one million copies worldwide . In 2006 , the band released their second studio album , The Open Door , which sold more than five million copies . The lineup of the group changed several times over the course of the first two studio albums ' productions and promotions : David Hodges left in 2002 , co-founder Moody left in 2003 ( mid-tour ) , bassist Will Boyd in 2006 , followed by guitarist John LeCompt and drummer Rocky Gray in 2007 , and Terry Balsamo in 2015 . As a result , none of the band 's three studio albums feature the same lineup . The latter two changes led to a hiatus , with temporary band members contributing to tour performances . The band reconvened in June 2009 with a new lineup ; their next studio album , Evanescence , was released in 2011 . It debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 chart with 127,000 copies in sales . The album also debuted at number one on four other different Billboard charts ; the Rock Albums , Digital Albums , Alternative Albums , and the Hard Rock Albums charts . The band spent 2012 on tour in promotion of their latest album with other bands including The Pretty Reckless and Fair to Midland ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nu-Metal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heartbreaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heartbreaker_(Pat_Benatar_song)', 'summary': "Heartbreaker is a song by American singer Pat Benatar from her debut studio album In the Heat of the Night ( 1979 ) . Written and composed by Geoff Gill and Cliff Wade , the song had first been recorded by English singer Jenny Darren on her 1978 album Queen of Fools and Benatar made adjustments in the original lyrics as such references as A to Zed and moonraker which would have likely confused American listeners . Heartbreaker proved to be Benatar 's breakthrough single , reaching # 23 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 and # 19 on the Cash Box Top 100 . In Canada , the song peaked at number 16 . Although Heartbreaker is only Benatar 's tenth highest-charting US single , it spent four and a half months on the U.S. charts , with only three of her singles surpassing that amount of time . The song is featured as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band , and is a playable song for the game Guitar Hero World Tour . The song is also a playable song for the game Karaoke Revolution : Presents American Idol , as well as downloadable content for its sequel , American Idol Encore . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1982 album Chipmunk Rock . The tenth season premiere of Supernatural featured Heartbreaker in the recap montage of the previous season . Former American Idol finalist Allison Iraheta regularly covers the song as part of her set on the Glam Nation Tour . This song was also performed by Benatar and her band in the Charmed episode Lucky Charmed ."}]}, {'value': 'Pat Benatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Benatar', 'summary': 'Patricia Mae Giraldo ( née Andrzejewski ; born January 10 , 1953 ) , known professionally as Pat Benatar , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and four-time Grammy Award winner . She has two RIAA-certified multi-platinum albums , five platinum albums , three gold albums , and 15 Billboard Top 40 singles , including the Top 10 hits Hit Me with Your Best Shot , Love Is a Battlefield , We Belong , and Invincible . Benatar was nominated for 2020 induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classic Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hella Good', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hella_Good', 'summary': "Hella Good is a song by the American ska band No Doubt from their fifth studio album Rock Steady ( 2001 ) . Written by Gwen Stefani , Tony Kanal and The Neptunes ( Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo ) , and produced by Nellee Hooper and the band , Hella Good was released as the album 's second single in April 2002 and received positive reviews from contemporary music critics , who made comparisons to the work of a diverse range of artists such as Afrika Bambaataa and Madonna . Commercially , Hella Good was successful , and Roger Sanchez 's remix of the song topped the US Billboard Dance Club Songs . For the 45th Grammy Awards , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences introduced new categories for Best Dance Recording and Best Remixed Recording , Non-Classical . Hella Good was nominated for Best Dance Recording , but lost to Dirty Vegas ' Days Go By , and Sanchez 's remix won for Best Remixed Recording , Non-Classical . No Doubt performed a medley of Underneath It All and Hella Good at the ceremony . The accompanying music video for Hella Good , directed by Mark Romanek , was filmed in March 2002 and released in April 2002 , and it features the band squatting in an abandoned ship . The song was featured in the opening sequence of the 2005 film The Longest Yard , covered by Rita Ora at Radio 1 's Big Weekend , and was also used for the second season Alias episode The Getaway in 2003 and in the pilot episode of The Black Donnellys in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'No Doubt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Doubt', 'summary': "No Doubt Is an American rock band from Anaheim , California , formed in 1986 . The band consists of vocalist Gwen Stefani , guitarist Tom Dumont , bassist Tony Kanal , and drummer Adrian Young . Since the mid-1990s , they have been supported by trombonist Gabrial McNair and trumpeter Stephen Bradley in live performances . Though their 1992 eponymous debut album failed to make an impact , its ska punk inspired follow-up The Beacon Street Collection sold over 100,000 copies in 1995 , over three times as many as its predecessor . The band 's diamond-certified album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) benefited from the resurgence of third-wave ska in the 1990s , and Do n't Speak , the third single from the album , set a record when it spent 16 weeks at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart . Just a Girl , co-written by Stefani , was described as the most popular cut on the CD . The group 's next album , Return of Saturn ( 2000 ) , despite its Top 40 hit single Simple Kind of Life , did not match the success of their previous album , but received critical praise and was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 43rd Grammy Awards . Fifteen months later , the band reappeared with the album Rock Steady ( 2001 ) , which incorporated reggae and dancehall music into their work . The album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer , Sly and Robbie , and Lady Saw . The album produced two Grammy-winning singles , Hey Baby and Underneath It All . Hella Good was also nominated for a Grammy award . On November 22 , 2002 , No Doubt received the Key to the City of Anaheim , given by the Mayor of Anaheim , Tom Daly , in Disneyland during the band 's appearance on 'Breakfast with Kevin and Bean ' ( KROQ-FM ) where they performed five songs ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pop/Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungry Like the Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungry_Like_the_Wolf', 'summary': "Hungry Like the Wolf is a song by the British new wave band Duran Duran . Written by the band members , the song was produced by Colin Thurston for the group 's second studio album Rio . The song was released in May 1982 as the band 's fifth single in the United Kingdom . It reached no . 5 on the UK Singles Chart , and received a silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The music video for Hungry Like the Wolf was directed by Russell Mulcahy and filmed in the jungles of Sri Lanka . It evoked the atmosphere of the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Although the band initially failed to break into the US market , MTV placed the Hungry Like the Wolf video into heavy rotation . Subsequently , the group gained much exposure ; the song peaked at the number 3 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1983 , and Duran Duran became an international sensation . The video won the first Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Duran Duran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duran_Duran', 'summary': 'Duran Duran ( /djʊˌræn djʊˈræn/ ) are an English new wave band formed in Birmingham in 1978 . The band were one of the most successful acts of the 1980s , but by the end of the decade , membership and music style changes challenged the band before a resurgence in the early 1990s . The group were a leading band in the MTV-driven Second British Invasion of the US in the 1980s . They achieved 14 singles in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart and 21 in the US Billboard Hot 100 , and have sold over 100 million records worldwide . When the band emerged they were generally considered part of the New Romantic scene , along with bands such as Spandau Ballet and Visage . However , Duran Duran would soon shed this image by using fashion and marketing to build a more refined and elegant presentation . The band have won numerous awards throughout their career : two Brit Awards including the 2004 award for Outstanding Contribution to Music , two Grammy Awards , an MTV Video Music Award for Lifetime Achievement , and a Video Visionary Award from the MTV Europe Music Awards . They were also awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The video age catapulted Duran Duran into the mainstream with the introduction of the 24-hour music channel MTV . Many of their videos were shot on 35 mm film , which gave a much more polished look than was standard at the time . They also collaborated with professional film directors to take the quality a step further , often teaming up with Australian director Russell Mulcahy for some of their most memorable video offerings . In 1984 , the band were early innovators with video technology in their live stadium shows .'}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pop/Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Bloom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_Bloom', 'summary': "In Bloom is a song by American rock band Nirvana . Written by frontman Kurt Cobain , the song addresses people outside the underground music community who did not understand the band 's message . Nirvana made its first music video for an early version of In Bloom in 1990 ; however the song did not appear on a commercial release until the release of the group 's second album , Nevermind , in 1991 . In Bloom became the fourth and final single from the album in late 1992 . While Nirvana 's label DGC Records did not release a physical single for sale in the United States , In Bloom received much American radio airplay , reaching number 5 on the US Mainstream Rock chart . The international release of the single made the Top 10 in Ireland and Portugal . It also made the Top 20 in Finland and New Zealand and the Top 30 in Sweden and the United Kingdom . It was accompanied by a new music video which won Best Alternative Video at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Nirvana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nirvana_(band)', 'summary': "Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen , Washington in 1987 . It was founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic . Nirvana went through a succession of drummers , the longest-lasting and best-known being Dave Grohl , who joined in 1990 . Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain , their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture . In the late 1980s , Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene , releasing its first album , Bleach , for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989 . They developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts , often between quiet verses and loud , heavy choruses . After signing to major label DGC Records in 1991 , Nirvana found unexpected mainstream success with Smells Like Teen Spirit , the first single from their landmark second album Nevermind ( 1991 ) . A cultural phenomenon of the 1990s , the album went on to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Nirvana 's sudden success popularized alternative rock , and Cobain found himself described as the spokesman of a generation and Nirvana the flagship band of Generation X . Following extensive tours and the 1992 compilation album Incesticide and EP Hormoaning , Nirvana released their third studio album , In Utero ( 1993 ) , to critical acclaim and further chart success . Its abrasive , less mainstream sound challenged the band 's audience , and though less successful than Nevermind , it was a commercial success . Nirvana disbanded following the death of Cobain in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grunge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kryptonite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kryptonite_(3_Doors_Down_song)', 'summary': "Kryptonite is the debut single by American rock band 3 Doors Down . It was originally released as a demo for local play by 97.9 WCPR-FM in Biloxi , Mississippi . The song first charted on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart reaching number one for nine weeks , then hit number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart for 11 weeks . It also reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart for five non-consecutive weeks , number four on the Adult Top 40 chart , and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , the band 's highest-charting single there ."}]}, {'value': '3 Doors Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3_Doors_Down', 'summary': "3 Doors Down is an American rock band from Escatawpa , Mississippi , that formed in 1996 . The band originally consisted of Brad Arnold ( lead vocals , drums ) , Matt Roberts ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Todd Harrell ( bass guitar ) . The band rose to international fame with their first single , Kryptonite , which placed in the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The band then signed with Republic Records and released their debut album , The Better Life , in 2000 . The album was the 11th-best-selling album of the year and was certified 6x platinum in the United States . The group was later joined by drummer Richard Liles , who played during the tour for their first album . The band 's second album , Away from the Sun ( 2002 ) , continued the band 's success ; it debuted at No . 8 on the Billboard 200 chart , went multi-platinum in the U.S. like its predecessor , and spawned the hits When I 'm Gone and Here Without You . The band toured extensively for two years . Daniel Adair played drums on tour from 2002 to 2006 . This configuration played nearly 1,000 shows across the world following the release of Away from the Sun . In 2005 , Greg Upchurch ( Puddle of Mudd ) joined to play drums to replace Adair ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peace Sells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peace_Sells', 'summary': "Peace Sells is a song by the American thrash metal band Megadeth from their 1986 album Peace Sells . but Who 's Buying ? , written by Dave Mustaine . It has since been a constant at Megadeth concerts . According to David Ellefson , it became quickly apparent when playing the song live prior to recording the album that Peace Sells would be a hit . In 2006 , VH1 ranked Peace Sells at number 11 on their list of the 40 Greatest Metal Songs of all time . The song is also known for the distinctive bass intro played by Ellefson ."}]}, {'value': 'Megadeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megadeth', 'summary': "Megadeth is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles , California . Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassist David Ellefson formed the band in 1983 shortly after Mustaine 's dismissal from Metallica . Along with Metallica , Anthrax , and Slayer , Megadeth is one of the big four of American thrash metal , responsible for its development and popularization . Their music features complex arrangements and fast rhythm sections , and lyrical themes of death , war , politics , personal relationships and religion . In 1985 , Megadeth released its debut album , Killing Is My Business . and Business Is Good ! , on the independent record label Combat Records , to moderate success . It caught the attention of bigger labels , which led to Megadeth signing with Capitol Records . Their first major-label album , Peace Sells . but Who 's Buying ? , was released in 1986 and was a major hit with the underground metal scene . Substance abuse and personal disputes brought Megadeth negative publicity during this period . After the lineup stabilized , Megadeth released a number of platinum-selling albums , including Rust in Peace ( 1990 ) and Countdown to Extinction ( 1992 ) . These albums , along with worldwide tours , brought them public recognition ."}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remedy_(Seether_song)', 'summary': "Remedy is a song by South African rock band Seether . It is the second track on their album Karma and Effect , and became their first single to hit the top spot on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , dropping and regaining the spot for a total of eight weeks at number one . The music video , directed by Dean Karr , features the band playing on the deck of a ship that appears to have run aground with fans who were selected via a contest on the band 's website to appear in the shallow water below . Interspersed are shots of singer Shaun Morgan dressed up as an evil carnival barker taking a group of people on the world 's most terrifying ride . At the end of the video the guys , who sat into a boat , swim from a tunnel transformed to skeletons ."}]}, {'value': 'Seether', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seether', 'summary': 'Seether are a South African rock band founded in 1999 in Pretoria , Gauteng . The band originally performed under the name Saron Gas until 2002 , when they moved to the United States and changed it to Seether to avoid confusion with the deadly chemical known as sarin gas . Seether gained mainstream popularity in 2002 with their US Active Rock number one single Fine Again , and their success was sustained in 2004 with the single Broken , which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 . They have experienced continued success with number one hits on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , such as Remedy , Fake It , Country Song , Words as Weapons , and Let You Down . The band currently consists of lead vocalist/guitarist Shaun Morgan , bassist Dale Stewart , drummer John Humphrey and guitarist Corey Lowery . Seether has undergone several changes since their formation in 1999 , with vocalist/guitarist Shaun Morgan and bassist/vocalist Dale Stewart , being the only constant members while John Humphrey has been their longtime drummer since joining the band in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rock ' n Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rock'n_Me", 'summary': "Rock ' n Me ( also known as Rock ' N Me ) is a song by American rock group Steve Miller Band , written by the group 's leader Steve Miller . The song was released as the second single from the group 's ninth studio album Fly Like an Eagle in 1976 ; Miller also produced the song and album as well as performed on it . The North American release of the single was generally credited to Steve Miller as a person , while the European release was generally credited to the Steve Miller Band as a whole group . The single achieved lasting commercial and critical success , with the publication Billboard labeling it an immediate audience grabber . It became the band 's second # 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed at the top for one week , and it also topped the RPM Top Singles chart in Canada . In later years , the song has been included in several compilation albums such as 1978 's Greatest Hits 1974-78 and 1991 's The Very Best of the Steve Miller Band . Miller has acknowledged that elements of Rock ' n Me , particularly the intro , was a tip of the hat to British group Free 's All Right Now . He stated :"}]}, {'value': 'Steve Miller Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Miller_Band', 'summary': "The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco , California . The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals . The group is best known for a string of ( mainly ) mid- to late-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock radio , as well as several earlier psychedelic rock albums . Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band . Shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the bands contract with Capitol Records in 1967 , the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band . In February 1968 , the band recorded its debut album , Children of the Future . It went on to produce the albums Sailor , Brave New World , Your Saving Grace , Number 5 , Rock Love , Fly Like an Eagle , Book of Dreams , and more . The band 's Greatest Hits 1974-78 , released in 1978 , sold over 13 million copies . In 2016 , Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classic Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': "So What'cha Want", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/So_What'cha_Want", 'summary': "So What'cha Want is the second single from the album Check Your Head , the third studio album by American hip hop group the Beastie Boys . Released on June 2 , 1992 , the song samples Just Rhymin ' With Biz by Big Daddy Kane featuring Biz Markie , and I 've Been Watching You by Southside Movement . The song also appears in the video game Rock Band 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beastie Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beastie_Boys', 'summary': "The Beastie Boys were an American hip hop group from New York City formed in 1981 . The group was composed of Michael Mike D Diamond ( vocals , drums ) , Adam MCA Yauch ( vocals , bass ) and Adam Ad-Rock Horovitz ( vocals , guitar , programming ) . The Beastie Boys were formed as a four-piece hardcore punk band , the Young Aborigines , in 1978 by Mike D ( vocals ) , MCA ( bass ) , John Berry ( guitar ) and Kate Schellenbach ( drums ) . They appeared on the compilation cassette New York Thrash , contributing two songs from their first EP , Polly Wog Stew , in 1982 . Berry left shortly thereafter and was replaced by Horovitz . After achieving local success with the 1983 experimental hip hop single Cooky Puss , the Beastie Boys made a full transition to hip hop , and Schellenbach left the group soon after . They toured with Madonna in 1985 and a year later released their debut album Licensed to Ill . It was followed by Paul 's Boutique , Check Your Head , Ill Communication , Hello Nasty , To the 5 Boroughs , The Mix-Up , and Hot Sauce Committee Part Two . The Beastie Boys have sold 26 million records in the United States and 50 million records worldwide , making them the biggest-selling rap group since Billboard began recording sales in 1991 . With seven platinum-selling albums from 1986 to 2004 , the Beastie Boys were one of the longest-lived hip hop acts worldwide . In 2012 , they became the third rap group to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In the same year , MCA died of cancer ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Perfect Drug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Perfect_Drug', 'summary': "The Perfect Drug is a song by Nine Inch Nails written for the David Lynch film Lost Highway . It was released in 1997 on the Lost Highway soundtrack as well as a single from the score . Remixes of the song were released as an EP , The Perfect Drug Versions . Though The Perfect Drug Versions acts as a single for the titular song , the original version does not appear on the EP . The track has also been included on international singles We 're in This Together , Part 3 and Into the Void without the ending truncated ; the only audio release of it in North America being on the Lost Highway soundtrack . A music video for it was directed by Mark Romanek , included with Closure , a VHS compilation and The Work of Director Mark Romanek . In 2002 , American post-hardcore band the Blood Brothers sampled the song in their song Kiss of the Octopus . In 2011 , the song was used as the entrance song for Japanese mixed martial artist Michihiro Omigawa at UFC 131 . American deathcore band Fit for an Autopsy covered the song for the split EP The Depression Sessions in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Inch Nails', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails', 'summary': "Nine Inch Nails , commonly abbreviated as NIN ( stylized as NIИ ) , is an American industrial rock band formed in 1988 in Cleveland , Ohio . Singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , and producer Trent Reznor was the only permanent member of the band until the addition of English musician Atticus Ross in 2016 . Reznor recorded the band 's debut album , Pretty Hate Machine ( 1989 ) , while working overnight as a janitor at a Cleveland recording studio . After feuding with the label TVT Records about promotion , Reznor signed with Interscope Records and released the EP Broken ( 1992 ) . The following albums , The Downward Spiral ( 1994 ) and The Fragile ( 1999 ) , were released to critical acclaim and commercial success . Following a hiatus , Nine Inch Nails resumed touring in 2005 and released their fourth album , With Teeth ( 2005 ) . Following the release of Year Zero ( 2007 ) , Reznor left Interscope after a feud . Nine Inch Nails continued touring and independently released Ghosts I-IV ( 2008 ) and The Slip ( 2008 ) before a second hiatus . Their eighth album , Hesitation Marks ( 2013 ) , was followed by a trilogy consisting of the EPs Not the Actual Events ( 2016 ) and Add Violence ( 2017 ) and their ninth album Bad Witch ( 2018 ) . Reznor typically assembles a live band to perform with him . The band has varied over the decades , and as of 2019 includes Robin Finck , Alessandro Cortini , and Ilan Rubin . Nine Inch Nails concerts since 2005 often employ thematic visual elements , extensive use of special effects , and elaborate light shows ; songs are often rearranged for performance , and elements of songs that are not scheduled to be performed in their entirety are occasionally assimilated other songs ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Wedding ( Part 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Wedding_(song)', 'summary': "White Wedding is a song by Billy Idol that was released as the second single from his self-titled second studio album in 1982 . Although not Idol 's highest-charting hit , it is often considered one of his most recognizable songs . In the US , it peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart on 27 November 1982 , then reached No . 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 July 1983 after it was re-issued . In the UK , it reached No . 6 in the UK Singles Chart upon its re-release there in 1985 and 1988 , when it was re-issued to promote the Vital Idol remix album ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Idol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Idol', 'summary': "William Michael Albert Broad ( born 30 November 1955 ) , known professionally as Billy Idol , is an English musician , singer , songwriter , and actor who holds dual British and American citizenship . He first achieved fame in the 1970s emerging from the London punk rock scene as a member of Generation X . Subsequently , he embarked on a solo career which led to international recognition and made Idol a lead artist during the MTV-driven Second British Invasion in the United States . The name Billy Idol was inspired by a schoolteacher 's description of him as idle . Idol began his music career in late 1976 as a guitarist in the punk rock band Chelsea . However , he soon left the group . With his former bandmate Tony James , Idol formed the band Generation X . With Idol as lead singer , the band achieved success in the United Kingdom and released three albums on Chrysalis Records before disbanding . In 1981 , Idol moved to New York City to pursue his solo career in collaboration with guitarist Steve Stevens . His debut studio album , Billy Idol ( 1982 ) , was a commercial success . With music videos for singles Dancing with Myself and White Wedding Idol soon became a staple of then-newly established MTV . Idol 's second studio album , Rebel Yell ( 1983 ) , was a major commercial success , featuring hit singles Rebel Yell and Eyes Without a Face ."}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Your Decision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Your_Decision', 'summary': "Your Decision is a song by Alice in Chains , featured on their fourth studio album , Black Gives Way to Blue ( 2009 ) . Written by Jerry Cantrell , who also sings lead vocals on the song , it was released as the second single from the album on November 16 , 2009 in the UK , and on December 1 , 2009 in the US . The single reached No . 1 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs and Mainstream Rock charts , and No . 4 on the Alternative Songs chart . Your Decision was featured on CSI 's Season 10 , Episode 8 , Lover 's Lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Alice in Chains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_in_Chains', 'summary': "Alice in Chains ( often abbreviated as AIC ) is an American rock band from Seattle , Washington , formed in 1987 by guitarist and vocalist Jerry Cantrell and drummer Sean Kinney , who later recruited bassist Mike Starr and lead vocalist Layne Staley . Starr was replaced by Mike Inez in 1993 . William DuVall joined the band in 2006 as co-lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist , replacing Staley , who died in 2002 . The band took its name from Staley 's previous group , the glam metal band Alice N ' Chains . Although widely associated with grunge music , the band 's sound incorporates heavy metal elements . Since its formation , Alice in Chains has released six studio albums , three EPs , three live albums , four compilations , two DVDs , 43 music videos , and 32 singles . The band is known for its distinctive vocal style , which often included the harmonized vocals between Staley and Cantrell ( and later Cantrell and William DuVall ) . Cantrell started to sing lead vocals on the 1992 acoustic EP Sap , and his role continued to grow in the following albums , making Alice in Chains a two-vocal band . Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s , along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana , Pearl Jam , and Soundgarden . The band was one of the most successful music acts of the 1990s , selling over 30 million records worldwide , and over 14 million records in the US alone , with two No . 1 albums and six Top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 chart . The band has had 18 Top 10 songs on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , 5 No ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grunge', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Soundtrack -- Included Playlist', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Rock_Band_Reloaded_0', 'intro': "Rock Band Reloaded is a video game for iOS. It was first released in 2010 and is the successor to Rock Band on iOS. It comes with over 30 songs and a 20+ DLC list. It received mostly positive reviews. Gameplay is similar to other Rock Band series games, but controlled without instrument controllers, and instead with the iOS-device's multi-touch display, microphone and built-in accelerometer. The game features multiplayer support over Bluetooth and local wifi."} | null | null | On what date did the listed song in the rock genre reach No . 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the artist who was a member of Generation X ? | 2 July 1983 |
0477732fdb5c132b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics', 'title': '1908 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club', 'summary': "The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , also known as the All England Club , based at Church Road , Wimbledon , London , England , is a private members ' club . It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships , the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass . Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer , the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself . However , it still operates as a members ' tennis club . The club has 375 full members , about 100 temporary playing members , and a number of honorary members , including past Wimbledon singles champions and people who have rendered distinguished service to the game . To become a full or temporary member , an applicant must obtain letters of support from four existing full members , two of whom must have known the applicant for at least three years . The name is then added to the Candidates ' List . Honorary Members are elected from time to time by the club 's Committee . Membership carries with it the right to purchase two tickets for each day of the Wimbledon Championships . In addition to this all champions are invited to become members . The patron of the club is Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge , and the President is The Duke of Kent ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Six tennis events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Indoor tennis events , on what were officially called 'covered courts ' , were held for the first time , along with the usual outdoor events . Women 's tennis returned , with women 's singles ( but not women 's doubles or mixed doubles ) and indoor women 's singles . The indoor events were held at the covered courts of the Queens Club and began on May 6 , 1908 , ahead of the official start of the Games while the outdoor tournament was played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Worple Road from July 6 through July 11 , 1908 . In total 50 players , 40 men and 10 women , competed . Five nations made their tennis debuts , while five more returned to competition for a total of ten nations . Two players , Les Poidevin and Wimbledon champion Anthony Wilding were nominated for Australasia but through administrative bungling they were not entered ."}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bisley Ranges , Surrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Shooting_Centre', 'summary': "The National Shooting Centre located near the village of Bisley in Surrey from which it takes its colloquial name Bisley ranges it is wholly owned by the National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom ( NRA ) . ] The NSC is the trading name of the facility [ citation needed ] . In 1890 , the village became the location for the NRA Imperial Meeting ( the Association 's National Championship ) , which moved there from Wimbledon . The competition is hosted on the ranges at Bisley Camp having outgrown the Wimbledon Common ranges which had previously been used . The NRA of the UK also moved its headquarters from London to Bisley Camp . Bisley hosted most of the shooting events in the 1908 Olympic Games , and all the shooting for the 2002 Commonwealth Games . During the 2012 Olympic Games the shooting was held at the Royal Artillery Barracks , Woolwich . As well as the rifle ranges , there are two clay target shooting complexes ; The National Clay Shooting Centre , which caters for 'trap ' disciplines such as Skeet and DTL , and Bisley Shooting Grounds , which caters for sporting clays , or simulated game shooting . Bisley is famous within shooting circles and has a long history . Some of the buildings within the grounds are from the Victorian era , having been transported there in the re-location from Wimbledon Common . The camp also once had its own railway branch line which ran from nearby Brookwood station , and was known as the 'Bisley Bullet ' . In 1894 Colt , the US firearms manufacturer , introduced and sold the Bisley Model of its famous Single Action Army revolver specifically designed for target shooting ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting ( pistol/rifle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw fifteen shooting events . Most of the events were held at Bisley , Surrey while the trap shooting events were held at Uxendon .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Franco-British Exhibition Fencing Grounds , Shepherd 's Bush", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition_(1908)', 'summary': "The Franco-British Exhibition was a large public fair held in London between 14 May and 31 October 1908 . The exhibition attracted 8 million visitors and celebrated the Entente Cordiale signed in 1904 by the United Kingdom and France . The chief architect of the buildings was John Belcher . The Exhibition was held in an area of west London near Shepherd 's Bush which is now called White City : the area acquired its name from the exhibition buildings which were all painted white . The 1908 Summer Olympics fencing events were held in the district alongside the festivities ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , four fencing events were contested . The 1908 Games were the first to lack a foil competition . Foil fencing , not being in the opinion of the organisers a form of sport which is improved by competition , was held only as a display . The 1908 Olympics did introduce team sabre and épée competitions . As in the 1904 edition , the London Games held no events for masters ; all fencing was done by amateurs .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henley Royal Regatta , Oxfordshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta', 'summary': "Henley Royal Regatta ( or Henley Regatta , its original name pre-dating Royal patronage ) is a rowing event held annually on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames , England . It was established on 26 March 1839 . It differs from the three other regattas rowed over approximately the same course , Henley Women 's Regatta , Henley Masters Regatta and Henley Town and Visitors ' Regatta , each of which is an entirely separate event . The regatta lasts for five days ( Wednesday to Sunday ) ending on the first weekend in July . Races are head-to-head knock out competitions , raced over a course of 1 mile 550 yards ( 2,112 m ) . The regatta regularly attracts international crews to race . The most prestigious event at the regatta is the Grand Challenge Cup for Men 's Eights , which has been awarded since the regatta was first staged . As the regatta pre-dates any national or international rowing organisation , it has its own rules and organisation , although it is recognised by both British Rowing ( the governing body of rowing in England and Wales ) and FISA ( the International Federation of Rowing Associations ) . The regatta is organised by a self-electing body of Stewards , who are largely former rowers themselves . Pierre de Coubertin modelled elements of the organisation of the International Olympic Committee on the Henley Stewards . The regatta is regarded as part of the English social season . As with other events in the season , certain enclosures at the regatta have strict dress codes ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , four rowing events were contested , all for men only . Races were held at Henley-on-Thames . The competitions were held from 28 to 31 July . There was one fewer event in 1908 than 1904 , after the double sculls was dropped from the programme . Hungary and Norway competed in rowing for the first time , along with six other nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunters Quay , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunters_Quay', 'summary': "Hunters Quay ; ( Scottish Gaelic : Camas Rainich ) is a village , on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute , Scottish Highlands . Situated between Kirn to the south and Ardnadam to the north , Hunters Quay is the main base of Western Ferries ( Clyde ) LTD , operating between Hunters Quay and McInroy 's Point . It is home to the Royal Marine Hotel , which is over one hundred years old ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of the 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program of 1908 was open for a total of five sailing classes ( disciplines ) , but actually only four Sailing events were contested . The planned venue of all races , named matches , was Ryde , Isle of Wight .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hurlingham Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hurlingham_Club', 'summary': 'The Hurlingham Club is an exclusive sports and social club located in Fulham , London , England . It has a Georgian clubhouse set in 42 acres ( 17 ha ) of grounds . It is a member of The Association of London Clubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polo_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , a polo tournament was contested . It was the second time the sport had been featured at the Olympics , with 1900 being its first appearance . The venue was the Hurlingham Polo Grounds in London . The Hurlingham Club presented a Challenge Cup to the winner of the tournament , which consisted of three teams . All three teams represented the British Olympic Association , with two from England and one from Ireland . The two English teams played each first , with the winner playing against the Irish team . Roehampton won both games , taking the gold medal , while the other two teams did not face each other to break the tie for second place .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northampton Institute , Islington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City,_University_of_London', 'summary': "City , University of London ( abbreviated CUL ) is a public research university in London , United Kingdom . It has been a constituent college of the University of London since 2016 . It was founded in 1894 as the Northampton Institute , and became a university when The City University was created by royal charter in 1966 . The Inns of Court School of Law , which merged with City in 2001 , was established in 1852 , making it the University 's oldest constituent part . City joined the federal University of London on 1 September 2016 , becoming part of the eighteen colleges and ten research institutes that make up that university . City has strong links with the City of London , and the Lord Mayor of London serves as the university 's rector . The university has its main campus in Central London in the London Borough of Islington , with additional campuses in Islington , the City , the West End and East End . The annual income of the institution for 2016-17 was £227.0 million , of which £11.6 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £221.4 million . It is organised into five schools , within which there are around forty academic departments and centres , including the Department of Journalism , the Cass Business School , and City Law School which incorporates the Inns of Court School of Law . City is ranked as the 351st best university worldwide by the QS World University Rankings 2020 . The Cass Business School is ranked 5th in the UK , and in the top 40 in the world , in the Financial Times ' 2017 Global MBA Rankings . City , University of London is a founding member of the WC2 University Network , a network of universities developed with the goal of bringing together leading universities located in the heart of major world cities in order to address cultural , environmental and political issues of common interest to world cities and their universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , five boxing events were contested . All of the boxing was conducted on 27 October . The event was held in the Northampton Institute in Clerkenwell , East London . There were three rounds in each bout , with the first two rounds being three minutes long and the last one going four minutes . Two judges scored the match , giving 5 points to the better boxer in each of the first two rounds and 7 to the better boxer in the third round . Marks were given to the other boxer in proportion to how well he did compared to the better . If the judges were not agreed on a winner at the end of the bout , the referee could either choose the winner or order a fourth round .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Prince 's Skating Club", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Prince's_Skating_Club", 'summary': "Prince 's Skating Club was an ice rink in the Knightsbridge area of London , England . It saw a number of firsts for ice hockey in Britain and Europe . The rink was opened on Montpelier Square on 7 November 1896 by the Prince 's Sporting Club . It operated on a membership-only basis and was aimed at the elite of British figure skaters who wished to practise on uncrowded ice . Prince 's was the second large rectangular rink in Britain after Stockport , its ice measuring 210 by 52 feet ( 64 by 16 metres ) . This made it an ideal venue for the developing sport of ice hockey . The rink closed in summer 1917 . The building was later used by Daimler Hire , and ultimately demolished in the mid-1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Four figure skating events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , but they were held in October 1908 , six months after most of the other Olympic events at the 1908 Games . The figure skating competition took place at the Prince 's Skating Club , in the district of Knightsbridge . It was the first time that a winter sport had ever been included in the Olympic Games , sixteen years before the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix . The number of competitors was very low , with two events having only three entrants , guaranteeing a medal for participation ."}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Queen 's Club", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_Club", 'summary': "The Queen 's Club is a private sporting club in West Kensington , London , England . The club hosts the prestigious annual Queen 's Club Championships grass court men 's lawn tennis tournament ( currently known as Fever-Tree Championships for sponsorship reasons ) . It has 28 outdoor courts and eight indoor . With two courts , it is also the national headquarters of real tennis , hosting the British Open every year . The Queen 's Club also has rackets and squash courts ; it has now become the headquarters for both these sports due to the Prince 's Club closure in 1940 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeu de paume , Rackets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeu_de_paume_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Jeu de paume was an event contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . This was the only Summer Olympic Games to contain this sport as a medal event . An outdoor version called longue paume was a demonstration sport at the 1900 Summer Olympics . Real tennis , as jeu de paume is called in the United Kingdom , was an exhibition event at the 1924 Summer Olympics . In the Official Report of the 1908 Olympic Games , the sport is referred to as Tennis ( jeu de paume ) while tennis is named lawn tennis . The competition venue was the Queen 's Club in West Kensington , London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rackets_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , two rackets events were contested . Only British players participated in the competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Victoria Yacht Club , Ryde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryde', 'summary': "Ryde is an English seaside town and civil parish on the north-east coast of the Isle of Wight . It had a population of 32,072 at the time of the 2011 Census . Its growth as a seaside resort followed after the villages of Upper Ryde and Lower Ryde were merged in the 19th century . The influence of that period can be seen in the town 's central and seafront architecture . As a resort , Ryde has expansive sands revealed at low tide . The wide beach necessitates the listed pier for a regular passenger ferry service to the mainland . It is the fourth longest in the United Kingdom and the oldest survivor ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southampton Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southampton_Water', 'summary': "Southampton Water is a tidal estuary north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight in England . The city of Southampton lies at its most northerly point . Along its salt marsh-fringed western shores lie the New Forest villages of Hythe and the waterside , Dibden Bay , and the Esso oil refinery at Fawley . On the slightly steeper eastern shore are the Southampton suburb of Weston , the villages of Netley and Hamble-le-Rice , and the Royal Victoria Country Park . Together with the Solent , Southampton Water is world-renowned for yachting . It served as one of the sailing and motorboating venues for the 1908 Summer Olympics . Geographically , Southampton Water is classified as a ria , or drowned valley , of the English Channel . It was formed by the rivers Test , Itchen and Hamble which flow into it , and became an inlet of the sea at the end of the last ice age when sea levels rose , flooding many valleys in the south of England . In particular , it is likely that Southampton Water formed partly due to the submerging of the River Solent which previously flowed through the area , and of which the River Test , River Itchen and River Medina are thought to be tributaries . Southampton 's emergence as a major port , and particularly as a port handling very large vessels , depended partly on certain geographical features of Southampton Water . Its depth , even in its undeveloped state , was generous ; this depth of water has been increased over the years with comparative ease since the soft silt of the river-bed allows for easy dredging . An additional factor is the phenomenon of the double tide , which results in unusually prolonged periods of high water ."}]}, {'value': 'Water motorsports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_motorsports_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , three motorboat racing events were contested . Various sources refer to the sport as water motorsports , motor boats , and power boating . The 1900 and 1908 Summer Games were the only ones to feature motorized sports ( motor racing was featured in 1900 ) . The IOC has never decided which events were Olympic and which were not . All three events used the same distance , five laps around an 8 nautical mile course for a total of 40 nautical miles ( 70 km ) . In each of the events , multiple boats started but only one finished , due primarily to the gale that was blowing during the course of the competition . Events were held on 28 August and 29 August 1908 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uxendon Shooting School Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uxendon_Shooting_School_Club', 'summary': 'The Uxendon Shooting School Club was a club devoted to shooting sports located in Preston , in what is now the borough of Brent in London , England . It was between the Wealdstone Brook and Barn Hill , roughly where Alverstone Road is now . It hosted the trap shooting events for the 1908 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting ( shotgun )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White City Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_City_Stadium', 'summary': 'The White City Stadium was a stadium located in White City , London , England . Built for the 1908 Summer Olympics , it hosted the finish of the first modern marathon and other sports like swimming , speedway , boxing , show jumping , athletics , stock car racing , concerts and a match at the 1966 World Cup . From 1927 it was a venue for greyhound racing , hosting the English Greyhound Derby until its closure in 1984 . The stadium was demolished in 1985 and the site is now occupied by BBC White City .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery , Athletics , Cycling ( track ) , Diving , Field hockey , Football , Gymnastics , Lacrosse , Rugby union , Swimming , Tug of war , Water polo ( final ) , Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , three archery events were contested . Great Britain sent 41 archers ( 25 female and 16 male ) , France sent 15 men , and the United States sent one man .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded . Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting . The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the British Amateur Athletic Association .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1908 Summer Olympics , seven track cycling events were contested , all for men only . The weather was poor , with rainfall causing the track to flood on occasion . The track was 660 yards long ( being built around the perimeter of the White City Stadium 's athletics track ) ; some events ( the 660 yards and the team pursuit ) used full laps of the track ; the others used metric distances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , a field hockey tournament was contested for the first time . Six teams entered the tournament : England , Ireland , Scotland , Wales , Germany and France . England won the gold medal , Ireland the silver and Scotland and Wales were awarded bronze medals . All the medals were subsequently credited to Great Britain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , Great Britain , an official football tournament between national representative selections was contested for the first time : football at the two previous games had been played between club teams . Eight teams entered ( including two from France , the main team and a B side ) , although Hungary and Bohemia withdrew before the start . Denmark 's Sophus Krølben Nielsen set a record by scoring 10 goals in a 17-1 win against France . Great Britain won the gold . Among those representing the Danish team was the famous mathematician Harald Bohr ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , two gymnastics events were contested . No nation was successful in winning more than one medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lacrosse_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'A field lacrosse game was played between Canada and Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics . The game marked the second appearance of lacrosse at the Olympics , the first being at the 1904 Summer Olympics . Only two teams competed - one fewer than in 1904 . South Africa was slated to send a team but then withdrew prior to the tournament . Both teams held try-outs to select the players to represent their country . The game was tied 9-9 in the fourth period , before Canada scored 5 straight goals to pull ahead . Canada won 14-10 to earn their second of two gold medals , the only lacrosse gold medals given out in the Olympic Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rugby union at the 1908 Summer Olympics . The event was summarised under the Football heading along with association football . The host Great Britain was represented by Cornwall , the 1908 county champion . Defending Olympic champions France withdrew , leaving Australasia , ( represented in rugby by the Australia national team exclusively ) as the only other remaining entrant .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , a tug of war tournament was contested .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , nine wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were four weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and five weight classes in freestyle wrestling . Greco-Roman reappeared for the first time since the 1896 Summer Olympics , with weight classes for the first time . The number of classes in freestyle was reduced from 7 to 5 , with the light fly , fly , and welterweight classes dropped but the middleweight added . The addition of the 4 Greco-Roman classes brought the total number of events in wrestling up to 9 .'}]}, {'value': '68,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Venues', 'section_text': "All England ClubFencingHurlingham ClubNorthampton InstitutePrince 's Skating ClubQueen 's ClubWhite City StadiumUxendon Shooting School Club Map of London with Olympic venues marked . Bisley RangesHunters QuaySouthampton WaterRoyal Victoria Yacht ClubLondonHenley Map of Great Britain with Olympic venues marked . Thirteen sports venues were used for the 1908 Summer Olympics . The first winter sports took place at Prince 's Skating Club . White City Stadium served as a precursor to modern stadiums . [ citation needed ] The figure skating events did not take place at the next Olympics in Stockholm , but returned for the 1920 Games in Antwerp . They served as the precursor for the first Winter Olympics that took place in Chamonix sixteen years later . White City served as the main venue for the 1934 British Empire Games ( Commonwealth Games since 1978 ) and a venue for the 1966 FIFA World Cup before its demolition in 1985 . The All England Tennis and Lawn Club continues to serve as host for Wimbledon 's tennis events and is the only venue of the 1908 Games to serve as one for the 2012 Summer Olympics . [ 16 ] Bisley and Henley served as venues in the 1948 Games when the Olympics returned to London forty years later . [ 17 ]", 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the IV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in 1908 in London, United Kingdom from 27 April to 31 October 1908. These games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome, but relocation on financial grounds followed a disastrous eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906. They were the fourth chronological modern Summer Olympics in keeping with the now-accepted four-year cycle as opposed to the alternate four-year cycle of the proposed Intercalated Games. The IOC president for these Games was Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Lasting a total of 187 days, or 6 months and 4 days, these games were the longest in modern Olympics history; nowadays, the Games ordinarily last 17 days since 1988.'} | null | null | What is to the south of the place where the sailing competition was held in 1908 ? | Kirn |
0477d420b979efbd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup,_Euroleague_and_LEN_Champions_League_records_and_statistics', 'title': 'European Cup, Euroleague and LEN Champions League records and statistics', 'header': ['Country', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Winning clubs', 'Runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Recco ( 8 ) , Posillipo ( 3 ) , Canottieri Napoli ( 1 ) , Pescara ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Recco', 'summary': 'A.S.D . Pro Recco ( Official name : Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Pro Recco ) is an Italian water polo club from Recco , in Liguria . It currently plays in Serie A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Posillipo', 'summary': "Circolo Nautico Posillipo is an Italian water polo club from Naples established in 1925 . It is one of the most laureated Italian clubs , having won three Euroleague , one Cup Winners ' Cup and eleven Italian Championships between 1985 and 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CC_Napoli', 'summary': "Circolo Canottieri Napoli ( in English : Naples Rowing Club ) is one of the most prestigious and renowned Italian nautical clubs . Founded in 1914 and its headquarters are located in the green oasis gardens of Molosiglio , in San Ferdinando overlooking the bay of Naples in one of the most beautiful beaches of the city . With more than a thousand members in its ranks , houses several olympic games like boating , powerboat , swimming , water polo , tennis , triathlon and more . Napoli 's homecourt in downtown of the city housed in the municipal swimming pool in Ulisse Prota Giurleo street ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ASP_Waterpolis_Pescara', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Waterpolis Pescara was an Italian water polo club based in Pescara , Abruzzo .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Recco ( 7 ) , Canottieri Napoli ( 1 ) , Savona ( 1 ) , Pescara ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Recco', 'summary': 'A.S.D . Pro Recco ( Official name : Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Pro Recco ) is an Italian water polo club from Recco , in Liguria . It currently plays in Serie A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CC_Napoli', 'summary': "Circolo Canottieri Napoli ( in English : Naples Rowing Club ) is one of the most prestigious and renowned Italian nautical clubs . Founded in 1914 and its headquarters are located in the green oasis gardens of Molosiglio , in San Ferdinando overlooking the bay of Naples in one of the most beautiful beaches of the city . With more than a thousand members in its ranks , houses several olympic games like boating , powerboat , swimming , water polo , tennis , triathlon and more . Napoli 's homecourt in downtown of the city housed in the municipal swimming pool in Ulisse Prota Giurleo street ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RN_Savona', 'summary': "Rari Nantes Savona is an aquatic sports club based in Savona , Italy , mainly known for its men 's water polo team , which competes uninterruptedly in the Serie A1 , the top division of Italian championship , since 1982 ; the team has been national champion for three times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ASP_Waterpolis_Pescara', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Waterpolis Pescara was an Italian water polo club based in Pescara , Abruzzo .'}]}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Partizan ( 6 ) , HAVK Mladost ( 6 ) , Jug Dubrovnik ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Partizan', 'summary': "Vaterpolo klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ватерполо клуб Партизан ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . VK Partizan is one of the sports clubs in Serbia that is part of sport society Partizan . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 . Partizan 's home terrain is the pool which is part of the Sportski centar Voždovac on Banjica complex . The club is supported by Grobari , fans of all sport clubs competing under the name of Partizan Belgrade . With 7 European champion titles ( the last in 2011 against Pro Recco ) , VK Partizan is the second most successful European team in waterpolo history along with Mladost and behind Pro Recco with 8 titles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HAVK_Mladost', 'summary': 'Hrvatski akademski vaterpolo klub Mladost ( English : Croatian Academic Water Polo Club Mladost ) or simply HAVK Mladost is a professional water polo club based in Zagreb , Croatia . The club was formed in 1946 and it is part of the Mladost sports society . As of the 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/VK_Jug_Dubrovnik', 'summary': 'Vaterpolski klub Jug ( English : Jug Water Polo Club ) is a professional water polo club based in Dubrovnik , Croatia . The club was established in 1923 as part of sports society JUG . As of the 2019-20 season , VK Jug competes in the Croatian League , Regional League A1 and LEN Champions League .'}]}, {'value': 'Partizan ( 3 ) , HAVK Mladost ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Partizan', 'summary': "Vaterpolo klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ватерполо клуб Партизан ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . VK Partizan is one of the sports clubs in Serbia that is part of sport society Partizan . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 . Partizan 's home terrain is the pool which is part of the Sportski centar Voždovac on Banjica complex . The club is supported by Grobari , fans of all sport clubs competing under the name of Partizan Belgrade . With 7 European champion titles ( the last in 2011 against Pro Recco ) , VK Partizan is the second most successful European team in waterpolo history along with Mladost and behind Pro Recco with 8 titles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HAVK_Mladost', 'summary': 'Hrvatski akademski vaterpolo klub Mladost ( English : Croatian Academic Water Polo Club Mladost ) or simply HAVK Mladost is a professional water polo club based in Zagreb , Croatia . The club was formed in 1946 and it is part of the Mladost sports society . As of the 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orvosegyetem ( 2 ) , Vasas ( 2 ) , Újpest ( 1 ) , Honvéd ( 1 ) , Szolnok ( 1 ) , FTC ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orvosegyetem_SC', 'summary': "Orvosegyetem Sport Club is a Hungarian water polo club from Budapest established in 1957 in the Semmelweis University . The club 's peak was the 1970s . Orvosegyetem won six national championships in a row between 1969 and 1974 , and in 1973 it won the European Cup , beating 4-times champion Partizan Belgrade in the final . In 1974 and 1975 also reached the European Cup 's final , but lost to MGU Moscow and Partizan respectively . In 1976 it played its fourth European final , losing the Cup Winners ' Cup to Mladost Zagreb . In 1978 and 1979 the team culminated its golden era winning its seventh national championship and its second European Cup . The team declined in subsequent years , but it still played in the Hungarian First Championship . However , with the team moving to XI . district in Budapest , and with the new title sponsor , A-HÍD Zrt . from the 2014-15 season was a very successful one , winning silver medal in both the Hungarian Cup and the Hungarian Championship , whilst also going three rounds in the LEN Champions League qualifiers before falling out against Szolnoki VSC ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Vasas_SC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': "The Vasas SC water polo team is a department of the Budapest-based sports association Vasas SC . One of the most successful teams in the country , they have won the Hungarian Championship 17 times and the Hungarian Cup 15 times . The club also had major successes on continental level as they won the LEN Euroleague ( formerly European Champions Cup ) , Europe 's premier water polo competition two times and took the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup title on three occasions as well . Starting from the 2010-11 season , the club is officially known as TEVA-Vasas-UNIQA due to sponsorship reasons ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Újpesti_TE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Újpesti Torna Egylet vízilabda szakosztály ( English : Újpesti Torna Egylet waterpolo department ) is a Hungarian water polo club from Újpest , Budapest , that is part of Újpesti TE sport society . The club was founded in 1885 , while the waterpolo department ( together with the swimming department ) was created in 1911 . During its history , the club have won 26 national championship titles , more than any other teams .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Budapesti_Honvéd_SE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Honvéd Sport Egyesület is a Hungarian water polo club , that is part of the Budapest-based multi-sports club with the same name . Founded in 1950 , they won six Hungarian championships and eight Hungarian cup titles . In 2004 , beside the domestic league success the team also collected the most prestigious continental cup , the LEN Euroleague , and later triumphed over LEN Cup winners CN Barcelona with a scoreline of 10-9 to win the LEN European Supercup . Since 1 July 2010 the club is officially known as Groupama Honvéd , following the club has agreed on a sponsorship deal with international insurance company Groupama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Szolnoki_Vízilabda_SC', 'summary': 'Szolnoki Vízilabda Sport Club is a professional water polo team based Szolnok , Hungary . Founded in 1921 , it plays in OB I , the top division championship in the country , which they won on nine occasions . The club produced several of the most successful Hungarian water polo players , including Olympic champions Ottó Boros , István Hasznos , Tivadar Kanizsa and European champion István Pintér .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Ferencvárosi_TC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Ferencvárosi Torna Club is a water polo club from Budapest , Hungary . The team competes in the Országos Bajnokság I .'}]}, {'value': 'Honvéd ( 3 ) , Orvosegyetem ( 2 ) , Újpest ( 2 ) , Vasas ( 1 ) , Budapesti VSC ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Budapesti_Honvéd_SE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Honvéd Sport Egyesület is a Hungarian water polo club , that is part of the Budapest-based multi-sports club with the same name . Founded in 1950 , they won six Hungarian championships and eight Hungarian cup titles . In 2004 , beside the domestic league success the team also collected the most prestigious continental cup , the LEN Euroleague , and later triumphed over LEN Cup winners CN Barcelona with a scoreline of 10-9 to win the LEN European Supercup . Since 1 July 2010 the club is officially known as Groupama Honvéd , following the club has agreed on a sponsorship deal with international insurance company Groupama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orvosegyetem_SC', 'summary': "Orvosegyetem Sport Club is a Hungarian water polo club from Budapest established in 1957 in the Semmelweis University . The club 's peak was the 1970s . Orvosegyetem won six national championships in a row between 1969 and 1974 , and in 1973 it won the European Cup , beating 4-times champion Partizan Belgrade in the final . In 1974 and 1975 also reached the European Cup 's final , but lost to MGU Moscow and Partizan respectively . In 1976 it played its fourth European final , losing the Cup Winners ' Cup to Mladost Zagreb . In 1978 and 1979 the team culminated its golden era winning its seventh national championship and its second European Cup . The team declined in subsequent years , but it still played in the Hungarian First Championship . However , with the team moving to XI . district in Budapest , and with the new title sponsor , A-HÍD Zrt . from the 2014-15 season was a very successful one , winning silver medal in both the Hungarian Cup and the Hungarian Championship , whilst also going three rounds in the LEN Champions League qualifiers before falling out against Szolnoki VSC ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Újpesti_TE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Újpesti Torna Egylet vízilabda szakosztály ( English : Újpesti Torna Egylet waterpolo department ) is a Hungarian water polo club from Újpest , Budapest , that is part of Újpesti TE sport society . The club was founded in 1885 , while the waterpolo department ( together with the swimming department ) was created in 1911 . During its history , the club have won 26 national championship titles , more than any other teams .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Vasas_SC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': "The Vasas SC water polo team is a department of the Budapest-based sports association Vasas SC . One of the most successful teams in the country , they have won the Hungarian Championship 17 times and the Hungarian Cup 15 times . The club also had major successes on continental level as they won the LEN Euroleague ( formerly European Champions Cup ) , Europe 's premier water polo competition two times and took the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup title on three occasions as well . Starting from the 2010-11 season , the club is officially known as TEVA-Vasas-UNIQA due to sponsorship reasons ."}, {'url': "/wiki/BVSC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Vasutas Sport Club is a water polo club from Budapest , Hungary . The team competes in the Országos Bajnokság I .'}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jadran Split ( 2 ) , Jug Dubrovnik ( 3 ) , HAVK Mladost ( 1 ) , POŠK Split ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Jadran_Split', 'summary': 'VK Jadran Split ( full name : Vaterpolski Klub Jadran ) is a professional water polo club based in Split , Croatia . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/VK_Jug_Dubrovnik', 'summary': 'Vaterpolski klub Jug ( English : Jug Water Polo Club ) is a professional water polo club based in Dubrovnik , Croatia . The club was established in 1923 as part of sports society JUG . As of the 2019-20 season , VK Jug competes in the Croatian League , Regional League A1 and LEN Champions League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HAVK_Mladost', 'summary': 'Hrvatski akademski vaterpolo klub Mladost ( English : Croatian Academic Water Polo Club Mladost ) or simply HAVK Mladost is a professional water polo club based in Zagreb , Croatia . The club was formed in 1946 and it is part of the Mladost sports society . As of the 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/POŠK', 'summary': 'POŠK ( POmorski Športski Klub : Marine Sports Club ) , is a professional water polo club based in Split , Croatia . The club was founded in 1937 . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jug Dubrovnik ( 4 ) , HAVK Mladost ( 3 ) , Primorje Rijeka ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Jug_Dubrovnik', 'summary': 'Vaterpolski klub Jug ( English : Jug Water Polo Club ) is a professional water polo club based in Dubrovnik , Croatia . The club was established in 1923 as part of sports society JUG . As of the 2019-20 season , VK Jug competes in the Croatian League , Regional League A1 and LEN Champions League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HAVK_Mladost', 'summary': 'Hrvatski akademski vaterpolo klub Mladost ( English : Croatian Academic Water Polo Club Mladost ) or simply HAVK Mladost is a professional water polo club based in Zagreb , Croatia . The club was formed in 1946 and it is part of the Mladost sports society . As of the 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Primorje_EB', 'summary': 'VK Primorje Erste Bank ( Croatian : Vaterpolski klub Primorje Erste Bank , commonly referred to as VK Primorje EB ) is a professional water polo club based in Rijeka , Croatia . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spandau 04 ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasserfreunde_Spandau_04', 'summary': 'The Wasserfreunde Spandau 04 is a swimming club in Spandau , Berlin , Germany . The club is known for the water polo team , which has won a record number of German championships . The club has over 3,500 members . The word Wasserfreunde is German for Water Friends .'}]}, {'value': 'Spandau 04 ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasserfreunde_Spandau_04', 'summary': 'The Wasserfreunde Spandau 04 is a swimming club in Spandau , Berlin , Germany . The club is known for the water polo team , which has won a record number of German championships . The club has over 3,500 members . The word Wasserfreunde is German for Water Friends .'}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bečej ( 1 ) , Partizan ( 1 ) , Crvena zvezda ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Bečej', 'summary': 'VK Bečej ( full name : Vaterpolo klub Bečej ; lit . Water polo club Bečej ) , was a water polo club from Bečej , Serbia . Founded in 1947 , the club disbanded in 2002 due to the bad financial situation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/VK_Partizan', 'summary': "Vaterpolo klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ватерполо клуб Партизан ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . VK Partizan is one of the sports clubs in Serbia that is part of sport society Partizan . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 . Partizan 's home terrain is the pool which is part of the Sportski centar Voždovac on Banjica complex . The club is supported by Grobari , fans of all sport clubs competing under the name of Partizan Belgrade . With 7 European champion titles ( the last in 2011 against Pro Recco ) , VK Partizan is the second most successful European team in waterpolo history along with Mladost and behind Pro Recco with 8 titles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/VK_Crvena_Zvezda', 'summary': 'VK Crvena zvezda ( full name : Vaterpolo klub Crvena zvezda ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . It is part of the SD Crvena Zvezda sports society . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bečej ( 1 ) , Jadran Herceg Novi * ( 1 ) , Radnički Kragujevac ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Bečej', 'summary': 'VK Bečej ( full name : Vaterpolo klub Bečej ; lit . Water polo club Bečej ) , was a water polo club from Bečej , Serbia . Founded in 1947 , the club disbanded in 2002 due to the bad financial situation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PVK_Jadran', 'summary': 'PVK Jadran is a professional water polo club based in Herceg Novi , Montenegro . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Montenegrin League , Regional League A1 and LEN Champions League . PVK Jadran is a 14-time winner of the National league ( 8 Montenegro , 2 SFR Yugoslavia , 4 Serbia & Montenegro ) , 13-time winner of the National cup ( 10 Montenegro , 3 SFR Yugoslavia ) , 2-time winner of the Regional Water Polo League , and 1-time runner-up of the LEN Champions League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/VK_Radnički_Kragujevac', 'summary': 'Vaterpolo klub Radnički Kragujevac ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ватерполо клуб Раднички Крагујевац ) is a professional water polo club based in Kragujevac , Serbia . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona ( 1 ) , Catalunya ( 1 ) , Atlètic-Barceloneta ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CN_Barcelona', 'summary': 'Club Natació Barcelona is a Spanish swimming and water polo club from Barcelona established in 1907 , which makes it the dean of both sports in Spain . It is also active in athletics , diving , karate , petanca , pilota , rugby , sailing and triathlon . Barcelona is the most successful club in Spanish water polo history with overall 59 national titles ( 40 Spanish Championships and 19 Spanish Leagues ) . The club has also won European Cup in 1982 and the LEN Trophy in 1995 and 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Catalunya', 'summary': "Club Natació Catalunya is a Catalan swimming and water polo from Barcelona established in 1931 . It also has athletics , squash and triathlon sections . Catalunya 's golden era started in 1987 , winning the national cup and reaching the Cup Winners ' Cup 's final , lost to Mornar Split . It lasted through the first half of the 1990s , winning the 1992 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1995 European Cup . It also reached the European Cup 's final in 1989 and 1994 , losing to Spandau 04 and Újpesti TE . In 1997 and 1998 it won its sixth national cup and its seventh national championships , its last titles to date . Its women 's team also won two championship in 1989 and 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Atlètic-Barceloneta', 'summary': 'Club Natació Atlètic-Barceloneta is a Spanish water polo club from Barcelona , established in 1913 . The club is the result of the merge of Club Natació Atlètic , founded in 1913 , and Barceloneta Amateur Club , founded in 1929 and renamed later on as Club Natació Barceloneta . The club is located in the coastline neighbourhood of Barceloneta . Barceloneta is one of the most successful water polo clubs in Spain , having won 19 league titles , 15 national cups and 14 national super cups . The team has also won the LEN Champions League in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Catalunya ( 2 ) , Montjuïc ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CN_Catalunya', 'summary': "Club Natació Catalunya is a Catalan swimming and water polo from Barcelona established in 1931 . It also has athletics , squash and triathlon sections . Catalunya 's golden era started in 1987 , winning the national cup and reaching the Cup Winners ' Cup 's final , lost to Mornar Split . It lasted through the first half of the 1990s , winning the 1992 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1995 European Cup . It also reached the European Cup 's final in 1989 and 1994 , losing to Spandau 04 and Újpesti TE . In 1997 and 1998 it won its sixth national cup and its seventh national championships , its last titles to date . Its women 's team also won two championship in 1989 and 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Montjuïc', 'summary': "Club Natació Montjuïc is a Spanish swimming and water polo club from Barcelona established in 1944 . It won eight national championships between 1972 and 1986 , and it reached the final of the 1979 European Cup and the 1983 Cup Winners ' Cup , lost respectively to Orvosegyetem SC and CSKA Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MGU Moscow ( 1 ) , CSKA Moscow ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow_State_University', 'summary': "Moscow State University ( MSU ; Russian : Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова Moskovskiy gosudarstvenn ' y universitet imeni M. V. Lomonosova , often abbreviated МГУ , MGU ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow , Russia . It was founded on 23 January [ O.S . 12 January ] 1755 by Mikhail Lomonosov . During the Soviet period , MSU was renamed after Lomonosov in 1940 and was then known as Lomonosov University . Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy . Moscow State has educated many notable alumni including leaders of the Soviet Union and other governments as well as a Patriarch of Russian Orthodoxy . It is widely considered the most prestigious university in the former Soviet Union and it is highly competitive . As of 2019 , 13 Nobel laureates , 6 Fields Medal winners and 1 Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . According to the 2019 QS World University Rankings , it is the highest-ranking Russian educational institution and according to the Nature Index , it is highest ranking Russian university for research output ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CSK_VMF_Moscow', 'summary': "CSK VMF Moscow ( Russian : ЦСК ВМФ Москва ) is the navy section of the multi-sport club CSKA Moscow and its water polo men 's team is one of the most successful teams in Europe , having won the LEN Champions League , the LEN Super Cup and the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Dynamo Moscow ( 3 ) , CSKA Moscow ( 2 ) , Dynamo Alma-Ata ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Moscow_(water_polo)', 'summary': "WPC Dynamo Moscow ( Russian : ВПК Динамо Москва ) is a Russian men 's water polo club , that is part of the traditional Moscow-based multi-sports club Dynamo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CSK_VMF_Moscow', 'summary': "CSK VMF Moscow ( Russian : ЦСК ВМФ Москва ) is the navy section of the multi-sport club CSKA Moscow and its water polo men 's team is one of the most successful teams in Europe , having won the LEN Champions League , the LEN Super Cup and the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Alma-Ata', 'summary': 'Dynamo Alma-Ata ( Russian : Динамо Алма-Ата ) was a multi-sports club from the then capital of Kazakhstan , Almaty in the Soviet era . The club participated in wrestling , gymnastics , athletics , water polo , bandy and the most successful branch hockey . Several players combined bandy in the winter with hockey in the summer .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympiacos ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_Water_Polo_Club', 'summary': "Olympiacos Men 's Waterpolo ( Greek : Ολυμπιακός , [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , commonly referred to as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos CFP , is the men 's water polo department of the major Greek multi-sport club , Olympiacos CFP , based in Piraeus , Greece . The department was founded in 1925 , one of the founding members of the Hellenic Swimming Federation , and their home ground is the Papastrateio Hall in Piraeus . Olympiacos is one of the most successful teams in Europe and a traditional powerhouse of continental water polo , having won 2 LEN Champions Leagues ( 2001-02 , 2017-18 ) , 1 LEN Super Cup ( 2002 ) and 2 Triple Crowns ( 2002 , 2018 ) , the only Greek club to have been crowned European Champions . They have also been six times runners-up ( counting nine European finals overall ) , three in the LEN Champions League ( 2000-01 , 2015-16 , 2018-19 ) , two in the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ( 1997-98 , 1998-99 ) and one more in the LEN Super Cup ( 2018 ) . In 2001-02 , Olympiacos became the first club ever in waterpolo history to win all four competitions they claimed ( LEN Champions League , LEN Super Cup , Greek League and Greek Cup ) , completing a Continental Quadruple . They won their second Continental Quadruple in 2017-18 season ( LEN Champions League , Greek League , Greek Cup , Greek Super Cup ) . After the 2014-15 LEN Euro League win of the women 's department , parent club Olympiacos CFP became the second sports club in continental waterpolo history to have been crowned European Champions with both its men 's and women 's teams and the only one in Europe with both these departments currently active . Domestically , Olympiacos is the most titled club in Greek water polo history , as the club 's 57 domestic titles ( 60 overall ) are the most out of any Greek club . They have won 33 League titles , a record 20 Cups , a record 4 Super Cups and a record 17 Doubles . They are the dominant force since 1992 , having set a number of records including a winning streak of 163 straight wins in both the Greek League 's regular season and play-offs , which lasted from May 2013 to May 2019 . The men 's waterpolo department receives great support from the club 's large fanbase , as Olympiacos is the most popular sports club in Greece . Some of the greatest players in the world have played for Olympiacos over the years including : Thodoris Chatzitheodorou , Josip Pavić , Petar Trbojević , Andro Bušlje , Paulo Obradović , Maro Joković , Slobodan Nikić , Stefan Mitrović , Ivan Buljubašić , Giannis Fountoulis , Konstantinos Mourikis , Teo Đogaš , Mlađan Janović , Nikola Rađen , Makis Voltirakis , Antonis Vlontakis , Nikos Deligiannis , Thodoris Kalakonas , Themis Chatzis , Giannis Thomakos , Giorgos Psychos , Sakis Platanitis , Dimitris Kravaritis , Vangelis Delakas , Manolis Mylonakis , Tasos Schizas , Giorgos Afroudakis , Christos Afroudakis , Giorgos Ntoskas , Kyriakos Giannopoulos , Nikos Venetopoulos , Chris Humbert , Gavin Arroyo , Jesse Smith , Andrija Komadina , Blai Mallarach , Christodoulos Kolomvos , Angelos Vlachopoulos , Dimitris Mazis , Alexandros Gounas , Giorgos Dervisis and Konstantinos Genidounias ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympiacos ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_Water_Polo_Club', 'summary': "Olympiacos Men 's Waterpolo ( Greek : Ολυμπιακός , [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , commonly referred to as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos CFP , is the men 's water polo department of the major Greek multi-sport club , Olympiacos CFP , based in Piraeus , Greece . The department was founded in 1925 , one of the founding members of the Hellenic Swimming Federation , and their home ground is the Papastrateio Hall in Piraeus . Olympiacos is one of the most successful teams in Europe and a traditional powerhouse of continental water polo , having won 2 LEN Champions Leagues ( 2001-02 , 2017-18 ) , 1 LEN Super Cup ( 2002 ) and 2 Triple Crowns ( 2002 , 2018 ) , the only Greek club to have been crowned European Champions . They have also been six times runners-up ( counting nine European finals overall ) , three in the LEN Champions League ( 2000-01 , 2015-16 , 2018-19 ) , two in the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ( 1997-98 , 1998-99 ) and one more in the LEN Super Cup ( 2018 ) . In 2001-02 , Olympiacos became the first club ever in waterpolo history to win all four competitions they claimed ( LEN Champions League , LEN Super Cup , Greek League and Greek Cup ) , completing a Continental Quadruple . They won their second Continental Quadruple in 2017-18 season ( LEN Champions League , Greek League , Greek Cup , Greek Super Cup ) . After the 2014-15 LEN Euro League win of the women 's department , parent club Olympiacos CFP became the second sports club in continental waterpolo history to have been crowned European Champions with both its men 's and women 's teams and the only one in Europe with both these departments currently active . Domestically , Olympiacos is the most titled club in Greek water polo history , as the club 's 57 domestic titles ( 60 overall ) are the most out of any Greek club . They have won 33 League titles , a record 20 Cups , a record 4 Super Cups and a record 17 Doubles . They are the dominant force since 1992 , having set a number of records including a winning streak of 163 straight wins in both the Greek League 's regular season and play-offs , which lasted from May 2013 to May 2019 . The men 's waterpolo department receives great support from the club 's large fanbase , as Olympiacos is the most popular sports club in Greece . Some of the greatest players in the world have played for Olympiacos over the years including : Thodoris Chatzitheodorou , Josip Pavić , Petar Trbojević , Andro Bušlje , Paulo Obradović , Maro Joković , Slobodan Nikić , Stefan Mitrović , Ivan Buljubašić , Giannis Fountoulis , Konstantinos Mourikis , Teo Đogaš , Mlađan Janović , Nikola Rađen , Makis Voltirakis , Antonis Vlontakis , Nikos Deligiannis , Thodoris Kalakonas , Themis Chatzis , Giannis Thomakos , Giorgos Psychos , Sakis Platanitis , Dimitris Kravaritis , Vangelis Delakas , Manolis Mylonakis , Tasos Schizas , Giorgos Afroudakis , Christos Afroudakis , Giorgos Ntoskas , Kyriakos Giannopoulos , Nikos Venetopoulos , Chris Humbert , Gavin Arroyo , Jesse Smith , Andrija Komadina , Blai Mallarach , Christodoulos Kolomvos , Angelos Vlachopoulos , Dimitris Mazis , Alexandros Gounas , Giorgos Dervisis and Konstantinos Genidounias ."}]}, {'value': 'Montenegro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montenegro', 'summary': "Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ , -ˈniːɡroʊ , -ˈnɛɡroʊ/ ( listen ) ; Montenegrin : Црна Гора , romanized : Crna Gora , [ tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra ] ) is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans . It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest , Serbia to the northeast , Kosovo [ a ] to the east , Albania to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest , and Croatia to the west . Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 ( 2011 census ) . Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country . Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital . During the Early Medieval period , three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro : Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half ; Travunia , the west ; and Rascia proper , the north . In 1042 , archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty . After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries , the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries , ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421 , and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498 , when the name Montenegro started being used for the country . After falling under Ottoman rule , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops , before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852 . Montenegro 's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , following the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . In 1905 , the country became a kingdom . After World War I , it became part of Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primorac Kotor ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Primorac_Kotor', 'summary': 'VK Primorac Kotor is a professional water polo club based in Kotor , Montenegro . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Montenegrin League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Primorac Kotor ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Primorac_Kotor', 'summary': 'VK Primorac Kotor is a professional water polo club based in Kotor , Montenegro . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Montenegrin League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zian ( 1 ) , Alphen ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HZ_Zian', 'summary': "Haagse Zwem Zian ( in English : Hague 's swimming ( club ) Zian ) or shortly Zian is a swimming and water polo club from Hague , Netherlands . The association organizes swimming lessons and also has sections for the competition in sports like water polo , diving and swimming competition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alphense_Zwemclub', 'summary': 'Alphense Zwemclub ( in English : Alphense Swim Club ) , shortly AZC or Alphen is a Dutch water polo and swimming club from Alphen aan den Rijn . The club has competitive departments for sports like water polo , synchronized swimming , competitive swimming , and diving . Additionally AZC has an active youth with mini water polo for children from 7 years .'}]}, {'value': 'East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdeburg ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Magdeburg', 'summary': 'SG Dynamo Magdeburg ( Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Magdeburg ) was an East German water polo club .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinamo Bucureşti ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CS_Dinamo_Bucureşti_(Water_polo)', 'summary': 'CS Dinamo București is a professional water polo club based in Bucharest , Romania .'}]}], 'section_title': 'General performances -- By nation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'European_Cup,_Euroleague_and_LEN_Champions_League_records_and_statistics_0', 'intro': 'This page details statistics of the European Cup, Euroleague and Champions League.'} | null | null | What are the number of winners from the country whose runner-up 's home terrain is the pool which is part of the Sportski centar Voždovac on Banjica complex ? | 13 |
0479a7979a7d1880 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs', 'title': 'List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs', 'header': ['Artist', 'Song', 'Year', 'Release'], 'data': [{'value': 'Danny Worsnop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Worsnop', 'summary': 'Danny Robert Worsnop ( born 4 September 1990 ) is an English musician , singer , songwriter , vocal producer , and actor . Most prominently known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Asking Alexandria and We Are Harlot . He has worked with several artists including I See Stars , With One Last Breath , Breathe Carolina , Memphis May Fire , The Word Alive , All That Remains , and Testarossa , providing guest vocals on several songs . Worsnop also maintains a solo music career . He released his debut solo full-length country-inspired album , The Long Road Home , in February 2017 and continues to release new material as singles .'}]}, {'value': 'Man in the Mirror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror', 'summary': "Man in the Mirror is a song recorded by Michael Jackson , with lyrics and music by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett , and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It was released in February 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album , Bad ( 1987 ) . Arranged with a gospel choir , the song is played in the keys of G major and A♭ major at a tempo of 100 bpm . The vocal range is A♭3-C6 . Man in the Mirror topped the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks , becoming Jackson 's tenth number-one single on the chart , and was certified 3x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It was nominated for Record of the Year at the 31st Grammy Awards . The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Charts in 1988 , but in 2009 , following the news of Jackson 's death , the song peaked at number 2 . The song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jackson 's tribute tour Immortal . The Man in the Mirror music video was directed , produced and edited by Don Wilson . Don and Michael Jackson developed the idea for the video . Larry Stessel who was Video Commissioner at Epic Records at the time was the Executive Producer . It features a montage of clips of children in Africa , Adolf Hitler , the Ku Klux Klan , Martin Luther King Jr. , the Kent State shootings , Mother Teresa , Mahatma Gandhi , Nelson Mandela , Lech Wałęsa , kids in Graduation , and other historical figures ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thriller : A Metal Tribute to Michael Jackson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Mead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Mead_(musician)', 'summary': 'David Worth Mead ( born 1973 ) is a Nashville-based pop singer-songwriter . Over the years he has toured extensively , headlining as well as opening shows for John Mayer , Fountains of Wayne , Ron Sexsmith , Liz Phair , Joe Jackson , and Shelby Lynne .'}]}, {'value': 'Human Nature', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Human_Nature_(Michael_Jackson_song)', 'summary': "Human Nature is a 1982 song by American singer Michael Jackson , and the fifth single from his sixth solo album , Thriller . The track was produced by Quincy Jones and performed by members of Toto with Michael Jackson providing vocals . It was originally written by keyboardist Steve Porcaro , based on a conversation he had with his young daughter Heather after a boy pushed her at school , Porcaro said he probably likes you and it 's human nature . Porcaro , along with some of his bandmates from the band Toto , had been assisting with the production of Thriller , but he had not intended for Human Nature to be used by Jackson . However , Thriller producer Quincy Jones inadvertently heard a demo version of the track and thought it would be a great fit for the album . Jones then brought in songwriter John Bettis to rewrite the verses , whose lyrics are about a passerby in New York City . Human Nature was released as a single on July 3 , 1983 . Like the four Thriller singles before it , the song became a top 10 hit in the US , reaching number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number two on Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . It is certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In Canada and the Netherlands , the single reached number 11 . The single was not released in the UK ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_(David_Mead_album)', 'summary': 'Indiana is the third album by singer-songwriter David Mead , his first for Nettwerk . It was released in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Davina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davina_(singer)', 'summary': 'Davina ( born Davina Bussey ) is an American R & B vocalist and musician . Davina grew up in Detroit , Michigan , ran her own dance music Record label , and worked as a recording engineer before signing with Loud Records . Her 1997 single So Good became the theme song for the film Hoodlum . Raekwon of Wu-Tang Clan and Xzibit each appeared on remixed versions of the song . Her album Best of Both Worlds ( 1998 ) reached number 180 on the US Billboard 200 and number 34 on the US Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart , and two of three singles released from the album charted on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the US Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs charts .'}]}, {'value': "I Ca n't Help It", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Off_the_Wall_(album)', 'summary': "Off the Wall is the fifth solo studio album by American singer Michael Jackson , released on August 10 , 1979 by Epic Records . It was Jackson 's first album released through Epic Records , the label he recorded under until his death in 2009 , and the first produced by Quincy Jones , whom he met while working on the 1978 film The Wiz . Several critics observed that Off the Wall was crafted from disco , pop , funk , R & B , soft rock and Broadway ballads . Its lyrical themes include escapism , liberation , loneliness , hedonism and romance . Between 1972 and 1975 , Jackson released a total of four solo studio albums with Motown as part of The Jackson 5 franchise ; Got to Be There ( 1972 ) , Ben ( 1972 ) , Music & Me ( 1973 ) and Forever , Michael ( 1975 ) . In 1978 , Jackson starred as Scarecrow in the film musical The Wiz . The musical scores were arranged by Jones , who formed a partnership with Jackson during the film 's production and agreed to produce Off the Wall . Before recording the project , Jackson desired to create a record not sounding like a Jacksons record but rather showcasing creative freedom and individualism . Regarding his new image for the Off the Wall era , Jackson 's manager stated , The tuxedo was the overall plan for the Off the Wall project and package . The tuxedo was our idea , the socks were Michael ' . Off the Wall peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Billboard R & B Albums chart , staying at number one on the latter for 16 weeks . The album was an enormous critical success and was ranked third in the Billboard Year-End Albums of 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best of Both Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Best_of_Both_Worlds_(Davina_album)', 'summary': "Best of Both Worlds is the debut album by Davina , released on April 7 , 1998 through Loud Records . The album , which was both written and produced entirely by Davina herself , peaked at 180 on the Billboard 200 and 34 on the R & B charts , failing to gain any real commercial success . The album 's two main singles managed to make it to the Billboard Hot 100 . So Good and Come Over to My Place peaked at 60 and 81 on the chart respectively . Davina was dropped from Loud Records due to the album 's poor sales ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick Brave & The Backbeats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Brave_&_The_Backbeats', 'summary': 'Sascha Schmitz ( born 5 January 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Sasha , is a German singer , songwriter , musician and occasional actor . He is also known by his alter ego Dick Brave , and part of the group Dick Brave & the Backbeats . Due to a legal dispute with the Welsh DJ also named Sasha , he is known as Sasha Alexander in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Black or White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_or_White', 'summary': "Black or White is a single by American singer Michael Jackson . The song was released by Epic Records on November 11 , 1991 , as the first single from his eighth studio album , Dangerous . He co-wrote , composed , and produced it with Bill Bottrell . The song is a fusion of Rap rock , dance and hip hop . Epic Records described the song as a rock ' n ' roll dance song about racial harmony . Black or White peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 7 , 1991 , making it the fastest chart topper since The Beatles ' Get Back . It stayed there for a total of seven weeks . Jackson became the first artist to have number one hits in the 1970s , 1980s and 1990s with the song . It is certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Around the world , Black or White hit number one in 20 countries , including the US , the UK , Canada , Mexico , Cuba , Turkey , Zimbabwe , Australia , New Zealand , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Norway , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100 . It was the best-selling single worldwide of 1992 . The music video for Black or White premiered on MTV , BET , VH1 , and Fox , which gave them their highest Nielsen ratings ever at the time , as well as the BBC 's Top of the Pops in the UK on November 14 , 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick This !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Foster', 'summary': 'David Walter Foster , OC , OBC ( born November 1 , 1949 ) , is a Canadian musician , record producer , composer , songwriter , and arranger . He has been a producer for musicians including Christina Aguilera , Mary J. Blige , Andrea Bocelli , Toni Braxton , Michael Bublé , Peter Cetera , Chicago , John Parr , Natalie Cole , Alice Cooper , Celine Dion , Kenny G , Josh Groban , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson , Chaka Khan , Kenny Loggins , Jennifer Lopez , Cheryl Lynn , Madonna , Olivia Newton-John , Brandy Norwood , Kenny Rogers , Seal , Blake Shelton , Rod Stewart , Barbra Streisand , Donna Summer , The Corrs and Jake Zyrus . Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations . He was the chairman of Verve Records from 2012 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Earth Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earth_Song', 'summary': "Earth Song is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his ninth studio album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I . It was released on November 27 , 1995 as the third single from the album . It is a ballad that incorporates elements of blues , gospel and opera . Jackson had a long history of releasing socially conscious material such as We Are the World , Man in the Mirror and Heal the World . However , Earth Song was the first that overtly dealt with the environment and animal welfare . Earth Song was made for the Dangerous album but it failed to make the final cut . The song was written by Jackson and produced by Jackson , David Foster and Bill Bottrell . Earth Song was accompanied by a lavish music video shot in four geographical regions . The video centered on the destruction and rebirth of Earth and went on to receive a Grammy nomination in 1997 . The song went number one in the United Kingdom , and was the nation 's number-one Christmas single in 1995 . It also topped the charts in Germany , Iceland , Scotland , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland while peaking at number two in France , Ireland , and the Netherlands . Jackson went on to receive recognition from various animal and environmental organizations ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Io Canto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duane Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duane_Stephenson', 'summary': 'Duane Stephenson ( born c.1976 ) is a Jamaican reggae singer who has released three albums on VP Records , and works primarily in the roots reggae genre .'}]}, {'value': 'You Are Not Alone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone', 'summary': "You Are Not Alone is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his ninth studio album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I ( 1995 ) . It was released on August 15 , 1995 as the second single from the album . The song was re-released in 2006 , as part of Jackson 's Visionary : The Video Singles collection box set , where it re-entered at number 30 in the UK Singles Chart in 2006 . The R & B/pop ballad was written by American R & B singer R. Kelly for Michael Jackson in response to difficult times in his own personal life . Kelly sent a bare demo tape to Jackson , who liked the song and decided to produce it with him in Chicago . Jackson 's interest in the song was also linked to recent events in his personal life . The song 's corresponding music video , which featured Jackson and his then-wife Lisa Marie Presley , featured scenes of semi-nudity . You Are Not Alone received a generally positive critical reception and was the recipient of Grammy and American Music Award nominations . The song was a commercial success . It holds a Guinness World Record as the first song in the 37-year history of the Billboard Hot 100 to debut at number one , and was later certified platinum by the RIAA . The track also topped the charts in Austria , Belgium , France , Ireland , New Zealand , Poland , Romania , Scotland , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . You Are Not Alone was Michael Jackson 's thirteenth and last number one single in the United States during his lifetime ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lovers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Garrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Garrett_(violinist)', 'summary': 'David Christian Bongartz ( born 4 September 1980 ) , better known by his stage name David Garrett , is a German pop and crossover violinist and recording artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Smooth Criminal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smooth_Criminal', 'summary': "Smooth Criminal is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his seventh studio album Bad ( 1987 ) . It was written and composed by Jackson , and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It was released as the album 's seventh single on November 14 , 1988 . It features a fast beat with lyrics about a woman who has been attacked in her apartment by a smooth criminal . The refrain Annie , are you OK ? was inspired by Resusci Anne , a dummy used in CPR training . Smooth Criminal peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the sixth top 10 single from Bad . It also peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart . It was certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song reached number one in Belgium , Iceland , the Netherlands and Spain . Though Smooth Criminal was not one of the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles , in retrospective reviews it has been regarded as one of the best songs on Bad and one of Jackson 's signature songs . It has appeared on numerous greatest hits albums and was performed on all of Jackson 's solo tours ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Encore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Encore_(David_Garrett_album)', 'summary': 'Encore is a 2008 album by violinist David Garrett , released in Europe . Its tracks are as follows :'}]}, {'value': 'De Smurfen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Smurfs_(music)', 'summary': "Singles and full albums of original music for The Smurfs cartoon series ( 1981-1989 ) and the Smurfs movies have been released in different countries and languages , sometimes very successfully , with millions of copies sold . Worldwide , more than 10 million CD 's were sold between 2005 and 2007 alone ."}]}, {'value': "They Do n't Care About Us", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/They_Don't_Care_About_Us", 'summary': "They Do n't Care About Us is the fifth single from Michael Jackson 's album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , released on June 16 , 1995 . It is a protest song and remains one of the most controversial pieces Jackson ever composed . In the US , media scrutiny surrounding allegations of antisemitic lyrics were the catalyst for Jackson issuing multiple apologies and re-recording the song with altered lyrics . The singer countered allegations of antisemitism , arguing that reviews had misinterpreted the context of the song , either unintentionally or deliberately . They Do n't Care About Us was accompanied by two music videos directed by Spike Lee . The first was shot in two locations in Brazil , in Pelourinho , the historic city center of Salvador , and in a favela of Rio de Janeiro called Dona Marta , where the state authorities had tried to ban all production over fears the video would damage their image , the area and prospects of Rio de Janeiro staging the 2004 Olympics . Still , the residents of the area were happy to see the singer , hoping their problems would be made visible to a wider audience . The second video was shot in a prison and contained video footage of multiple references to human rights abuses . Commercially , They Do n't Care About Us became a top ten hit in all European countries and number one in Czech Repbulic , Germany , Hungary and Italy . In the US , the song peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 . They Do n't Care About Us was performed during Jackson 's third and final concert series , the HIStory World Tour which ran from 1996 to 1997 as part of a medley with Scream and In the Closet . The song was set to be performed on Jackson 's This Is It comeback concert series at The O2 Arena in London from July 2009 to March 2010 but the shows were cancelled due to his sudden death on June 25 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Party House Hits', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Gokey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Gokey', 'summary': 'Daniel Jay Gokey ( born April 24 , 1980 ) is an American singer and former church music director from Milwaukee , Wisconsin . He was the third-place finalist on the eighth season of American Idol . After his placing on the show , Gokey signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Nashville at the beginning of a career in country music , releasing the single My Best Days Are Ahead of Me . His debut album , My Best Days , was released in March 2010 . After leaving RCA Nashville in November 2011 , he gravitated his music towards an adult pop/contemporary Christian sound and subsequently made a record/publishing deal with Arista Nashville in May 2013 . His second full-length album , Hope in Front of Me , was released in June 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'P.Y.T . ( Pretty Young Thing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P.Y.T._(Pretty_Young_Thing)', 'summary': "P.Y.T . ( Pretty Young Thing ) is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It is the sixth single from Jackson 's sixth solo album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . The original demo version of the song was written by Jackson and Greg Phillinganes . Quincy Jones passed on the song itself but liked the title and , with James Ingram , fashioned a totally new song with that title . The demo version is featured on The Ultimate Collection ( 2004 ) . P.Y.T . ( Pretty Young Thing ) was released on September 19 , 1983 , as the penultimate single from Thriller . The single charted at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and no . 46 on the Hot Black Singles chart , becoming the sixth Top 10 hit from the album . In the UK , the song reached a peak position of 11 . The single was most successful in Belgium , charting within the Top 10 at no ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Idol ( season 8 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Idol_(season_8)', 'summary': "The eighth season of American Idol premiered on Tuesday , January 13 , 2009 , and concluded on May 20 , 2009 . Judges Simon Cowell , Paula Abdul , and Randy Jackson continued to judge the show 's contestants , along with Ryan Seacrest as host . The season introduced Kara DioGuardi as the fourth judge on the Idol panel . It was also Abdul 's final season as a judge . Kris Allen , a native of Conway , Arkansas , was announced the winner of the competition on May 20 , 2009 , defeating runner-up Adam Lambert after nearly 100 million votes . This was the second season where both of the final two contestants had been in the bottom three or two at least once before the finale , with the first being season three . The eighth season saw numerous changes to the format of the show . There were 36 semi-finalists instead of 24 , and thirteen finalists instead of twelve , nine contestants chosen by the public and four by the judges in a wild card round . Another addition was the save , which was used on the top seven results show to veto Matt Giraud 's elimination . Multiple contestants from this season were signed to record deals . This includes winner Kris Allen , who was then signed to 19 Entertainment/Jive Records , runner-up Adam Lambert , Danny Gokey , Allison Iraheta , Lil Rounds , Anoop Desai , Michael Sarver , and Mickey Guyton ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Austin', 'summary': 'Dallas L. Austin ( born December 29 , 1970 ) is an American musician , songwriter , record producer , and film producer .'}]}, {'value': 'I Wan na Be Where You Are', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Where_You_Are', 'summary': "I Wan na Be Where You Are is a song written by Arthur T-Boy Ross and Leon Ware for Michael Jackson , who took the song to number 7 in Cash Box and number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also reached number 2 on the U.S. R & B singles chart in 1972 . His third straight Top 10 Pop hit during his early solo career with Motown . It was also the first collaboration between Ware and Ross , the younger brother of legendary superstar Diana Ross . This song would be one of Jackson 's most covered songs , by singers including Zulema , Marvin Gaye , Willie Hutch , Jason Weaver and later The Fugees . Ware and Ross also penned the classic Marvin Gaye hit , I Want You several years afterwards ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Remix Suite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Remix_Suite', 'summary': "The Remix Suite ( digital title : Michael Jackson : The Remix Suite ) is a compilation of remixed hits by Michael Jackson . Although labeled as a Michael Jackson release , the majority of remixes are of hits during his tenure with The Jackson 5 . Starting from August 25 , five remixes each were released digitally as suites via iTunes , AmazonMP3 and Rhapsody every two weeks . It is the fifth album to be released since Jackson 's death . The first suite leaked online two weeks before its intended digital release ."}]}, {'value': "D'Influence", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/D'Influence", 'summary': "D'Influence ( also D-Influence and D*Influence ) is a British production team and acid jazz band . Formerly of The Echo Label they founded their own label , Freakstreet Records . Original members include Kwame Kwaten , Sarah-Ann Webb , Ed Baden-Powell , and Steve Marston . They have produced hits for British R & B artists Mark Morrison ( Return of the Mack ) , Shola Ama ( Much Love ) and Ultra Naté ( New Kind of Medicine ) ; remixed for the American hip hop artist Jay-Z ( Wishing on a Star , Bring It On : The Best of Jay-Z ) ; Mick Jagger ; Tom Jones and performed live with Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk ( Later with Jools Holland ) . In 2017 , the band regrouped for one-off concerts at various top London clubs and summer festivals in the UK . Reviewing their 'generation-spanning ' set at Love Supreme festival , the Financial Times praised 'the slinky , bass-heavy grooves that sustained their success in the 1990s . ' Music critic Mike Hobart explains D'Influence 'last played a festival 17 years ago , their current revival coming about after a promoter saw . their annual get-together jam on Instagram . The band has lost none of its sass . ' 2018 saw further performances given in the UK , Africa and Europe . Kwame Kwaten is a widely respected artist manager , lecturer and mentor . Ed Baden-Powell is consistently ranked as one of the entertainment industry 's top international lawyers by Chambers UK , who profile him as 'the extremely intelligent and very astute prolific entertainment practitioner , advising clients in the music and digital media sectors on a variety of issues . '"}]}, {'value': 'Rock with You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_with_You', 'summary': "Rock with You is a song recorded by American singer Michael Jackson . It was written by Rod Temperton and produced by Quincy Jones . It was first offered to Karen Carpenter , while she was working on her first solo album , but she turned it down . It was released on November 3 , 1979 , by Epic Records as the second single from Jackson 's fifth solo studio album Off the Wall ( 1979 ) . It was also the third number-one hit of the 1980s , a decade whose pop singles chart would soon be dominated by Jackson . It reached number one on both the US Billboard pop , becoming Jackson 's third # 1 single and it also reached the top spot on R & B charts . On the former , Rock with You spent four consecutive weeks at number one starting January 19 , 1980 . According to Billboard , the song was the fourth biggest single of 1980 . It is also considered one of the last hits of the disco era . It was re-released as a single on February 27 , 2006 , as part of the Visionary : The Video Singles box set ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock with You', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donnie Elbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donnie_Elbert', 'summary': 'Donnie Elbert ( May 25 , 1936 - January 26 , 1989 ) was an American soul singer and songwriter , who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s . His US hits included Where Did Our Love Go ? ( 1972 ) , and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by A Little Piece of Leather , a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice .'}]}, {'value': 'I Wan na Be Where You Are', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Where_You_Are', 'summary': "I Wan na Be Where You Are is a song written by Arthur T-Boy Ross and Leon Ware for Michael Jackson , who took the song to number 7 in Cash Box and number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also reached number 2 on the U.S. R & B singles chart in 1972 . His third straight Top 10 Pop hit during his early solo career with Motown . It was also the first collaboration between Ware and Ross , the younger brother of legendary superstar Diana Ross . This song would be one of Jackson 's most covered songs , by singers including Zulema , Marvin Gaye , Willie Hutch , Jason Weaver and later The Fugees . Ware and Ross also penned the classic Marvin Gaye hit , I Want You several years afterwards ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stop in the Name of Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donnie_Elbert', 'summary': 'Donnie Elbert ( May 25 , 1936 - January 26 , 1989 ) was an American soul singer and songwriter , who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s . His US hits included Where Did Our Love Go ? ( 1972 ) , and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by A Little Piece of Leather , a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice .'}]}, {'value': 'Diana Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Ross', 'summary': "Diana Ross ( born March 26 , 1944 ) is an American singer , actress , and record producer . Born and raised in Detroit , Michigan , Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group The Supremes , who during the 1960s became Motown 's most successful act , and are the best-charting female group in US history , as well as one of the world 's best-selling girl groups of all time . The group released a record-setting twelve number one hit singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 , including Where Did Our Love Go , Baby Love , Come See About Me , Stop ! In the Name of Love , You Ca n't Hurry Love , You Keep Me Hangin ' On , Love Child , and Someday We 'll Be Together . Following her departure from the Supremes in 1970 , Ross released her eponymous debut solo album that same year , featuring the No . 1 Pop hit Ai n't No Mountain High Enough . She later released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973 ; its title track was her second solo No . 1 hit . She continued a successful solo career through the 1970s , which included hit albums like Mahogany and Diana Ross and their No . 1 hit singles , Theme from Mahogany and Love Hangover , respectively . Her 1980 album Diana produced another No . 1 single , Upside Down , as well as the international hit I 'm Coming Out ."}]}, {'value': 'Got to Be There', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Got_to_Be_There_(song)', 'summary': "Got to Be There is the debut single by the American recording artist Michael Jackson , which was written by Elliot Willensky whose original version was released as his first solo single in 1971 on Motown Records . The song was produced by Hal Davis and recorded at Motown 's Hitsville West studios in Hollywood . The single became an immediate success , reaching number one on Cashbox 's pop and R & B singles charts , while reaching number four on Billboard 's pop and R & B singles charts . Released to select European countries , it also found success , reaching number five in the UK . The song was composed as a pop ballad with soul and soft rock elements . The song was musically arranged by Dave Blumberg while Willie Hutch produced its vocal arrangements . A cover version of this song by Chaka Khan from her eponymous fourth solo album reached # 5 on the R & B Charts in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Touch Me in the Morning : Expanded Edition 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touch_Me_in_the_Morning_(album)', 'summary': 'Touch Me in the Morning is a 1973 album released by American singer Diana Ross on the Motown Records . It reached # 5 in the USA ( # 1 R & B ) and sold around 650,000 copies . The arrangements were by Gene Page , Tom Baird , Michael Randall , James Anthony Carmichael , Deke Richards , Gil Askey and Diana Ross .'}]}, {'value': 'David Arnold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Arnold', 'summary': 'David G. Arnold ( born 23 January 1962 ) is an English film composer best known for scoring five James Bond films , as well as Stargate ( 1994 ) , Independence Day ( 1996 ) , Godzilla ( 1998 ) and the television series Little Britain and Sherlock . For Independence Day he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for Sherlock he , and co-composer Michael Price , won a Creative Arts Emmy for the score of His Last Vow , the final episode in the third series . Arnold scored the BBC / Amazon Prime series Good Omens ( 2019 ) adapted by Neil Gaiman from his book Good Omens , written with Terry Pratchett . Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors .'}]}, {'value': 'I Want You Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Want_You_Back', 'summary': "I Want You Back is the first national single by the Jackson 5 . It was released by Motown on October 7 , 1969 , and became the first number-one hit for the band on January 31 , 1970 . It was performed on the band 's first television appearances , on October 18 , 1969 on Diana Ross 's The Hollywood Palace and on their milestone performance on December 14 , 1969 on The Ed Sullivan Show . The song , along with a B-side remake of Who 's Lovin ' You by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles , was the only single to be released from the Jackson 5 's first album , Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5 . It went to number one on the Soul singles chart for four weeks and held the number-one position on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for the week ending January 31 , 1970 . I Want You Back was ranked 121st on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cover_versions_of_Michael_Jackson_songs_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of recording music artists who have covered one or more songs originally recorded by American pop singer Michael Jackson. A cover is a new performance or recording of a previously recorded, commercially released song. Artists who have covered songs from The Jackson 5 career are not included.'} | null | null | The lead singer of the bands Asking Alexandria and We Are Harlot released a solo cover-song that was musically written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett , and produced by what person , along with Michael Jackson ? | Quincy Jones |
047a6c726b587873 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Kranz', 'title': 'Fran Kranz', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frasier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frasier', 'summary': 'Frasier ( /ˈfreɪʒər/ ) is an American sitcom television series that was broadcast on NBC for 11 seasons , premiering on September 16 , 1993 , and concluding on May 13 , 2004 . The program was created and produced by David Angell , Peter Casey , and David Lee ( as Grub Street Productions ) in association with Grammnet ( 2004 ) and Paramount Network Television . The series was created as a spin-off of Cheers , continuing the story of psychiatrist Frasier Crane as he returned to his hometown of Seattle and started building a new life as a radio advice show host while reconnecting with his father and brother and making new friends . Frasier stars Kelsey Grammer , Jane Leeves , David Hyde Pierce , Peri Gilpin , and John Mahoney . The show was critically acclaimed , with the show itself and the cast winning thirty-seven Primetime Emmy Awards , a record at the time for a scripted series . It also won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for five consecutive years . As of 2019 , the possibility of a revival was being discussed , to air in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Good Grief', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frasier_(season_6)', 'summary': 'The sixth season of Frasier aired from September 24 , 1998 to May 20 , 1999 on NBC , consisting of a total of 24 episodes . Beginning with this season , the show took over the time slot previously occupied by Seinfeld after Jerry Seinfeld turned down an offer to renew his show for a tenth season . The opening title screen color was changed to a burnt orange gradient to white .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welcome to the Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Captain', 'summary': 'Welcome to The Captain ( previously known as The Captain ) is an American sitcom television series created , executive produced and directed by John Hamburg . Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen also serve as executive producers . The show is about a young writer ( Fran Kranz ) whose life changes when he moves into a legendary old Hollywood apartment building . Produced by CBS Paramount Network Television and John & Anders , the series was greenlit and given a six-episode order in June 2007 . Welcome to The Captain premiered on February 4 , 2008 airing on Monday nights at 8:30 PM Eastern Time on CBS in the United States and CTV in Canada . On CBS it was a mid-season replacement for The Big Bang Theory , but the show was halted after its fifth episode aired due to poor ratings . Fran Kranz eventually signed on to the upcoming Fox series Dollhouse , effectively canceling the CBS sitcom . On May 14 , 2008 , the series was officially canceled .'}]}, {'value': 'Josh Flug', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private Practice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_Practice_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Private Practice is an American medical drama television series which aired on ABC from September 26 , 2007 , to January 22 , 2013 . A spin-off of Grey 's Anatomy , the series takes place at Seaside Health & Wellness Center ( formerly Oceanside Wellness Group ) and chronicles the life of Dr. Addison Montgomery , played by Kate Walsh , as she leaves Seattle Grace Hospital in order to join a private practice , located in Los Angeles . Private Practice also revolves around Addison 's co-workers at Seaside Wellness Center , and how they deal with patients and the practice while still finding time to live their everyday lives . The series was created by Shonda Rhimes , who also serves as executive producer , alongside Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Mark Tinker , Craig Turk , and Steve Blackman , who have served as showrunners due to Rhimes 's duties on Grey 's Anatomy . On May 11 , 2012 , Private Practice was renewed for a sixth season . The sixth season was the only one not to feature Tim Daly and was announced on October 19 , 2012 , to be the final season . The series finale aired on January 22 , 2013 . Reruns can be seen in syndication on some local ABC stations ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Equal & Opposite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_Practice_(season_2)', 'summary': 'The second season of Private Practice premiered on October 1 , 2008 and concluded on April 30 , 2009 . The season consisted of 22 episodes .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': "It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia", 'summary': "It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 , and moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season in 2013 . It was created by Rob McElhenney , who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of The Gang , a group of narcissistic friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which matched The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet with the most seasons for a live-action sitcom in American television history . Season 14 premiered on September 25 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'College Student', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Who Pooped the Bed ?', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia_(season_4)", 'summary': "The fourth season of the American comedy television series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered on FX on September 18 , 2008 . The season contains 13 episodes and concluded airing on November 20 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2009-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollhouse_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Dollhouse is an American science fiction television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon under Mutant Enemy Productions . It premiered on February 13 , 2009 , on the Fox network and was officially canceled on November 11 , 2009 . The final episode aired on January 29 , 2010 . Production wrapped in December 2009 , with a total of 27 episodes produced including the original pilot . The show revolves around a corporation running numerous underground establishments ( known as Dollhouses ) around the globe that program individuals referred to as Actives ( or Dolls ) with temporary personalities and skills . Wealthy clients hire Actives from Dollhouses at great expense for various purposes , including heists , sexual encounters , assassinations , expert counsel , and all manner of unique experiences . The series primarily follows the Active known as Echo , played by Eliza Dushku , on her journey toward self-awareness . Dushku also served as series producer . Dollhouse initially received mixed reviews and underwhelming ratings , but improved progressively enough to be renewed for a second season . After the second season finale , the series was canceled .'}]}, {'value': 'Topher Brink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topher_Brink', 'summary': 'These are characters from the Dollhouse science fiction television series .'}]}, {'value': '27 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goodnight Burbank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodnight_Burbank', 'summary': "Goodnight Burbank debuted on the web as a webisodic series in March 2006 . In April 2011 , it was reborn with a new cast , new look and new feel as a webcom . The series is about a fictional Burbank , CA 10:00PM newscast and its crew . The original cast included members of the Upright Citizen 's Brigade , The Second City , and Improv Olympic . The new half-hour version is still written by creator/producer Hayden Black and stars Laura Silverman , Dominic Monaghan , Miracle Laurie , Camden Toy and Black . It has featured , amongst others , John Barrowman , Adrienne Wilkinson , Jim Rash , Juliet Landau , and Parvesh Cheena . The original short-form version of the series received positive reviews from USA Today who called it better than 99% of the stuff on TV and BBC News who said it was a brilliant satire that would n't look out of place on a network - as well as G4 , the San Francisco Chronicle and various websites . In 2006 , it won vloggie for Best Web News Series . In 2007 , it was awarded an Official Honoree by the Webbys . The original series was named one of iTunes best podcasts of 2006 and 2007 , in both People 's Choice and Staff Picks categories . It was also nominated for Best Comedy Webby in 2008 . Goodnight Burbank made IMDB 's Top 50 TV series to premiere in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chaz Parker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Lesbians on Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dating Rules from My Future Self', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sorbet Guy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Good Wife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Good_Wife', 'summary': "The Good Wife is an American legal and political drama television series that aired on CBS from September 22 , 2009 , to May 8 , 2016 . It focuses on Alicia Florrick , the wife of the Cook County State 's Attorney who returns to her career in law after the events of a public sex and political corruption scandal involving her husband . The series was created by Robert and Michelle King and stars Julianna Margulies , Matt Czuchry , Christine Baranski , Josh Charles , Archie Panjabi , Makenzie Vega , Graham Phillips , Zach Grenier , Alan Cumming , and features Chris Noth in a recurring role . The executive producers included the Kings , Ridley and Tony Scott , Charles McDougall , and David W. Zucker . The Good Wife is a serialized show featuring several story arcs that play out over multiple episodes , as well as stand-alone storylines that are concluded by the end of each episode . The serial plots - a rarity on CBS , a network where most of the programming at that time was procedural - were especially showcased in its highly praised fifth season . The Good Wife won numerous awards , including five Emmys and the 2014 Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama . The performances of the show 's cast have been particularly recognized , with Julianna Margulies ' role as Alicia Florrick receiving significant praise . The show has especially received wide acclaim for its insight on social media and the internet in society , politics , and law . It is considered by several critics to be network television 's last great drama , producing full 22-episode seasons while other similarly acclaimed dramas often produce only 6 to 13 episodes per season . CBS announced on February 7 , 2016 , that the show was ending with its seventh season . The final episode aired on May 8 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A More Perfect Union', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_(2012_TV_series)', 'summary': "Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera developed by Cynthia Cidre and produced by Warner Horizon Television , that aired on TNT from June 13 , 2012 to September 22 , 2014 . The series was a revival of the prime time television soap opera of the same name that aired on CBS from 1978 to 1991 . The series revolved around the Ewings , a wealthy Dallas family in the oil and cattle-ranching industries . The series brought back several stars of the original series , including Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing , Linda Gray as Sue Ellen Ewing , Ken Kercheval as Cliff Barnes , and Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing . They were joined by the next generation of characters , including Josh Henderson as John Ross Ewing III , the son of J.R. and Sue Ellen Ewing ; Jesse Metcalfe as Christopher Ewing , the adopted son of Bobby and Pamela Barnes Ewing ; and Julie Gonzalo as Pamela Rebecca Barnes , the daughter of Cliff Barnes and Afton Cooper . The series was made for TNT , sister company to Warner Bros. Television , which has owned the original series since its purchase of Lorimar Television ( the original show 's production company ) in 1989 . On July 8 , 2011 , after viewing the completed pilot episode , TNT gave a green light for the series with a 10-episode order , which premiered on June 13 , 2012 . On June 29 , 2012 , TNT renewed Dallas for a second season consisting of 15 episodes , which premiered on January 28 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2013 , TNT renewed Dallas for a third season consisting of 15 episodes that premiered on Monday , February 24 , 2014 . On October 3 , 2014 , the series was cancelled by TNT after three seasons , because of the declining ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Hunter McKay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elementary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Elementary is an American procedural drama television series that presents a contemporary update of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's character Sherlock Holmes . It was created by Robert Doherty and stars Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as Dr. Joan Watson . The series premiered on CBS on September 27 , 2012 . It is set and filmed primarily in New York City . With 24 episodes per season , by the end of season two Jonny Lee Miller became the actor who had portrayed Sherlock Holmes the most in television or film . The show follows Holmes , a recovering drug addict and former consultant to Scotland Yard , as he assists the New York City Police Department in solving crimes . His indifference to police procedure often leads to conflict with Captain Thomas Gregson ( Aidan Quinn ) , although the two still remain respectful of one another . Holmes is accompanied by Dr. Joan Watson ( Lucy Liu ) , who initially acts as his sober companion . She is a former surgeon and was hired by Sherlock 's father to help him in his rehabilitation . They eventually begin to work together on his cases , and she becomes Holmes ' apprentice and then partner . The series also features Holmes ' ongoing conflict with his nemesis Jamie Moriarty ( Natalie Dormer ) . Other supporting roles include Jon Michael Hill as Detective Marcus Bell , Rhys Ifans as Sherlock 's brother , Mycroft Holmes , and John Noble as Sherlock 's father , Morland Holmes ."}]}, {'value': 'Brendan Farley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : How the Sausage Is Made', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major Crimes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_Crimes_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Major Crimes is an American television police procedural series starring Mary McDonnell . It is a continuation spin-off of The Closer , set in the same police division . It premiered on TNT August 13 , 2012 , following The Closer 's finale . In January 2017 , during Major Crimes 's fifth season , TNT renewed the series for a 13-episode sixth season . On October 3 , the network announced the sixth season would be its last . Series star McDonnell commented on Instagram , as many of you have stated , this was not a surprise . The writing was clearly on the wall . Trying to make sense of TNT 's choices is an activity that James Duff and Mike Robin and all of us have been engaged in for a long time . The final season premiered on October 31 , 2017 , and ended on January 9 , 2018 , wrapping the series with 105 episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Stan Pearl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballers', 'summary': 'Ballers is an American comedy-drama television series created by Stephen Levinson and starring Dwayne Johnson as Spencer Strasmore , a retired NFL player who must navigate his new career of choice as the financial manager of other NFL players . The series premiered on the American cable television network HBO on June 21 , 2015 , with a pilot episode written by Stephen Levinson and directed by Peter Berg . The fifth and final season premiered on August 25 , 2019 , and concluded on October 13 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homecoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homecoming_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Homecoming is an American psychological thriller web television series , based on the podcast of the same name created by Eli Horowitz and Micah Bloomberg , that premiered on November 2 , 2018 , on Prime Video . The series was created by Horowitz and Bloomberg who also serve as writers and executive producers alongside Sam Esmail , Chad Hamilton , Julia Roberts , Alex Blumberg , Matt Lieber , and Chris Giliberti . Esmail also directed every episode of the first season , which stars Roberts , Bobby Cannavale , Stephan James , Shea Whigham , Alex Karpovsky , and Sissy Spacek . The series was given an initial series order for two seasons , the second of which is currently in development . The second season will deviate from the podcast and feature a new story and characters . The second season will be directed by Kyle Patrick Alvarez and will star Janelle Monáe and Chris Cooper with Stephan James and Hong Chau returning from the first season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 episode', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Loudest Voice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Loudest_Voice', 'summary': 'The Loudest Voice is a 2019 American drama television miniseries depicting Roger Ailes as he creates and guides the rise of Fox News . It is based on the 2014 book The Loudest Voice in the Room , by Gabriel Sherman , and premiered June 30 , 2019 , on Showtime .'}]}, {'value': 'Gabriel Sherman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Sherman', 'summary': 'Gabriel Sherman is an American author . In 2014 , he wrote a biography about Fox News Channel president Roger Ailes called The Loudest Voice in the Room : How the Brilliant , Bombastic Roger Ailes Built Fox News - and Divided a Country , which debuted at # 9 on The New York Times Bestseller list .'}]}, {'value': 'Miniseries , 1 episode', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Fran_Kranz_0', 'intro': "Francis Elliott Fran Kranz (born July 13, 1981) is an American film, television and Broadway actor. He is known for his portrayal of Topher Brink in the science fiction drama series Dollhouse. He had prominent roles in the films The Cabin in the Woods and Much Ado About Nothing. In 2012, he played Bernard in Death of a Salesman beginning a career on Broadway that continued with 2014's You Can't Take It with You."} | null | null | What character does Fran Kranz play in the show featuring the character Dr. Joan Watson ? | Brendan Farley |
047b55c9a1f43df8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni', 'title': 'List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Degree', 'Degree year', 'Award year', 'Award', 'Citation'], 'data': [{'value': 'George Akerlof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Akerlof', 'summary': 'George Arthur Akerlof ( born June 17 , 1940 ) is an American economist who is a university professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California , Berkeley . He won the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( shared with Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz ) .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sid Altman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sid_Altman', 'summary': 'Sidney Altman ( born May 7 , 1939 ) is a Canadian and American molecular biologist , who is the Sterling Professor of Molecular , Cellular , and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University . In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA .'}]}, {'value': 'SB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kofi Annan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kofi_Annan', 'summary': "Kofi Atta Annan ( /ˈkoʊfi ˈænæn/ ; 8 April 1938 - 18 August 2018 ) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006 . Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize . He was the founder and chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation , as well as chairman of The Elders , an international organization founded by Nelson Mandela . Annan studied economics at Macalester College , international relations at the Graduate Institute Geneva , and management at MIT . Annan joined the UN in 1962 , working for the World Health Organization 's Geneva office . He went on to work in several capacities at the UN Headquarters including serving as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and December 1996 . He was appointed the Secretary-General on 13 December 1996 by the Security Council , and later confirmed by the General Assembly , making him the first office holder to be elected from the UN staff itself . He was re-elected for a second term in 2001 , and was succeeded as Secretary-General by Ban Ki-moon on 1 January 2007 . As the Secretary-General , Annan reformed the UN bureaucracy ; worked to combat HIV/AIDS , especially in Africa ; and launched the UN Global Compact . He was criticized for not expanding the Security Council and faced calls for his resignation after an investigation into the Oil-for-Food Programme , but was largely exonerated of personal corruption . After the end of his term as UN Secretary-General , he founded the Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 to work on international development . In 2012 , Annan was the UN-Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria , to help find a resolution to the ongoing conflict there ."}]}, {'value': 'SM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize', 'summary': "The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist , inventor , and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901 , it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses . Per Alfred Nobel 's will , the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990 , the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year . The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947-1989 ) , the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905-1946 ) , and the Parliament ( 1901-1904 ) . Due to its political nature , the Nobel Peace Prize has , for most of its history , been the subject of numerous controversies ."}]}, {'value': 'for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Aumann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Aumann', 'summary': 'Robert John Aumann is an Israeli-American mathematician , and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences . He is a professor at the Center for the Study of Rationality in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel . He also holds a visiting position at Stony Brook University , and is one of the founding members of the Stony Brook Center for Game Theory . Aumann received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2005 for his work on conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis . He shared the prize with Thomas Schelling .'}]}, {'value': 'SM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elias James Corey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elias_James_Corey', 'summary': 'Elias James E.J . Corey ( Arabic : إلياس جيمس خوري ; born July 12 , 1928 ) is an American-Lebanese organic chemist . In 1990 , he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis , specifically retrosynthetic analysis . Regarded by many as one of the greatest living chemists , he has developed numerous synthetic reagents , methodologies and total syntheses and has advanced the science of organic synthesis considerably .'}]}, {'value': 'SB , PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948 , 1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Cornell', 'summary': 'Eric Allin Cornell ( born December 19 , 1961 ) is an American physicist who , along with Carl E. Wieman , was able to synthesize the first Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995 . For their efforts , Cornell , Wieman , and Wolfgang Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Diamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Diamond', 'summary': "Peter Arthur Diamond ( born April 29 , 1940 ) is an American economist known for his analysis of U.S. Social Security policy and his work as an advisor to the Advisory Council on Social Security in the late 1980s and 1990s . He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2010 , along with Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides . He is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . On June 6 , 2011 , he withdrew his nomination to serve on the Federal Reserve 's board of governors , citing intractable Republican opposition for 14 months ."}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for [ the ] analysis of markets with search frictions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Feynman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Feynman', 'summary': "Richard Phillips Feynman , ForMemRS ( /ˈfaɪnmən/ ; May 11 , 1918 - February 15 , 1988 ) was an American theoretical physicist , known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics , the theory of quantum electrodynamics , and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium , as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model . For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics , Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga . Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles , which later became known as Feynman diagrams . During his lifetime , Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world . In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World , he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time . He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission , the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster . Along with his work in theoretical physics , Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology . He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology . Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures , including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There 's Plenty of Room at the Bottom and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures , The Feynman Lectures on Physics . Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You 're Joking , Mr. Feynman ! and What Do You Care What Other People Think ? , and books written about him such as Tuva or Bust ! by Ralph Leighton and the biography Genius : The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick ."}]}, {'value': 'SB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics , with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Z . Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Z._Fire', 'summary': 'Andrew Zachary Fire ( born April 27 , 1959 ) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine . He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , along with Craig C. Mello , for the discovery of RNA interference ( RNAi ) . This research was conducted at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and published in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medicine/Physiology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray Gell-Mann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann', 'summary': 'Murray Gell-Mann ( /ˈmʌri ˈɡɛl ˈmæn/ ; September 15 , 1929 - May 24 , 2019 ) was an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles . He was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology , a distinguished fellow and one of the co-founders of the Santa Fe Institute , a professor of physics at the University of New Mexico , and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California . Gell-Mann spent several periods at CERN , a nuclear research facility in Switzerland , among others as a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellow in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leland H. Hartwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell', 'summary': 'Leland Harrison ( Lee ) Hartwell ( born October 30 , 1939 in Los Angeles , California ) is former president and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle , Washington . He shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Nurse and Tim Hunt , for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division ( duplication ) of cells . Working in yeast , Hartwell identified the fundamental role of checkpoints in cell cycle control , and CDC genes such as CDC28 , which controls the start of the cycle - the progression through G1 .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medicine/Physiology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H. Robert Horvitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz', 'summary': 'Howard Robert Horvitz ( born May 8 , 1947 ) is an American biologist best known for his research on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , together with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston .'}]}, {'value': 'SB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medicine/Physiology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death '", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry W. Kendall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_W._Kendall', 'summary': 'Henry Way Kendall ( December 9 , 1926 - February 15 , 1999 ) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics .'}]}, {'value': 'SB , PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948 , 1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawrence Klein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Klein', 'summary': 'Lawrence Robert Klein ( September 14 , 1920 - October 20 , 2013 ) was an American economist . For his work in creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics in the Department of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania , he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1980 specifically for the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies . Due to his efforts , such models have become widespread among economists . Harvard University professor Martin Feldstein told the Wall Street Journal that Klein was the first to create the statistical models that embodied Keynesian economics , tools still used by the Federal Reserve Bank and other central banks .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Krugman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Krugman', 'summary': "Paul Robin Krugman ( /ˈkrʊɡmən/ ( listen ) KRUUG-mən ; born February 28 , 1953 ) is an American economist who is the Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , and a columnist for The New York Times . In 2008 , Krugman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography . The Prize Committee cited Krugman 's work explaining the patterns of international trade and the geographic distribution of economic activity , by examining the effects of economies of scale and of consumer preferences for diverse goods and services . Krugman was previously a professor of economics at MIT , and later at Princeton University . He retired from Princeton in June 2015 , and holds the title of professor emeritus there . He also holds the title of Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics . Krugman was President of the Eastern Economic Association in 2010 , and is among the most influential economists in the world . He is known in academia for his work on international economics ( including trade theory and international finance ) , economic geography , liquidity traps , and currency crises . Krugman is the author or editor of 27 books , including scholarly works , textbooks , and books for a more general audience , and has published over 200 scholarly articles in professional journals and edited volumes . He has also written several hundred columns on economic and political issues for The New York Times , Fortune and Slate . A 2011 survey of economics professors named him their favorite living economist under the age of 60 . As a commentator , Krugman has written on a wide range of economic issues including income distribution , taxation , macroeconomics , and international economics ."}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for developing new trade theory and', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert B. Laughlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin', 'summary': 'Robert Betts Laughlin ( born November 1 , 1950 ) is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University . Along with Horst L. Störmer of Columbia University and Daniel C. Tsui of Princeton University , he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect . In 1983 , Laughlin was first to provide a many body wave function , now known as the Laughlin wavefunction , for the fractional quantum hall effect , which was able to correctly explain the fractionalized charge observed in experiments . This state has since been interpreted as the integer quantum Hall effect of the composite fermion .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert C. Merton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_C._Merton', 'summary': 'Robert Cox Merton ( born July 31 , 1944 ) is an American economist , Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate , and professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management , known for his pioneering contributions to continuous-time finance , especially the first continuous-time option pricing model , the Black-Scholes-Merton model . In 1993 Merton co-founded hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management . In 1997 he received the Nobel Prize for his contributions in Economics .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for a new method to determine the value of derivatives', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert S. Mulliken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken', 'summary': 'Robert Sanderson Mulliken ForMemRS ( June 7 , 1896 - October 31 , 1986 ) was an American physicist and chemist , primarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory , i.e . the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules . Mulliken received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1966 and the Priestley Medal in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'SB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Mundell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Mundell', 'summary': 'Robert Alexander Mundell , CC ( born October 24 , 1932 ) is a Canadian economist . Currently , he is a professor of economics at Columbia University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong . He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1999 for his pioneering work in monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas . Mundell is known as the father of the euro , as he laid the groundwork for its introduction through this work and helped to start the movement known as supply-side economics . Mundell is also known for the Mundell-Fleming model and Mundell-Tobin effect .'}]}, {'value': 'PhD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Pedersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Pedersen', 'summary': "Charles John Pedersen ( October 3 , 1904 - October 26 , 1989 ) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers during his entire 42-year career as a chemist for DuPont at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington , Delaware and at DuPont 's Jackson Laboratory in Deepwater , New Jersey . Often associated with Reed McNeil Izatt , Pedersen also shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn . He is the only Nobel Prize laureate born in Korea other than Peace Prize laureate Kim Dae-jung ."}]}, {'value': 'SM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Nobel laureate alumni', 'section_text': 'As of April 2011 [ update ] , the MIT Office of the Provost says that 76 Nobel awardees had or currently have a formal connection to MIT . [ 43 ] Of this group , 29 have earned MIT degrees ( MIT has never awarded honorary degrees in any form ) . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni_2', 'intro': 'As a celebration of the new MIT building dedicated to nanotechnology laboratories in 2018, a special silicon wafer was designed and fabricated with an image of the Great Dome. This One.MIT image is composed of more than 270,000 individual names, comprising all the students, faculty, and staff at MIT during the years 1861-2018. A special website was set up to document the creation of a large wall display in the building, and to facilitate the location of individual names in the image.'} | null | null | Which person had a will that created the prize won by someone associated with Reed McNeil Izatt ? | Alfred Nobel |
047bd1613286aa7c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Lida', 'title': 'HK Lida', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'Date of Birth', 'Acquired', 'Birthplace'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Brish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': '19 August 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Severodonetsk , Ukrainian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Severodonetsk', 'summary': "Sievierodonetsk ( Ukrainian : Сєвєродоне́цьк , romanized : Sjevjerodonéc ' k [ ˌsʲɛw ( j ) erodoˈnɛtsʲk ] ) , Sieverodonetsk ( Ukrainian : Сєверодоне́цьк , romanized : Sjeverodonéc ' k [ ˌsʲɛwe- ] ) or Severodonetsk ( Russian : Северодоне́цк , romanized : Severodoneck [ ˌsʲevʲɪrədɐˈnʲɛtsk ] ) is a city in the Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine . Sievierodonetsk has the status of a city of regional significance , It is located nearby the Seversky Donets River , approximately 110 km ( 68 mi ) to the north north west from the Oblast capital , Luhansk . Sievierodonetsk is the acting administrative centre of Luhansk Oblast due to Luhansk being temporarily controlled by self-proclaimed pro-Russian separatist organization , not under control of the Ukrainian authorities , similarly to Kramatorsk acting as the administrative center of Donetsk Oblast during the Russian military intervention in Ukraine ( 2014-present ) - their previous cities are still de jure administrative centres . Its population is approximately 106,188 ( 2017 est. ) . Sievierodonetsk has several factories and a significant chemical production centre Azot ( English translation : Nitrogen ) . There is a domestic airport in a nearby city . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR', 'summary': "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR ; Ukrainian : Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка , Украї́нська РСР , УРСР ; Russian : Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика , Украи́нская ССР , УССР ; see Name section below ) , also known as Soviet Ukraine , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union 's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991 . The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic . The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations , although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union . Upon the Soviet Union 's dissolution and perestroika , the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state and renamed itself as Ukraine . Throughout its 72-year history , the republic 's borders changed many times , with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 from the Republic of Poland , and the addition of Zakarpattia in 1946 . From the start , the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic 's capital . However , in 1934 , the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev , Ukraine 's historic capital . Kiev remained the capital for the rest of the Ukrainian SSR 's existence , and remained the capital of independent Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union . Geographically , the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea , bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia , Byelorussia , and the Russian SFSR . The Ukrainian SSR 's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union 's western-most border point . According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants , which fell sharply after the breakup of the Soviet Union . On 1 January 2018 , according to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine the population of the country was 42,216,766 permanent residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Rogovsky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': '4 December 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arseni Denskevich', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '28 January 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grodno , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikolai Goncharov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '5 August 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Kopylets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '19 September 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grodno , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yevgeni Myastovsky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '19 March 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Sadovik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '23 June 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novopolotsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novopolotsk', 'summary': 'Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : Наваполацк [ n̪äväˈpɔɫ̪ät̻͡s̪k ] , Navapołack ( Łacinka ) ; Russian : Новополоцк [ n̪əvɐˈpo̞ɫ̪ət̻͡s̪k ] , Novopolotsk , lit . New Polotsk , Polish : Nowopołock ) is a city in Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus , with a population ( 2008 estimate ) of 107,458 . Founded in 1958 , it is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means New Polotsk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maxim Trofimov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '17 October 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dmitri Yedeshko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '25 April 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grodno , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Zakharenko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '25 April 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rustam Azimov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rustam_Azimov', 'summary': 'Rustam Sadykovich Asimov ( Russian : Рустам Содикович Азимов ; born September 20 , 1958 ) is an Uzbek politician who was Deputy Prime Minister of Uzbekistan from 2005 to 2017 . He served as Minister of Finance from 1998 to 2000 and from 2005 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '26 January 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novopolotsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novopolotsk', 'summary': 'Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : Наваполацк [ n̪äväˈpɔɫ̪ät̻͡s̪k ] , Navapołack ( Łacinka ) ; Russian : Новополоцк [ n̪əvɐˈpo̞ɫ̪ət̻͡s̪k ] , Novopolotsk , lit . New Polotsk , Polish : Nowopołock ) is a city in Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus , with a population ( 2008 estimate ) of 107,458 . Founded in 1958 , it is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means New Polotsk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeri Boyarskikh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '13 March 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dmitri Khilko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '9 October 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grodno , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Kirpichenok', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '19 June 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novopolotsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novopolotsk', 'summary': 'Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : Наваполацк [ n̪äväˈpɔɫ̪ät̻͡s̪k ] , Navapołack ( Łacinka ) ; Russian : Новополоцк [ n̪əvɐˈpo̞ɫ̪ət̻͡s̪k ] , Novopolotsk , lit . New Polotsk , Polish : Nowopołock ) is a city in Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus , with a population ( 2008 estimate ) of 107,458 . Founded in 1958 , it is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means New Polotsk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Kuveko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '26 December 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Lobashov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '15 November 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almetievsk , Russian SFSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almetievsk', 'summary': "Almetyevsk ( Russian : Альме́тьевск , IPA : [ ɐlʲˈmʲetʲjɪfsk ] ; Tatar : Әлмәт ) is a city in the Republic of Tatarstan , Russia , located on the left bank of the Zay River ( Kama 's tributary ) 265 kilometers ( 165 mi ) southeast of Kazan . Population : 146,393 ( 2010 Census ) ; 140,437 ( 2002 Census ) ; 129,008 ( 1989 Census ) ; 77,000 ( 1969 ) ; 49,000 ( 1959 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Russian_SFSR', 'summary': "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR or RSFSR ; Russian : Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Республика , tr . Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲɛtskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ] ( listen ) ) , previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , as well as being unofficially known as the Russian Federation , Soviet Russia , or simply Russia , was an independent state from 1917 to 1922 , and afterwards the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) from 1922 to 1990 , until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991 , the last two years of the existence of the USSR . The Russian Republic was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics , five autonomous oblasts , ten autonomous okrugs , six krais and forty oblasts . Russians formed the largest ethnic group . The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara . The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized , accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR . By 1961 , it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia , trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia . In 1974 , there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students . A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care . After 1985 , the perestroika restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy , which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev , with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives . The Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on 7 November 1917 ( October Revolution ) as a sovereign state and the world 's first constitutionally socialist state with the ideology of Communism . The first Constitution was adopted in 1918 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirill Nikulin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '21 September 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgut , Russian SFSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surgut', 'summary': 'Surgut ( Russian : Сургут , IPA : [ sʊrˈgut ] ) is a city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Russia , located on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River . It is one of the few cities in Russia to be larger than the capital or the administrative center of its federal subject in terms of population , economic activity , and tourist traffic . Population : 373,940 ( 2019 ) ; 306,675 ( 2010 Census ) ; 285,027 ( 2002 Census ) ; 247,823 ( 1989 Census ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russian_SFSR', 'summary': "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR or RSFSR ; Russian : Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Республика , tr . Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲɛtskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ] ( listen ) ) , previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , as well as being unofficially known as the Russian Federation , Soviet Russia , or simply Russia , was an independent state from 1917 to 1922 , and afterwards the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) from 1922 to 1990 , until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991 , the last two years of the existence of the USSR . The Russian Republic was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics , five autonomous oblasts , ten autonomous okrugs , six krais and forty oblasts . Russians formed the largest ethnic group . The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara . The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized , accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR . By 1961 , it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia , trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia . In 1974 , there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students . A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care . After 1985 , the perestroika restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy , which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev , with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives . The Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on 7 November 1917 ( October Revolution ) as a sovereign state and the world 's first constitutionally socialist state with the ideology of Communism . The first Constitution was adopted in 1918 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrei Orlyuk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '21 January 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grodno , Byelorussian SSR , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR', 'summary': "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oleg Pugach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '7 January 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grodno , Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuri Seryakov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '4 May 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk , Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Roster', 'section_text': 'Team roster for the 2012–13 Belarusian Extraliga season [ 6 ]', 'uid': 'HK_Lida_0', 'intro': 'HK Lida (Belar. ХК Лида) is a Belarusian ice hockey team that plays in the Belarusian Extraleague. They play their home games at the Sport Palace Lida, in Lida.'} | null | null | How many players acquired in 2011 were defencemen ( D ) ? | 3 |
047be5073fc7928f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Detroit', 'title': 'List of neighborhoods in Detroit', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chandler Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Public Library operates the Chandler Park Branch Library at 12800 Harper . The branch opened at its current location on March 23 , 1957 . The third floor collection has an emphasis on African American authors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Public_Library', 'summary': "The Detroit Public Library is the second largest library system in the U.S. state of Michigan by volumes held ( after the University of Michigan Library ) and is the 21st largest library system ( and the fourth-largest public library system ) in the United States . It is composed of the Main Library on Woodward Avenue , which houses the library 's administration offices , and 23 branch locations across the city . The Main Library is part of Detroit 's Cultural Center Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places adjacent to Wayne State University campus and across from the Detroit Institute of Arts . Designed by Cass Gilbert , the Detroit Public Library was constructed with Vermont marble and serpentine Italian marble trim in an Italian Renaissance style . His son , Cass Gilbert , Jr. was a partner with Francis J. Keally in the design of the library 's additional wings added in 1963 . Among his other buildings , Cass Gilbert designed the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington , DC , the Minnesota State Capitol and the Woolworth Building in New York City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/African_American', 'summary': 'African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans ) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa . The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States . African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US , after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States . On average , African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent , and some also have Native American ancestry . According to U.S. Census Bureau data , African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities ( ≈95% ) . Immigrants from some Caribbean , Central American , and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term . African-American history starts in the 16th century , with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America , and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America . After the founding of the United States , black people continued to be enslaved , and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865 . Due to notions of white supremacy , they were treated as second-class citizens . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and only white men who owned property could vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerstone Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Formally established as Organized Neighbors East in 1977 , this neighborhood changed its name to Cornerstone Village to reflect its location as the easternmost corner of Detroit 's east side . Borders Grosse Pointe , Grosse Pointe Farms , Grosse Pointe Woods and Harper Woods . Home of the infamous Balduck Park", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East English Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_English_Village', 'summary': 'East English Village is a neighborhood in Detroit , Michigan . It is bounded by Harper Avenue on the North , East Outer Drive on the West , Mack Avenue on the South , and Cadieux Road on the East .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The tree-lined streets of East English Village feature a variety of homes ranging from small bungalows to large , luxurious older homes . The housing stock also includes a small number of two-family homes . Grosse Pointe borders it on the South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_English_Village', 'summary': 'East English Village is a neighborhood in Detroit , Michigan . It is bounded by Harper Avenue on the North , East Outer Drive on the West , Mack Avenue on the South , and Cadieux Road on the East .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bungalow', 'summary': 'A bungalow is a small house or cottage that is either single-storey or has a second storey built into a sloping roof ( usually with dormer windows ) , and may be surrounded by wide verandas . The style is derived from the thatched huts of Bengali farmers . The British altered the style and built bungalows around British India . The first house in England that was classified as a bungalow was built in 1869 . In America it was initially used as a vacation architecture , and was most popular between 1900-1918 , especially with the Arts and Crafts movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grosse_Pointe', 'summary': 'Grosse Pointe refers to an affluent coastal area adjacent to Detroit , Michigan , United States , that comprises five adjacent individual cities . From southwest to northeast , they are :'}]}, {'value': 'Hamtramck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamtramck,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hamtramck ( /hæmˈtræmɪk/ ham-TRAM-ik ) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 22,423 . Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park . Hamtramck is by far the most densely-populated municipality in the state of Michigan . Known in the 20th century as a vibrant center of Polish-American life and culture , Hamtramck has attracted new immigrants in the 21st century , especially from Yemen and Bangladesh . In 2015 , its city council became the first Muslim-majority city council in the history of the United States , with four of the six council members being adherents of the Islamic faith .'}]}, {'value': "Hamtramck is an incorporated city almost entirely surrounded by Detroit 's boundaries . 42°23′52″N 83°3′26″W / 42.39778°N 83.05722°W / 42.39778 ; -83.05722 ( Hamtramck , Michigan )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': "German farmers established the area , but Polish immigrants flooded into the area when the Dodge Brothers plant opened in 1914 . As of the 2000 census , over 22% of Hamtramck 's population is of Polish origin ; in 1970 , it was 90% Polish . A large number of immigrants from the Middle East , and South Asia ( especially Bangladesh ) have moved to the area", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dodge_Brothers', 'summary': "Dodge is an American brand of automobile manufactured by FCA US LLC ( formerly known as Fiat Chrysler Group LLC ) , based in Auburn Hills , Michigan . Dodge vehicles currently include performance cars , though for much of its existence Dodge was Chrysler 's mid-priced brand above Plymouth . Founded as the Dodge Brothers Company machine shop by brothers Horace Elgin Dodge and John Francis Dodge in the early 1900s , Dodge was originally a supplier of parts and assemblies for Detroit-based automakers and began building complete automobiles under the Dodge Brothers brand in 1914 , predating the founding of Chrysler Corporation . The factory was located in Hamtramck , Michigan , and was called the Dodge Main factory from 1910 until its closing in January 1980 . Both the Dodge brothers died in 1920 , and the company was sold by their families to Dillon , Read & Co. in 1925 before being sold to Chrysler in 1928 . Dodge branded vehicles mainly consisted of trucks and full-sized passenger cars through the 1970s , though it made compact cars ( such as the 1963-76 Dart ) and midsize cars ( such as the B-Body Coronet and Charger from 1966-78 ) . The 1973 oil crisis and its subsequent impact on the American automobile industry led Chrysler to develop the K platform of compact to midsize cars for the 1981 model year . The K platform and its derivatives are credited with reviving Chrysler 's business in the 1980s ; one such derivative became the Dodge Caravan . The Dodge brand has withstood the multiple ownership changes at Chrysler from 1998 to 2009 , including its short-lived merger with Daimler-Benz AG from 1998 to 2007 , its subsequent sale to Cerberus Capital Management , its 2009 bailout by the United States government , and its subsequent Chapter 11 bankruptcy and acquisition by Fiat . In 2011 , Dodge and its model sub-brands , Dodge Ram , and Dodge Viper were separated . Dodge said that the Viper would be an SRT product and Ram will be a standalone marque . In 2014 , SRT was merged back into Dodge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poles', 'summary': "The Poles ( Polish : Polacy , pronounced [ pɔˈlat͡sɨ ] ; singular masculine : Polak , singular feminine : Polka ) , commonly referred to as the Polish people , are a nation and Lechitic ( West Slavic ) ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry , culture , history , and are native speakers of the Polish language . The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,538,000 ( based on the 2011 census ) , of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone . A wide-ranging Polish diaspora ( the Polonia ) exists throughout Europe , the Americas , and in Australasia . Today , the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within the Warsaw and Silesian metropolitan areas . Poland 's history dates back over a thousand years , to c. 930-960 AD , when the Western Polans - an influential tribe in the Greater Poland region , now home to such cities as Poznań , Gniezno , Kalisz , Konin and Września - united various Lechitic clans under what became the Piast dynasty , thus creating the first Polish state . The subsequent Christianization of Poland by the Catholic Church , in 966 CE , marked Poland 's advent to the community of Western Christendom . However , throughout its existence , the Polish state followed a tolerant policy towards minorities resulting in numerous ethnic and religious identities of the Poles , such as Polish Jews . Poles have made important contributions to the world in every major field of human endeavor , among them Copernicus , Marie Curie , Joseph Conrad , Fryderyk Chopin and Pope John Paul II . Notable Polish émigrés - many of them forced from their homeland by historic vicissitudes - have included physicist Joseph Rotblat , mathematician Stanisław Ulam , pianist Arthur Rubinstein , actresses Helena Modjeska and Pola Negri , military leaders Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski , U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski , politician Rosa Luxemburg , painter Tamara de Lempicka , filmmakers Samuel Goldwyn and the Warner Brothers , cartoonist Max Fleischer , and cosmeticians Helena Rubinstein and Max Factor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Middle_East', 'summary': 'The Middle East is a transcontinental region which includes Western Asia ( although generally excluding the Caucasus ) and all of Egypt ( which is mostly in North Africa ) . The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East ( as opposed to the Far East ) beginning in the early 20th century . The broader concept of the Greater Middle East ( or Middle East and North Africa ) also adds the Maghreb , Sudan , Djibouti , Somalia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , and sometimes even Central Asia and Transcaucasia into the region . The term Middle East has led to some confusion over its changing definitions . Most Middle Eastern countries ( 13 out of 18 ) are part of the Arab world . The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times , with the geopolitical importance of the region being recognized for millennia . Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East , including Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Arabs constitute the majority ethnic group in the region , followed by Turks , Persians , Kurds , Azeris , Copts , Jews , Assyrians , Iraqi Turkmen , and Greek Cypriots . The Middle East generally has a hot , arid climate , with several major rivers providing irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt , the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia ( Iraq , Kuwait , and eastern Syria ) , and most of what is known as the Fertile Crescent . The most populous countries in the region are Egypt , Iran , and Turkey , while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area . Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil , with monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular benefiting economically from petroleum exports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Asia', 'summary': "South Asia or Southern Asia , is the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by Western Asia , Central Asia , East Asia and Southeast Asia . The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka form South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia . South Asia covers about 5.2 million km2 ( 2 million mi2 ) , which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia 's population , over 24% of the world 's population , and is home to a vast array of people . In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest populations of Hindus , Muslims , Sikhs , Jains and Zoroastrians . South Asia alone accounts for 98.47% population of global Hindus , 90.5% of global Sikhs , 31% of global Muslims , 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}]}, {'value': "Highland Heights-Stevens ' Subdivision Historic District / North End", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Highland_Heights-Stevens'_Subdivision_Historic_District", 'summary': "Highland Heights-Stevens ' Subdivision Historic District is a residential historic district located in Highland Park , Michigan along five east-west streets : Farrand Park , McLean Street , Colorado Street , Rhode Island Street , and Massachusetts Street , between Woodward Avenue on the west and Oakland Avenue on the east . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_End,_Detroit', 'summary': 'The North End is a neighborhood in the northeast side of Detroit , Michigan . It is located in the Woodward Corridor , a densely populated region along Woodward Avenue that stretches from Downtown Detroit to the suburb of Pontiac . The North End has been home to several development initiatives , seen by many as an area for future development extending from Downtown and Midtown . The North End is approximately bound by East Grand Boulevard to the south , Woodward Avenue to the west , bordering New Center ; the Chrysler Freeway ( I-75 ) to the east ; and Woodland street to the north , bordering Tennyson street in Highland Park .'}]}, {'value': "Highland Heights area bounded by John R. and California St. 42°23′49″N 83°5′13″W / 42.39694°N 83.08694°W / 42.39694 ; -83.08694 ( Highland Heights-Stevens ' Subdivision Historic District ) North End area bounded by Woodward Avenue to the west , E. Grand Blvd to the south , Chrysler Freeway to the east , and Woodland St. to the north", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrysler_Freeway', 'summary': 'The Chrysler Freeway is the name given to a freeway in the Detroit area . It is composed of :'}]}, {'value': "There are 422 single-family homes , two apartment buildings , five commercial buildings , and the McGregor Library located within the historic district . Of these , 392 single-family houses , both two apartment buildings , and the library are classified as contributing to the district 's historic character . The surrounding North End neighborhood area is a focus neighborhood for the NEXT Detroit Neighborhood Initiative , with specific goals to beautify the neighborhood and strengthen civic leadership . Some in the city have accused the administration of using the NEXT Detroit Neighborhood Initiative to give tax breaks to speculators . Many musicians , such as Aretha Franklin , Smokey Robinson and Diana Ross , are from the North End", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGregor_Library', 'summary': 'Highland Park is a city in Wayne County in the State of Michigan , within Metro Detroit . The population was 11,776 at the 2010 census . The city is completely surrounded by Detroit except for a small portion that touches the city of Hamtramck , which is also surrounded by Detroit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_End,_Detroit', 'summary': 'The North End is a neighborhood in the northeast side of Detroit , Michigan . It is located in the Woodward Corridor , a densely populated region along Woodward Avenue that stretches from Downtown Detroit to the suburb of Pontiac . The North End has been home to several development initiatives , seen by many as an area for future development extending from Downtown and Midtown . The North End is approximately bound by East Grand Boulevard to the south , Woodward Avenue to the west , bordering New Center ; the Chrysler Freeway ( I-75 ) to the east ; and Woodland street to the north , bordering Tennyson street in Highland Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aretha_Franklin', 'summary': "Aretha Louise Franklin ( March 25 , 1942 - August 16 , 2018 ) was an American singer , songwriter , pianist , and civil rights activist . Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit , Michigan , where her father C. L. Franklin was minister . At the age of 18 , she embarked on a secular-music career as a recording artist for Columbia Records . While Franklin 's career did not immediately flourish , she found acclaim and commercial success after signing with Atlantic Records in 1966 . Hit songs such as Respect , Chain of Fools , Think , ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman , I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) , and I Say a Little Prayer , propelled her past her musical peers . By the end of the 1960s , Aretha Franklin had come to be known as The Queen of Soul . Franklin continued to record acclaimed albums such as I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) , Lady Soul ( 1968 ) , Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) , Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) , Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) , and Sparkle ( 1976 ) before experiencing problems with her record company . Franklin left Atlantic in 1979 and signed with Arista Records . She appeared in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers before releasing the successful albums Jump to It ( 1982 ) , Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) , and Aretha ( 1986 ) on the Arista label . In 1998 , Franklin returned to the Top 40 with the Lauryn Hill-produced song A Rose Is Still a Rose ; later , she released an album of the same name which was certified gold . That same year , Franklin earned international acclaim for her performance of Nessun dorma at the Grammy Awards ; she filled in at the last minute for Luciano Pavarotti , who canceled his appearance after the show had already begun ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Smokey_Robinson', 'summary': "William Smokey Robinson Jr. ( born February 19 , 1940 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and former record executive . Robinson was the founder and frontman of the Motown vocal group the Miracles , for which he was also chief songwriter and producer . Robinson led the group from its 1955 origins as the Five Chimes until 1972 , when he announced a retirement from the group to focus on his role as Motown 's vice president . However , Robinson returned to the music industry as a solo artist the following year . Following the sale of Motown Records in 1988 , Robinson left the company in 1990 . Robinson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 , and was awarded the 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for his lifetime contributions to popular music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Diana_Ross', 'summary': "Diana Ross ( born March 26 , 1944 ) is an American singer , actress , and record producer . Born and raised in Detroit , Michigan , Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group The Supremes , who during the 1960s became Motown 's most successful act , and are the best-charting female group in US history , as well as one of the world 's best-selling girl groups of all time . The group released a record-setting twelve number one hit singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 , including Where Did Our Love Go , Baby Love , Come See About Me , Stop ! In the Name of Love , You Ca n't Hurry Love , You Keep Me Hangin ' On , Love Child , and Someday We 'll Be Together . Following her departure from the Supremes in 1970 , Ross released her eponymous debut solo album that same year , featuring the No . 1 Pop hit Ai n't No Mountain High Enough . She later released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973 ; its title track was her second solo No . 1 hit . She continued a successful solo career through the 1970s , which included hit albums like Mahogany and Diana Ross and their No . 1 hit singles , Theme from Mahogany and Love Hangover , respectively . Her 1980 album Diana produced another No . 1 single , Upside Down , as well as the international hit I 'm Coming Out ."}]}, {'value': 'Krainz Woods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krainz_Woods', 'summary': 'Krainz Woods ( simply dubbed as Krainz ) is a neighborhood in Detroit , Michigan . The neighborhood was named after Captain John Krainz , a World War II hero from Detroit . The neighborhood was once home to Malcolm X who lived on Keystone street in the 1950s . The Sojourner Truth housing project is located there . Many Motown singing groups , such as The Dramatics and The Floaters , were from the Sojourner Truth housing projects . In 2009 , Mayor of Detroit Dave Bing led a ribbon-cutting dedication of Krainz Park .'}]}, {'value': '7 Mile Road and Ryan Road to E Nevada Street and Mound Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The neighborhood was named after Captain John Krainz , a World War II hero from Detroit . Nation of Islam member Malcolm X lived on Keystone street in the 1950s . The Sojourner Truth Homes housing project is located there , which housed many Motown -ers singing groups such as The Dramatics & The Floaters . In 2009 , Mayor Bing led a ribbon-cutting dedication of Krainz Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_X', 'summary': "El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz ( Arabic : ٱلْحَاجّ مَالِك ٱلشَّبَازّ , romanized : al-Ḥājj Mālik ash-Shabāzz , May 19 , 1925 - February 21 , 1965 ) better known as Malcolm X , was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement . He is best known for his staunch and controversial black racial advocacy , and for time spent as the vocal spokesperson of the Nation of Islam . Born Malcolm Little in Omaha , Nebraska , he relocated to New York City in 1943 , following spells at a series of foster homes after his father 's death and his mother 's hospitalization . There , Malcolm X engaged in several illicit activities , eventually being sentenced to ten years in prison in 1946 for larceny and breaking and entering . In prison , he joined the Nation of Islam , adopted the name Malcolm X , and quickly became one of the organization 's most influential leaders after being paroled in 1952 . Malcolm X then served as the public face of the organization for a dozen years , where he advocated for black supremacy , black empowerment , the separation of black and white Americans , and publicly criticized the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on nonviolence and racial integration . Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation 's social welfare achievements , namely its free drug rehabilitation program . Throughout his life beginning in the 1950s , Malcolm X endured surveillance from the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) for the Nation 's supposed links to communism . In the 1960s , Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam , as well as with leader Elijah Muhammad . Malcolm X subsequently embraced Sunni Islam and the civil rights movement after completing Hajj , and became known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz . [ A ] After a brief period of travel across Africa , he publicly renounced the Nation of Islam , and founded the Muslim Mosque , Inc. ( MMI ) and the Organization of Afro-American Unity ( OAAU ) , Islamic and Pan-African organizations , respectively . Throughout 1964 , his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified , and he was repeatedly sent death threats ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Housing_project', 'summary': 'Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a government authority , which may be central or local . Social housing is any rental housing that may be owned and managed by the state , by non-profit organizations , or by a combination of the two , usually with the aim of providing affordable housing . Social housing is generally rationed by some form of means testing or administrative measures of housing need . Social housing can also be seen as a potential remedy to housing inequality . Although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing , the details , terminology , definitions of poverty , and other criteria for allocation vary within different contexts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Motown', 'summary': 'Motown Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group . It was founded by Berry Gordy Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12 , 1959 , and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14 , 1960 . Its name , a portmanteau of motor and town , has become a nickname for Detroit , where the label was originally headquartered . Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American-owned label that achieved crossover success . In the 1960s , Motown and its subsidiary labels ( including Tamla Motown , the brand used outside the US ) were the most successful proponents of the Motown Sound , a style of soul music with a mainstream pop appeal . Motown was the most successful soul music label , with a net worth of $ 61 million . During the 1960s , Motown achieved 79 records in the top-ten of the Billboard Hot 100 between 1960 and 1969 . Following the events of the Detroit Riots of 1967 and the loss of key songwriting/production team Holland-Dozier-Holland the same year over pay disputes , Gordy relocated Motown to Los Angeles , California . Motown expanded into film and television production , remaining an independent company until 1988 , when it was sold to MCA Records . PolyGram purchased the label from MCA in 1993 , followed by MCA successor Universal Music Group when it acquired PolyGram in 1999 . Motown spent much of the 2000s headquartered in New York City as a part of the UMG subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group . From 2011 to 2014 , it was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Dramatics', 'summary': 'The Dramatics are an American soul music vocal group , formed in Detroit , Michigan , in 1964 . They are best known for their 1970s hit songs In the Rain and Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get , both of which were Top 10 Pop hits , as well as their later 1993 collaboration Doggy Dogg World with Snoop Dogg , a top 20 hit on the Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Floaters', 'summary': 'The Floaters were an American R & B vocal group , from the Sojourner Truth housing projects in Detroit , Michigan , that formed in 1976 . The group are best known for their 1977 song Float On , which reached No . 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No . 1 on the UK Singles Chart , and No . 5 on the Irish Singles Chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Junction', 'summary': 'The Milwaukee Junction neighborhood was constructed in the 1890s to encourage industrial expansion in what was then the far northern section of Detroit . The area was originally a producer of wooden horse carriages , but it soon became a hub of early auto body manufacturing , providing steel frames for the fledgling auto manufacturers . Fisher Auto Body , having a significant presence here , with both Plant 21 and Plant 23 on Piquette Street alone , originally produced wooden horse carriages and was one of the early companies to supply steel auto bodies . Other auto parts companies opened in this area not only because of its many auto company manufacturers , but also because of the confluence of the two major railroad lines , making it efficient to ship cars and parts throughout the US . Auto manufacturers who moved into the area included Anderson Electric Car Company , Brush Motor Car Company , Cadillac , Dodge , Everitt-Metzger-Flanders ( E-M-F ) , Hupp , Packard , Oakland , Studebaker , and Regal . Ford Motor Company also established a presence in Milwaukee Junction when it opened the Piquette Avenue Plant . This was the factory where the Ford Model T was first built before being mass-produced in neighboring Highland Park at the Highland Park Ford Plant . Henry Ford also conducted experiments in assembly line production at the Piquette Avenue Plant , which was used later in Highland Park . Earlier models of the Ford line were also conceived and produced there , including the Ford Model N. The dominance of Milwaukee Junction in the auto industry lasted until the 1920s . It is now considered the cradle of the Detroit auto industry . The attraction of this railroad junction continues into even modern times , with Cadillac building the Poletown Plant adjacent to the junction in the early 1980s . It is almost on the site of the original 1908 Cadillac Motor Car Assembly Plant assembly plant , and less than 5 miles away from the Cadillac Main Detroit Assembly built in 1920 within the V of another railroad junction ( at Junction Street ) on the same Grand Trunk Western line .'}]}, {'value': 'East Grand Boulevard to the north , St. Aubin St./Hamtramck Drive to the east , Woodward Avenue to the west , and the border following I-94 to I-75 to Warren Road to the south', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Boulevard_(Detroit)', 'summary': "Grand Boulevard is a thoroughfare in Detroit , Michigan , running east to west in some places and north to south in other places and is approximately 11 miles in length . It once constituted the city limits of Detroit . Grand Boulevard is named the Berry Gordy Jr. Boulevard in the area where the Motown Historical Museum is located and the General Motors Boulevard in the area of Detroit 's New Center where the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place ( formerly the General Motors Building ) are located . Grand Boulevard is commonly referred to by residents of the city simply as the Boulevard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodward_Avenue', 'summary': "M-1 , commonly known as Woodward Avenue , is a north-south state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the US state of Michigan . The highway , called Detroit 's Main Street , runs from Detroit north-northwesterly to Pontiac . It is one of the five principal avenues of Detroit , along with Michigan , Grand River , Gratiot , and Jefferson avenues . These streets were platted in 1805 by Judge Augustus B. Woodward , namesake to Woodward Avenue . The Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) has listed the highway as the Automotive Heritage Trail , an All-American Road in the National Scenic Byways Program . It has also been designated a Pure Michigan Byway by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , and was also included in the MotorCities National Heritage Area designated by the US Congress in 1998 . The trunkline is the dividing line between Detroit 's East and West sides , and connects to some of the city 's major freeways like Interstate 94 ( I-94 , Edsel Ford Freeway ) and M-8 ( Davison Freeway ) . Woodward Avenue exits Detroit at M-102 ( 8 Mile Road ) and runs through the city 's northern suburbs in Oakland County on its way to Pontiac . In between , Woodward Avenue passes through several historic districts in Detroit and provides access to many businesses in the area . The name Woodward Avenue has become synonymous with Detroit , cruising culture and the automotive industry . Woodward Avenue was created after the Detroit Fire of 1805 . The thoroughfare followed the route of the Saginaw Trail , an Indian trail that linked Detroit with Pontiac , Flint , and Saginaw ."}]}, {'value': 'An area with significant history related to the automobile industry , east of the New Center area , it is near the railroad junction of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad , and the Grand Trunk Western Railroad lines . One of the largest collections of early 20th century industrial architecture in North America , and the birthplace of the Model T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Center,_Detroit', 'summary': 'New Center is a commercial and residential historic district located uptown in Detroit , Michigan , adjacent to Midtown , one mile ( 1.6 km ) north of the Cultural Center , and approximately three miles ( 5 km ) north of Downtown . The area is centered just west of the intersection of Woodward Avenue and Grand Boulevard , and is bounded by , and includes the Virginia Park Historic District on the north , the Edsel Ford Freeway ( I-94 ) on the south , John R Street on the east and the Lodge Freeway on the west . New Center , and the surrounding areas north of I-94 , are sometimes seen as coterminous with the North End , while in fact separate districts . The heart of New Center was developed in the 1920s as a business hub that would offer convenient access to both downtown resources and outlying factories . Some historians believe that New Center may be the original edge city - a sub-center remote from , but related to , a main urban core . The descriptor New Center derived its name from the New Center News , an automotive-focused free newspaper begun in 1933 that continues to operate under the name Detroit Auto Scene . From 1923 to 1996 , General Motors maintained its world headquarters in New Center ( in what is now Cadillac Place ) before relocating downtown to the Renaissance Center ; before becoming a division of GM , Fisher Body was headquartered in the Fisher Building . Both Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks . In addition to the government and commercial offices along Woodward and Grand Boulevard , New Center contains the Fisher Theatre , the Hotel St. Regis , the Henry Ford Hospital , restaurants , and residential areas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit,_Grand_Haven_and_Milwaukee_Railway', 'summary': 'The Detroit , Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway is a defunct railroad which operated in the US state of Michigan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Itself the product of several consolidations in the 1870s , it became part of the Grand Trunk Western Railroad in 1928 . The DGH & M was formed from the ruin of Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad , a successor road to the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad , one of the first roads organized in the state of Michigan . The Great Western Railway , a Canadian company , had taken financial control of the D & M in 1860 after it defaulted on debt payments . The D & M entered receivership in 1875 ; in 1878 Great Western purchased it outright and refinanced the debts . The reorganized company bore the name Detroit , Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railway . Its Grand Rapids , Michigan station was located at the corner of Plainfield and East Leonard . The new company possessed a 189-mile ( 304 km ) line stretching from Detroit in the southeast to Grand Haven on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan . By 1882 the road came under the ownership of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada when the Grand Trunk acquired the Great Western , but it was not formally consolidated until 1928 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Western_Railroad', 'summary': "The Grand Trunk Western Railroad Company ( reporting mark GTW ) is an American subsidiary of the Canadian National Railway ( reporting mark CN ) operating in Michigan , Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio . Since a corporate restructuring in 1971 , the railroad has been under CN 's subsidiary holding company , the Grand Trunk Corporation . Grand Trunk Western 's routes are part of CN 's Michigan Division . Its primary mainline between Chicago and Port Huron , Michigan serves as a connection between railroad interchanges in Chicago and rail lines in eastern Canada and the Northeastern United States . The railroad 's extensive trackage in Detroit and across southern Michigan has made it an essential link for the automotive industry as a hauler of parts and automobiles from manufacturing plants ."}]}, {'value': 'MorningSide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MorningSide,_Detroit', 'summary': 'MorningSide is a neighborhood on the east side of Detroit , Michigan . The area is bounded by Harper Avenue and Interstate 94 on the north , Mack Avenue to the south , East Outer Drive and Whittier on the east and Alter Road and East Outer Drive to the west . The local association that shares the name MorningSide with the community is a collaboration of residents working together to take care of this area . Michigan Radio has made Morningside the subject of in depth coverage .'}]}, {'value': 'Harper Avenue and I-94 to the north , Mack Avenue to the south , E. Outer Drive and Whittier to the west and Alter Road and E. Outer Drive to the east', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outer_Drive', 'summary': "Outer Drive is a bypass road which encircles both the eastern and western portions of the Detroit , Michigan region . It resembles a jagged horseshoe and was not originally intended to move traffic as much as it was to provide a pleasurable drive around the City of Detroit and some of its suburbs . A boulevard for the vast majority of its length , Outer Drive includes travel through beautiful subdivisions , school sites , and park areas . First proposed in 1918 , it immediately won acceptance and eventually evolved into the thoroughfare which exists today . A 1929 article in Michigan Women magazine , predicted a .great pleasure boulevard . that would be .like a necklace around Detroit . However , in an article dated August 4 , 2004 , in the Metro Times , Michigan author Curt Guyette described Outer Drive as .one of the oddest city thoroughfares in the country . Outer Drive was once famous for the elm trees that lined the wandering roadway at one time , but in a circa-1983 WXYZ-TV report about Outer Drive , reporter Erik Smith of the local ABC affiliate , declared that .now , it may be more famous for its potholes . While mostly within the Detroit city limits , Outer Drive also ventures into the cities of Allen Park , Dearborn , Dearborn Heights , Ecorse , Lincoln Park , and Melvindale . At its western starting point at Jefferson Avenue in Ecorse near the Detroit River , the thoroughfare meanders northwesterly to Michigan Avenue , where it makes a northeast bend along the River Rouge ; it then continues northeasterly with several 90 degree angle turns until Outer Drive ends at Livernois Avenue . Outer Drive then resumes on Detroit 's east side , over-taking State Fair Avenue , Conner Avenue , Alter Road , Chandler Park Drive , and Whittier Avenue , with its eastern terminus at Mack Avenue at the northern edge of the City of Grosse Pointe Park , but not actually entering that city . Outer Drive is notable for having several isolated divided portions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alter_Road', 'summary': 'Alter Road is a north-south thoroughfare of just over three miles length on the east side of the city of Detroit , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': 'MorningSide is an upper east side neighborhood in Detroit encompassing 2.875 square miles ( 7.45 km ) . It is characterized by red brick tudors with wide streets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tudors', 'summary': 'The House of Tudor was an English royal house of Welsh origin , descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd . Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms , including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland ( later the Kingdom of Ireland ) from 1485 until 1603 , with five monarchs in that period : Henry VII , Henry VIII , Edward VI , Mary I and Elizabeth I . The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England , and were succeeded by the House of Stuart . The first Tudor monarch , Henry VII of England , descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster . The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses ( 1455-1487 ) , which left the House of Lancaster , with which the Tudors were aligned , extinct in the male line . Henry VII succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters , but also for discontented supporters of their rival House of York , and he took the throne by right of conquest . Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field ( 22 August 1485 ) , he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York , daughter of Edward IV , thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions under the new dynasty . The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 ( Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 ) , and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland ( proclaimed by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 ) . They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France ; although none of them made substance of it , Henry VIII fought wars with France trying to reclaim that title . After him , his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the fall of Calais in 1558 . In total , the Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century . Henry VIII ( r. 1509-1547 ) was the only son of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity .'}]}, {'value': 'Van Steuban / Osborn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osborn,_Detroit', 'summary': 'Osborn is a community in northeast Detroit , Michigan . The Skillman Foundation selected Osborn to be one of the neighborhoods covered by the Good Neighborhoods Initiative .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "In May 2007 , Osborn had about 37,000 residents , mostly middle income . In a period before May 2007 Osborne 's population grew by 11% , a rarity in Detroit neighborhoods . During that period , the number of children grew by 35.8% ; therefore most of the overall growth in Osborne was of an increase in children . In May 2007 , per capita , Osborn had more children than any other neighborhood in Michigan . The neighborhood includes brick homes", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NoHam/Banglatown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located north of Hamtramck ( hence the name NoHam ) , it gained a Bangladeshi American community since 2000 ( hence the name Banglatown ) . By 2015 many artists began to congregate in this neighborhood . It is near Interstate 75 and Davison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamtramck', 'summary': 'Hamtramck ( /hæmˈtræmɪk/ ham-TRAM-ik ) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 22,423 . Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park . Hamtramck is by far the most densely-populated municipality in the state of Michigan . Known in the 20th century as a vibrant center of Polish-American life and culture , Hamtramck has attracted new immigrants in the 21st century , especially from Yemen and Bangladesh . In 2015 , its city council became the first Muslim-majority city council in the history of the United States , with four of the six council members being adherents of the Islamic faith .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangladeshi_American', 'summary': 'Bangladeshi Americans ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশী মার্কিনী ) are Americans of Bangladeshi descent . The majority of Bangladeshi Americans are Bengalis and form the largest group of Bengali Americans . Bangladeshi immigrants have arrived in the United States in large numbers since the early 1970s to become among the fastest growing ethnic communities since that decade . New York City ; Paterson , New Jersey ; Atlantic City , New Jersey ; as well as Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Los Angeles , Boston , Atlanta , San Francisco , Detroit , Chicago , Florida , Dallas , Houston , Charlotte , Austin and Hamtramck , Michigan are home to notable Bangladeshi communities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Interstate_75', 'summary': 'Interstate 75 ( I-75 ) is a major north-south Interstate Highway in the Great Lakes and Southeastern regions of the United States . As with most Interstates that end in a five , it is a major cross-country , north-south route , one of the longest in the U.S. , from southern Florida to the easternmost point of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . It travels from State Road 826 ( SR 826 , Palmetto Expressway ) and SR 924 ( Gratigny Parkway ) on the Hialeah-Miami Lakes border ( northwest of Miami , Florida ) to Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , at the Canadian border . I-75 passes through six different states over its routing . The highway runs the length of the Florida peninsula from the Miami area and up the Gulf Coast through Tampa . Farther north in Georgia , I-75 connects to Macon and Atlanta before running through Chattanooga and Knoxville and the Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee . I-75 crosses Kentucky , passing through Lexington before crossing the Ohio River into Cincinnati , Ohio . In Ohio , the highway runs up the western side through Dayton before crossing into Michigan north of Toledo . I-75 runs northeasterly along the Lake Erie shoreline and Detroit River into the city of Detroit before turning northwesterly and northward to the Mackinac Bridge where the freeway crosses the strait between Lakes Huron and Michigan . Farther north , I-75 approaches the Canadian border down river from Lake Superior , 1,786 miles ( 2,874 km ) from its origins near the Atlantic Ocean .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Areas and neighborhoods -- East', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Neighborhoods_in_Detroit_4', 'intro': 'Neighborhoods in Detroit provides a general overview of neighborhoods and historic districts within the city. Neighborhood names and boundaries vary in their formality some are well defined and long established, while others are more informal. Further names and boundaries have evolved over time due to development or changes in demographics. Woodward Avenue, a major a north-south thoroughfare, serves as a demarcation for neighborhood areas on the east side and west side of the city.'} | null | null | What is the 2018 inhabitant count of Hamtramck 's locale ? | 672,662 |
047e143a930ff825 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters', 'title': 'List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Yolanda Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gospel singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Etta Moten Barnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etta_Moten_Barnett', 'summary': 'Etta Moten Barnett ( November 5 , 1901 - January 2 , 2004 ) was an American actress and contralto vocalist , who was identified with her signature role of Bess in Porgy and Bess . She created new roles for African-American women on stage and screen . After her performing career , Barnett was active in Chicago as a major philanthropist and civic activist , raising funds for and supporting cultural , social and church institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_University', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'first African-American woman invited to sing at the White House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cicely Beasley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega_College', 'summary': "Talladega College is a private historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . It is Alabama 's oldest private historically black college . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'opera singer ( retired )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maude Cuney-Hare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pianist and writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shamari DeVoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamari_DeVoe', 'summary': 'Shamari DeVoe ( née Fears ) ( born February 22 , 1980 ) is the lead singer in the R & B group Blaque . She starred on Season 11 of the reality television series The Real Housewives of Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': 'Nu Lambda Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'R & B singer ( Blaque ) and reality television personality ( Real Housewives of Atlanta )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blaque', 'summary': "Blaque is an American girl group that charted from 1999 to 2004 . Outside of the United States they are known as Blaque Ivory . Their debut album Blaque sold more than 1 million copies and was certified Platinum . The group 's debut included the Gold-selling single 808 , the international hit Bring It All to Me , and a third single , I Do . The group went on hiatus from 2002 until 2007 , releasing three less successful singles , Ca n't Get It Back , Ugly , and I 'm Good , the latter appearing in the film Honey . In 1999 , Billboard named Blaque the 4th Best New Artist of the year , with Bring It All to Me landing at number 30 on the 2000 Year End Chart . Blaque worked on two albums in the mid-to-late 2000s but did not release them . The group attempted a comeback in 2012 , but ultimately failed due to Natina Reed 's accidental death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta', 'summary': "The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( abbreviated RHOA ) is an American reality television series that premiered on October 7 , 2008 on Bravo . Developed as the third installment of The Real Housewives franchise , it has aired twelve seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in and around Atlanta , Georgia . The current cast consists of NeNe Leakes , Kandi Burruss , Cynthia Bailey , Kenya Moore , Porsha Williams and Eva Marcille , with Marlo Hampton and Tanya Sam serving as friends of the housewives . Previously-featured cast members include original cast members DeShawn Snow , Shereé Whitfield , Lisa Wu , and Kim Zolciak ; and later additions Phaedra Parks , Claudia Jordan , Kim Fields , and Shamari DeVoe . The Real Housewives of Atlanta has received moderately favorable reviews from critics and has been recognized as a guilty pleasure by several media outlets . However , the series has been criticized for appearing to fabricate portions of its storyline . By February 2014 , it was the highest-rated installment of The Real Housewives franchise and the most-watched series airing on Bravo . Its success has resulted in the conceptions of the spin-offs The Kandi Factory , Kandi 's Wedding , Kandi 's Ski Trip , I Dream of NeNe : The Wedding and Do n't Be Tardy ."}]}, {'value': 'Ella Fitzgerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald', 'summary': "Ella Jane Fitzgerald ( April 25 , 1917 - June 15 , 1996 ) was an American jazz singer sometimes referred to as the First Lady of Song , Queen of Jazz , and Lady Ella . She was noted for her purity of tone , impeccable diction , phrasing , intonation , and a horn-like improvisational ability , particularly in her scat singing . After a tumultuous adolescence , Fitzgerald found stability in musical success with the Chick Webb Orchestra , performing across the country but most often associated with the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem . Her rendition of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket , A-Tasket helped boost both her and Webb to national fame . After taking over the band when Webb died , Fitzgerald left it behind in 1942 to start her solo career . Her manager was Moe Gale , co-founder of the Savoy , until she turned the rest of her career over to Norman Granz , who founded Verve Records to produce new records by Fitzgerald . With Verve she recorded some of her more widely noted works , particularly her interpretations of the Great American Songbook . While Fitzgerald appeared in movies and as a guest on popular television shows in the second half of the twentieth century , her musical collaborations with Louis Armstrong , Duke Ellington , and The Ink Spots were some of her most notable acts outside of her solo career . These partnerships produced some of her best-known songs such as Dream a Little Dream of Me , Cheek to Cheek , Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall , and It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) . In 1993 , after a career of nearly 60 years , she gave her last public performance . Three years later , she died at the age of 79 after years of declining health . Her accolades included fourteen Grammy Awards , the National Medal of Arts , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'jazz singer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Mareda Gaither-Graves', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta Nu Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York', 'summary': "New Rochelle /rəˈʃɛl/ is a city in Westchester County , New York , United States , in the southeastern portion of the state . In 2007 , the city had a population of 73,260 , making it the seventh-largest in the state of New York . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population had increased to 77,062 . In November 2008 Business Week magazine listed New Rochelle as the best city in New York State , and one of the best places nationally , to raise children . In 2014 , based on analysis of 550 U.S. cities , New Rochelle was voted the 13th best city to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'classical soprano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antoinette Garnes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'concert performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stepanie Hancock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mu Omega Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado', 'summary': "Aurora ( /əˈroʊrə/ , /əˈrɔːrə/ ) is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado , spanning Arapahoe and Adams counties , with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into Douglas County . Aurora is one of the principal cities of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area ( Metro Denver ) . The city 's population was 325,078 in the 2010 census , which made it the third most populous city in the state of Colorado and the 54th most populous city in the United States . The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 2,645,209 on July 1 , 2012 ( the 19th most populous MSA in the U.S. ) . However , Denver and Aurora combined make up less than half of the Denver Metro Area 's population and Aurora has approximately half the population of Denver . The estimated population of the Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area was 3,214,218 on July 1 , 2012 ( 15th most populous CSA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'singer ; This Happy Madness', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hazel L. Harrison', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pianist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pianist', 'summary': 'A pianist ( /ˈpiːənɪst/ PEE-ə-nist , /piˈænɪst/ pee-AN-ist ) is an individual musician who plays the piano . Since most forms of Western music can make use of the piano , pianists have a wide repertoire and a wide variety of styles to choose from , among them traditional classical music , jazz , blues , and all sorts of popular music , including rock and roll . Most pianists can , to an extent , easily play other keyboard-related instruments such as the synthesizer , harpsichord , celesta , and the organ .'}]}, {'value': 'Alika Hope Bryant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alika_Hope', 'summary': "Alika Hope , M.A . is the founder and primary vocalist for the Ray of Hope Project . She was born in Oregon , and received a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from the University of Notre Dame . Hope also minored in dance at St. Mary 's College . She went on to receive her Master of Arts in Early Childhood Special Education from Teachers College at Columbia University ."}]}, {'value': 'Boulé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'opera singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caterina Jarboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caterina_Jarboro', 'summary': "Caterina Jarboro ( July 24 , 1898 - August 13 , 1986 ) was an African-American opera singer . She was the first female black opera singer to perform a leading role with an otherwise all-white company in America , twenty-two years before Marian Anderson 's début at the Metropolitan Opera ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'opera singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alicia Keys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alicia_Keys', 'summary': "Alicia Augello-Cook ( born January 25 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Alicia Keys , is an American musician , singer , composer and actress . A classically-trained pianist , Keys was composing songs by age 12 and was signed at 15 years old by Columbia Records . After disputes with the label , she signed with Arista Records , and later released her debut album , Songs in A Minor , with J Records in 2001 . The album was critically and commercially successful , producing her first Billboard Hot 100 number-one single Fallin ' and selling over 16 million copies worldwide . The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002 . Her second album , The Diary of Alicia Keys ( 2003 ) , was also a critical and commercial success , spawning successful singles You Do n't Know My Name , If I Ai n't Got You , and Diary , and selling eight million copies worldwide . The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards . Her duet My Boo with Usher became her second number-one single in 2004 . Keys released her first live album , Unplugged ( 2005 ) , and became the first woman to have an MTV Unplugged album debut at number one . Alicia Keys was given the honor of hosting the Grammys two times in a row ( 2019-2020 ) . Her third album , As I Am ( 2007 ) , produced the Hot 100 number-one single No One , selling 7 million copies worldwide and earning an additional three Grammy Awards . In 2007 , Keys made her film debut in the action-thriller film Smokin ' Aces ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grammy Award-winning R & B singer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/R&B', 'summary': "Rhythm and blues , commonly abbreviated as R & B , is a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s . The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans , at a time when urbane , rocking , jazz based music with a heavy , insistent beat was becoming more popular . In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s , the bands usually consisted of piano , one or two guitars , bass , drums , one or more saxophones , and sometimes background vocalists . R & B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy , as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships , economics , and aspirations . The term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning . In the early 1950s , it was frequently applied to blues records . Starting in the mid-1950s , after this style of music contributed to the development of rock and roll , the term R & B became used to refer to music styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues , as well as gospel and soul music . In the 1960s , several British rock bands such as the Rolling Stones , the Who and the Animals were referred to and promoted as being R & B bands ; posters for the Who 's residency at the Marquee Club in 1964 contained the slogan , Maximum R & B . Their mix of rock and roll and R & B is now known as British rhythm and blues . By the 1970s , the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk . In the 1980s , a newer style of R & B developed , becoming known as contemporary R & B . It combines rhythm and blues with elements of pop , soul , funk , hip hop , and electronic music ."}]}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight', 'summary': "Gladys Maria Knight ( born May 28 , 1944 ) , known as the Empress of Soul , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , businesswoman , and author . A seven-time Grammy Award-winner , Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips , which also included her brother Merald Bubba Knight and cousins Edward Patten and William Guest . Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ( Midnight Train to Georgia and That 's What Friends Are For ) , eleven number-one R & B singles , and six number-one R & B albums . She has won seven Grammy Awards ( four as a solo artist and three with the Pips ) and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips . She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill . Knight is also listed as one of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'lead singer of Gladys Knight and the Pips ; Grammy Award-winning gospel and R & B artist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight_&_the_Pips', 'summary': "Gladys Knight & the Pips were an R & B/soul family musical act from Atlanta , Georgia that remained active on the music charts and performing circuit for three decades . Starting out as simply The Pips in 1952 , derived from a cousin 's nickname , the founding members were Gladys Knight , brother Merald Bubba Knight , sister Brenda Knight and cousins Eleanor and William Guest . After a couple of years performing in talent shows , the group signed with Brunswick Records in 1957 , recording a couple of singles that failed to chart . Brenda Knight and Eleanor Guest were eventually replaced by another cousin , Edward Patten and a non-relative , Langston George in 1959 . This lineup produced the group 's first hit single , Every Beat of My Heart . After the single was released on three different labels , they changed their name to Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1961 . Langston George left the same year and Gladys Knight left in 1962 to start a family with musician Jimmy Newman . Knight rejoined in 1964 and this lineup continued until the group 's disbandment in 1989 . The group reached commercial success after signing with Motown Records in 1966 . After a year and a half , the group recorded the first hit single version of I Heard It Through the Grapevine in 1967 , which led to several hit singles for Motown 's Soul Records label , including Nitty Gritty , Friendship Train , If I Were Your Woman and Neither One of Us ( Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye ) , before leaving the label for Buddah Records in 1973 , where they recorded the hits Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me , I 've Got to Use My Imagination and their number-one hit single , Midnight Train to Georgia . Contractual difficulties with their labels forced the group to record side projects until 1980 when they signed with Columbia Records . Later hits included Save the Overtime ( For Me ) and the Grammy-winning single Love Overboard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gospel', 'summary': "Gospel [ note 1 ] originally meant the Christian message itself , but in the 2nd century it came to be used for the books in which the message was set out . The four canonical gospels of Matthew , Mark , Luke and John comprise the first four books of the New Testament of the Bible and were probably written between AD 66 and 110 . All four were anonymous ( the modern names were added in the 2nd century ) , almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses , and all are the end-products of long oral and written transmission , They are a subset of the genre of ancient biography but ancient biographies should not be confused with modern ones , and often included propaganda and kerygma ( preaching ) ; yet while there is no guarantee that the events which they describe are historically accurate , in the quest for the historical Jesus scholars believe that it is possible to differentiate Jesus ' own views from those of his later followers . Many non-canonical gospels were also written , all later than the four canonical gospels , and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiffany Moníque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rho Kappa Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey , after Newark . It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county 's largest city . As of 2018 , the Census Bureau 's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City 's population was 265,549 , with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010 , an increase of about 9.4% from the 2010 United States Census , when the city 's population was at 247,597 , ranking the city the 78th-most-populous in the nation . Part of the New York metropolitan area , Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay . A port of entry , with 30.7 miles ( 49.4 km ) of waterfront and extensive rail infrastructure and connectivity , the city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey . Jersey City shares significant mass transit connections with Manhattan . Redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront has made the city one of the largest centers of banking and finance in the United States and has led to the district being nicknamed Wall Street West . After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census , the city 's population saw a half-century-long decline to a nadir of 223,532 in the 1980 Census . Since then , the city 's population has rebounded , with the 2010 population reflecting an increase of 7,542 ( +3.1% ) from the 240,055 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 11,518 ( +5.0% ) from the 228,537 counted in the 1990 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'R & B Singer & Songwriter ; Lead Background Vocalist for Beyonce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyonce', 'summary': "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( /biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say ; born September 4 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Houston , Texas , Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child . She rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of Destiny 's Child , one of the best-selling girl groups of all time . During Destiny 's Child 's hiatus , Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut with a role in the US box-office number-one Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) and recorded her first solo album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart . It also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Crazy in Love and Baby Boy . Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in 2006 , she released her second solo album , B'Day , which contained the US number-one single Irreplaceable , as well as the UK number-one singles Déjà Vu and Beautiful Liar . Beyoncé continued her acting career with starring roles in The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Obsessed ( 2009 ) . Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and her portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , I Am . Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , which earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 . It spawned the UK number-one single If I Were a Boy and the US number-one single Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) . After splitting from her manager and father Mathew Knowles in 2010 , Beyoncé released 4 ( 2011 ) , which was influenced by 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . Beyoncé received widespread critical acclaim for her albums , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) and Lemonade ( 2016 ) ; the latter became the world 's best-selling album of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessye Norman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessye_Norman', 'summary': "Jessye Norman ( September 15 , 1945 - September 30 , 2019 ) was an American opera singer and recitalist . She was able to perform dramatic soprano roles , but refused to being limited to that voice type . She was a commanding presence on operatic , concert and recital stages , associated with roles including Beethoven 's Leonore , Wagner 's Sieglinde and Kundry , Cassandre and Didon by Berlioz and Bartók 's Judith . The New York Times music critic Edward Rothstein described her voice as a grand mansion of sound , and wrote that it has enormous dimensions , reaching backward and upward . It opens onto unexpected vistas . It contains sunlit rooms , narrow passageways , cavernous halls . Norman was trained at Howard University , the Peabody Institute , and the University of Michigan . Her career began in Europe , where she won the ARD International Music Competition in Munich in 1968 , which led to a contract with the Deutsche Oper Berlin . Her operatic début came as Elisabeth in Wagner 's Tannhäuser , after which she sang as Verdi 's Aida at La Scala in Milan . She made her first operatic appearance un the U.S. in 1982 with the Opera Company of Philadelphia , when cast as Jocasta in Stravinsky 's Oedipus rex , and as Dido in Purcell 's Dido and Aeneas . She went on to sing leading roles with many other companies , including the Metropolitan Opera , the Lyric Opera of Chicago , the Paris Opera , and the Royal Opera , London . She sang at the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan , at Queen Elizabeth II 's 60th birthday celebration in 1986 , and performed the La Marseillaise to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution on July 14 , 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'opera singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandy Norwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandy_Norwood', 'summary': "Brandy Rayana Norwood ( born February 11 , 1979 ) , known professionally by her mononym Brandy , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Born into a musical family in McComb , Mississippi and raised in Carson , California , she began her career as a child and performed as a backing vocalist for teen groups . In 1993 , Norwood signed with Atlantic Records . The following year , she released her self-titled debut album , which was certified quadruple Platinum in the US , selling six million copies worldwide . Norwood starred in the UPN sitcom Moesha as the title character , which lasted six seasons and resulted in numerous other roles . She resumed her music career in 1998 with the wildly successful duet with fellow R & B contemporary Monica , The Boy Is Mine , which went on to become the best selling female duet of all time , and one of the longest running number one singles in history . Her second album , Never Say Never , sold 16 million copies worldwide , featured two number one singles , and earned Norwood her first Grammy Award . This launched her into international stardom , with films , endorsements , sold out concert tours , and her own line of Barbie dolls . Throughout the 2000s , Norwood held a precarious position in the pop industry . In 2002 , she starred in the reality series Brandy : Special Delivery , documenting the birth of her daughter . Her third and fourth albums , Full Moon ( 2002 ) and Afrodisiac ( 2004 ) , were released to critical and commercial success . She served as a judge on the first season of America 's Got Talent before being involved in a widely publicized car accident in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delores Parker-Morgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pianist and soloist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cassandra Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cassandra_Wilson', 'summary': 'Cassandra Wilson ( born December 4 , 1955 ) is an American jazz singer , songwriter , and producer from Jackson , Mississippi . Described by critic Gary Giddins as a singer blessed with an unmistakable timbre and attack [ who has ] expanded the playing field by incorporating blues , country , and folk music into her work .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Delta Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_University', 'summary': "Jackson State University ( Jackson State or JSU ) is a public , historically black university in Jackson , Mississippi . The university is one of the largest HBCUs in the United States and the fourth largest university in Mississippi . The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . It is classified as a research university with high research activity . Jackson State University 's athletic teams , the Tigers , participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university is also the home of the Sonic Boom of the South , a marching band founded in the 1940s . Their accompanying danceline , the Prancing J-Settes , are well known for their unique style of dance , known as J-Setting ."}]}, {'value': 'Grammy Award-winning jazz vocalist/producer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sherry Winston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grammy-nominated jazz flutist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flute', 'summary': 'The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group . Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds , a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening . According to the instrument classification of Hornbostel-Sachs , flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones . [ failed verification ] A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a flute player , flautist , flutist or , less commonly , fluter or flutenist . Flutes are the earliest extant musical instruments , as paleolithic instruments with hand-bored holes have been found . A number of flutes dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in the Swabian Jura region of present-day Germany . These flutes demonstrate that a developed musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters_6', 'intro': 'This list of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorors (commonly referred to as AKAs) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter sorority established for Black college women. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., by nine women who were known as The Original Group of 1908, and seven sophomores, who were accepted as honor initiates and are known as The Sophomores of 1910. Alpha Kappa Alpha has a membership of more than 200,000 women in over 950 chapters in the United States and several other countries. Membership is extended to female college undergraduate and graduate students. The sorority also bestows honorary membership as its highest honor.'} | null | null | This Honorary sister passed away on June 15 , 1996 and is best known for New Orleans style music ? | Ella Fitzgerald |
04816c4e4701c9f1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of New York University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Relation to NYU', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'James Truslow Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Truslow_Adams', 'summary': 'James Truslow Adams ( October 18 , 1878 - May 18 , 1949 ) was an American writer and historian . He was a freelance author who helped to popularize the latest scholarship about American history and his three-volume history of New England is well regarded by scholars . He coined the phrase American Dream in his 1931 book The Epic of America .'}]}, {'value': 'POLY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': '1921 Pulitzer Prize for History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Milton Babbitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Babbitt', 'summary': 'Milton Byron Babbitt ( May 10 , 1916 - January 29 , 2011 ) was an American composer , music theorist , and teacher . He is particularly noted for his serial and electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'ARTS 1935 , B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1982 Pulitzer Prize , Special Citation , for his life 's work as a distinguished and seminal American composer", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize jury has the option of awarding special citations and awards where they consider necessary . Since 1918 , forty-four such special citations and awards have been given . The awards are composed of sixteen journalism awards , twelve letters awards , fourteen music awards , and five service awards . Prizes for the award vary . The Pulitzer Foundation has stated that the Special Citations given to George Gershwin , Thelonious Monk , John Coltrane and Duke Ellington were in response to criticism for the failure of the Foundation to cite the four .'}]}, {'value': 'Jorie Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorie_Graham', 'summary': 'Jorie Graham ( born May 9 , 1950 ) is an American poet . The Poetry Foundation called Graham one of the most celebrated poets of the American post-war generation . She replaced poet Seamus Heaney as Boylston Professor at Harvard , becoming the first woman to be appointed to this position . She won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry ( 1996 ) for The Dream of the Unified Field : Selected Poems 1974-1994 and was chancellor of the Academy of American Poets from 1997 to 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'undergraduate/Film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Gartner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gartner', 'summary': 'Michael Gartner ( born October 25 , 1938 , in Des Moines , Iowa ) is an American journalist and businessman . He was president of the Iowa Board of Regents .'}]}, {'value': 'Law 1972 , J.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': '2001 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Morton Gould', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morton_Gould', 'summary': 'Morton Gould ( December 10 , 1913 - February 21 , 1996 ) was an American composer , conductor , arranger , and pianist .'}]}, {'value': 'CAS , studied under Abby Whiteside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': '1995 Pulitzer Prize for Stringmusic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Galway Kinnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_Kinnell', 'summary': 'Galway Mills Kinnell ( February 1 , 1927 - October 28 , 2014 ) was an American poet . He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his 1982 collection , Selected Poems and split the National Book Award for Poetry with Charles Wright . From 1989 to 1993 he was poet laureate for the state of Vermont . An admitted follower of Walt Whitman , Kinnell rejects the idea of seeking fulfillment by escaping into the imaginary world . His best-loved and most anthologized poems are St. Francis and the Sow and After Making Love We Hear Footsteps .'}]}, {'value': 'professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank McCourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_McCourt', 'summary': "Francis McCourt ( August 19 , 1930 - July 19 , 2009 ) was an Irish-American teacher and writer . He won a Pulitzer Prize for his book Angela 's Ashes , a tragicomic memoir of the misery and squalor of his childhood ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS 1953 , B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': '1997 Pulitzer Prize for Autobiography or Autobiographical Writing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'George Perle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Perle', 'summary': 'George Perle ( May 6 , 1915 - January 23 , 2009 ) was a composer and music theorist .'}]}, {'value': 'GSAS 1956 , Ph.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science ( GSAS ) is a school within New York University ( NYU ) founded in 1886 by Henry Mitchell MacCracken , establishing NYU as the second academic institution in the United States to grant Ph.D. degrees on academic performance and examination . The School is housed in the Silver Center , several departments have their own buildings and houses around Washington Square . The graduate program at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences , although run independently , is formally associated with the graduate school .'}]}, {'value': '1986 Pulitzer Prize for Woodwind Quintet No . 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorothy Rabinowitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorothy_Rabinowitz', 'summary': "Dorothy Rabinowitz is a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist and commentator . She was born in New York City , and attained a bachelor 's degree at Queens College . She worked toward a doctorate at New York University from 1957 to 1960 , but did not graduate . She has worked as editorial writer for the Wall Street Journal since June 1990 and has been a member of their editorial board since May 1996 . She is a regular panelist on the Journal Editorial Report ."}]}, {'value': 'GSAS 1960 , Ph.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science ( GSAS ) is a school within New York University ( NYU ) founded in 1886 by Henry Mitchell MacCracken , establishing NYU as the second academic institution in the United States to grant Ph.D. degrees on academic performance and examination . The School is housed in the Silver Center , several departments have their own buildings and houses around Washington Square . The graduate program at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences , although run independently , is formally associated with the graduate school .'}]}, {'value': '2001 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'James Ford Rhodes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes', 'summary': 'James Ford Rhodes ( May 1 , 1848 - January 22 , 1927 ) , was an American industrialist and historian born in Cleveland , Ohio . After earning a fortune in the iron , coal , and steel industries by 1885 , he retired from business . He devoted his life to historical research and publishing a seven-volume history of the United States beginning in 1850 ; his work was published from 1893-1906 . He published an eighth volume in 1920 . His work , History of the Civil War , 1861-1865 ( 1918 ) , won the second-ever Pulitzer Prize for History that year .'}]}, {'value': 'CAS , 1865- *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': '1916 Pulitzer Prize for History of the Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Harold C. Schonberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg', 'summary': 'Harold Charles Schonberg ( November 29 , 1915 - July 26 , 2003 ) was an American music critic and journalist , most notably for The New York Times . In 1971 , he became the first music critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism . In addition , Schonberg reviewed mysteries and thrillers for The New York Times under the name Newgate Callender for nearly a quarter of a century . He also wrote a number of books on music , and one on chess .'}]}, {'value': 'GSAS 1939 , M.A. ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science ( GSAS ) is a school within New York University ( NYU ) founded in 1886 by Henry Mitchell MacCracken , establishing NYU as the second academic institution in the United States to grant Ph.D. degrees on academic performance and examination . The School is housed in the Silver Center , several departments have their own buildings and houses around Washington Square . The graduate program at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences , although run independently , is formally associated with the graduate school .'}]}, {'value': '1971 Pulitzer Prize for Criticism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'William Schuman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Schuman', 'summary': 'William Howard Schuman ( August 4 , 1910 - February 15 , 1992 ) was an American composer and arts administrator .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': '1943 Pulitzer Prize for A Free Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A_Free_Song', 'summary': 'Secular Cantata No . 2 : A Free Song ( October 16 , 1942 ) is a cantata for chorus and orchestra by William Schuman , using text by Walt Whitman , that was awarded the first Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1943 , after it was premiered by the Boston Symphony Orchestra ( with the amateur Harvard-Radcliffe Chorus ) under Serge Koussevitzky . Music Sales Classical describes it as containing , granite-like blocks of dissonant harmony and sharp-edged counterpoint . Either about 22 minutes or less than 14 in length , the form is as follows :'}]}, {'value': 'John Patrick Shanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley', 'summary': 'John Patrick Shanley ( born October 13 , 1950 ) is an American playwright , screenwriter , and director . His play , Doubt : A Parable , won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 2005 Tony Award for Best Play . He won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film Moonstruck .'}]}, {'value': 'Steinhardt 1977 , M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development', 'summary': "The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ( commonly referred to as Steinhardt ) is the secondary liberal arts and education school of New York University . Founded in 1890 , it is the first school of pedagogy to be established at an American university . Prior to 2001 , it was known as the NYU School of Education . Located on NYU 's founding campus in Greenwich Village , the Steinhardt School offers bachelor 's , master 's , advanced certificate , and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology , art , education , health , media , and music . NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU 's Brooklyn campus ."}]}, {'value': '2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Simic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Simic', 'summary': "Charles Simic ( Serbian : Душан Чарлс Симић [ dǔʃan tʃârls sǐːmitɕ ] ; born Dušan Simić ; May 9 , 1938 ) is a Serbian American poet and former co-poetry editor of the Paris Review . He received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1990 for The World Does n't End , and was a finalist of the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 for Selected Poems , 1963-1983 and in 1987 for Unending Blues . He was appointed the fifteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS 1966 , B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': "1990 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry ( The World Does n't End )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Neil Simon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Simon', 'summary': "Marvin Neil Simon ( July 4 , 1927 - August 26 , 2018 ) was an American playwright , screenwriter and author . He wrote more than 30 plays and nearly the same number of movie screenplays , mostly adaptations of his plays . He received more combined Oscar and Tony nominations than any other writer . Simon grew up in New York City during the Great Depression . His parents ' financial difficulties affected their marriage , giving him a mostly unhappy and unstable childhood . He often took refuge in movie theaters , where he enjoyed watching early comedians like Charlie Chaplin . After graduating from high school and serving a few years in the Army Air Force Reserve , he began writing comedy scripts for radio programs and popular early television shows . Among the latter were Sid Caesar 's Your Show of Shows , ( where in 1950 he worked alongside other young writers including Carl Reiner , Mel Brooks and Selma Diamond ) and The Phil Silvers Show , which ran from 1955 to 1959 . His first produced play was Come Blow Your Horn ( 1961 ) . It took him three years to complete and ran for 678 performances on Broadway . It was followed by two more successes , Barefoot in the Park ( 1963 ) and The Odd Couple ( 1965 ) . He won a Tony Award for the latter ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS 1944-1945*', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': '1991 Pulitzer Prize for Drama ( Lost in Yonkers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Moneta Sleet Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moneta_Sleet_Jr.', 'summary': "Moneta J. Sleet Jr. ( February 14 , 1926 - September 30 , 1996 ) was an American press photographer best known for his work as a staff photographer for Ebony magazine . In 1969 he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for his photograph of Coretta Scott King , Martin Luther King Jr. 's widow , at her husband 's funeral . Sleet was the first African-American man to win the Pulitzer , and the first African American to win the award for journalism . He died of cancer in 1996 at the age of 70 ."}]}, {'value': "Master 's in journalism", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography ( Photo of grieving widow Coretta Scott King )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King', 'summary': "Coretta Scott King ( née Scott ; April 27 , 1927 - January 30 , 2006 ) was an American author , activist , civil rights leader , and the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. An active advocate for African-American equality , she was a leader for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s . King was also a singer who often incorporated music into her civil rights work . King met her husband while attending graduate school in Boston . They both became increasingly active in the American Civil Rights Movement . King played a prominent role in the years after her husband 's assassination in 1968 when she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the Women 's Movement . King founded the King Center and sought to make his birthday a national holiday . She finally succeeded when Ronald Reagan signed legislation which established Martin Luther King Jr. Day on November 2 , 1983 . She later broadened her scope to include both advocacy for LGBT rights and opposition to apartheid . King became friends with many politicians before and after Martin Luther King 's death , including John F. Kennedy , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Robert F. Kennedy . Her telephone conversation with John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election has been credited by historians for mobilizing African-American voters . [ citation needed ] In August 2005 , King suffered a stroke which paralyzed her right side and left her unable to speak ; five months later she died of respiratory failure due to complications from ovarian cancer . Her funeral was attended by some 10,000 people , including four of five living US presidents ."}]}, {'value': 'Irwin Unger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irwin_Unger', 'summary': 'Irwin Unger ( born 1927 , Brooklyn , New York ) is an American historian and academic specializing in economic history , the history of the 1960s , and the history of the Gilded Age . He earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1958 and is currently Professor Emeritus of History at New York University . Unger won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1965 for his book , The Greenback Era . His most recent book , written in collaboration with Stanley Hirshson , a Queens College historian , and Debi Unger , an editor at HarperCollins , is a 2014 biography of George Marshall .'}]}, {'value': 'professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965 Pulitzer Prize for History ( The Greenback Era )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Greenback_Era', 'summary': 'The Greenback Era : A Social and Political History of American Finance , 1865-1879 is a book by American historian Irwin Unger , published in 1964 by Princeton University Press , which won the 1965 Pulitzer Prize for History . It is about American finance in the post-Civil War period and the social and political elements involved .'}]}, {'value': 'Gene Weingarten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Weingarten', 'summary': "Gene Norman Weingarten ( born October 2 , 1951 ) is an American syndicated humor columnist at The Washington Post . He is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist , and is the only person to win the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing twice . Weingarten is known for both his serious and humorous work . Weingarten 's column , Below the Beltway , is published weekly in The Washington Post magazine and syndicated nationally by The Washington Post Writers Group , which also syndicates Barney & Clyde , a comic strip he co-authors with his son , Dan Weingarten , with illustrations by David Clark ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS 1968-1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 , 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Doug Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Wright', 'summary': 'Doug Wright ( born 1962 ) is an American playwright , librettist , and screenwriter . He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2004 for his play , I Am My Own Wife .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 Pulitzer Prize for Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Wright', 'summary': "Lawrence Wright ( born August 2 , 1947 ) is an American author , screenwriter , staff writer for The New Yorker magazine , and fellow at the Center for Law and Security at the New York University School of Law . Wright is best known as the author of the 2006 nonfiction book The Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 . Wright is also known for his work with documentarian Alex Gibney who directed film versions of Wright 's one man show My Trip to Al-Qaeda and his book Going Clear ."}]}, {'value': 'fellow , Center for Law and Security', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-fiction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Press , literature and arts -- Prize winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_University_alumni_22', 'intro': "New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions. This partial list of notable New York University alumni includes a sampling of the many graduates who are leaders in their respective fields, non-graduate former students, fictional students, and current students of New York University. The list is abridged - only a representative few are listed. NYU ranks 7th among the World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires, as compiled by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. NYU ranks 5th globally among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, as compiled by ABC News. CNBC ranks NYU 4th globally among universities with the most billionaire graduates. National Academy of Inventors ranks NYU 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated. In 2016, a study based on a computerized analysis of the number of times institutions of higher education are mentioned in Wikipedia and the number of times people search for them on Google, ranked NYU #19 among all universities in the world. NYU also is the second top feeder school for analyst careers in finance and investment banking, after University of Pennsylvania, on Wall Street."} | null | null | What is the full name of the person associated with ARTS ? | Milton Byron Babbitt |
04820b091e293e2a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_victims_of_Nazism', 'title': 'List of victims of Nazism', 'header': ['Name', 'Lifespan', 'Nationality', 'Achievements', 'Cause of death'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hana Brady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hana_Brady', 'summary': "Hanička Hana Brady ( born Hana Bradyová ; 16 May 1931 - 23 October 1944 ) was a Czechoslovakian Jewish girl murdered in the gas chambers at German concentration camp at Auschwitz , located in the occupied territory of Poland , during the Holocaust . She is the subject of the 2002 non-fiction children 's book Hana 's Suitcase , written by Karen Levine ."}]}, {'value': '1931-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Portrayed in Hana 's Suitcase : A True Story", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gas_chamber', 'summary': 'A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas , consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced . Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide . Gas chambers were used as a method of execution for condemned prisoners in the United States beginning in the 1920s and continue to be a legal execution method in three states . During the Holocaust , large-scale gas chambers designed for mass killing were used by Nazi Germany as part of their genocide program . The use of gas chambers in North Korea has also been reported .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'René Blum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/René_Blum_(ballet)', 'summary': "René Blum ( 13 March 1878 - September 1942 ) was a French theatrical impresario . He was the founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra at Monte Carlo and was the younger brother of the Socialist Prime Minister of France , Léon Blum . A Jew , he was interned in various camps from 1941 until he was murdered by the Nazis at the Auschwitz concentration camp in late September 1942 . While at the camps , he was known for keeping up the spirits of his fellow prisoners with tales of his life in the arts ."}]}, {'value': '1878-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra à Monte Carlo", 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Bergen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Bergen', 'summary': 'Arthur Bergen ( 24 October 1875 - 1943 ) was an Austrian actor [ citation needed ] and film director . He died at Auschwitz concentration camp during the Holocaust .'}]}, {'value': '1875-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Egon Friedell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egon_Friedell', 'summary': 'Egon Friedell ( born Egon Friedmann ; 21 January 1878 , in Vienna ; died 16 March 1938 , in Vienna ) was a prominent Austrian philosopher , historian , journalist , actor , cabaret performer ( Kabarettist ) and theatre critic . Friedell has been described as a polymath .'}]}, {'value': '1878-1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , cabaret performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide to avoid arrest by Sturmabteilung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturmabteilung', 'summary': "The Sturmabteilung ( SA ; German pronunciation : [ ˈʃtʊɐ̯mʔapˌtaɪlʊŋ ] ( listen ) ) , literally Storm Detachment , was the Nazi Party 's original paramilitary wing . It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler 's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s . Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies , disrupting the meetings of opposing parties , fighting against the paramilitary units of the opposing parties , especially the Red Front Fighters League ( Rotfrontkämpferbund ) of the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , and intimidating Romani , trade unionists , and , especially , Jews - for instance , during the 1933 Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses . The SA were also called the Brownshirts ( Braunhemden ) , from the color of their uniform shirts , similar to Benito Mussolini 's blackshirts . The SA developed pseudo-military titles for its members , with ranks that were later adopted by several other Nazi Party groups , chief amongst them the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . This had originated as a branch of the SA before being separated . Brown-colored shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large number of them were cheaply available after World War I , having originally been ordered during the war for colonial troops posted to Germany 's former African colonies . After Adolf Hitler ordered the blood purge of 1934 , he withdrew support from the SA . This event became known as the Night of the Long Knives ( die Nacht der langen Messer ) . The SA continued to exist , but was effectively superseded by the SS , although the paramilitary forces were not formally dissolved until after Nazi Germany 's final capitulation to the Allies in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugen Burg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugen_Burg', 'summary': 'Eugen Burg ( January 6 , 1871 - April 17 , 1944 ) was a German film actor . His daughter was Hansi Burg . Burg was a close friend of the actor Hans Albers . Burg was born Eugen Hirschburg into a Jewish family , but later converted to Protestantism . He was banished from the film industry when the Nazi Party came to power in Germany . He later died in Theresienstadt concentration camp .'}]}, {'value': '1871-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Film actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died at an unknown concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concentration_camp', 'summary': "Internment is the imprisonment of people , commonly in large groups , without charges or intent to file charges , and thus no trial . The term is especially used for the confinement of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects . Thus , while it can simply mean imprisonment , it tends to refer to preventive confinement rather than confinement after having been convicted of some crime . Use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities . Interned persons may be held in prisons or in facilities known as internment camps , also known as concentration camps . This involves internment generally , as distinct from the subset , the Nazi extermination camps , commonly referred to as death camps . Internment also refers to a neutral country 's practice of detaining belligerent armed forces and equipment on its territory during times of war under the Hague Convention of 1907 . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights restricts the use of internment . Article 9 states that No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest , detention or exile ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernst Arndt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Arndt_(actor)', 'summary': 'Ernst Arndt ( 3 February 1861 - c. September 1942 ) was a German stage and film actor notable for his later career in Austria .'}]}, {'value': '1861-1942/3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gas chamber at Treblinka concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treblinka_concentration_camp', 'summary': "Treblinka ( pronounced [ trɛˈblʲinka ] ) was an extermination camp , [ b ] built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II . It was located in a forest north-east of Warsaw , 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) south of the Treblinka train station in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship . The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard , the deadliest phase of the Final Solution . During this time , it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were killed in its gas chambers , along with 2,000 Romani people . More Jews were killed at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp apart from Auschwitz . Managed by the German SS and the Trawniki guards - enlisted voluntarily from among Soviet POWs to serve with the Germans - the camp consisted of two separate units . [ c ] Treblinka I was a forced-labour camp ( Arbeitslager ) whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest , where they cut wood to fuel the cremation pits . Between 1941 and 1944 , more than half of its 20,000 inmates died from summary executions , hunger , disease and mistreatment . The second camp , Treblinka II , was an extermination camp ( Vernichtungslager ) , referred to euphemistically as the SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka by the Nazis . A small number of Jewish men who were not killed immediately upon arrival became its Jewish slave-labour units called Sonderkommandos , forced to bury the victims ' bodies in mass graves . These bodies were exhumed in 1943 and cremated on large open-air pyres along with the bodies of new victims . Gassing operations at Treblinka II ended in October 1943 following a revolt by the Sonderkommandos in early August ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Bard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Bard', 'summary': "Maria Bard ( 7 July 1900 - April 1944 ) was a German stage actress , who made a handful of films in the silent era for Rimax , her first husband Wilhelm Graaff 's company . By 1930 , her marriage with Graaff was over , and she appeared with Werner Krauss in the stage production Der Kaiser von Amerika or The King of America and the two became involved . Unfortunately , Krauss ' wife discovered their affair and committed suicide ; a year later , in 1931 , Maria Bard married Werner Krauss . Her third husband was actor Hannes Stelzer . Bard committed suicide in April 1944 , reportedly for political reasons ."}]}, {'value': '1900-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide in Berlin for political reasons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suicide', 'summary': "Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one 's own death . Mental disorders , including depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , personality disorders , anxiety disorders , and substance abuse - including alcoholism and the use of benzodiazepines - are risk factors . Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress , such as from financial difficulties , relationship problems such as breakups , or bullying . Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts . Effective suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide - such as firearms , drugs , and poisons ; treating mental disorders and substance misuse ; careful media reporting about suicide ; and improving economic conditions . Even though crisis hotlines are common , they have not been well studied . The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries , and is partly related to the availability of effective means . Common methods of suicide include hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . Suicides resulted in 828,000 global deaths in 2015 , an increase from 712,000 deaths in 1990 . This makes suicide the 10th leading cause of death worldwide . Approximately 1.5% of people die by suicide . In a given year this is roughly 12 per 100,000 people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Lea Deutsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lea_Deutsch', 'summary': 'Lea Deutsch ( Croatian pronunciation : [ lêa dâjtʃ ] ; 18 March 1927 - May 1943 ) was a Yugoslavian Jewish child actress who died during the Holocaust .'}]}, {'value': '1927-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Child actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heart failure en route to the Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_failure', 'summary': "Heart failure ( HF ) , also known as congestive heart failure ( CHF ) and congestive cardiac failure ( CCF ) , is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body 's needs . Signs and symptoms of heart failure commonly include shortness of breath , excessive tiredness , and leg swelling . The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise or while lying down , and may wake the person at night . A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature . Chest pain , including angina , does not typically occur due to heart failure . Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , including a previous myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause . These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the function of the heart . The two types of left ventricular heart failure - heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ( HFrEF ) , and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) - are based on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract , or to relax , is affected . The severity of the heart failure is graded by the severity of symptoms with exercise . Heart failure is not the same as heart attack ( in which part of the heart muscle dies ) or cardiac arrest ( in which blood flow stops altogether ) . Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver problems , anemia , and thyroid disease . Diagnosis is based on symptoms , physical findings , and echocardiography ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Ehrlich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Ehrlich', 'summary': 'Max Michaelis Ehrlich ( 7 December 1892 , Berlin - 1 October 1944 , Auschwitz concentration camp ) was a German actor , screenwriter , and director on the German theater , comedy and cabaret scene of the 1930s . Ehrlich began his career in the 1920s at various theatres , including leading roles in Max Reinhardt productions and revues . He appeared in 42 films , ten of which he directed , and on eight records . He wrote several books , including From Adelbert to Zilzer , his best-selling humorous collection of stories and anecdotes about sixty-two of his best known show business friends and colleagues .'}]}, {'value': '1892-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , screenwriter , director , best-selling author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Forescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Forescu', 'summary': 'Maria Forescu ( 15 January 1875 - 23 November 1943 ) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian opera singer and film actress . During the silent and talkies era of the German cinema , she appeared in several movies as a supporting actress . When Adolf Hitler came to power , Forescu , like other Jews of that period , was barred from her profession . She died in the Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany .'}]}, {'value': '1875-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austro-Hungarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opera singer and actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buchenwald concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp', 'summary': "Buchenwald ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbuːxənvalt ] ; literally beech forest ) was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg [ de ] hill near Weimar , Germany , in July 1937 . It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany 's 1937 borders . Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees . Prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union - Jews , Poles and other Slavs , the mentally ill and physically disabled , political prisoners , Romani people , Freemasons , and prisoners of war . There were also ordinary criminals and sexual deviants . All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories . The insufficient food and poor conditions , as well as deliberate executions , led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps . The camp gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945 ; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps . From August 1945 to March 1950 , the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp , NKVD special camp Nr . 2 , where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of whom died . Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisl Frank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisl_Frank', 'summary': "Lisl Frank ( 22 January 1911 - October 4 , 1944 ) achieved success as a singer , dancer and actress before World War II . Born Alice Frankl in Prague , she met her future husband , Otto Aufrichtig ( stage name Otto Aurich ) in 1933 when he took over as director of the Neues Stadttheater in Teplitz-Schonau [ Teplice ] where she was appearing as a singer , dancer and actress . Their Teplice stage partnership proved to be a winning combination and after marrying in Czechoslovakia , she and Otto moved to his home city of Vienna . With the Nazis rise to power , they curtailed their own success in Vienna and made the decision to move to the Netherlands , where they became members of the Fritz Hirsch Operetta in Den Haag . They were an instant success , staying on with the company until 1938 . When they left , it was to become members of a new opera company , the Plaza Theater in the Hollandsche Schouwburg , which had been founded in Amsterdam . They were the stars of the company but their success could not prevent the Plaza Theater from going bankrupt . They immediately bounced back with a new opera company in the Hollandsche Schouwburg in The Capital , led by Otto Frohn Knecht , in which they co-starred with celebrated artists of the period , Sylvain Poons and Kurt Gerron . This , too , was destined not to last . Following German occupation of the Netherlands and the tight restrictions forced upon Jews , the Nazis decreed in November 1941 that the Hollandsche Schouwburg would be renamed the Joodsche Schouwburg [ Jewish Theatre ] , and star Jewish performers no longer permitted to appear before non-Jewish audiences . In March 1939 , she and Otto joined the Rudolf Nelson Revue , and it was with Rudolf 's piano accompaniment that the pair cut their own recorded titles - Die Damenschuhe von Zimmer Nr . 20 ( Aurich ) and Männer , Männer , Männer !"}]}, {'value': '1911-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dancer , cabaret singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forced death march from Auschwitz to Christianstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_march', 'summary': 'A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way . It is distinguished in this way from simple prisoner transport via foot march . Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires that prisoners must be moved away from a danger zone such as an advancing front line , to a place that may be considered more secure . It is not required to evacuate prisoners that are too sick or injured to move . In times of war such evacuations are not carried out without difficulty . Death marches usually feature harsh physical labor and abuse , neglect of prisoner injury and illness , deliberate starvation and dehydration , humiliation and torture , and execution of those unable to keep up the marching pace . The march may end at a prisoner-of-war camp or internment camp , or it may continue until all the prisoners are dead ( a form of execution by labor , as seen in the Armenian genocide , among other examples ) . General Masaharu Homma was charged with failure to control his troops in 1945 in connection with the Bataan Death March .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christianstadt', 'summary': 'Kristianstad ( UK : /ˈkrɪstʃənstɑːd/ , Swedish : [ krɪˈɧǎnːsta , -ɑːd ] ; older spelling Christianstad ) is a city and the seat of Kristianstad Municipality , Skåne County , Sweden with 40,145 inhabitants in 2016 . During the last 15 years , it has gone from a garrison town to a developed commercial city , today attracting visitors in the summertime mainly from Germany , Denmark and The Netherlands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Kurt Gerron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Gerron', 'summary': 'Kurt Gerron ( 11 May 1897 - 28 October 1944 ) was a German Jewish actor and film director .'}]}, {'value': '1897-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Performer , actor , film director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Dora Gerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dora_Gerson', 'summary': 'Dora Gerson ( born Dorothea Gerson , 23 March 1899 - 14 February 1943 ) was a German cabaret singer and stage and motion picture actress of the silent film era who died with her family at Auschwitz concentration camp .'}]}, {'value': '1899-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress , cabaret singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'John Gottowt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gottowt', 'summary': "John Gottowt ( 15 June 1881 - 29 August 1942 ) was an Austrian actor , stage director and film director for theatres and silent movies . He was born as Isidor Gesang in Lemberg , Austria-Hungary . After his education in Vienna , he joined the Deutsches Theater in Berlin in 1905 , working for Max Reinhardt as an actor and director . Gottowt was mainly active in different theatres in Berlin as a character actor and director . His first silent film appearance was in Paul Wegeners Der Student von Prag ( The Student of Prague ) ( 1913 ) . In 1920 he appeared in Robert Wiene 's Genuine and took the main role in the early science fiction film Algol . In 1921 he played Professor Bulwer ( Abraham van Helsing ) in the classic silent film Nosferatu directed by F.W . Murnau . Gottowt made also several films with his brother-in-law Henrik Galeen but , as a Jew , was banned in 1933 from working as a professional actor . After a few years in Denmark he moved to Kraków in Poland . He was murdered in 1942 by the SS in Wieliczka ."}]}, {'value': '1881-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austro-Hungarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murdered by SS in Wieliczka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schutzstaffel', 'summary': "The Schutzstaffel ( SS ; also stylized as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes ; German pronunciation : [ ˈʃʊtsˌʃtafl̩ ] ( listen ) ; literally 'Protection Squadron ' ) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) in Nazi Germany , and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II . It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz ( Hall Security ) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich . In 1925 , Heinrich Himmler joined the unit , which had by then been reformed and given its final name . Under his direction ( 1929-1945 ) it grew from a small paramilitary formation during the Weimar Republic to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany . From 1929 until the regime 's collapse in 1945 , the SS was the foremost agency of security , surveillance , and terror within Germany and German-occupied Europe . The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS ( General SS ) and Waffen-SS ( Armed SS ) . The Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing , whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units within Nazi Germany 's military . A third component of the SS , the SS-Totenkopfverbände ( SS-TV ) , ran the concentration camps and extermination camps . Additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) organizations . They were tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi state , the neutralization of any opposition , policing the German people for their commitment to Nazi ideology , and providing domestic and foreign intelligence . The SS was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews and millions of other victims during the Holocaust . Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II ( 1939-45 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wieliczka', 'summary': 'Wieliczka [ vʲɛˈlʲit͡ʂka ] ( German : Groß Salze ) is a town ( 2006 population : 19,128 ) in southern Poland in the Kraków metropolitan area , and situated ( since 1999 ) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship ; previously , it was in Kraków Voivodeship ( 1975-1998 ) . The town was founded in 1290 by Duke Premislas II of Poland . Nowadays , it is mostly known for the Wieliczka Salt Mine , which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joachim Gottschalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joachim_Gottschalk', 'summary': 'Joachim Gottschalk ( 10 April 1904 - 6 November 1941 ) was a German stage and film actor during the late 1930s , a romantic lead in the style of Leslie Howard .'}]}, {'value': '1904-1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide in Berlin to avoid arrest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Leslie Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leslie_Howard_(actor)', 'summary': "Leslie Howard Steiner ( 3 April 1893 - 1 June 1943 ) was an English stage and film actor , director , and producer . He also wrote many stories and articles for The New York Times , The New Yorker , and Vanity Fair and was one of the biggest box-office draws and movie idols of the 1930s . Howard is probably best remembered for playing Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . He had roles in many other notable films , including Berkeley Square ( 1933 ) , Of Human Bondage ( 1934 ) , The Scarlet Pimpernel ( 1934 ) , The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ) , Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , Intermezzo ( 1939 ) , Pimpernel Smith ( 1941 ) , and The First of the Few ( 1942 ) . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Berkeley Square and Pygmalion . Howard 's World War II activities included acting and filmmaking . He was active in anti-German propaganda and rumoured to have been involved with British or Allied Intelligence , sparking conspiracy theories regarding his death in 1943 when the Luftwaffe shot down BOAC Flight 777 over the Bay of Biscay ( in Cedeira , A Coruña ) , on which he was a passenger ."}]}, {'value': '1893-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'airplane shot down by Luftwaffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luftwaffe', 'summary': "The Luftwaffe [ N 2 ] ( German pronunciation : [ ˈlʊftvafə ] ( listen ) ) was the aerial warfare branch of the Wehrmacht during World War II . Germany 's military air arms during World War I , the Luftstreitkräfte of the Imperial Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of theImperial Navy had been disbanded in May 1920 as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which stated that Germany was forbidden to have any air force . During the interwar period , German pilots were trained secretly in violation of the treaty at Lipetsk Air Base in Soviet Union . With the rise of the Nazi Party and the repudiation of the Versailles Treaty , the Luftwaffe 's existence was publicly acknowledged on 26 February 1935 , just over two weeks before open defiance of the Versailles Treaty through German re-armament and conscription would be announced on 16 March . The Condor Legion , a Luftwaffe detachment sent to aid Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War , provided the force with a valuable testing ground for new tactics and aircraft . Partially as a result of this combat experience , the Luftwaffe had become one of the most sophisticated , technologically advanced , and battle-experienced air forces in the world when World War II broke out in 1939 . By the summer of 1939 , the Luftwaffe had twenty-eight Geschwader ( wings ) . The Luftwaffe also operated Fallschirmjäger paratrooper units . The Luftwaffe proved instrumental in the German victories across Poland and Western Europe in 1939 and 1940 . During the Battle of Britain , however , despite inflicting severe damage to the RAF 's infrastructure and , during the subsequent Blitz , devastating many British cities , the German air force failed to batter the beleaguered British into submission . From 1942 , Allied bombing campaigns gradually destroyed the Luftwaffe 's fighter arm . From late 1942 , the Luftwaffe used its surplus ground support and other personnel to raise Luftwaffe Field Divisions ."}]}, {'value': 'Georg John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georg_John', 'summary': 'Georg John ( 23 July 1879 - 18 November 1941 ) was a German stage and film actor .'}]}, {'value': '1879-1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Łódź Ghetto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Łódź_Ghetto', 'summary': 'The Łódź Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto ( after the Nazi German name for Łódź ) was a Nazi ghetto established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the Invasion of Poland . It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto . Situated in the city of Łódź , and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei province of Warthegau , the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre , manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the Wehrmacht . The number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories . On 30 April 1940 , when the gates closed on the ghetto , it housed 163,777 residents . Because of its remarkable productivity , the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944 . In the first two years , it absorbed almost 20,000 Jews from liquidated ghettos in nearby Polish towns and villages , as well as 20,000 more from the rest of German-occupied Europe . After the wave of deportations to Chełmno death camp beginning in early 1942 , and in spite of a stark reversal of fortune , the Germans persisted in eradicating the ghetto : they transported the remaining population to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camps , where most were murdered upon arrival . It was the last ghetto in occupied Poland to be liquidated . A total of 210,000 Jews passed through it ; but only 877 remained hidden when the Soviets arrived . About 10,000 Jewish residents of Łódź , who used to live there before the invasion of Poland , survived the Holocaust elsewhere .'}]}, {'value': 'Salomon Meyer Kannewasser', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916-1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jazz singer . Part of the duo ' Johnny & Jones '", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_&_Jones', 'summary': "Johnny & Jones is the name of the Amsterdam jazz-duo Nol ( Arnold Siméon ) van Wesel ( Johnny ) ( 3 August 1918 - 20 March 1945 ) and Max ( Salomon Meyer ) Kannewasser ( Jones ) ( 24 September 1916 - 15 April 1945 ) . Van Wesel and Kannewasser worked together at the De Bijenkorf department store . In 1934 they were discovered while they were playing during a company party with the quartet The Bijko Rhythm Stompers . Two years later they quit their jobs and began performing under the name Johnny & Jones . Their biggest hit was Mijnheer Dinges weet niet wat swing is ( Mister Dingus does n't know what swing is ) . They made jazz music accompanied by the guitar , and their lyrics , invariably pronounced with an American accent , were characterized by humorous , topical parodies . Beginning in 1937 they were regularly played on the VARA-radio and became immensely popular . Because they were Jews , during the German occupation , Johnny & Jones could only play for Jewish audiences , and after 1941 were not allowed to play at all . In 1943 they and their wives were arrested and sent to the Westerbork transit camp . In the camp they performed once under the name Jonny und Jones since in the revue only the German language was allowed . In 1944 they were sent on a day 's work assignment from Westerbork to Amsterdam , during which they managed to clandestinely record the song Westerbork Serenade . In the camp their job was to dismantle crashed warplanes ."}]}, {'value': 'Died of exhaustion in Bergen-Belsen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurt Lilien', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sobibór extermination camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sobibór_extermination_camp', 'summary': 'Sobibor ( /soʊˈbiːbɔːr/ ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built and operated by the SS as part of Operation Reinhard . It was located in the forest next to the railway station of Sobibór within the semi-colonial territory of the General Government in occupied Poland . Unlike many other Nazi concentration camps , Sobibor existed for the sole purpose of exterminating Jews . Most new arrivals were immediately sent to the gas chambers , with rare exceptions being made for those who were forced to serve as slave labourers who assisted in the operation of the camp . Some 200,000 to 250,000 people were murdered at Sobibor , making it the fourth deadliest extermination camp after Belzec , Treblinka , and Auschwitz . Sobibor is notable for the prisoner revolt which occurred on 14 October 1943 , an event which is often described as the most successful revolt ever to have taken place in a Nazi extermination camp . The plan for the revolt , which was developed by Alexander Pechersky and Leon Feldhendler , involved two phases . In the first phase , teams of prisoners were to assassinate all of the on-duty SS officers in discrete locations . In the second phase , all 600 prisoners would assemble for roll call and walk to freedom out the front gate . However , the revolt did not go as planned . The operation was discovered while several SS officers were still alive and prisoners ended up having to escape by climbing over barbed wire fences and running through a mine field under heavy machine gun fire . Even so , about 300 prisoners made it out of the camp , of whom roughly 60 survived to the end of the war .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Morgan_(actor)', 'summary': 'Paul Morgan ( October 1 , 1886 - December 10 , 1938 ) was a Jewish Austrian actor and Kabarett performer . He died in Buchenwald concentration camp in 1938 .'}]}, {'value': '1886-1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , cabaret performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buchenwald concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp', 'summary': "Buchenwald ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbuːxənvalt ] ; literally beech forest ) was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg [ de ] hill near Weimar , Germany , in July 1937 . It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany 's 1937 borders . Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees . Prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union - Jews , Poles and other Slavs , the mentally ill and physically disabled , political prisoners , Romani people , Freemasons , and prisoners of war . There were also ordinary criminals and sexual deviants . All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories . The insufficient food and poor conditions , as well as deliberate executions , led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps . The camp gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945 ; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps . From August 1945 to March 1950 , the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp , NKVD special camp Nr . 2 , where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of whom died . Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Performing arts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_victims_of_Nazism_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements. Many on the lists below were of Jewish and Polish origin, although Soviet POWs, Jehovahs Witnesses, Serbs, Catholics, Roma and dissidents were also murdered. This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, lost their lives as victims of the Nazi regime. It includes those whose deaths were part of the Holocaust as well as individuals who died in other ways at the hands of the Nazis during World War II. Those who died in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the Nazi Party or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered. The list is sorted by occupation and by nationality.'} | null | null | With whom did this German stage actress have an affair with , who died in this most populous city of the European Union today ? | Werner Krauss |
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