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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence', 'title': 'Birefringence', 'header': ['Material', 'Crystal system', 'n α', 'n β', 'n γ'], 'data': [{'value': 'borax Na 2 ( B 4 O 5 ) ( OH ) 4 ·8H 2 O', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borax', 'summary': "Borax , also known as sodium borate , sodium tetraborate , or disodium tetraborate , is an important boron compound , a mineral , and a salt of boric acid . Powdered borax is white , consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve in water . A number of closely related minerals or chemical compounds that differ in their crystal water content are referred to as borax , and the word is usually used to refer to the octahydrate . Commercially sold borax is partially dehydrated . Borax is a component of many detergents , cosmetics , and enamel glazes . It is used to make buffer solutions in biochemistry , as a fire retardant , as an anti-fungal compound , in the manufacture of fiberglass , as a flux in metallurgy , neutron-capture shields for radioactive sources , a texturing agent in cooking , as a cross-linking agent in slime , as an alkali in photographic developers , as a precursor for other boron compounds , and along with its inverse , boric acid , is useful as an insecticide . In artisanal gold mining , borax is sometimes used as part of a process ( as a flux ) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the gold extraction process , although it can not directly replace mercury . Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s . Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet and was imported via the Silk Road to the Arabian Peninsula in the 8th century AD . Borax first came into common use in the late 19th century when Francis Marion Smith 's Pacific Coast Borax Company began to market and popularize a large variety of applications under the 20 Mule Team Borax trademark , named for the method by which borax was originally hauled out of the California and Nevada deserts ."}]}, {'value': 'Monoclinic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monoclinic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . A crystal system is described by three vectors . In the monoclinic system , the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths , as in the orthorhombic system . They form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram as its base . Hence two vectors are perpendicular ( meet at right angles ) , while the third vector meets the other two at an angle other than 90° .'}]}, {'value': '1.447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.469', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'epsom salt MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate', 'summary': 'Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4 ( H2O ) x where 0≤x≤7 . It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulphate mineral epsomite ( MgSO4·7H2O ) , commonly called Epsom salt . The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons , of which the majority was used in agriculture . Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts . Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product . Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles , while gardeners use it to improve crops . It has a variety of other uses : for example , Epsom salt is also effective in the removal of splinters .'}]}, {'value': 'Monoclinic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monoclinic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . A crystal system is described by three vectors . In the monoclinic system , the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths , as in the orthorhombic system . They form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram as its base . Hence two vectors are perpendicular ( meet at right angles ) , while the third vector meets the other two at an angle other than 90° .'}]}, {'value': '1.433', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.455', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.461', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mica , biotite K ( Mg , Fe ) 3 ( AlSi 3 O 10 ) ( F , OH ) 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mica', 'summary': 'The mica group of sheet silicate ( phyllosilicate ) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage . All are monoclinic , with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals , and are similar in chemical composition . The nearly perfect cleavage , which is the most prominent characteristic of mica , is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms . The word mica is derived from the Latin word mica , meaning a crumb , and probably influenced by micare , to glitter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biotite', 'summary': 'Biotite is a common group of phyllosilicate minerals within the mica group , with the approximate chemical formula K ( Mg , Fe ) 3AlSi3O10 ( F , OH ) 2 . It is primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite , and the magnesium-endmember phlogopite ; more aluminous end-members include siderophyllite and eastonite . Biotite was regarded as a mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association until 1998 , when its status was changed to a mineral group . The term biotite is still used to describe unanalysed dark micas in the field . Biotite was named by J.F.L . Hausmann in 1847 in honor of the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot , who performed early research into the many optical properties of mica . Members of the biotite group are sheet silicates . Iron , magnesium , aluminium , silicon , oxygen , and hydrogen form sheets that are weakly bound together by potassium ions . It is sometimes called iron mica because it is more iron-rich than phlogopite . It is also sometimes called black mica as opposed to white mica ( muscovite ) - both form in the same rocks , and in some instances side-by-side .'}]}, {'value': 'Monoclinic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monoclinic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . A crystal system is described by three vectors . In the monoclinic system , the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths , as in the orthorhombic system . They form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram as its base . Hence two vectors are perpendicular ( meet at right angles ) , while the third vector meets the other two at an angle other than 90° .'}]}, {'value': '1.595', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.640', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.640', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mica , muscovite KAl 2 ( AlSi 3 O 10 ) ( F , OH ) 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muscovite', 'summary': 'Muscovite ( also known as common mica , isinglass , or potash mica ) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl2 ( AlSi3O10 ) ( F , OH ) 2 , or ( KF ) 2 ( Al2O3 ) 3 ( SiO2 ) 6 ( H2O ) . It has a highly perfect basal cleavage yielding remarkably thin laminae ( sheets ) which are often highly elastic . Sheets of muscovite 5 meters × 3 meters ( 16.5 feet × 10 feet ) have been found in Nellore , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Monoclinic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monoclinic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . A crystal system is described by three vectors . In the monoclinic system , the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths , as in the orthorhombic system . They form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram as its base . Hence two vectors are perpendicular ( meet at right angles ) , while the third vector meets the other two at an angle other than 90° .'}]}, {'value': '1.563', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.596', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.601', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'olivine ( Mg , Fe ) 2 SiO 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivine', 'summary': "The mineral olivine ( /ˈɒlɪˌviːn/ ) is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula ( Mg2+ , Fe2+ ) 2SiO4 . Thus , it is a type of nesosilicate or orthosilicate . The primary component of the Earth 's upper mantle , it is a common mineral in Earth 's subsurface , but weathers quickly on the surface . The ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two endmembers of the solid solution series : forsterite ( Mg-endmember : Mg2SiO4 ) and fayalite ( Fe-endmember : Fe2SiO4 ) . Compositions of olivine are commonly expressed as molar percentages of forsterite ( Fo ) and fayalite ( Fa ) ( e.g. , Fo70Fa30 ) . Forsterite 's melting temperature is unusually high at atmospheric pressure , almost 1,900 °C ( 3,450 °F ) , while fayalite 's is much lower - about 1,200 °C ( 2,190 °F ) . Melting temperature varies smoothly between the two endmembers , as do other properties . Olivine incorporates only minor amounts of elements other than oxygen ( O ) , silicon ( Si ) , magnesium ( Mg ) and iron ( Fe ) . Manganese ( Mn ) and nickel ( Ni ) commonly are the additional elements present in highest concentrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Orthorhombic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthorhombic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors , resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base ( a by b ) and height ( c ) , such that a , b , and c are distinct . All three bases intersect at 90° angles , so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal .'}]}, {'value': '1.640', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.660', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.680', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'perovskite CaTiO 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perovskite', 'summary': 'Perovskite ( pronunciation : /pəˈrɒvskaɪt/ ) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate ( CaTiO3 ) . Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO3 ( XIIA2+VIB4+X2−3 ) , known as the perovskite structure . Many different cations can be embedded in this structure , allowing the development of diverse engineered materials .'}]}, {'value': 'Orthorhombic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthorhombic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors , resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base ( a by b ) and height ( c ) , such that a , b , and c are distinct . All three bases intersect at 90° angles , so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal .'}]}, {'value': '2.300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.340', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.380', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'topaz Al 2 SiO 4 ( F , OH ) 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topaz', 'summary': 'Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4 ( F , OH ) 2 . Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system , and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces . It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals ( Mohs hardness of 8 ) and is the hardest of any silicate mineral . This hardness combined with its usual transparency and variety of colors means that it has acquired wide use in jewellery as a cut gemstone as well as for intaglios and other gemstone carvings .'}]}, {'value': 'Orthorhombic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthorhombic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors , resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base ( a by b ) and height ( c ) , such that a , b , and c are distinct . All three bases intersect at 90° angles , so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal .'}]}, {'value': '1.618', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.620', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.627', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ulexite NaCaB 5 O 6 ( OH ) 6 ·5H 2 O', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulexite', 'summary': 'Ulexite ( NaCaB5O6 ( OH ) 6·5H2O , hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide ) , sometimes known as TV rock , is a mineral occurring in silky white rounded crystalline masses or in parallel fibers . The natural fibers of ulexite conduct light along their long axes , by internal reflection . Ulexite was named for the German chemist Georg Ludwig Ulex ( 1811-1883 ) who first discovered it . Ulexite is a structurally complex mineral , with a basic structure containing chains of sodium , water and hydroxide octahedra . The chains are linked together by calcium , water , hydroxide and oxygen polyhedra and massive boron units . The boron units have a formula of [ B5O6 ( OH ) 6 ] 3- and a charge of −3 . They are composed of three borate tetrahedra and two borate triangular groups . Ulexite is found in evaporite deposits and the precipitated ulexite commonly forms a cotton ball tuft of acicular crystals . Ulexite is frequently found associated with colemanite , borax , meyerhofferite , hydroboracite , probertite , glauberite , trona , mirabilite , calcite , gypsum and halite . It is found principally in California and Nevada , US ; Tarapacá Region in Chile , and Kazakhstan . Ulexite is also found in a vein-like bedding habit composed of closely packed fibrous crystals . Ulexite is also known as TV rock due to its unusual optical characteristics .'}]}, {'value': 'Triclinic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triclinic', 'summary': 'In crystallography , the triclinic ( or anorthic ) crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems . A crystal system is described by three basis vectors . In the triclinic system , the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length , as in the orthorhombic system . In addition , the angles between these vectors must all be different and may not include 90° . The triclinic lattice is the least symmetric of the 14 three-dimensional Bravais lattices . It has ( itself ) the minimum symmetry all lattices have : points of inversion at each lattice point and at 7 more points for each lattice point : at the midpoints of the edges and the faces , and at the center points . It is the only lattice type that itself has no mirror planes .'}]}, {'value': '1.490', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.510', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.520', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Birefringence_1', 'intro': 'Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with non-cubic crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress. Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in calcite, a crystal having one of the strongest birefringences. However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector).'}
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What is the crystal system of the material that was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s ?
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Monoclinic
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03b8a68860b2e4e3
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_design_competition', 'title': 'Architectural design competition', 'header': ['Competition Name', 'Location', 'Year', 'Winner ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'White House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House', 'summary': 'The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States . It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 . The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers . The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style . Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin , a building which today houses the Oireachtas , the Irish legislature . Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white . When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801 , he ( with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe ) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 , the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington , destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior . Reconstruction began almost immediately , and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817 . Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829 . Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself , President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901 . Eight years later in 1909 , President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office , which was eventually moved as the section was expanded .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington D.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1792', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Hoban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Hoban', 'summary': 'James Hoban ( 1755 - December 8 , 1831 ) was an Irish architect , best known for designing the White House in Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Walhalla memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walhalla_memorial', 'summary': "The Walhalla is a hall of fame that honours laudable and distinguished people in German history - politicians , sovereigns , scientists and artists of the German tongue ; thus the celebrities honoured are drawn from Greater Germany , a wider area than today 's Germany , and even as far away as Britain in the case of several Anglo-Saxons who are honoured . The hall is a neo-classical building above the Danube River , in Donaustauf , east of Regensburg in Bavaria . The Walhalla is named for the Valhalla of Norse Paganism . It was conceived in 1807 by Crown Prince Ludwig in order to support the gathering momentum for the unification of the many German states . Following his accession to the throne of Bavaria , construction took place between 1830 and 1842 under the supervision of the architect Leo von Klenze . The memorial displays some 65 plaques and 130 busts covering 2,000 years of history , beginning with Arminius , victor at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Donaustauf', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1816', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leo von Klenze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze', 'summary': 'Leo von Klenze ( Franz Karl Leopold von Klenze ; 29 February 1784 , Buchladen ( Bockelah / Bocla ) near Schladen - 26 January 1864 , Munich ) was a German neoclassicist architect , painter and writer . Court architect of Bavarian King Ludwig I , Leo von Klenze was one of the most prominent representatives of Greek revival style .'}]}, {'value': 'Houses of Parliament', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster', 'summary': "The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords , the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants , the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster , in central London , England . Its name , which derives from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey , may refer to either of two structures : the Old Palace , a medieval building-complex destroyed by fire in 1834 , or its replacement , the New Palace that stands today . The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and , for ceremonial purposes , retains its original status as a royal residence . Committees appointed by both houses manage the building and report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and to the Lord Speaker . The first royal palace constructed on the site dated from the 11th century , and Westminster became the primary residence of the Kings of England until fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512 . After that , it served as the home of the Parliament of England , which had met there since the 13th century , and also as the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice , based in and around Westminster Hall . In 1834 an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament , and the only significant medieval structures to survive were Westminster Hall , the Cloisters of St Stephen 's , the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft , and the Jewel Tower . In the subsequent competition for the reconstruction of the Palace , the architect Charles Barry won with a design for new buildings in the Gothic Revival style , specifically inspired by the English Perpendicular Gothic style of the 14th-16th centuries . The remains of the Old Palace ( except the detached Jewel Tower ) were incorporated into its much larger replacement , which contains over 1,100 rooms organised symmetrically around two series of courtyards and which has a floor area of 112,476 m2 ( 1,210,680 sq ft ) . Part of the New Palace 's area of 3.24 hectares ( 8 acres ) was reclaimed from the River Thames , which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long ( 980 ft ) façade , called the River Front . Augustus Pugin , a leading authority on Gothic architecture and style , assisted Barry and designed the interior of the Palace ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1835', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Barry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Barry', 'summary': 'Sir Charles Barry FRS RA ( 23 May 1795 - 12 May 1860 ) was an English architect , best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster ( also known as the Houses of Parliament ) in London during the mid-19th century , but also responsible for numerous other buildings and gardens . He is known for his major contribution to the use of Italianate architecture in Britain , especially the use of the Palazzo as basis for the design of country houses , city mansions and public buildings . He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses .'}]}, {'value': 'Vienna Ring Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna_Ring_Road', 'summary': "The Ringstrasse ( German : Ringstraße , lit . ring road ) is a circular grand boulevard that serves as a ring road around the historic Innere Stadt ( Inner Town ) district of Vienna , Austria . The road is located on sites where medieval city fortifications once stood , including high walls and the broad open field ramparts ( glacis ) , criss-crossed by paths that lay before them . It was constructed after the dismantling of the city walls in the mid-19th century . From the 1860s to 1890s , many large public buildings were erected along the Ringstrasse in an eclectic historicist style , sometimes called Ringstraßenstil ( Ring Road style ) , using elements of Classical , Gothic , Renaissance , and Baroque architecture . Because of its architectural beauty and history , the Vienna Ringstrasse has been called the Lord of the Ring Roads and is designated by UNESCO as part of Vienna 's World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludwig Förster - Friedrich August von Stache - Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludwig_Förster', 'summary': 'Ludwig Christian Friedrich ( von ) Förster ( October 8 , 1797 in Ansbach - June 16 , 1863 in Bad Gleichenberg , Styria ) was a German-born Austrian architect . While he was not Jewish , he is known for building Jewish synagogues and churches . Ludwig Förster studied in Munich and Vienna . He founded the Allgemeine Bauzeitung in 1836 . From 1842 to 1845 he taught at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and influenced a generation of Viennese architects through his architectural studio . From 1839/40 he worked as a freelance architect , Otto Wagner , among others , was a member of his studio . 1846-52 Förster worked with his son-in-law Theophil Freiherr von Hansen . He contributed to the Ringstraße . Berlin-educated Ignaz Wechselmann became his friend and assistant . Förster superintended the construction of the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest , which along with the Leopoldstädter Tempel and the Synagogue of Miskolc is his most important work . Forster and Hansen designed the structure - the largest synagogue in Europe - based on Byzantine-Moorish style as shown features such as the polychromic building with onion domes and arched gates . 1861-63 he was a member of the Viennese city council ( Gemeinderat ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eduard_van_der_Nüll', 'summary': "Eduard van der Nüll ( 9 January 1812 ( baptized ) - 4 April 1868 ) was an Austrian architect , who was one of the great masters in the historicist style of Vienna 's Ringstrasse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/August_Sicard_von_Sicardsburg', 'summary': 'August Sicard von Sicardsburg ( 6 December 1813 - 11 June 1868 ) was an Austrian architect . He is best remembered as the co-architect of the Vienna State Opera , together with Eduard van der Nüll . Sicardsburg was born in Buda . He studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology under Peter von Nobile , and together with van der Nüll . In 1843 he became professor at the Vienna Academy . Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer was one of his students . Sicardsburg died in 1868 in Weidling , Austria of tuberculosis , 6 weeks after his partner Eduard van der Nüll committed suicide ; neither saw the opening of the Vienna State Opera in 1869 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hofoper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera', 'summary': "The Vienna State Opera ( German : Wiener Staatsoper , IPA : [ ˈviːnɐ ˈʃtaːt͡sˌʔoːpɐ ] ) is an opera house and opera company based in Vienna , Austria . The 1,709-seat Renaissance Revival venue was the first major building on the Vienna Ring Road . It was built from 1861 to 1869 following plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll , and designs by Josef Hlávka . The opera house was inaugurated as the Vienna Court Opera ( Wiener Hofoper ) in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth of Austria . It became known by its current name after the establishment of the First Austrian Republic in 1921 . The members of the Vienna Philharmonic are recruited from the Vienna State Opera 's orchestra . The building is also the home of the Vienna State Ballet , and it hosts the annual Vienna Opera Ball during the carnival season ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eduard_van_der_Nüll', 'summary': "Eduard van der Nüll ( 9 January 1812 ( baptized ) - 4 April 1868 ) was an Austrian architect , who was one of the great masters in the historicist style of Vienna 's Ringstrasse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/August_Sicard_von_Sicardsburg', 'summary': 'August Sicard von Sicardsburg ( 6 December 1813 - 11 June 1868 ) was an Austrian architect . He is best remembered as the co-architect of the Vienna State Opera , together with Eduard van der Nüll . Sicardsburg was born in Buda . He studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology under Peter von Nobile , and together with van der Nüll . In 1843 he became professor at the Vienna Academy . Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer was one of his students . Sicardsburg died in 1868 in Weidling , Austria of tuberculosis , 6 weeks after his partner Eduard van der Nüll committed suicide ; neither saw the opening of the Vienna State Opera in 1869 .'}]}, {'value': 'Paris Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palais_Garnier', 'summary': "The Palais Garnier ( French : [ palɛ ɡaʁnje ] ( listen ) , Garnier Palace ) or Opéra Garnier ( French : [ ɔpeʁa ɡaʁnje ] ( listen ) , Garnier Opera ) , is a 1,979-seat opera house at the Place de l'Opéra in the 9th arrondissement of Paris , France . It was built for the Paris Opera from 1861 to 1875 at the behest of Emperor Napoleon III . Initially referred to as le nouvel Opéra de Paris ( the new Paris Opera ) , it soon became known as the Palais Garnier , in acknowledgment of its extraordinary opulence and the architect Charles Garnier 's plans and designs , which are representative of the Napoleon III style . It was the primary theatre of the Paris Opera and its associated Paris Opera Ballet until 1989 , when a new opera house , the Opéra Bastille , opened at the Place de la Bastille . The company now uses the Palais Garnier mainly for ballet . The theatre has been a monument historique of France since 1923 . The Palais Garnier has been called probably the most famous opera house in the world , a symbol of Paris like Notre Dame Cathedral , the Louvre , or the Sacré Coeur Basilica . This is at least partly due to its use as the setting for Gaston Leroux 's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera and , especially , the novel 's subsequent adaptations in films and the popular 1986 musical . Another contributing factor is that among the buildings constructed in Paris during the Second Empire , besides being the most expensive , it has been described as the only one that is unquestionably a masterpiece of the first rank . This opinion is far from unanimous however : the 20th-century French architect Le Corbusier once described it as a lying art and contended that the Garnier movement is a décor of the grave . The Palais Garnier also houses the Bibliothèque-Musée de l'Opéra de Paris ( Paris Opera Library-Museum ) , which is managed by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and is included in unaccompanied tours of the Palais Garnier ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Garnier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)', 'summary': 'Jean-Louis Charles Garnier ( pronounced [ ʃaʁl ɡaʁnje ] ; 6 November 1825 - 3 August 1898 ) was a French architect , perhaps best known as the architect of the Palais Garnier and the Opéra de Monte-Carlo .'}]}, {'value': 'Rijksmuseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rijksmuseum', 'summary': 'The Rijksmuseum ( Dutch : [ ˈrɛiksmyˌzeːjʏm ] ( listen ) ; English : National Museum ) is a Dutch national museum dedicated to arts and history in Amsterdam . The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South , close to the Van Gogh Museum , the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam , and the Concertgebouw . The Rijksmuseum was founded in The Hague on 19 November 1798 and moved to Amsterdam in 1808 , where it was first located in the Royal Palace and later in the Trippenhuis . The current main building was designed by Pierre Cuypers and first opened in 1885 . On 13 April 2013 , after a ten-year renovation which cost € 375 million , the main building was reopened by Queen Beatrix . In 2013 and 2014 , it was the most visited museum in the Netherlands with record numbers of 2.2 million and 2.47 million visitors . It is also the largest art museum in the country . The museum has on display 8,000 objects of art and history , from their total collection of 1 million objects from the years 1200-2000 , among which are some masterpieces by Rembrandt , Frans Hals , and Johannes Vermeer . The museum also has a small Asian collection , which is on display in the Asian pavilion .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P.J.H . Cuypers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Cuypers', 'summary': 'Petrus Josephus Hubertus ( Pierre ) Cuypers ( 16 May 1827 - 3 March 1921 ) was a Dutch architect . His name is most frequently associated with the Amsterdam Central Station ( 1881-1889 ) and the Rijksmuseum ( 1876-1885 ) , both in Amsterdam . More representative for his oeuvre , however , are numerous churches , of which he designed more than 100 . [ citation needed ] Moreover , he restored many monuments .'}]}, {'value': 'Law Courts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice', 'summary': "The Royal Courts of Justice , commonly called the Law Courts , is a court building in London which houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales . The High Court also sits on circuit and in other major cities . Designed by George Edmund Street , who died before it was completed , it is a large grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic style built in the 1870s and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882 . It is one of the largest courts in Europe . It is located on Strand within the City of Westminster , near the border with the City of London ( Temple Bar ) . It is surrounded by the four Inns of Court , St Clement Danes church , The Australian High Commission , King 's College London and the London School of Economics . The nearest London Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Temple . The courts within the building are generally open to the public with some access restrictions depending upon the nature of the cases being heard . Those in court who do not have legal representation may receive some assistance within the building . A Citizens Advice Bureau is based in the Main Hall which provides free , confidential and impartial advice by appointment to litigants-in-person . There is also an office of the Personal Support Unit where litigants-in-person can receive emotional support and practical information about court proceedings . The Central Criminal Court , widely known as the Old Bailey after its street , is about 1⁄2 mile ( 0.8 km ) to the east - a Crown Court centre with no direct connection with the Royal Courts of Justice ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Edmund Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Edmund_Street', 'summary': 'George Edmund Street RA ( 20 June 1824 - 18 December 1881 ) , also known as G. E. Street , was an English architect , born at Woodford in Essex . Stylistically , Street was a leading practitioner of the Victorian Gothic revival . Though mainly an ecclesiastical architect , he is perhaps best known as the designer of the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Reichstag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reichstag_building', 'summary': "The Reichstag ( German : Reichstagsgebäude pronounced [ ˈʁaɪçstaːksgəˈbɔʏdə ] ; officially : Deutscher Bundestag - Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebäude pronounced [ ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈbʊndəsˌtaːk ˈpleːnaːrbəraɪç ˈʁaɪçstaːksgəˈbɔʏdə ] ) is a historic edifice in Berlin , Germany , constructed to house the Imperial Diet ( German : Reichstag ) of the German Empire . It was opened in 1894 and housed the Diet until 1933 , when it was severely damaged after being set on fire . After World War II , the building fell into disuse ; the parliament of the German Democratic Republic ( the Volkskammer ) met in the Palast der Republik in East Berlin , while the parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany ( the Bundestag ) met in the Bundeshaus in Bonn . The ruined building was made safe against the elements and partially refurbished in the 1960s , but no attempt at full restoration was made until after German reunification on 3 October 1990 , when it underwent a reconstruction led by architect Norman Foster . After its completion in 1999 , it once again became the meeting place of the German parliament : the modern Bundestag . The term Reichstag , when used to connote a diet , dates back to the Holy Roman Empire . The building was built for the Diet of the German Empire , which was succeeded by the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic . The latter would become the Reichstag of Nazi Germany , which left the building ( and ceased to act as a parliament ) after the 1933 fire and never returned , using the Kroll Opera House instead ; the term Reichstag has not been used by German parliaments since World War II . In today 's usage , the word Reichstag ( Imperial Diet Building ) refers mainly to the building , while Bundestag ( Federal Diet ) refers to the institution ."}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Wallot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Wallot', 'summary': "Johann Paul Wallot ( 26 June 1841 Oppenheim am Rhein - 10 August 1912 Bad Schwalbach ) was a German architect of Huguenot descent , best known for designing the Reichstag building in Berlin , erected between 1884 and 1894 . He also built the adjacent Palace of the President of the Reichstag , finished in 1904 , and the former Saxon Ständehaus state diet building of 1906 at Brühl 's Terrace in Dresden ."}]}, {'value': 'Beurs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beurs_van_Berlage', 'summary': 'The Beurs van Berlage is a building on the Damrak , in the centre of Amsterdam . It was designed as a commodity exchange by architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage and constructed between 1896 and 1903 . It influenced many modernist architects , in particular functionalists and the Amsterdam School . It is now used as a venue for concerts , exhibitions and conferences . The building is constructed of red brick , with an iron and glass roof , and stone piers , lintels and corbels . Its entrance is under a 40-metre ( 130 ft ) high clock tower , while inside lie three large multi-storey halls formerly used as trading floors , with offices and communal facilities grouped around them . The aim of the architect was to modify the styles of the past by emphasizing sweeping planes and open plan interiors . It has stylistic similarities with some earlier buildings , for instance St Pancras station and the work of H. H. Richardson in America , or the Castell dels Tres Dragons , Barcelona , by Lluís Domènech i Montaner . True to its nineteenth-century roots , it maintains the use of ornament in a civic structure . On 2 February 2002 the civil ceremony of the wedding of King Willem-Alexander and Máxima Zorreguieta took place in the Beurs van Berlage . The Beurs van Berlage has a café located on the Beursplein side and the tower is also open to the public .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hendrik Petrus Berlage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage', 'summary': 'Hendrik Petrus Berlage ( 21 February 1856 - 12 August 1934 ) was a prominent Dutch architect .'}]}, {'value': 'World Exhibition tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiffel_Tower', 'summary': "The Eiffel Tower ( /ˈaɪfəl/ EYE-fəl ; French : tour Eiffel [ tuʁ‿ɛfɛl ] ( listen ) ) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticised by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81-storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . It was the first structure to reach a height of 300 metres . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground - the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gustave Eiffel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel', 'summary': 'Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( born Bonickhausen dit Eiffel ; /ˈaɪfəl/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ efɛl ] ; 15 December 1832 - 27 December 1923 ) was a French civil engineer and architect . A graduate of the prestigious École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures of France , he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network , most famously the Garabit viaduct . He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower , built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris , and his contribution to building the Statue of Liberty in New York . After his retirement from engineering , Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics , making significant contributions in both fields .'}]}, {'value': 'Austrian Postal Savings Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austrian_Postal_Savings_Bank', 'summary': 'The Austrian Postal Savings Bank building ( German language : Österreichische Postsparkasse ) is a famous building in Vienna , designed and built by the architect Otto Wagner . The building is regarded as an important work of Vienna Secession , branch of Art Nouveau . It was constructed between 1904 and 1906 using then completely new reinforced concrete , and was opened on 17 December 1906 . Extension was added between 1910 and 1912 . The building houses the headquarters of the Österreichische Postsparkasse ( P.S.K . ) bank , formerly the k.k . Postsparcassen-Amt ( Imperial-Royal Postal Savings Office ) . It is located at Georg-Coch-Platz 2 , in the first district Innere Stadt , next to the Ringstraße boulevard .'}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Wagner', 'summary': 'Otto Koloman Wagner ( German : [ ˈʔɔto ˈvaːɡnɐ ] ( listen ) ; 13 July 1841 - 11 April 1918 ) was an Austrian architect and urban planner . He was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture , founded in 1897 , and the broader Art Nouveau movement . All of his works are found in his native city of Vienna , and illustrate the rapid evolution of architecture during the period . His early works were inspired by classical architecture . By mid-1890s , he had already designed several buildings in what became known as the Vienna Secession style . Beginning in 1898 , with his designs of Vienna Metro stations , his style became floral and Art Nouveau , with decoration by Koloman Moser . His later works , 1906 until his death in 1918 , had geometric forms and minimal ornament , clearly expressed their function . They are considered predecessors to modern architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm_City_Hall', 'summary': "The Stockholm City Hall ( Swedish : Stockholms stadshus or Stadshuset locally ) is the building of the Municipal Council for the City of Stockholm in Sweden . It stands on the eastern tip of Kungsholmen island , next to Riddarfjärden 's northern shore and facing the islands of Riddarholmen and Södermalm . It houses offices and conference rooms as well as ceremonial halls , and the luxury restaurant Stadshuskällaren . It is the venue of the Nobel Prize banquet and is one of Stockholm 's major tourist attractions ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ragnar Östberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ragnar_Östberg', 'summary': 'Ragnar Östberg ( 14 July 1866 - 5 February 1945 ) was a Swedish architect who is best known for designing Stockholm City Hall .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsinki Central railway station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki_Central_railway_station', 'summary': "Helsinki Central Station ( Finnish : Helsingin päärautatieasema , Swedish : Helsingfors centralstation ) ( HEC ) is the main station for commuter rail and long-distance trains departing from Helsinki , Finland . The station is used by approximately 400,000 people per day , of which about 200,000 are passengers . It serves as the terminus for all trains in the Helsinki commuter rail network , as well as for all Helsinki-bound long-distance trains in Finland . The Central Railway Station metro station is located in the same building . The station building was designed by Eliel Saarinen and inaugurated in 1919 . Helsinki Central was chosen as one of the world 's most beautiful railway stations by BBC in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Helsinki', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliel Saarinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen', 'summary': 'Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen ( /ˈsɑːrɪnən/ , Finnish : [ ˈeliel ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1873 - July 1 , 1950 ) was a Finnish-American architect known for his work with art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century . He was the father of Eero Saarinen .'}]}, {'value': 'Peace Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peace_Palace', 'summary': 'The Peace Palace ( Dutch : Vredespaleis ; pronounced [ ˈvreːdəspaˌlɛis ] ) is an international law administrative building in The Hague , the Netherlands . It houses the International Court of Justice ( which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations ) , the Permanent Court of Arbitration ( PCA ) , The Hague Academy of International Law and the Peace Palace Library . The Palace officially opened on 28 August 1913 , and was originally built to provide a home for the PCA , a court created to end war by the Hague Convention of 1899 . Andrew Dickson White , whose efforts were instrumental in creating the court , secured from Scottish-American steel magnate Andrew Carnegie US $ 1.5 million ( $ 40,000,000 , adjusted for inflation ) to build the Peace Palace . The European Heritage Label was awarded to the Peace Palace on 8 April 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hague', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Marie Cordonnier and J.A.G . van der Steur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Marie_Cordonnier', 'summary': 'Louis Marie Cordonnier ( July 7 , 1854 , Haubourdin , Nord - 1940 ) was a French architect , born in Haubourdin and associated principally with Lille and the French Flanders region .'}]}, {'value': 'Tribune Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tribune_Tower', 'summary': "The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic skyscraper located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago , Illinois , United States . Built between 1923 and 1925 , the international design competition for the tower became an historic event in 20th century architecture . The tower was the home of the Chicago Tribune , Tribune Media , and Tribune Publishing . WGN Radio ( 720 kHz ) originated broadcasts from the building until moving to 303 Wacker Drive in June , 2018 . The last WGN Radio broadcast emanated from the Tribune Tower on June 18 , 2018 . The ground level houses the large restaurant Howells & Hood ( named for the building 's architects ) , whose patio overlooks nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue . CNN 's Chicago bureau was also located in the building . It is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan-Wacker Historic District . The original Tribune Tower was built in 1868 , but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 . In early 2018 , work began on converting the entire office building into condominiums , expected to be completed by 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mead_Howells', 'summary': 'John Mead Howells , FAIA ( /ˈhaʊəlz/ ; August 14 , 1868 - September 22 , 1959 ) , was an American architect .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Hood', 'summary': 'Raymond Mathewson Hood ( March 29 , 1881 - August 14 , 1934 ) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style .'}]}, {'value': 'League of Nations Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/League_of_Nations', 'summary': "The League of Nations , abbreviated as LN or LoN , ( French : Société des Nations [ sɔsjete de nɑsjɔ̃ ] , abbreviated as SDN or SdN and meaning Society of Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace . It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War ; in 1919 US President Woodrow Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as the leading architect of the League . The organisation 's primary goals , as stated in its Covenant , included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration . Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions , just treatment of native inhabitants , human and drug trafficking , the arms trade , global health , prisoners of war , and protection of minorities in Europe . The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed on 28 June 1919 as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles , and it became effective together with the rest of the Treaty on 10 January 1920 . The first meeting of the Council of the League took place on 16 January 1920 , and the first meeting of Assembly of the League took place on 15 November 1920 . The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift from the preceding hundred years . The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the victorious First World War Allies ( France , the United Kingdom , Italy and Japan were the permanent members of the Executive Council ) to enforce its resolutions , keep to its economic sanctions , or provide an army when needed . The Great Powers were often reluctant to do so . Sanctions could hurt League members , so they were reluctant to comply with them . During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War , when the League accused Italian soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents , Benito Mussolini responded that the League is very well when sparrows shout , but no good at all when eagles fall out . At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935 , it had 58 members ."}]}, {'value': 'Geneva', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henri Paul Nénot & Julien Flegenheimer ; Carlo Broggi ; Camille Lefèvre ; Giuseppe Vago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenin Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenin_Library', 'summary': 'The Russian State Library ( Russian : Российская государственная библиотека ) is the national library of Russia , located in Moscow . It is the largest in the country and the fifth largest in the world for its collection of books ( 17.5 million ) . It was named the V. I. Lenin State Library of the USSR from 1925 until it was renamed in 1992 as the Russian State Library . The library has over 275 km of shelves with more than 43 million items , including over 17 million books and serial volumes , 13 million journals , 350 thousand music scores and sound records , 150,000 maps and others . There are items in 247 languages of the world , the foreign part representing about 29 percent of the entire collection . Between 1922 and 1991 at least one copy of every book published in the USSR was deposited with the library , a practice which continues in a similar method today , with the library designated by law as a legal deposit library .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Shchuko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Shchuko', 'summary': 'Vladimir Alekseyevich Shchuko ( Russian : Влади́мир Алексе́евич Щуко́ , IPA : [ ɕːʉˈko ] ; October 17 , 1878 - January 19 , 1939 ) was a Russian architect , member of the Saint Petersburg school of Russian neoclassical revival notable for his giant order apartment buildings rejecting all trace of the moderne . After the Russian Revolution of 1917 Shchuko gradually embraced modernist ideas , developing his own version of modernized neoclassicism together with his partner Vladimir Gelfreikh . Shchuko and Gelfreikh succeeded through the prewar period of Stalinist architecture with high-profile projects like the Lenin Library , Moscow Metro stations and co-authored the unrealized Palace of Soviets . Shchuko was also a prolific stage designer , author of 43 drama and opera stage sets .'}]}, {'value': 'ANZAC War Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ANZAC_War_Memorial', 'summary': 'The Anzac Memorial is a heritage-listed war memorial , museum and monument located in Hyde Park South , near Liverpool Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The Art Deco monument was designed by C. Bruce Dellit , with the exterior adorned with monumental figural reliefs and sculptures by Rayner Hoff , and built from 1932 to 1934 by Kell & Rigby . It is also known as Anzac War Memorial , War Memorial Hyde Park and Hyde Park Memorial . The NSW Government-owned property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 23 April 2010 . The memorial is the focus of commemoration ceremonies on Anzac Day , Remembrance Day and other important occasions . It was built as a memorial to the Australian Imperial Force of World War I . Fund raising for a memorial began on 25 April 1916 , the first anniversary of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) landing at Anzac Cove for the Battle of Gallipoli . It was opened on 24 November 1934 by Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester and , in 2018 , major refurbishments were completed .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Bruce Dellit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Bruce_Dellit', 'summary': 'Charles Bruce Dellit ( 7 November 1898 - 21 August 1942 ) was an Australian architect who pioneered the Art Deco style in Australia . He was generally known as Bruce Dellit .'}]}, {'value': 'Termini Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station', 'summary': 'Roma Termini ( in Italian , Stazione Termini ) ( IATA : XRJ ) is the main railway station of Rome , Italy . It is named after the district of the same name , which in turn took its name from ancient Baths of Diocletian ( in Latin , thermae ) , which lie across the street from the main entrance .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leo Calini , Eugenio Montuori , Massimo Castellazzi , Vasco Fadigati , Achille Pintonello and Annibale Vitellozzi', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Architectural_design_competition_0', 'intro': 'An architectural design competition is a type of design competition in which an organization that intends on constructing a new building invites architects to submit design proposals. The winning design is usually chosen by an independent panel of design professionals and stakeholders (such as government and local representatives). This procedure is often used to generate new ideas for building design, to stimulate public debate, generate publicity for the project, and allow emerging designers the opportunity to gain exposure. Architecture competitions are often used to award commissions for public buildings: in some countries rules for tendering public building contracts stipulate some form of mandatory open architectural competition. Winning first prize in a competition is not a guarantee that the project will be constructed. The commissioning body often has the right to veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change, thwarting the original intention. The 2002 World Trade Center site design competition is an example of a highly publicized competition where only the basic elements of the winning design by Daniel Libeskind appeared in the finished project.'}
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What is the full name of the designer of this Moscow building that holds 17.5 million books ?
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Vladimir Alekseyevich Shchuko
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03b8fbc97f7c5f44
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Nations_Cup', 'title': '1996 Nations Cup', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'TFP', 'SP', 'FS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandy Wötzel / Ingo Steuer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandy_Wötzel', 'summary': 'Mandy Wötzel ( born 21 July 1973 ) is a German former pair skater who represented East Germany and later Germany in international competition . With partner Ingo Steuer , she is the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist , the 1997 World champion , the 1995 European champion , and a four-time German national champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingo_Steuer', 'summary': 'Ingo Steuer ( born 1 November 1966 ) is a German pair skater and skating coach . With Mandy Wötzel , he is the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist , the 1997 World champion , the 1995 European champion , and a four-time German national champion . As a coach , he led Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy of Germany to multiple world and European titles .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '3.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Eltsova / Andrei Bushkov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Eltsova', 'summary': "Marina Alexeevna Eltsova ( Russian : Марина Алексеевна Ельцова ; born 4 February 1970 ) is a Russian pair skater . She represented the Soviet Union until its fall , and , after that , Russia . With partner Andrei Bushkov , she is the 1996 World champion and a two-time ( 1993 and 1997 ) European champion . Eltsova and Bushkov missed the 1997-1998 Champions Series Final because Bushkov had a groin injury . They withdrew from the 1998 European Championships - Bushkov 's right blade broke during the short program . The pair competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics , where they placed seventh . They were coached by Natalia Pavlova in Saint Petersburg . Eltsova previously skated with Sergei Zaitsev , representing the Soviet Union . Eltsova is married and has a daughter [ citation needed ] . She currently is a figure skating coach at several rinks in the Kansas City metro area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrei_Bushkov', 'summary': "Andrei Vasilievich Bushkov ( Russian : Андрей Васильевич Бушков ; born 13 October 1969 ) is a Russian former pair skater who represented the Soviet Union until its fall , and , after that , Russia . With partner Marina Eltsova , he is the 1996 World champion and a two-time ( 1993 and 1997 ) European champion . Eltsova / Bushkov missed the 1997-1998 Champions Series Final because Bushkov had a groin injury . They withdrew from the 1998 European Championships - Bushkov 's right blade broke during the short program . The pair competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics , where they placed seventh . They were coached by Natalia Pavlova in Saint Petersburg . Before teaming up with Eltsova , he competed internationally with Yulia Liashenko . They were the 1988 World Junior bronze medalists for the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '3.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyoko Ina / Jason Dungjen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoko_Ina', 'summary': 'Kyoko Ina ( 伊奈 恭子 , Ina Kyōko , born October 11 , 1972 ) is a Japanese-American figure skater . With partner John Zimmerman , she is the 2002 World bronze medalist and a three-time ( 2000-2002 ) U.S. national champion . The pair also competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics . With previous partner Jason Dungjen , Ina was a two-time ( 1997 & 1998 ) U.S. champion and competed at the 1994 and 1998 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jason_Dungjen', 'summary': 'Jason Dungjen ( born September 28 , 1967 ) is an American figure skating coach and a former pair skater . With Kyoko Ina , he is a two-time Skate America silver medalist , a three-time Nations Cup medalist , and a two-time U.S. national champion . With Susan Dungjen , he is the 1983 NHK Trophy silver medalist and 1984 World Junior silver medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristy Sargeant / Kris Wirtz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristy_Sargeant', 'summary': 'Kristy Lee Sargeant-Wirtz ( born January 24 , 1974 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With Kris Wirtz , she is the 1999 Four Continents silver medallist , the 1994 Skate Canada International champion , and a two-time Canadian national champion . The pair competed at two Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kris_Wirtz', 'summary': 'Kris Wirtz ( born December 12 , 1969 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With Kristy Sargeant , he is the 1999 Four Continents silver medallist , the 1994 Skate Canada International champion , and a two-time Canadian national champion . The pair competed at two Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '5.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesley Rogers / Michael Aldred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorota Zagórska / Mariusz Siudek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorota_Zagórska', 'summary': 'Dorota Siudek ( née : Zagórska ) ( Polish pronunciation : [ dɔˈrɔta ( zaˈɡurska ) ˈɕudɛk ] ; born 9 September 1975 in Kraków ) is a Polish retired pair skater who is now a coach . Her partner and husband is Mariusz Siudek . They are the 1999 World bronze medalists , two-time ( 1999 , 2000 ) European silver medalists and two-time ( 2004 , 2007 ) European bronze medalists . They were the first Polish pair to medal at the World Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mariusz_Siudek', 'summary': 'Mariusz Krzysztof Siudek ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈmarjuʂ ˈɕudɛk ] ; born 29 April 1972 in Oświęcim ) is a retired Polish pair skater who competed with wife Dorota Siudek ( Zagórska ) . They are the 1999 World bronze medalists , two-time ( 1999 , 2000 ) European silver medalists and two-time ( 2004 , 2007 ) European bronze medalists . They were the first Polish pair to win a medal at the World Championships . They now coach together in Toruń , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '10.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lilia Mashkovskaya / Viacheslav Chiliy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophie Guestault / Francois Guestault', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silvia Dmitrov / Rico Rex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rico_Rex', 'summary': 'Rico Rex ( born 5 October 1976 in Chemnitz ) is a German former pair skater . With former partner Eva-Maria Fitze , he is the 2003 German national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Pairs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1996_Nations_Cup_2', 'intro': "The 1996 Nations Cup was the fourth event of six in the 1996-97\nISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Gelsenkirchen on November 21-23. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1996-97 Champions Series Final."}
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What is the area in square kilometers of the country represented by the eighth place finishers ?
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643,801 square kilometres
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03ba2b253cc65f31
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NHL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Team', 'Last Stanley Cup', 'Subsequent Stanley Cup Finals losses', 'Stanley Cup drought'], 'data': [{'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '1966-67', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1967 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1966-67 season , and the culmination of the 1967 Stanley Cup playoffs . A best-of-seven series , it was contested between the Montreal Canadiens and the Toronto Maple Leafs . The Maple Leafs won the series , four games to two . In doing so , they won their thirteenth Stanley Cup championship . To date , this is Toronto 's last Stanley Cup championship and appearance in the championship final , and they have the longest-active championship drought in the NHL at 51 ( not including 2004-05 lockout ) seasons . The 1967 Stanley Cup Finals was also the last Stanley Cup Finals in the Original Six Era . This was also the last all-Canadian Finals series until 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1970-71 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970–71_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1970-71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League . Two new teams , the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division . The Chicago Black Hawks were moved to the West Division . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals .'}]}, {'value': '2 : 1974-75 , 1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1975 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1974-75 season , and the culmination of the 1975 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Buffalo Sabres and the defending champion Philadelphia Flyers . The Flyers would win the best-of-seven series , four games to two . This was the first Final to have two non-Original Six teams since the 1967 expansion , and also the first contested by any team that had joined the league after 1967 ( the Sabres were part of the 1970 expansion ) . The 1975 Flyers are the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of Canadian-born players . This was the only Final between 1965 and 1979 not to feature either the Boston Bruins or the Montreal Canadiens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1998-99 season , and the culmination of the 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion Buffalo Sabres and the Western Conference champion Dallas Stars . It was the 106th year of the Stanley Cup being contested . The Sabres were led by captain Michael Peca , head coach Lindy Ruff and goaltender Dominik Hasek . The Stars were led by captain Derian Hatcher , head coach Ken Hitchcock and goaltender Ed Belfour . It was the Sabres ' second Stanley Cup Final appearance , the first being a loss to Philadelphia in 1975 . It was the third appearance for the Stars ' franchise , and their first since moving to Dallas from Minnesota in 1993 . Minnesota ( known at the time as the North Stars ) lost in the Final to the New York Islanders in 1981 and to Pittsburgh in 1991 . The Stars defeated the Sabres four games to two to win their first Stanley Cup , becoming the eighth post-1967 expansion team to earn a championship , and the first Southern team to win the Cup . This was the first time since 1994 that the Stanley Cup Finals did not end in a sweep . This series is also remembered because of the controversial finish to game six , in which Stars forward Brett Hull scored the Cup-winning goal with his skate in the crease , which was against the rules at the time . The league allowed the goal to stand as it was ruled that Hull was turned into the crease while maintaining continuous possession ."}]}, {'value': '48 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1970-71 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970–71_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1970-71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League . Two new teams , the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division . The Chicago Black Hawks were moved to the West Division . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals .'}]}, {'value': '3 : 1981-82 , 1993-94 , 2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1982 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1981-82 season , and the culmination of the 1982 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was played between the Vancouver Canucks in their first Finals appearance and the defending champion New York Islanders , in their third Finals appearance . The Islanders won the best-of-seven series , four games to none , to win their third consecutive and overall Stanley Cup championship . This is also the most recent time that a Stanley Cup Champion has won three in a row and the first , and so far only , time that a U.S.-based team has won three straight Stanley Cups . This 1982 Finals took place under a revised NHL divisional alignment and playoff structure , which de facto revived the East vs. West format for the Finals that had been abandoned when the Western Hockey League folded in 1926 . It was also the first time a team from Western Canada contested the Finals since the WHL stopped challenging for the Stanley Cup ( the Victoria Cougars , who had also been the last team from British Columbia to win the Cup in 1925 , played the 1926 Finals too ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1994 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1993-94 season , and the culmination of the 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Eastern Conference champion New York Rangers and Western Conference champion Vancouver Canucks . The Canucks were making the club 's second Final appearance , their first coming during their Cinderella run of 1982 , and the Rangers were making their tenth appearance , their first since 1979 . The Rangers ended their record 54-year championship drought with a victory in game seven to claim the long-awaited Stanley Cup . It was the fourth championship in franchise history . The CBC broadcast of the deciding game seven attracted an average Canadian audience of 4.957 million viewers , making it the most watched CBC Sports program in history to that time . This was the last Stanley Cup Finals with games played in Canada until 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2011 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2010-11 season , and the culmination of the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Boston Bruins defeated the Western Conference champion Vancouver Canucks four games to three . The Bruins ended a 39-year Stanley Cup drought with the win . Bruins goaltender Tim Thomas was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . The Canucks had home ice advantage in the Finals by virtue of winning the Presidents ' Trophy as the team that finished with the best regular season record ( 117 points ) . They were also the first Canadian team to have home ice advantage in the Finals since the Montreal Canadiens had it for the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals . The Canadiens ' victory in 1993 was also the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . As of the 2018-19 season , this was the last Stanley Cup Finals to feature a Canadian team and was also the last time that the Finals went the full seven games until 2019 . In addition this was also the last time a Canadian-based team from the Big Four appeared in a championship round until the NBAs Toronto Raptors won the 2019 NBA Finals . On June 1 , 2011 , NHL commissioner Gary Bettman made an announcement that Colin Campbell would be stepping down as the league 's head disciplinarian to be replaced by former player Brendan Shanahan , though Campbell would continue in his job as director of hockey operations . Mike Murphy , the NHL vice-president of hockey operations , had already been put in charge of disciplinary matters for the Finals , nonetheless there were concerns raised about Campbell 's impartiality in handing out discipline since his son Gregory was an active player on the Boston Bruins roster . The first game of the series was held on June 1 , while the seventh game was played on June 15 ."}]}, {'value': '48 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': '1974-75', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1975 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1974-75 season , and the culmination of the 1975 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Buffalo Sabres and the defending champion Philadelphia Flyers . The Flyers would win the best-of-seven series , four games to two . This was the first Final to have two non-Original Six teams since the 1967 expansion , and also the first contested by any team that had joined the league after 1967 ( the Sabres were part of the 1970 expansion ) . The 1975 Flyers are the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of Canadian-born players . This was the only Final between 1965 and 1979 not to feature either the Boston Bruins or the Montreal Canadiens ."}]}, {'value': '6 : 1975-76 , 1979-80 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1996-97 , 2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1976 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1975-76 season , and the culmination of the 1976 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the defending champion Philadelphia Flyers , making their third consecutive finals appearance , and the Montreal Canadiens . This was the Canadiens first appearance in the Final since their Cup win in 1973 . The Canadiens would win the best-of-seven series , four games to none ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1980 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1979-80 season , and the culmination of the 1980 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the New York Islanders in their first-ever Finals appearance and the Philadelphia Flyers , in their fourth Finals appearance , and first since 1976 . The Islanders would win the best-of-seven series , four games to two , to win their first Stanley Cup championship and the third for a post-1967 expansion team after Philadelphia 's Cup wins in 1974 and 1975 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1985_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1985 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1984-85 season , and the culmination of the 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the defending champion Edmonton Oilers ( in their third straight Finals appearance ) and the Philadelphia Flyers . The Oilers would win the best-of-seven series , four games to one , to win their second Stanley Cup . It was also the sixth straight Finals contested between teams that joined the NHL in 1967 or later . As of 2020 [ update ] , this is also the last time that a team , defending champion or runner-up , would appear in the Finals for the third straight season . This would be the third of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta ( the Oilers appeared in six , the Calgary Flames in 1986 and 1989 ) , and the second of five consecutive Finals to end with the Cup presentation on Alberta ice ( the Oilers won four of those times , the Montreal Canadiens once ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1987 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1986-87 season , and the culmination of the 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Edmonton Oilers and the Philadelphia Flyers . The Oilers won the series 4-3 , for their third Stanley Cup victory . This would be the fifth of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta ( the Oilers appeared in six , the Calgary Flames in two ) , and the fourth of five consecutive Finals to end with the Cup presentation on Alberta ice ( the Oilers won four times , the Montreal Canadiens once ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1997 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1996-97 season , and the culmination of the 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Philadelphia Flyers . Detroit was in the Final for the second time in three years ( the other coming in 1995 , when they lost to the New Jersey Devils ) while the Flyers were making their first appearance since losing in 1987 to the Edmonton Oilers . Detroit won the series in four games to win the Stanley Cup for the eighth time in franchise history and the first time since 1955 ; Philadelphia had not won since 1975 . Detroit was the last team to win the Cup without having home ice advantage in the Finals and with fewer than 100 points earned during the regular season until 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2010 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2009-10 season , and the culmination of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks and the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia Flyers . It was Chicago 's eleventh appearance in the Final and their first since 1992 , a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins . It was Philadelphia 's eighth appearance in the Final and their first since 1997 , a loss to the Detroit Red Wings . Chicago defeated Philadelphia four games to two to win their fourth Stanley Cup in franchise history . This was the first Cup championship for Chicago since 1961 , which had been the longest active Stanley Cup drought . The Toronto Maple Leafs , who last won the Cup in 1967 and who have not appeared in the Final since , now currently have the longest active Cup drought streak in the NHL . The Blackhawks became the fourth major Chicago sports team to win a championship since 1986 , joining the 1985 Chicago Bears , the Chicago Bulls dynasty of the 1990s , and the 2005 Chicago White Sox . The 2016 Chicago Cubs would complete the cycle of all Chicago sports teams winning at least one championship in 30 years . Blackhawks captain Jonathan Toews was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player of the 2010 playoffs , and was the first Blackhawks player to receive this honor . He and teammates Duncan Keith and Brent Seabrook won the Olympic Gold medal with Team Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics , adding the three players to the list of Ken Morrow ( 1980 ) and Steve Yzerman and Brendan Shanahan ( both 2002 ) , as well as Drew Doughty and Jeff Carter ( both 2014 ) , as the only players to accomplish this double in the same year . Having played for Team USA at the Olympics , Patrick Kane joined Chris Chelios and Brett Hull ( both 2002 ) as having won both the Olympic Silver medal and Stanley Cup in the same year ."}]}, {'value': '43 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Coyotes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes', 'summary': "The Arizona Coyotes are a professional ice hockey team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale , Arizona . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Coyotes first played at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix , before moving to Glendale 's Gila River Arena in 2003 . In 2021 , the Coyotes are scheduled to return to the Central Division when an expansion team in Seattle joins the league . The Coyotes were founded on December 27 , 1971 , as the Winnipeg Jets of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . After the WHA had ceased operations , they were one of four franchises absorbed into the National Hockey League and then granted membership on June 22 , 1979 . The Jets moved to Phoenix on July 1 , 1996 , and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes . In 2014 , the team was re-named to the present Arizona Coyotes . The Coyotes are owned by Alex Meruelo , who purchased the club in 2019 . The team is known for its instability under prior ownership . The NHL took ownership of the Phoenix Coyotes franchise in 2009 after then-owner Jerry Moyes turned it over to the league after declaring bankruptcy and the league kept control of the team until 2013 when they were able to find ownership willing to keep the team in Arizona . The Coyotes continue to be at odds with the city of Glendale and the use of Gila River Arena , but has signed a lease through the 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( franchise entered the NHL in 1979-80 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979–80_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1979-80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League . This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association as expansion franchises . The Edmonton Oilers , Winnipeg Jets , New England Whalers ( later renamed Hartford Whalers at the insistence of the Boston Bruins ) , and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL , bringing the total to 21 teams . The other two WHA teams ( Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers ) were paid to disband . The New York Islanders won their first Stanley Cup , defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games , in the finals . The season also marked the eighth and final season for the Flames in Atlanta before the franchise relocated to Calgary . The NHL would return to the Georgia capital in 1999 with the Thrashers , but that team would ultimately relocate away from Atlanta as well becoming the second ( and current ) incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets . The collapse of the WHA also saw the much hyped super-star rookie Wayne Gretzky come to the NHL with the Edmonton Oilers . Gretzky would tie Marcel Dionne for the scoring lead with 137 points and capture the Hart Memorial Trophy as the most valuable player while Dionne took home the Art Ross Trophy as the leading scorer by virtue of having scored two more goals . Gretzky aside , many players made their debut in the NHL this season , both due to the WHA merger and to a change in the rules for the Entry Draft allowing eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds to be drafted for the first time ; no fewer than seven Hall of Famers ( Gretzky , Ray Bourque , Mark Messier , Mike Gartner , Michel Goulet , Mark Howe , and an undrafted Joe Mullen ) debuted this season , along with numerous other perennial stars . The big story of the regular season was the record-breaking undefeated streak compiled by the Philadelphia Flyers . After starting the season with a 5-2 win over the New York Islanders and a 9-2 loss to the Atlanta Flames , the Flyers did not lose again for nearly three months , earning at least one point in every game between a 4-3 win over Toronto on October 14 , 1979 , and a 4-2 win over Buffalo on January 6 , 1980 , earning a 35 game record of 25-0-10 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Islanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Islanders', 'summary': "The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team splits its home games between Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale , New York , and Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . They are the last team in any major professional North American sport to win four consecutive championships . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987-88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to Barclays Center following the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': '1982-83', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1983 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1982-83 season , and the culmination of the 1983 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Edmonton Oilers in their first-ever Finals appearance and the defending champion New York Islanders , in their fourth consecutive and overall Finals appearance . The Islanders won the best-of-seven series , four games to none , to win their fourth consecutive and overall Stanley Cup championship . It was also the fourth straight Finals of post-1967 expansion teams , and the first involving a former World Hockey Association ( WHA ) team . This is also the most recent time that a defending Stanley Cup champion has won the cup four years in a row , and also the first ( and , to date , only ) time a North American professional sports team has won four consecutive titles in any league competition with more than 20 teams . Since 1983 , no professional sports team on the continent has won four consecutive championships and no NHL team has won more than two consecutive championships ( most recently the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 and 2017 ) . This would be the first of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta ( of which the Oilers played in six and the Calgary Flames in two ) . Although it was not the first Stanley Cup Finals to be contested by an Albertan team ( the 1923 and 1924 Finals had been contested by teams from Edmonton and Calgary respectively ) , 1983 saw the first Finals games played in Alberta . The Oilers would credit the Islanders ' subdued post-series locker room celebration - focused more on putting ice packs on their various injuries - as teaching them the level of sacrifice and dedication needed to be champions . The Oilers would go on to win four Stanley Cups in the next five seasons - and five overall by 1990 ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 1983-84', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1984 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1983-84 season , and the culmination of the 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Edmonton Oilers and the defending champion New York Islanders . The upstart Oilers won the best-of-seven series , four games to one , to win their first Stanley Cup , becoming the third post-1967 expansion team and first former World Hockey Association team to win the Cup , and also the first team based west of Chicago to win the Cup since the WCHL 's Victoria Cougars became the last non-NHL team to win it in 1925 . In the previous year 's Stanley Cup Finals , the Islanders had swept the Oilers in four straight games . The teams rematched in 1984 , with the Islanders seeking their fifth consecutive Stanley Cup championship . It was the fifth straight Finals of teams that joined the NHL in 1967 or later . As of 2019 [ update ] , the Islanders ' four consecutive Cup wins ( 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 ) and their appearance in the 1984 Cup Finals is an NHL record of 19 consecutive playoff series wins that currently stands unbroken . The 1984 Finals was the second of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta ( the Oilers appeared in six , the Calgary Flames in two ) , and the first of five consecutive Finals to end with the Cup presentation on Alberta ice ( the Oilers won four times , the Montreal Canadiens one ) . The Oilers became the fastest-ever Canadian-based expansion team to win a major sports title by winning a title in only their fifth NHL season . The feat would be eclipsed in 2016 by the Ottawa Redblacks , who won the Grey Cup in their third CFL season ."}]}, {'value': '35 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}]}, {'value': '1988-89', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1989 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1988-89 season , and the culmination of the 1989 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Calgary Flames and the Montreal Canadiens , the top two teams during the regular season . This was the second time in the decade after 1986 that the Canadiens and Flames met in the Finals . The 1989 series also remains the last time that the Cup Finals was played entirely in Canada . The Flames defeated the Canadiens in six games to win their first and only Stanley Cup . The winning goal in game six was scored by Doug Gilmour . They became the first team to win a Stanley Cup after relocating , as they had begun life as the Atlanta Flames in 1972 . Since then , four more teams have accomplished this feat : the New Jersey Devils ( formerly the Kansas City Scouts and Colorado Rockies ) , the Colorado Avalanche ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , the Dallas Stars ( formerly the Minnesota North Stars ) , and the Carolina Hurricanes ( formerly the New England/Hartford Whalers ) . The Flames would later reach the Finals again in 2004 , losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning ; they had gone that entire span without a single playoff series victory . This was also the second-to-last of eight consecutive Finals where either the Flames or their provincial rival Edmonton Oilers represented Alberta in the Stanley Cup Finals . Both Calgary and Montreal were the only two teams to win the Stanley Cup in the 1980s other than the New York Islanders and the Edmonton Oilers . This was the Canadiens ' first defeat in a Cup Finals since 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2004 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2003-04 season , and the culmination of the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Tampa Bay Lightning defeated the Western Conference champion Calgary Flames in seven games and were awarded the Stanley Cup . It was Tampa Bay 's first-ever appearance in the final . For Calgary , it was the team 's third appearance , and first since their championship season of 1989 . Lightning owner William Davidson would soon become the first owner in sports history to win two championships in one year as eight days later , the other team that Davidson owned ( the Detroit Pistons of the NBA ) won the NBA title in five games over the Los Angeles Lakers . This was the last Stanley Cup Final played for two years , as the 2004-05 NHL lockout occurred three months after the end of this final , lasting over ten months and leading to the cancellation of the 2005 Final , with the league not returning to play for the Cup until 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '29 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': '1989-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1990 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1989-90 season , and the culmination of the 1990 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Edmonton Oilers and the Boston Bruins ; the Oilers won , four games to one . For the Oilers , it was their fifth Cup win in seven years , and the only one since they traded Wayne Gretzky to the Los Angeles Kings in 1988 . This would be the last of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta ( the Oilers appeared in six , the Calgary Flames in two ) ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2006 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2005-06 season , and the culmination of the 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Eastern Conference champion Carolina Hurricanes and the Western Conference champion Edmonton Oilers . It was Carolina 's second appearance in the final , the other being in 2002 , a loss to the Detroit Red Wings . It was Edmonton 's seventh appearance in the Final and their first since their fifth Cup win in 1990 . It was also the first ( and to date only ) finals matchup between two former World Hockey Association franchises . Carolina defeated Edmonton in seven games to win the franchise 's first Stanley Cup and become the tenth post-1967 expansion team and third former WHA team to win the Cup . Carolina 's 2006 win was also the team 's second league championship ( the club , then known as the New England Whalers won the WHA Championship in 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': '28 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1991-92 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 NHL season was the 75th regular season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 22 teams with the addition of the expansion San Jose Sharks . For the first time , the Stanley Cup Finals extended into June , with the Pittsburgh Penguins repeating as Stanley Cup champions , winning the best of seven series four games to none against the Chicago Blackhawks .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup Final was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2015-16 season , and the culmination of the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Western Conference champion San Jose Sharks four games to two to win their fourth championship in franchise history ( winning the clinching game of all four on the road ) . Penguins captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Penguins finished ahead of the Sharks during the regular season , giving them home ice advantage in the series . The series began on May 30 and concluded on June 12 . This was the first Stanley Cup Finals since 2007 to feature a team making their Finals debut . This was the first playoff meeting between teams from Pittsburgh and the Bay Area since the Penguins swept the Oakland Seals in the 1970 Stanley Cup Quarterfinals . The Eastern Conference had home-ice advantage in consecutive seasons for the first time since the 2004 and 2006 Finals . This was the first Stanley Cup Finals since 2011 to be won by a team other than the Chicago Blackhawks or the Los Angeles Kings ."}]}, {'value': '27 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1992-93 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992–93_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1992-93 NHL season was the 76th regular season of the National Hockey League . Each player wore a patch on their jersey throughout the season to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Stanley Cup . The league expanded 24 teams with the addition of the Ottawa Senators and the Tampa Bay Lightning . The Montreal Canadiens won their league-leading 24th Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one . This remains the last time that a Canadian team has won the Stanley Cup . It proved , at the time , to be the highest-scoring regular season in NHL history , as a total of 7,311 goals were scored over 1,008 games for an average of 7.25 per game . Twenty of the twenty-four teams scored three goals or more per game , and only two teams , the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Chicago Blackhawks , allowed fewer than three goals per game . Only 68 shutouts were recorded during the regular season . A record twenty-one players reached the 100-point plateau , while a record fourteen players reached the 50-goal plateau - both records still stand as of the 2018-19 NHL season .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2007 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2006-07 season , and the culmination of the 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Western Conference champion Anaheim Ducks and the Eastern Conference champion Ottawa Senators . It was the second appearance in the Final for Anaheim since 2003 ( known at the time as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ) , when they lost to the New Jersey Devils . It was the first appearance for the Senators since entering the NHL as an expansion team in 1992 . Anaheim defeated Ottawa in five games and were awarded their first Stanley Cup becoming the eleventh post-1967 expansion team to win the NHL championship trophy , and the first Stanley Cup championship for a team from California ( the Los Angeles Kings would eventually win Stanley Cups in 2012 and 2014 ) . This was also the most recent year that both teams that went to the finals had never won the Stanley Cup before until the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals ."}]}, {'value': '26 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1993 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1992-93 season , and the culmination of the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Los Angeles Kings and the Montreal Canadiens . It was the first appearance in the Final for the Kings and the first appearance since the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals for a team based on the west coast of the United States . It was also the 34th and ( as of 2019 ) most recent appearance for Montreal , their first since the 1989 Stanley Cup Finals . The Canadiens won the series four games to one to win the team 's 24th Stanley Cup . The year 1993 was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup in 1893 , and the first Finals to start in the month of June . The 1993 Canadiens are also the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of North American-born players . To date , this is the last Stanley Cup Finals won by a Canadian team . The series is remembered for Kings defenceman Marty McSorley 's penalty late in the third period of game two for using an illegal stick , in what proved to be the turning point in the 1993 Cup Finals . When McSorley entered the penalty box , Los Angeles held a 1-0 series lead , and a 2-1 score in the contest . The Canadiens then went on to score the equalizer on the ensuing power play , won game two in overtime , and then defeated the Kings in the next three games to win the Cup . From the moment that McSorley was called for the penalty , the Kings failed to win another postseason game from the remainder of the 20th century , losing all the remaining games of the Finals , failing to qualify for the playoffs in five of the next seven seasons , and being swept out in the first round the other two times ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Panthers', 'summary': "The Florida Panthers are a professional ice hockey team based in the Miami metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team initially played their home games at Miami Arena , before moving to the BB & T Center in 1998 . Located in Sunrise , Florida , the Panthers are the southernmost team in the NHL . The team 's local broadcasting rights have been held by Fox Sports Florida ( formerly SportsChannel Florida ) since 1996 . The Panthers began playing in the 1993-94 NHL season . The team has made one appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals , in 1996 , the only season in which the Panthers have ever won a playoff series , eventually losing the Finals to the Colorado Avalanche . Since then , the Panthers have only qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs four times , never advancing past the first round , since 1996 . The club is affiliated with one minor league team , the Springfield Thunderbirds of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1993-94 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993–94_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 1993-94 NHL season was the 77th regular season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 26 teams with the addition of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and the Florida Panthers . The New York Rangers were the Stanley Cup champions . It was the Rangers ' fourth championship overall , and their first in 54 seasons , since 1939-40 . The spectacular play of Dominik Hasek of the Buffalo Sabres ushered in a new era of goaltending dominance in the NHL . Only three teams reached the 300-goal plateau , and only one team , the Detroit Red Wings , averaged more than four goals scored per game . Goaltenders combined for 99 shutouts during the regular season , a mark that broke the all-time regular-season record of 85 set in 1974-75 ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 1995-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1996 Stanley Cup Final was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1995-96 season , and the culmination of the 1996 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Western Conference champion Colorado Avalanche and the Eastern Conference champion Florida Panthers , two teams in the Final for the first time . Colorado defeated Florida in a four-game sweep to win their first Stanley Cup becoming the seventh post-1967 expansion team and the second former WHA team ( after the Edmonton Oilers ) to win the Cup . Colorado 's Joe Sakic earned the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP of the 1996 Playoffs . It was Colorado 's first appearance in the Final , in only their first season in Denver since moving from Quebec City ( where they had formerly played as the Nordiques ) in 1995 . It was also Florida 's first appearance in the Final , in only the franchise 's third season since entering the NHL in 1993 . Only four other teams have made their first Stanley Cup Final appearance faster : the Toronto Arenas winning the Stanley Cup in the NHL inaugural season in 1917-18 , the St. Louis Blues in their debut season in 1967-68 ( they lost the 1968 Final to the Montreal Canadiens ) , the Vegas Golden Knights in their inaugural year in 2017-18 , and the 1928 Cup-winning New York Rangers ( who were in their second season of play , having been formed for the 1926-27 season ) . This was also the first time since the formation of the NHL in 1917 that the two teams competing for the Cup were making their first Final appearance ."}]}, {'value': '25 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': '1993-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1994 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1993-94 season , and the culmination of the 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Eastern Conference champion New York Rangers and Western Conference champion Vancouver Canucks . The Canucks were making the club 's second Final appearance , their first coming during their Cinderella run of 1982 , and the Rangers were making their tenth appearance , their first since 1979 . The Rangers ended their record 54-year championship drought with a victory in game seven to claim the long-awaited Stanley Cup . It was the fourth championship in franchise history . The CBC broadcast of the deciding game seven attracted an average Canadian audience of 4.957 million viewers , making it the most watched CBC Sports program in history to that time . This was the last Stanley Cup Finals with games played in Canada until 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2014 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2013-14 season , and the culmination of the 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs . The League realigned its divisions prior to the season , and changed the structure of the playoffs , but the championship series remained the same . The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Kings defeated the Eastern Conference champion New York Rangers four games to one to win their second championship in franchise history , marking the first time since 2007 that the championship series was determined in fewer than six games . Their Stanley Cup-winning run of 26 playoff games was later tied by the 2019 St. Louis Blues for the longest of any Stanley Cup-winning team in history . Los Angeles had home ice advantage in the series , as the Kings finished with a better regular season record than the Rangers . The series started on June 4 and ended on June 13 with the Kings winning their second Stanley Cup in three seasons . It was the first meeting between teams from New York City and Los Angeles for a major professional sports championship since the Yankees and the Dodgers played in the 1981 World Series . Coincidentally , 1981 was also the last time the Rangers and the Kings had met in the postseason ; that was the last season where the league did not use a geographical based playoff format and as a result any two teams could meet in any round of the postseason regardless of geography . In 1981 the Rangers eliminated the Kings during the first round of the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '24 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville Predators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_Predators', 'summary': "The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville , Tennessee . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998 . Their television broadcasting rights are held by Fox Sports Tennessee , and radio broadcasting rights are held by WPRT-FM . The club was founded in 1998 when the NHL granted an expansion franchise to Craig Leipold . After five seasons , the Predators qualified for their first Stanley Cup playoffs during the 2003-04 season . In 2008 , ownership of the club was transferred from Leipold to a locally based ownership group . The Predators advanced to their first Stanley Cup Finals in 2017 , but were defeated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games . In the following season , the Predators won their first Presidents ' Trophy and Central Division title . The Predators are presently affiliated with the minor league teams Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League and Florida Everblades of the ECHL ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1998-99 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1998-99 NHL season was the 82nd regular season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 27 teams with the addition of the Nashville Predators . The Dallas Stars finished first in regular season play , and won the Stanley Cup championship over the Buffalo Sabres on a controversial triple overtime goal by Brett Hull .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2017 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2016-17 season , and the culmination of the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Western Conference champion Nashville Predators , four games to two . Penguins captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs for the second consecutive year . The Penguins won the Stanley Cup in their opponent 's rink , for the fifth time . During the regular season , the Penguins finished second in the league with 111 points , which gave them home ice advantage in the series . The series began on May 29 and concluded on June 11 . The Penguins made their second consecutive Finals appearance , marking the third time in their history they had done this , following their appearances in 1991-1992 and 2008-2009 . This was the first time since 2009 , a rematch between the Penguins and Detroit Red Wings , that any team appeared in consecutive Finals . The Penguins also became the first team since the Red Wings ( in 1997 and 1998 ) to win the Stanley Cup in consecutive years and the first to do so since the introduction of the salary cap . They also became the fifth franchise to accomplish this feat more than once . This marked the second consecutive season in which a Western Conference team made their first appearance in the Finals ; the San Jose Sharks made their Finals debut the year prior . This was the first time in NHL history that two United States-born head coaches faced off against each other in the Stanley Cup Finals ."}]}, {'value': '20 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1998-99 season , and the culmination of the 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion Buffalo Sabres and the Western Conference champion Dallas Stars . It was the 106th year of the Stanley Cup being contested . The Sabres were led by captain Michael Peca , head coach Lindy Ruff and goaltender Dominik Hasek . The Stars were led by captain Derian Hatcher , head coach Ken Hitchcock and goaltender Ed Belfour . It was the Sabres ' second Stanley Cup Final appearance , the first being a loss to Philadelphia in 1975 . It was the third appearance for the Stars ' franchise , and their first since moving to Dallas from Minnesota in 1993 . Minnesota ( known at the time as the North Stars ) lost in the Final to the New York Islanders in 1981 and to Pittsburgh in 1991 . The Stars defeated the Sabres four games to two to win their first Stanley Cup , becoming the eighth post-1967 expansion team to earn a championship , and the first Southern team to win the Cup . This was the first time since 1994 that the Stanley Cup Finals did not end in a sweep . This series is also remembered because of the controversial finish to game six , in which Stars forward Brett Hull scored the Cup-winning goal with his skate in the crease , which was against the rules at the time . The league allowed the goal to stand as it was ruled that Hull was turned into the crease while maintaining continuous possession ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 1999-2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2000 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1999-2000 season , and the culmination of the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils and the Western Conference champion Dallas Stars ( who were the defending Stanley Cup champion ) . The Devils were led by captain Scott Stevens , head coach Larry Robinson and goaltender Martin Brodeur . The Stars were led by captain Derian Hatcher , head coach Ken Hitchcock and goaltender Ed Belfour . The Devils defeated the Stars , four games to two ."}]}, {'value': '19 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets', 'summary': "The Winnipeg Jets are a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team is owned by True North Sports & Entertainment and plays its home games at Bell MTS Place . The Jets began play as the Atlanta Thrashers in the 1999-2000 NHL season . True North Sports & Entertainment then bought the team in May 2011 and relocated the franchise from Atlanta to Winnipeg prior to the 2011-12 season ( the first NHL franchise to relocate since the Hartford Whalers became the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997 ) . The team was renamed the Jets after Winnipeg 's original WHA/NHL team , which relocated after the 1995-96 season to become the Arizona Coyotes ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1999-2000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–2000_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1999-2000 NHL season was the 83rd regular season of the National Hockey League . With the addition of the expansion Atlanta Thrashers , 28 teams each played 82 games . This was the first season played in which teams were awarded a point for an overtime loss . The New Jersey Devils defeated the defending champion Dallas Stars for their second Stanley Cup championship . During the regular season , no player reached the 100-point plateau , the first time this had happened in a non-lockout season since the 1967-68 season . Also , in the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the New Jersey Devils overcame a three games to one deficit against the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Eastern Conference Finals .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Blue Jackets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets', 'summary': "The Columbus Blue Jackets are a professional ice hockey team based in Columbus , Ohio . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Blue Jackets began play as an expansion team in 2000 . In their initial years , the Blue Jackets struggled , failing to win 30 games in a season until the 2005-06 season . The team qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in 2009 , but were swept . Columbus ultimately notched their first playoff game victory in the 2014 playoffs and five years later won their first playoff series in the 2019 playoffs against the Tampa Bay Lightning , becoming the first team in NHL history to sweep a Presidents ' Trophy winner in the first round . However , they are still the only team in the league which has never appeared in the conference finals . The Blue Jackets ' name and logos are inspired by Ohio 's Civil War history . The Blue Jackets play their home games at Nationwide Arena in downtown Columbus , which opened in 2000 . They are affiliated with the Cleveland Monsters of the AHL ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 2000-01 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2000-01 NHL season was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League . With the addition of the expansion Columbus Blue Jackets and the Minnesota Wild , 30 teams each played 82 games . The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche , who won the best of seven series 4-3 against the New Jersey Devils . The focus of Colorado 's Stanley Cup run was on star defenseman Ray Bourque , who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his illustrious 22-year career ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 2000-01 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2000-01 NHL season was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League . With the addition of the expansion Columbus Blue Jackets and the Minnesota Wild , 30 teams each played 82 games . The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche , who won the best of seven series 4-3 against the New Jersey Devils . The focus of Colorado 's Stanley Cup run was on star defenseman Ray Bourque , who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his illustrious 22-year career ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Avalanche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2001 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2000-01 season , and the culmination of the 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Eastern Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils and the Western Conference champion and Presidents ' Trophy-winning Colorado Avalanche . It was Colorado 's second appearance in the Finals , and the first since the team won the Cup in 1996 . It was New Jersey 's third appearance in the Finals and second straight appearance after winning the Cup in the previous year . Colorado defeated New Jersey in seven games to win their second Stanley Cup in franchise history . Colorado 's Patrick Roy was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the 2001 playoffs . This was the first Stanley Cup Final since 1994 that would be decided in the maximum seven games . This was also the first and , as of 2019 , most recent Finals since 1989 that the number one seeds in each conference met in the Finals ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils', 'summary': "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark , New Jersey . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City , Missouri , in 1974 . The Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies . In 1982 , they moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey and took their current name . For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey , the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena ( later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena ) . Before the 2007-08 season , the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark . The franchise was poor to mediocre in the eight years before moving to New Jersey , a pattern that continued during the first five years in New Jersey as they failed to make the Stanley Cup playoffs and never finished higher than fifth in their division . Their fortunes began to turn around following the hiring of president and general manager Lou Lamoriello in 1987 . Under Lamoriello 's stewardship , the Devils made the playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , including 13 berths in a row from 1997 to 2010 , and finished with a winning record every season from 1992-93 to 2009-10 . They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times , most recently in 2009-10 , before transferring to the newly created Metropolitan Division as part of the NHL 's realignment in 2013 . The Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times , winning in 1994-95 , 1999-2000 and 2002-03 , and losing in 2000-01 and 2011-12 ."}]}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2003 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2002-03 season , and the culmination of the 2003 Stanley Cup playoffs . The second-seeded Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils defeated the seventh-seeded Western Conference champion Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in seven games and were awarded the Stanley Cup . It was New Jersey 's first appearance since 2001 and third in four years . It was Anaheim 's first-ever appearance . The Devils defeated the Mighty Ducks in seven games to win their third Stanley Cup in less than a decade . The Devils ' win was the last in a series of wins they , along with the Colorado Avalanche and the Detroit Red Wings , established in the era from 1995 to 2003 . The three teams won a combined eight of nine Stanley Cups during that time . The Devils won in 1995 , followed by the Avalanche in 1996 , then the Red Wings in 1997 and 1998 . The Dallas Stars win in 1999 would be superseded by the Devils in 2000 , Colorado in 2001 and Detroit in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2012 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2011-12 season , and the culmination of the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Western Conference playoff champion Los Angeles Kings defeated the Eastern Conference playoff champion New Jersey Devils four games to two , capturing the first Stanley Cup title in the team 's 45-year history , dealing the Devils just their second Stanley Cup Finals defeat in five tries and first since 2001 . Kings goaltender Jonathan Quick was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player of the playoffs . The 2012 Final ended a long Stanley Cup Final appearance drought for the Los Angeles Kings , who had appeared in the Finals only once in franchise history , in 1993 , when the Kings lost to the Montreal Canadiens in five games . The New Jersey Devils last appeared in 2003 , when they defeated the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in seven games to win their third Stanley Cup title . It was the first championship series since 2007 whose Stanley Cup-clinching game was played on the winning team 's home ice . The Eastern Conference winner had home ice advantage for the first time since 2006 , since the Devils had a better regular season record than the Kings . The Devils were the lowest-seeded team to have home-ice advantage in the Stanley Cup Finals , a record previously held by the Devils when they won the Cup as a fourth seed in 2000 . With the Devils entering the playoffs as the ninth seed of the 16 playoff teams by regular season record ( no division titles ) and the Kings as the 13th , their combined seed of 22 was the second highest of any playoff matchup ( only trailing the 1991 Cup Finals with 23 ) , and it was the first playoff matchup with no team seeded better than 9th . The Kings became the first , as well as the last eighth-seeded team to win the Stanley Cup since the conference-based seedings were introduced in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '15 seasons', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Longest active droughts -- Stanley Cup droughts', 'section_text': 'This is a list of the teams and the number of seasons since they have won the Stanley Cup . This list does not include the most recent Stanley Cup Champions : the St. Louis Blues .', 'uid': 'List_of_NHL_franchise_post-season_droughts_3', 'intro': 'This article is a list of the active and all-time National Hockey League (NHL) franchise post-season appearance, post-season series win, Stanley Cup Finals and Stanley Cup droughts up to and including the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs. Those teams which have never made it in franchise history are listed by the season that they entered the league, either as a new franchise or when they merged into the NHL from the defunct World Hockey Association (WHA) league. Note: These lists do not include the cancelled 2004-05 NHL season. Among the current 31 NHL teams, 11 have never won the Stanley Cup. Additionally, one of the Original Six franchises - the Toronto Maple Leafs - has a Stanley Cup drought that includes the entire expansion era (51 seasons and counting). With the Vegas Golden Knights winning the Western Conference in 2018, there are only four franchises that have never reached the Stanley Cup Finals. Of those four, the oldest is the Arizona Coyotes (previously the Winnipeg Jets) (38 seasons), while the Maple Leafs have an even longer drought (51 seasons). The longest Stanley Cup championship drought in history was that of the New York Rangers, broken in 1994 after 53 seasons. The Maple Leafs have the current longest active Stanley Cup championship drought at 51 seasons and counting. In 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks ended what was the second-longest ever Stanley Cup championship drought at 47 seasons (now the sixth-longest). The end of that drought was the first of three consecutive years in which one of the eleven longest such droughts was broken (Chicago Blackhawks in 2010, Boston Bruins in 2011, and Los Angeles Kings in 2012). The Florida Panthers have the longest active win drought (22 seasons).'}
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What is the all-time points percentage of the team that lost the Stanley Cup Final immediately before the Vancouver Canucks ?
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57.5%
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03baded72e8f810e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2010_box_office_number-one_films_in_Canada', 'title': 'List of 2010 box office number-one films in Canada', 'header': ['Rank', 'Title', 'Studio', 'Total Gross ( in millions )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alice in Wonderland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)', 'summary': "Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American dark fantasy adventure film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton . The film stars Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Helena Bonham Carter , Crispin Glover , Matt Lucas , and Mia Wasikowska , and features the voices of Alan Rickman , Stephen Fry , Michael Sheen , and Timothy Spall . Loosely inspired by Lewis Carroll 's fantasy novels , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass , and Walt Disney 's 1951 animated film of the same name , the film tells the story of a nineteen-year-old Alice Kingsleigh , who is told that she can restore the White Queen to her throne , with the help of the Mad Hatter . She is the only one who can slay the Jabberwocky , a dragon-like creature that is controlled by the Red Queen and terrorizes Underland 's inhabitants . In this situation , Alice fights against the Red Queen to protect the world . Alice in Wonderland was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and shot in the United Kingdom and the United States . The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25 , 2010 , and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters on March 5 , 2010 . It is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010 . Alice in Wonderland received mixed reviews upon release ; although praised for its visual style and special effects , the film was criticized for its lack of narrative coherence . It received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards , including Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . At the 83rd Academy Awards , Alice in Wonderland won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects . The film generated over $ 1.025 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth highest-grossing film of all time during its theatrical run ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures', 'summary': "Walt Disney Pictures ( branded as simply Disney since 2011 ) is an American film studio and a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , which is ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company . The subsidiary is the main producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit , and is based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It took on its current name in 1983 . Films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios are also released under this brand . The 2019 remake of The Lion King is the studio 's highest-grossing film worldwide with $ 1.6 billion , and Pirates of the Caribbean is the studio 's most successful franchise , with two of its sequels , released in 2006 and 2011 , earning over $ 1 billion in worldwide box office gross ."}]}, {'value': '$ 36.71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inception', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inception', 'summary': "Inception is a 2010 psychological science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan , who also produced the film with his wife , Emma Thomas . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as a professional thief who steals information by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets . He is offered a chance to have his criminal history erased as payment for the implantation of another person 's idea into a target 's subconscious . The ensemble cast includes Ken Watanabe , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Marion Cotillard , Ellen Page , Tom Hardy , Dileep Rao , Cillian Murphy , Tom Berenger , and Michael Caine . After the 2002 completion of Insomnia , Nolan presented to Warner Bros. a written 80-page treatment for a horror film envisioning dream stealers , based on lucid dreaming . Deciding he needed more experience before tackling a production of this magnitude and complexity , Nolan retired the project and instead worked on 2005 's Batman Begins , 2006 's The Prestige , and The Dark Knight in 2008 . The treatment was revised over 6 months and was purchased by Warner in February 2009 . Inception was filmed in six countries , beginning in Tokyo on June 19 and ending in Canada on November 22 . Its official budget was US $ 160 million , split between Warner Bros and Legendary . Nolan 's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film 's US $ 100 million in advertising expenditure . Inception 's première was held in London on July 8 , 2010 ; it was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters beginning on July 16 , 2010 . Inception grossed over US $ 828 million worldwide , becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros.', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. ( also simply known as Warner Bros. and initialized as WB ) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Burbank , California , and a division of AT & T 's WarnerMedia . Founded in 1923 , it has operations in areas such as film , television , and video games and is one of the Big Five major American film studios , as well as a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . The company 's portfolio encompasses the film studios Warner Bros. Pictures , New Line Cinema , Castle Rock Entertainment and DC Films ; the television production and syndication company Warner Bros. Television ; the animation studios Warner Bros . Animation and Warner Animation Group ; the publisher DC Comics ; the video game development and publishing arm Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment ; the pay television channels Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Turner Classic Movies ; and a 50% interest in The CW television network , which is co-owned with ViacomCBS . Aside from content operations , Warner Bros. also has several theme parks that are managed and operated by third party companies ."}]}, {'value': '$ 33.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toy Story 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toy_Story_3', 'summary': "Toy Story 3 is a 2010 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . It is the third ( originally intended final ) installment in Pixar 's Toy Story series , and the sequel to 1999 's Toy Story 2 . It was directed by Lee Unkrich , the editor of the first two films and the co-director of Toy Story 2 , written by Michael Arndt , while Unkrich wrote the story along with John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton , respectively director and co-writer of the first two films . The plot focuses on Woody , Buzz Lightyear , and Andy 's other remaining toys accidentally being donated to a day care center , while Andy , now 17 years old , is preparing to leave for college , and their ensuing race to get home before Andy leaves . In the film 's ensemble voice cast , Tom Hanks , Tim Allen , Joan Cusack , Don Rickles , Wallace Shawn , John Ratzenberger , Estelle Harris , Jodi Benson , John Morris , Laurie Metcalf and R. Lee Ermey ( final voice role as Sarge before he died on April 15 , 2018 ) , reprise their roles from previous films . Jim Varney , who voiced Slinky Dog in the first two films , died on February 10 , 2000 , 10 years before the release of the third film , so the role of Slinky was passed down to Blake Clark . The returning cast is joined by Ned Beatty , Michael Keaton , Whoopi Goldberg , Timothy Dalton , Kristen Schaal , Bonnie Hunt , and Jeff Garlin who voice the new characters introduced in this film . The film was released in theaters June 18 , 2010 , and played worldwide from June through October in the Disney Digital 3-D , RealD , and IMAX 3D formats . Toy Story 3 was the first film to be released theatrically with Dolby Surround 7.1 sound . Like its predecessors , Toy Story 3 received critical acclaim upon release , with critics praising the vocal performances , screenplay , emotional depth , animation , and Randy Newman 's musical score . It became the second Pixar film ( after Up ) and third animated film overall ( after Beauty and the Beast and Up ) to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture . The film received four more Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Sound Editing , Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song , winning the latter two ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney/ Pixar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pixar', 'summary': "Pixar Animation Studios ( /ˈpɪksɑːr/ ) is an American computer animation studio based in Emeryville , California , a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios . Pixar began in 1979 as part of the Lucasfilm computer division , known as the Graphics Group , before its spin-off as a corporation on February 3 , 1986 , with funding from Apple co-founder Steve Jobs , who became its majority shareholder . Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $ 7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock , a transaction that resulted in Jobs becoming Disney 's largest single shareholder at the time . Pixar is best known for its feature films technologically powered by RenderMan , the company 's own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan Interface Specification image-rendering application programming interface . Luxo Jr. , a character from the studio 's 1986 short film of the same name , is the studio 's mascot . Pixar has produced 21 feature films , beginning with Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was the first ever computer-animated feature film ; its most recent film was Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) . All of the studio 's films have debuted with CinemaScore ratings of at least an A− , which indicates a positive reception with audiences . The studio has also produced dozens of short films . As of July 2019 [ update ] , its feature films have earned approximately $ 14 billion at the worldwide box office , with an average worldwide gross of $ 680 million per film . Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) , and Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) are all among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time , with Incredibles 2 being the third highest-grossing animated film of all time , with a gross of $ 1.2 billion ; the other three also grossed over $ 1 billion . Moreover , 15 of Pixar 's films are in the 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time . The studio has earned 20 Academy Awards , 8 Golden Globe Awards , and 11 Grammy Awards , along with numerous other awards and acknowledgments ."}]}, {'value': '$ 33.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iron Man 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Man_2', 'summary': "Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . [ N 1 ] It is the sequel to 2008 's Iron Man , and the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux , the film stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , alongside Gwyneth Paltrow , Don Cheadle , Scarlett Johansson , Sam Rockwell , Mickey Rourke , and Samuel L. Jackson . Six months after the events of Iron Man , Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the Iron Man technology while also combating his declining health from the arc reactor in his chest . Meanwhile , rogue Russian scientist Ivan Vanko has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own in order to pursue a vendetta against the Stark family , in the process , joining forces with Stark 's business rival , Justin Hammer . Following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel . In July of that same year , Theroux was hired to write the script , and Favreau was signed to return and direct . Downey , Paltrow , and Jackson were set to reprise their roles from Iron Man , while Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes . In the early months of 2009 , Rourke , Rockwell , and Johansson filled out the supporting cast , and filming took place from April to July of that year . Like its predecessor , the film was shot mostly in California , except for a key sequence in Monaco . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on April 26 , 2010 , and was released in the United States on May 7 , 2010 . The film received generally positive reviews , with praise for Downey 's performance as well as for the action sequences , musical score and visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paramount_Pictures', 'summary': "Paramount Pictures Corporation ( also known simply as Paramount ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of ViacomCBS . It is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world , the second oldest in the United States , and the sole member of the Big Five film studios still located in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood . In 1916 , film producer Adolph Zukor put 22 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo . In 2014 , Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only . The company 's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue , Hollywood , California , United States . Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) ."}]}, {'value': '$ 27.97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_–_Part_1', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the first of two cinematic parts based on J. K. Rowling 's 2007 novel of the same name and features an ensemble cast . The film , which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron , and Rowling . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , respectively , reprising roles as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and is followed by the concluding entry , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 . The story follows Harry Potter , who has been tasked by Dumbledore with finding and destroying Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality - the Horcruxes . Filming began on 19 February 2009 ( 2009-02-19 ) and was completed on 12 June 2010 ( 2010-06-12 ) . Part 1 was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats worldwide on 19 November 2010 . In the film 's worldwide opening weekend , Part 1 grossed $ 330 million , the third-highest in the series , and the highest opening of 2010 , as well as the eighth-highest of all time . With a worldwide gross of $ 960 million , Part 1 is the third highest-grossing film of 2010 , behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland , and the third-highest-grossing Harry Potter film in terms of worldwide totals , behind Deathly Hallows - Part 2 and Philosopher 's Stone . Additionally , it received two nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards : Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 27.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Saga : Eclipse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_Eclipse', 'summary': "The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , commonly referred to as Eclipse , is a 2010 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's 2007 novel Eclipse . It is the third installment of The Twilight Saga film series , following 2008 's Twilight and 2009 's New Moon . Summit Entertainment greenlit the film in February 2009 . Directed by David Slade , the film stars Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprising their roles as Bella Swan , Edward Cullen , and Jacob Black , respectively . Melissa Rosenberg , who penned the scripts for both Twilight and New Moon , returned as screenwriter . Filming began on August 17 , 2009 , at Vancouver Film Studios , and finished in late October , with post-production began early the following month . Bryce Dallas Howard was cast as Victoria , replacing Rachelle Lefevre who previously played her . The film was released worldwide on June 30 , 2010 in theatres , and became the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The film has received mixed reception from critics . It held the record for biggest midnight opening in the United States and Canada in box office history , grossing an estimated $ 30 million , until it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in 2011 . The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in the United States and Canada history with $ 68,533,840 beating Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 's $ 62 million . Eclipse has also become the film with the widest independent release , playing in over 4,416 theaters , surpassing its predecessor , The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which held the record since November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summit_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Summit Entertainment is an American film production and distribution company . It is a label of Lionsgate Films , owned by Lionsgate Entertainment and is headquartered in Santa Monica , California .'}]}, {'value': '$ 26.73', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shrek Forever After', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shrek_Forever_After', 'summary': "Shrek Forever After ( previously promoted as Shrek : The Final Chapter ) is a 2010 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the Shrek film franchise and the sequel to Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) . The film was directed by Mike Mitchell from a screenplay by Josh Klausner and Darren Lemke , and stars Mike Myers , Eddie Murphy , Cameron Diaz , Antonio Banderas , Julie Andrews , and John Cleese reprising their previous roles , with Walt Dohrn introduced in the role of Rumpelstiltskin . The plot follows Shrek struggling as a family man with no privacy , who yearns for the days when he was once feared . He is tricked by Rumpelstiltskin into signing a contract that allows him to relive his golden age , but comes to realize that it comes alongside disastrous consequences . The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21 , 2010 , and was theatrically released in the United States on May 21 , 2010 in 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film debuted as the top-grossing film at the box office , a position it held for three consecutive weeks in the United States and Canada . The film received mixed reviews from critics , but many had considered it an improvement over its predecessor . The film grossed a worldwide total of $ 752 million and becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2010 . In addition , Shrek Forever After became DreamWorks Animation 's second-highest-grossing film at the foreign box office . Although originally marketed as the final installment in the film franchise , a fifth Shrek film has unofficially been reported to be in production in the years since Forever After was released ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount/ DreamWorks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures', 'summary': "DreamWorks Pictures ( also known as DreamWorks SKG or DreamWorks Studios , commonly referred to as DreamWorks ) is an American film production label of Amblin Partners . It was founded in 1994 as a film studio by Steven Spielberg , Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen ( together , SKG ) , of which they owned 72% . The studio was formerly distributing its own and third-party films by itself . It has produced or distributed more than ten films with box-office grosses of more than $ 100 million each . In December 2005 , the founders agreed to sell the studio to Viacom , parent of Paramount Pictures . The sale was completed in February 2006 ( this version is now named DW Studios ) . In 2008 , DreamWorks announced its intention to end its partnership with Paramount and signed a $ 1.5 billion deal to produce films with India 's Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group , re-creating DreamWorks Pictures into an independent entity . The following year , DreamWorks entered into a distribution agreement with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , wherein Disney would distribute DreamWorks films through Touchstone Pictures ; the deal continued until 2016 . As of October 2016 , DreamWorks ' films are marketed and distributed by Universal Pictures . Currently , DreamWorks operates out of offices at Universal Studios Hollywood . DreamWorks ' former feature animation unit , now known as DreamWorks Animation ( which currently owns the DreamWorks trademarks ) , was spun off in 2004 , and as of August 2016 is a subsidiary of NBCUniversal . Spielberg 's company continues to use the DreamWorks trademarks under license from DreamWorks Animation ."}]}, {'value': '$ 23.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Despicable Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Despicable_Me', 'summary': "Despicable Me is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment as its debut film and project and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film was animated by the French animation studio Mac Guff , which was later acquired by Illumination . Directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud in their directorial debuts with a story by Sergio Pablos and screenplay by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the film is eponymous with the main character and its theme song , composed by Pharrell Williams . The film stars Steve Carell as the voice of Gru , a supervillain who adopts three girls ( voiced by Miranda Cosgrove , Dana Gaier , and Elsie Fisher ) from an orphanage ; and Jason Segel as the voice of Vector , a rival of Gru that steals the Great Pyramid of Giza . When Gru learns of Vector 's heist , he plans an even greater heist : to shrink and steal Earth 's moon . However , despite Gru 's villainous intentions , he grows increasingly touched by the girls ' growing love for him and finds himself changing for the better because of it . Released theatrically on July 9 , 2010 in the United States , Despicable Me received positive reviews and grossed over $ 546 million worldwide against a budget of $ 69 million . It launched the Despicable Me franchise series of films , including the sequel Despicable Me 2 in 2013 , another sequel , Despicable Me 3 in 2017 , and two prequels ; Minions , released in 2015 , and the upcoming Minions : The Rise of Gru in 2020 , both of which feature Gru 's Minions as the main characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Universal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Studios', 'summary': "Universal Pictures ( also known as Universal Studios , and formerly Universal Film Manufacturing Company ) is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal . Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour , it is the oldest surviving film studio in the United States ; the world 's fifth oldest after Gaumont , Pathé , Titanus , and Nordisk Film ; and the oldest member of Hollywood 's Big Five studios in terms of the overall film market . Its studios are located in Universal City , California , and its corporate offices are located in New York City . Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) , and was one of the Little Three majors during Hollywood 's golden age ."}]}, {'value': '$ 21.89', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How To Train Your Dragon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_To_Train_Your_Dragon', 'summary': "How to Train Your Dragon is an American media franchise from DreamWorks Animation and loosely based on the eponymous series of children 's books by British author Cressida Cowell . It consists of three feature films : How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) , How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) and How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) . The franchise also consists of four short films : Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Book of Dragons ( 2010 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) . A television series following the events of the first film , Dragons : Riders of Berk , began airing on Cartoon Network in September 2012 . It was renamed Dragons : Defenders of Berk for second season . Another television series , titled Dragons : Race to the Edge , serves as a prequel to the second film and aired on Netflix from June 2015 to February 2018 . The franchise follows the adventures of a young Viking named Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III , son of Stoick the Vast , leader of the Viking island of Berk . Although initially dismissed as a clumsy and underweight misfit , he soon becomes renowned as a courageous expert in dragons , beginning with Toothless , a member of the rare Night Fury breed as his flying mount and his closest companion . Together with his friends , he manages the village 's allied dragon population in defense of his home as leader of a flying corps of dragon riders . Upon becoming leaders of their kind , Hiccup and Toothless are forced to make choices that will truly ensure peace between people and dragons . Dean DeBlois , the director of the trilogy , described its story as Hiccup 's coming of age , taking a span of five years between the first and second film , and a year between the second and third film . The film series has been highly acclaimed , with each film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , in addition to the first film 's nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Score ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount/DreamWorks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 20.58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clash of the Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)', 'summary': "Clash of the Titans is a 2010 fantasy action-adventure film and remake of the 1981 film of the same name produced by MGM ( the rights to which had been acquired by Warner Bros. in 1996 ) . The story is very loosely based on the Greek myth of Perseus . Directed by Louis Leterrier and starring Sam Worthington , Liam Neeson , and Ralph Fiennes , the film was originally set for standard release on March 26 , 2010 . However , it was later announced that the film would be converted to 3D and was released on April 2 , 2010 . Clash of the Titans grossed $ 493 million worldwide , though it received generally negative reviews from critics and received two Golden Raspberry Awards nominations . The film 's success led to a sequel , Wrath of the Titans , released in March 2012 . A third film titled Revenge of the Titans was in development but later cancelled due to Wrath of the Titans ' disappointing box office performance ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 15.99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grown Ups', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grown_Ups_(2010_film)', 'summary': "Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and written by Adam Sandler and Fred Wolf . It stars Sandler , Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade , and Rob Schneider . The film 's plot tells a story of five lifelong friends who won their high school basketball championship in 1978 . They reunite three decades later for a 4th of July weekend after learning about the sudden death of their basketball coach . Grown Ups was produced by Sandler 's production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures . Sandler , Rock , Schneider , and Spade all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990-1991 season ; supporting cast including Colin Quinn , Maya Rudolph , Tim Meadows , and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members . Despite receiving generally unfavorable reviews from critics , it grossed $ 271 million and led to a sequel , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Pictures', 'summary': "Columbia Pictures Industries , Inc. ( commonly known as Columbia Pictures or simply Columbia ) is an American film studio and production & distribution company that is a member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group , a division of Sony Entertainment 's Sony Pictures subsidiary of the Japanese multinational conglomerate Sony Corporation . What would eventually become Columbia Pictures , CBC Film Sales Corporation was founded on June 19 , 1918 by Harry Cohn , his brother Jack Cohn , and Joe Brandt . It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924 , went public two years later , and eventually began to use the image of Columbia , the female personification of the United States , as its logo . In its early years , Columbia was a minor player in Hollywood , but began to grow in the late 1920s , spurred by a successful association with director Frank Capra . With Capra and others , Columbia became one of the primary homes of the screwball comedy . In the 1930s , Columbia 's major contract stars were Jean Arthur and Cary Grant . In the 1940s , Rita Hayworth became the studio 's premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s . Rosalind Russell , Glenn Ford , and William Holden also became major stars at the studio . It is one of the leading film studios in the world and is a member of the Big Five major American film studios . Columbia was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age . Today , it has become the world 's fourth largest major film studio . The company was primarily responsible for distributing Disney 's Silly Symphony film series as well as the Mickey Mouse cartoon series from 1929 to 1932 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 15.30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Karate Kid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(2010_film)', 'summary': "The Karate Kid ( known as The Kung Fu Dream in China ) is a 2010 martial arts drama film directed by Harald Zwart , and part of The Karate Kid series . It stars Jaden Smith and Jackie Chan in lead roles , and it was produced by Jerry Weintraub , James Lassiter , Ken Stovitz and Jaden 's parents Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith . The plot concerns 12-year-old Dre Parker ( Jaden Smith ) from Detroit , Michigan who moves to Beijing , China with his mother ( Taraji P. Henson ) and runs afoul of the neighborhood bully ( Zhenwei Wang ) . He makes an unlikely ally in the form of an aging maintenance man , Mr. Han ( Chan ) , a kung fu master who teaches him the secrets of self-defense . The screenplay by Christopher Murphey was from the story written by Robert Mark Kamen for the original The Karate Kid . Unlike the original , this remake is set in China , and features Kung Fu instead of Japanese-Okinawan Karate . The film 's music was composed by James Horner . It is an international co-production between China , Hong Kong , and the United States . Principal photography took place in Beijing , China , and filming began in July 2009 and ended on October 16 , 2009 . The Karate Kid was released theatrically worldwide on June 11 , 2010 , by Sony Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and earned $ 359 million on a $ 40 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 14.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shutter Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shutter_Island_(film)', 'summary': "Shutter Island is a 2010 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Laeta Kalogridis , based on Dennis Lehane 's 2003 novel of the same name . Leonardo DiCaprio stars as U.S . Marshal Edward Teddy Daniels , who is investigating a psychiatric facility on Shutter Island after one of the patients goes missing . Mark Ruffalo plays his partner officer , Ben Kingsley is the facility 's lead psychiatrist , Max von Sydow is a German doctor , and Michelle Williams is Daniels 's wife . Released on February 19 , 2010 , the film received mostly positive reviews from critics , was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2010 , and grossed over $ 294 million worldwide . The film is also noteworthy for its soundtrack using classical ( Gustav Mahler ) and mainly modern classical music by composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki , György Ligeti , John Cage , Ingram Marshall , and Max Richter ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 14.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_(2010_film)', 'summary': "Salt is a 2010 American action thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce , written by Kurt Wimmer , and starring Angelina Jolie , Liev Schreiber , Daniel Olbrychski , August Diehl , and Chiwetel Ejiofor . Jolie plays Evelyn Salt , who is accused of being a Russian sleeper agent and goes on the run to try to clear her name . Originally written with a male protagonist , with Tom Cruise initially secured for the lead , the script was ultimately rewritten by Brian Helgeland for Jolie . Filming took place on location in Washington , D.C. , the New York City area , and Albany , New York , between March and June 2009 , with reshoots in January 2010 . Action scenes were primarily performed with practical stunts , computer-generated imagery being used mostly for creating digital environments . The film had a panel at the San Diego Comic-Con on July 22 and was released in North America on July 23 , 2010 , and in the United Kingdom on August 18 , 2010 . Salt grossed $ 294 million at the worldwide box office and received generally positive reviews , with praise for the action scenes and Jolie 's performance , but drawing criticism on the writing , with reviewers finding the plot implausible and convoluted . The DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released December 21 , 2010 , and featured two alternate cuts providing different endings for the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 13.86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Hood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Robin Hood is a 2010 epic historical drama film based on the Robin Hood legend , directed by Ridley Scott and starring Russell Crowe , Cate Blanchett , William Hurt , Mark Strong , Mark Addy , Oscar Isaac , Danny Huston , Eileen Atkins , and Max von Sydow . It was released in 12 countries on 12 May 2010 , including the United Kingdom and Ireland and was also the opening film at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival the same day . It was released in a further 23 countries the following day , among them Australia , and an additional 17 countries on 14 May 2010 , among them the United States and Canada . The film received mixed reviews and grossed $ 321.7 million against its $ 200 million budget , thus being considered a box office disappointment .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 13.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Expendables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Expendables_(2010_film)', 'summary': "The Expendables is a 2010 American action film written by David Callaham and Sylvester Stallone , and directed by Stallone , who also starred in the lead role . The film co-stars Jason Statham , Jet Li , Dolph Lundgren , Randy Couture , Terry Crews , Steve Austin and Mickey Rourke . The film was released in the United States on August 13 , 2010 . It is the first installment in The Expendables film series . This was Dolph Lundgren 's first theatrically released film since 1995 's Johnny Mnemonic , and Steve Austin 's last theatrical release film until 2013 's Grown Ups 2 . The film is about a group of elite mercenaries tasked with a mission to overthrow a Latin American dictator whom they soon discover to be a mere puppet controlled by a ruthless ex-CIA agent . It pays tribute to the blockbuster action films of the late 1980s and early 1990s . It was distributed by Lionsgate . The Expendables received mixed reviews , praising the action scenes , but criticizing the lack of story . However , it was commercially successful , opening at number one at the box office in the United States , the United Kingdom , China and India , and grossed a total of $ 274 million worldwide . A sequel , The Expendables 2 , was released on August 17 , 2012 , and another sequel , The Expendables 3 , was released on August 15 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Liongates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Lions Gate Entertainment Corp. , doing business as Lionsgate , is a Canadian-American entertainment company . It was formed on July 10 , 1997 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada and is currently headquartered in Santa Monica , California , United States . In addition to its flagship Lionsgate Films division , which generated the seventh-highest gross revenue in North America in 2015 , the company contains other divisions such as Lionsgate Television and Lionsgate Interactive . It owns a variety of subsidiaries such as Summit Entertainment , Debmar-Mercury , and Starz Inc .'}]}, {'value': '$ 13.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Megamind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megamind', 'summary': "Megamind is a 2010 American computer-animated superhero comedy film , directed by Tom McGrath , produced by DreamWorks Animation , and distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film premiered on October 28 , 2010 , in Russia , while it was released in the United States in Digital 3D , IMAX 3D and 2D on November 5 , 2010 . It features the voices of Will Ferrell , Tina Fey , Jonah Hill , David Cross , and Brad Pitt . The film tells the story of a super-intelligent alien supervillain , Megamind , who after a long-lasting battle one day actually destroys his foe , the much-loved superhero Metro Man . Having Metro City for himself , Megamind finds out that his villainy has no purpose , and thus creates a new superhero to serve as his nemesis . His plan backfires , as he ends up creating instead a new supervillain . With Metro City spiraling out of control , Megamind attempts to set things right and discovers his newfound purpose - as a superhero . Megamind received generally positive reviews from critics , praising its strong visuals and the cast 's performances , but criticizing its unoriginality and humor . With a budget of $ 130 million , the film grossed over $ 321 million worldwide , becoming one of DreamWorks Animation 's lowest-grossing CG animated films of the 2010s . A short film , titled Megamind : The Button of Doom , was released on February 25 , 2011 , on the Megamind DVD and Blu-ray ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount/DreamWorks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 12.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackass 3D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackass_3D', 'summary': 'Jackass 3D ( known as Jackass 3 on home media ) is a 2010 American 3D adult comedy film and the third film in the Jackass film series . It was directed by Jeff Tremaine , who produced with Johnny Knoxville and Spike Jonze . The film stars Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , Steve-O , Ryan Dunn , Jason Wee Man Acuña , Preston Lacy , Chris Pontius , Ehren McGhehey , and Dave England . Paramount Pictures released the film on October 15 , 2010 , to American theaters and marked the 10th anniversary of the franchise , which started in 2000 . Jackass 3D earned $ 171.7 million on a $ 20 million budget . The DVD and Blu-ray versions of Jackass 3D were released on March 8 , 2011 , in three different versions . A sequel titled Jackass 3.5 was released on June 13 , 2011 . In December 2019 , Paramount announced a fourth Jackass film is scheduled for release in March 2021 .'}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 12.32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tangled', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tangled', 'summary': "Tangled is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Loosely based on the German fairy tale Rapunzel in the collection of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm , it is the 50th Disney animated feature film . Featuring the voices of Mandy Moore , Zachary Levi and Donna Murphy , the film tells the story of a lost , young princess with magical long blonde hair who yearns to leave her secluded tower . Against her mother 's wishes , she accepts the aid of an intruder to take her out into the world which she has never seen . Before the film 's release , its title was changed from Rapunzel to Tangled , reportedly to market the film gender-neutrally . Tangled spent six years in production at a cost that has been estimated at $ 260 million , which , if accurate , would make it the most expensive animated film ever made and one of the most expensive films of all time . The film employed a unique artistic style by blending together features of computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) and traditional animation while using non-photorealistic rendering to create the impression of a painting . Composer Alan Menken , who had worked on prior Disney animated features , returned to score Tangled . Tangled premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on November 14 , 2010 , and went into general release on November 24 . The film earned $ 591 million in worldwide box office revenue , $ 200 million of which was earned in the United States and Canada . The film was nominated for a number of awards , including Best Original Song at the 83rd Academy Awards . The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 29 , 2011 ; a short film , Tangled Ever After , was released later in 2012 and a television series premiered in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 11.36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Other Guys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Other_Guys', 'summary': "The Other Guys is a 2010 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Adam McKay , who co-wrote it with Chris Henchy . It stars Will Ferrell , Mark Wahlberg , Michael Keaton , Eva Mendes , Steve Coogan , Ray Stevenson , Samuel L. Jackson , and Dwayne Johnson . This film is the fourth of five collaborations between Ferrell and McKay , following Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , and Step Brothers ( 2008 ) , and followed by Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) . The Other Guys is the only one not to be co-written by Ferrell . It is also the first of three collaborations between Ferrell and Wahlberg , who later reunited in Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) and Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) . The film was released on August 6 , 2010 . It has a 78% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes and grossed over $ 170 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 11.25', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest-grossing films in Canada', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_2010_box_office_number-one_films_in_Canada_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in Canada during 2010.'}
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Whose book inspired the movie that made $ 27,220,000 in Canada ?
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J. K. Rowling 's
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03bc70cfdad941b7
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trae Waynes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trae_Waynes', 'summary': 'Trae Waynes ( born July 25 , 1992 ) is an American football cornerback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Michigan State . He was drafted by the Vikings in the first round , 11th overall of the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_football', 'summary': "Michigan State Spartans football program represents Michigan State University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level . The Spartans are members of the Big Ten Conference . Michigan State claims a total of six national championships ( 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 , and 1966 ) ; the AP Poll voted Michigan State as national champion one time ( 1952 ) . They have been named national champions twice in the Coaches Poll ( 1952 and 1965 ) . The Spartans have also won two Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association championships ( 1903 and 1905 ) and nine Big Ten championships ( 1953 , 1965 , 1966 , 1978 , 1987 , 1990 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 ) . The Spartans home games are played at Spartan Stadium , which is located on the main university campus . Spartan Stadium has ranked among the NCAA 's Top 25 in attendance for 61 consecutive seasons , from 1953 through 2016 . The team 's iconic Spartan helmet logo has been ranked as one of the game 's best ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Kendricks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Kendricks', 'summary': "Eric-Nathan M. Kendricks ( born February 29 , 1992 ) is an American football middle linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at UCLA . As a senior in 2014 , he won the Butkus Award as the nation 's top collegiate linebacker and received All-American honors . He was drafted by the Vikings in the second round , 45th overall of the 2015 NFL Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins football program represents the University of California , Los Angeles , in college football as members of the Pac-12 Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The Bruins have enjoyed several periods of success in their history , having been ranked in the top ten of the AP Poll at least once in every decade since the poll began in the 1930s . Their first major period of success came in the 1950s , under head coach Henry Russell Sanders . Sanders led the Bruins to the Coaches ' Poll national championship in 1954 , three conference championships , and an overall record of 66-19-1 in nine years . In the 1980s and 1990s , during the tenure of Terry Donahue , the Bruins compiled a 151-74-8 record , including 13 bowl games and an NCAA record eight straight bowl wins . The program has produced 28 first round picks in the NFL Draft , 30 consensus All-Americans , and multiple major award winners , including Heisman winner Gary Beban . The UCLA Bruins ' main rival is the USC Trojans . Chip Kelly became head coach in 2018 . The Bruins were the Pac-12 Conference South Division champions for two years in a row and played Pac-12 Football Championship Games in both 2011 and 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danielle Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danielle_Hunter', 'summary': 'Danielle Hunter ( /dəˈniːl/ də-NEEL ; born October 29 , 1994 ) is a Jamaican-American professional American football defensive end for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at LSU . He was drafted in the third round , 88th overall in the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The LSU Tigers football program , also known as the Fighting Tigers , represents Louisiana State University in the sport of American football . The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . LSU ranks 16th most in victories in NCAA Division I FBS history and claims four National Championships ( 1958 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2019 ) , 16 conference championships , and 35 consensus All-Americans . As of the beginning of the 2018 NFL season , 40 former LSU players were on active rosters in the NFL , the second most of any college program . The team plays in Tiger Stadium , and Ed Orgeron is the head coach .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. J. Clemmings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._J._Clemmings', 'summary': 'Trevor Anthony T. J. Clemmings ( born November 18 , 1991 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Pittsburgh . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round of the 2015 NFL Draft . He has also played for the Washington Redskins and Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Panthers football program is the intercollegiate football team of the University of Pittsburgh , often referred to as Pitt , located in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Traditionally the most popular sport at the university , Pitt football has played at the highest level of American college football competition , now termed the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , since the beginning of the school 's official sponsorship of the sport in 1890 . As of the 2013 season , Pitt competes as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Pitt claims nine national championships and is among the top 20 college football programs in terms of all-time wins . Its teams have featured many coaches and players notable throughout the history of college football , including , among all schools , the twelfth most College Football Hall of Fame inductees , the twelfth most consensus All-Americans , and the fourth most Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees . The Panthers are currently coached by Pat Narduzzi . Pitt plays home games at Heinz Field which they share with the National Football League Pittsburgh Steelers and utilize the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sports Performance Complex as their practice facility ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MyCole Pruitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MyCole_Pruitt', 'summary': 'MyCole Pruitt ( born March 24 , 1992 ) is an American football tight end for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Southern Illinois , where he was a two-time first-team FCS All-American . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round , 143rd overall of the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Illinois_Salukis_football', 'summary': 'The Southern Illinois Salukis football team represents Southern Illinois University Carbondale in football . The Salukis are a member of the NCAA and compete at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level ( formerly known as NCAA Division I-AA ) . The Salukis are a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference and play in Saluki Stadium on the campus of Southern Illinois University Carbondale in Carbondale , Illinois , which has a seating capacity of 15,000 . The Salukis are coached by Nick Hill , who was the starting quarterback for the Salukis in 2006 and 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefon Diggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefon_Diggs', 'summary': "Stefon Mar'sean Diggs ( born November 29 , 1993 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Vikings in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft . He played college football at Maryland ."}]}, {'value': 'Wide receiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_football', 'summary': "The Maryland Terrapins football team represents the University of Maryland , College Park in the sport of American football . The Terrapins compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Big Ten Conference . The Terrapins joined the Big Ten Conference on July 1 , 2014 , following 62 years in the Atlantic Coast Conference as a founding member . Mike Locksley is the head coach . Since 1950 , the Terrapins have played their home games at Maryland Stadium in College Park , Maryland with occasional home games from time to time in Baltimore , making them one of two FBS football teams in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area ( Navy Midshipmen ) and the closest Football Bowl Subdivision team to Washington , D.C . The team 's official colors of red , white , black , and gold have been in use in some combination since the 1920s and are taken from Maryland 's state flag , and the Terrapins nickname - often abbreviated as Terps - was adopted in 1933 after a turtle species native to the state . Maryland shares storied rivalries with Virginia and West Virginia . The program 's achievements have included one national championship , nine ACC championships , two Southern Conference championships , eleven consensus All-Americans , several Hall of Fame inductees , and twenty-four bowl game appearances . Maryland possesses the third-most ACC championships with nine , which places them behind Clemson and Florida State with 15 each . Many former Terrapins players and coaches have gone on to careers in professional football including 16 first-round NFL Draft picks ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyrus Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrus_Thompson', 'summary': 'Tyrus Thompson ( born November 17 , 1991 ) is an American football offensive tackle who is currently Retired . He played college football at Oklahoma . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football', 'summary': "The Oklahoma Sooners football program is a college football team that represents the University of Oklahoma ( variously Oklahoma or OU ) . The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference , which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The program began in 1895 and is one of the most successful programs since World War II with the most wins ( 606 ) and the highest winning percentage ( .762 ) since 1945 . The program claims 7 national championships , 49 conference championships , 162 First Team All-Americans ( 80 consensus ) , and seven Heisman Trophy winners . In addition , the school has had 23 members ( five coaches and 18 players ) inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and holds the record for the longest winning streak in Division I history with 47 straight victories . Oklahoma is also the only program that has had four coaches with 100+ wins . They became the sixth NCAA FBS team to win 900 games when they defeated the Texas Tech Red Raiders on September 28 , 2019 . The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman , Oklahoma . Lincoln Riley is currently the team 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. J. Dubose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B._J._Dubose', 'summary': 'B. J. Dubose ( born January 19 , 1992 ) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Louisville . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football . The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '228', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin Shepherd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Shepherd', 'summary': 'Austin Shepherd ( born May 28 , 1992 ) is an American football offensive tackle . He is currently a free agent . He played college football at Alabama . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round , 228th overall of the 2015 NFL draft . He has also played for the San Diego Chargers .'}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '232', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmond Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmond_Robinson', 'summary': 'Edmond Robinson , Jr. ( born February 23 , 1992 ) is an American football linebacker for the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL . He played college football at Newberry . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round , 232nd overall of the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newberry College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newberry_College', 'summary': 'Newberry College is a private Lutheran liberal-arts college in Newberry , South Carolina . It has 1,250 students .'}]}], 'section_title': '2015 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_54', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'}
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what was the overall pick of the player born November 18 , 1991 ?
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110
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03bdebbf12e90442
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hamlets_in_Alberta', 'title': 'List of hamlets in Alberta', 'header': ['Name', 'Former municipality', 'Subsequent municipality', 'Remarks'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bankview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bankview,_Alberta', 'summary': "Bankview is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 ( then Improvement District No . 7 ) prior to being annexed by Drumheller in 1964 . The community is located within the Red Deer River valley to the south of Drumheller 's main townsite across Highway 9 ( South Railway Avenue ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed in 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambria,_Alberta', 'summary': "Cambria is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District ( MD ) of Badlands No . 7 prior to the MD 's amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller on January 1 , 1998 . Cambria is located within the Red Deer River valley on Highway 10 , approximately 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) southeast of Drumheller 's main townsite and 110 km ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary . The community is within Census Division No . 5 and in the federal riding of Crowfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed as a result of amalgamation January 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'College Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Heights,_Alberta', 'summary': 'College Heights is a former hamlet located within the City of Lacombe that is home to the Burman University . It is located 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) south of Highway 2 and 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north of Red Deer . Prior to 2000 , College Heights was recognized by Alberta Municipal Affairs as a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Lacombe County . However , its hamlet designation ceased in 2000 when it and other Lacombe County lands were absorbed by Lacombe via an annexation approved by the Province of Alberta on April 12 , 2000 , with a retroactive effective date of January 1 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lacombe County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lacombe_County', 'summary': 'Lacombe County is a municipal district in central Alberta , Canada , located in Census Division No . 8 north of the City of Red Deer . Its municipal office is 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) west of Highway 2 and the City of Lacombe , and 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) east of the Summer Village of Gull Lake , at the intersection of Highway 12 and Spruceville Road ( Range Road 274 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lacombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lacombe,_Alberta', 'summary': "Lacombe ( /ləˈkoʊm/ ) is a city in central Alberta , Canada . It is located approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north of Red Deer , the nearest major city , and 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) south of Edmonton , the nearest metropolitan area . The city is set in the rolling parkland of central Alberta , between the Rocky Mountains foothills to the west and the flatter Alberta prairie to the east . Lacombe became Alberta 's 17th city on September 5 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Annexed January 1 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Coulee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Coulee,_Alberta', 'summary': "East Coulee is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District ( MD ) of Badlands No . 7 prior to the MD 's amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller on January 1 , 1998 . It is also recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada . East Coulee is located on Highway 10 , approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) southeast of Drumheller 's main townsite and 112 km ( 70 mi ) northeast of Calgary . It lies in the Red Deer River valley and has an elevation of 675 m ( 2,215 ft ) . The community is within Census Division No . 5 and in the federal riding of Crowfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed as a result of amalgamation January 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenwood,_Alberta_(former_hamlet)', 'summary': 'Edson is a town in west-central Alberta , Canada . It is located in Yellowhead County , 192 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Edmonton along the Yellowhead Highway and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) east of the intersection with Highway 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yellowhead County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowhead_County', 'summary': 'Yellowhead County is a municipal district in west central Alberta , Canada . It is the only county in Alberta Division 14 , and shares the boundaries with this census division .'}]}, {'value': 'Edson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edson,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Edson is a town in west-central Alberta , Canada . It is located in Yellowhead County , 192 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Edmonton along the Yellowhead Highway and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) east of the intersection with Highway 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed January 1 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grande Prairie Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grande_Prairie_Trail,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Edson is a town in west-central Alberta , Canada . It is located in Yellowhead County , 192 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Edmonton along the Yellowhead Highway and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) east of the intersection with Highway 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yellowhead County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowhead_County', 'summary': 'Yellowhead County is a municipal district in west central Alberta , Canada . It is the only county in Alberta Division 14 , and shares the boundaries with this census division .'}]}, {'value': 'Edson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edson,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Edson is a town in west-central Alberta , Canada . It is located in Yellowhead County , 192 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Edmonton along the Yellowhead Highway and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) east of the intersection with Highway 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed January 1 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grantville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grantville,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Three Hills is a town located in the southern part of the province of Alberta , Canada . It takes its name from the three highly visible hills that are situated to its north .'}]}, {'value': 'Kneehill County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kneehill_County', 'summary': 'Kneehill County is a municipal district situated in Division No . 5 , Alberta , central Alberta . The presence of oil and natural gas in the region has attracted some industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Three Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Hills,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Three Hills is a town located in the southern part of the province of Alberta , Canada . It takes its name from the three highly visible hills that are situated to its north .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed January 1 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hardieville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardieville,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Hardieville is a residential neighbourhood in the northwest quadrant of Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada . It is located north of Scenic Drive North and west of 13 Street North . It borders Legacy Ridge and Uplands to the southeast . Hardieville was formerly a hamlet northwest of the City of Lethbridge , Alberta . The hamlet was named after William Duncan Livingstone Hardie , the 13th mayor of Lethbridge . The hamlet was annexed by the City of Lethbridge in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lethbridge Lethbridge County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lethbridge_County', 'summary': 'Lethbridge County is a municipal district in southern Alberta . It is in Census Division No . 2 and part of the Lethbridge census agglomeration . It was known as the County of Lethbridge prior to December 4 , 2013 . Its name was changed in time for 2014 to coincide with its 50th anniversary .'}]}, {'value': 'Lethbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lethbridge', 'summary': "Lethbridge ( /ˈlɛθbrɪdʒ/ ) is a city in the province of Alberta , Canada . It is Alberta 's third-largest city by both population and land area after Calgary and Edmonton , and the largest city in southern Alberta . The nearby Canadian Rocky Mountains contribute to the city 's warm summers , mild winters , and windy climate . Lethbridge lies southeast of Calgary on the Oldman River . Lethbridge is the commercial , financial , transportation and industrial centre of southern Alberta . The city 's economy developed from drift mining for coal in the late 19th century and agriculture in the early 20th century . Half of the workforce is employed in the health , education , retail and hospitality sectors , and the top five employers are government-based . The only university in Alberta south of Calgary is in Lethbridge , and two of the three colleges in southern Alberta have campuses in the city . Cultural venues in the city include performing art theatres , museums and sports centres ."}]}, {'value': 'Annexed January 1 , 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hillcrest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillcrest,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Hillcrest , also known as Hillcrest Mines , is an urban community in the Rocky Mountains within the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass in southwest Alberta , Canada . It was once a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Improvement District ( I.D . ) No . 5 prior to 1979 when the former I.D . No . 5 amalgamated with four other municipalities to form Crowsnest Pass .'}]}, {'value': 'Improvement District No . 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crowsnest Municipality of Crowsnest Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crowsnest_Pass,_Alberta', 'summary': "The Municipality of Crowsnest Pass is a specialized municipality located in the Crowsnest Pass of the Rocky Mountains in southwest Alberta , Canada . The municipality formed as a result of the amalgamation of five municipalities ( the Village of Bellevue ; the Town of Blairmore ; Town of Coleman ; the Village of Frank and Improvement District No . 5 , which included the Hamlet of Hillcrest ) on January 1 , 1979 . Today , Blairmore and Coleman remain the two largest communities while Frank is the smallest . Crowsnest , Passburg , and Sentinel ( Sentry Siding ) are other former communities ( abandoned , or much reduced ) within the municipality 's boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed via amalgamation January 1 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lehigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lehigh,_Alberta', 'summary': "Lehigh is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District ( MD ) of Badlands No . 7 prior to the MD 's amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller on January 1 , 1998 . Lehigh is located within the Red Deer River valley on Highway 10 , approximately 18 km ( 11 mi ) southeast of Drumheller 's main townsite and 113 km ( 70 mi ) northeast of Calgary . The community is within Census Division No . 5 and in the federal riding of Crowfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed as a result of amalgamation January 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midlandvale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midlandvale,_Alberta', 'summary': "Midlandvale is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 ( then Improvement District No . 7 ) prior to being annexed by Drumheller in 1972 . Now referred to as Midland by the Town of Drumheller , the community is located within the Red Deer River valley on North Dinosaur Trail ( Highway 838 ) , approximately 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) west of Drumheller 's main townsite ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed in 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midnapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midnapore,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Midnapore is a community within the City of Calgary in the province of Alberta , Canada . It is bounded to the north and east by Fish Creek Provincial Park , to the south by Sun Valley Boulevard and to the west by Macleod Trail .'}]}, {'value': 'Foothills MD of Foothills No . 31', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Foothills_No._31', 'summary': 'Foothills County is a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada adjacent to the south side of Calgary in Census Division No . 6 . Despite sharing a common border with the City of Calgary , it does not form part of the Calgary census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as defined by Statistics Canada . It is however a member municipality of the Calgary Metropolitan Region Board . Founded as the Municipal District of Sheep River No . 31 in January 1954 , its name was changed to the Municipal District of Foothills No . 31 in March of that same year . The municipality assumed its present name on January 2 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Annexed in 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nacmine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nacmine,_Alberta', 'summary': "Nacmine is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District ( MD ) of Badlands No . 7 prior to the MD 's amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller on January 1 , 1998 . Nacmine is located within the Red Deer River valley on South Dinosaur Trail ( Highway 575 ) , approximately 5 km ( 3 mi ) west of Drumheller 's main townsite and 112 km ( 70 mi ) northeast of Calgary . The community is within Census Division No . 5 and in the federal riding of Crowfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed as a result of amalgamation January 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle,_Alberta', 'summary': "Newcastle is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It held village status for eight years between 1923 and 1931 , and was recognized as a hamlet prior to annexation by Drumheller in 1967 . The community is located within the Red Deer River valley on South Dinosaur Trail ( Highway 838 ) , approximately 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) west of Drumheller 's main townsite . The former hamlet of Midlandvale is located across the river to the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed in 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Drumheller,_Alberta', 'summary': "North Drumheller is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 ( then Improvement District No . 7 ) prior to being annexed by Drumheller in 1967 . The community is located within the Red Deer River valley at the intersection of Highway 9 and North Dinosaur Trail ( Highway 838 ) on the north side of the river across from Drumheller 's main townsite ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed in 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosedale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosedale,_Alberta', 'summary': "Rosedale is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District ( MD ) of Badlands No . 7 prior to the MD 's amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller on January 1 , 1998 . It is also recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada . Rosedale is located at the intersection of Highway 10/Highway 56 and Highway 10X , approximately 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) southeast of Drumheller 's main townsite and 107 km ( 66 mi ) northeast of Calgary . It lies at the confluence of the Red Deer River and the Rosebud River . The community is within census division No . 5 and in the federal riding of Crowfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed as a result of amalgamation January 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruarkville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruarkville,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Three Hills is a town located in the southern part of the province of Alberta , Canada . It takes its name from the three highly visible hills that are situated to its north .'}]}, {'value': 'Kneehill County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kneehill_County', 'summary': 'Kneehill County is a municipal district situated in Division No . 5 , Alberta , central Alberta . The presence of oil and natural gas in the region has attracted some industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Three Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Hills,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Three Hills is a town located in the southern part of the province of Alberta , Canada . It takes its name from the three highly visible hills that are situated to its north .'}]}, {'value': 'Annexed December 31 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shepard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepard,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Shepard is a former hamlet within the eastern periphery of Calgary , Alberta , Canada , approximately 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) east of downtown , that was annexed from Rocky View County in July 2007 . Shepard is bound by 84 Street SE to the west , a rail line to the north , and 114 Avenue SE ( also known as Beulah Vista Road ) to the south . The Stoney Trail ring road passes to the west of the former hamlet . Shepard is immediately north of Ralph Klein Park , a large green space that was developed in the late 2000s .'}]}, {'value': 'Rocky View County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_View_County', 'summary': "Rocky View County is a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada that is named for its views of the nearby Rocky Mountains to the west . It surrounds most of Calgary , forming the city 's northern boundary and most of the city 's western and eastern boundaries . At a population of 39,407 in 2016 , Rocky View County is the most populous municipal district in Alberta . Though predominantly rural in nature , Rocky View County is home to 14 hamlets , including Langdon , one of Alberta 's most populous hamlets . Its rural areas are home to numerous country residential subdivisions ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Annexed July 31 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne,_Alberta', 'summary': "Wayne is a community within the Town of Drumheller , Alberta , Canada . It was previously a hamlet within the former Municipal District ( MD ) of Badlands No . 7 prior to the MD 's amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller on January 1 , 1998 . Wayne is located approximately 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) southeast of Drumheller 's main townsite and 104 km ( 65 mi ) northeast of Calgary . It lies in the Rosebud River valley and has an elevation of 695 m ( 2,280 ft ) . It is accessed via Highway 10X from Rosedale to the north through a 150 m ( 490 ft ) deep canyon in the badlands , across 11 bridges that span the Rosebud River . Wayne is within Census Division No . 5 and in the federal riding of Crowfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Drumheller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Absorbed as a result of amalgamation January 1 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Monarch ( Atlas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Monarch,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Wheatland County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheatland_County,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Wheatland County is a municipal district in south-central Alberta , Canada , east of Calgary . Located in Census Division No . 5 , its municipal office is located east of the Town of Strathmore on Highway 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Badlands MD of Badlands No . 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Badlands_No._7', 'summary': 'The Municipal District of Badlands No . 7 was a municipal district in southern Alberta , Canada . It existed for seven years between 1991 and 1998 prior to its amalgamation with the former City of Drumheller to create the current Town of Drumheller .'}]}, {'value': 'Now within the Town of Drumheller following the amalgamation of the City of Drumheller and the MD of Badlands No . 7 on January 1 , 1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumheller', 'summary': 'Drumheller /drʌmˈhɛlər/ is a town within the Red Deer River valley in the badlands of east-central Alberta , Canada . It is located 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) northeast of Calgary , and 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) south of Stettler . The Drumheller portion of the Red Deer River valley , often referred to as Dinosaur Valley , has an approximate width of 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) and an approximate length of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta', 'summary': "A city is the highest form of all incorporated urban municipality statuses used in the Canadian Province of Alberta . Alberta cities are created when communities with populations of at least 10,000 people , where a majority of their buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m² , apply to Alberta Municipal Affairs for city status under the authority of the Municipal Government Act . Applications for city status are approved via orders in council made by the Lieutenant Governor in Council under recommendation from the Minister of Municipal Affairs . Alberta has 19 cities that had a cumulative population of 2,837,511 ( not including the population in the Saskatchewan portion of Lloydminster ) and an average population of 149,343 in the 2016 Canadian Census . Alberta 's largest and smallest cities are Calgary and Wetaskiwin , with populations of 1,239,220 and 12,655 , respectively . Beaumont became Alberta 's 19th city on January 1 , 2019 . 157 elected city officials ( 19 mayors and 138 councillors ) provide city governance throughout the province . The highest density of cities in Alberta is found in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region ( Beaumont , Edmonton , Fort Saskatchewan , Leduc , Spruce Grove and St. Albert ) . The Calgary Metropolitan Region has three cities ( Airdrie , Calgary and Chestermere ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Former hamlets', 'section_text': 'Numerous communities in Alberta have been previously recognized as hamlets by the Province of Alberta . The following are those hamlets that have been absorbed by urban municipalities through annexation or amalgamation .', 'uid': 'List_of_hamlets_in_Alberta_1', 'intro': "Hamlets in the province of Alberta, Canada, are unincorporated communities administered by, and within the boundaries of, specialized municipalities or rural municipalities (municipal districts, improvement districts and special areas). They consist of five or more dwellings (a majority of which are on parcels of land that are smaller than 1,850 m²), have a generally accepted boundary and name, and contain parcels of land used for non-residential purposes. Section 59 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA) enables specialized municipalities and municipal districts to designate a hamlet, while Section 590 of the MGA enables the Minister of Alberta Municipal Affairs to designate a hamlet within an improvement district. The Minister may also designate a hamlet within a special area pursuant to Section 10 of the Special Areas Act. A hamlet can be incorporated as a village when its population reaches 300. However, Alberta has not had a hamlet incorporate as a village since January 1, 1980 when both Barnwell and Wabamun incorporated as villages. Since then, it has been more common for urban municipalities to dissolve from their current municipal status to that of a hamlet under the jurisdiction of its surrounding specialized or rural municipality. As such, the number of hamlets in Alberta has steadily grown over the years. As of 2020, Alberta has 398 hamlets recognized by Alberta Municipal Affairs. Alberta's two largest hamlets - Fort McMurray (formerly a city) within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo and Sherwood Park within Strathcona County - have been further designated as urban service areas by Municipal Affairs. If they were to incorporate as cities, Fort McMurray and Sherwood Park would rank fifth and sixth respectively among Alberta's largest cities by population. Alberta's newest hamlets are Gadsby and Granum, which both dissolved on February 1, 2020 to become hamlets under the jurisdiction of the County of Stettler No."}
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Of the hamlets that became part of the town located 68 miles northeast of Calgary , which one was annexed first ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of New York University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Relation to NYU', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chuck Blazer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Blazer', 'summary': 'Charles Gordon Blazer ( April 26 , 1945 - July 12 , 2017 ) was an American soccer administrator , who held a number of high level positions before becoming a government informant on widespread corruption within organized soccer . He was a FIFA Executive Committee member from 1996 to 2013 , the CONCACAF General Secretary from 1990 until 2011 , and Executive Vice President of the U.S. Soccer Federation . In 2013 , Blazer admitted to conspiring with other FIFA Executive Committee members to accept bribes in conjunction with the failed bid of Morocco and the successful bid of South Africa to become World Cup hosts in 1998 and 2010 , respectively . His admissions came during testimony given at a sealed sentencing proceeding in a New York federal court .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern , B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'FIFA Executive Committee member from 1996 to 2013 ; CONCACAF General Secretary from 1990 until 2011 ; Executive Vice President of the U.S. Soccer Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FIFA', 'summary': "The Fédération Internationale de Football Association [ a ] ( FIFA /ˈfiːfə/ FEE-fə ; French for International Federation of Association Football ; Spanish : Federación Internacional de Fútbol Asociación ; German : Internationaler Verband des Association Football ) is a non-profit organization which describes itself as an international governing body of association football , fútsal , beach soccer , and efootball . It is the highest governing body of football . FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , the Netherlands , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland . Headquartered in Zürich , its membership now comprises 211 national associations . Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided : Africa , Asia , Europe , North & Central America and the Caribbean , Oceania , and South America . Today , FIFA outlines a number of objectives in the organizational Statues , including growing football internationally , providing efforts to ensure football is accessible to everyone , and advocating for integrity and fair play . FIFA is responsible for the organization and promotion of football 's major international tournaments , notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women 's World Cup which commenced in 1991 . Although FIFA does not solely set the rules of football , that being the responsibility of the International Football Association Board of which FIFA is a member , it applies and enforces the rules across all FIFA competitions . All FIFA tournaments generate revenue from sponsorship ; in 2018 , FIFA had revenues of over US $ 4.6 billion , ending the 2015-2018 cycle with a net positive of US $ 1.2 billion , and had cash reserves of over US $ 2.7 billion . Reports by investigative journalists have linked FIFA leadership with corruption , bribery , and vote-rigging related to the election of FIFA president Sepp Blatter and the organization 's decision to award the 2018 and 2022 World Cups to Russia and Qatar , respectively . These allegations led to the indictments of nine high-ranking FIFA officials and five corporate executives by the U.S. Department of Justice on charges including racketeering , wire fraud , and money laundering . On 27 May 2015 , several of these officials were arrested by Swiss authorities , who were launching a simultaneous but separate criminal investigation into how the organization awarded the 2018 and 2022 World Cups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FIFA_Executive_Committee', 'summary': 'The FIFA Council ( formerly the FIFA Executive Committee ) is an institution of FIFA ( the governing body of association football , futsal and beach soccer ) . It is the main decision-making body of the organization in the intervals of FIFA Congress . Its members are elected by the FIFA Congress . The council is a non-executive , supervisory and strategic body that sets the vision for FIFA and global football .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CONCACAF', 'summary': "The Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF /ˈkɒnkəkæf/ KON-kə-kaf ; typeset for branding purposes since 2018 as Concacaf ) is one of FIFA 's six continental governing bodies for association football . Its 41 members include nations and territories in North America , including Central America and the Caribbean . Three geographically South American entities are also members - Guyana , Suriname , and the French overseas department of French Guiana . CONCACAF 's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs , and to conduct World Cup and Women 's World Cup qualifying tournaments . CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in Mexico City , Mexico , with the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF , which made it one of the then five , now six continental confederations affiliated with FIFA . Canada , Costa Rica , Cuba , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Netherlands Antilles ( Curaçao ) , Nicaragua , Panama , Suriname and United States were founding members . CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation . Mexico dominated CONCACAF men 's competition early on and has since won the most Gold Cups since the beginning of the tournament in its current format . The Mexico national football team is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . In recent years Costa Rica and Panama have become powers in the region ; in 2014 , Costa Rica became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States , Cuba , and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals , while Panama became the eleventh country from the confederation to participate in the World Cup in 2018 . The United States has been very successful in the women 's game , being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women 's football - the World Cup ( 4 ) , the Olympics ( 4 ) , and the Algarve Cup ( 10 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Soccer_Federation', 'summary': "The United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) , commonly referred to as U.S. Soccer , is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization and the official governing body of the sport of soccer in the United States . With headquarters in Chicago , the FIFA member governs U.S. amateur and professional soccer , including the men 's , women 's , youth , beach soccer , futsal , and Paralympic national teams . U.S. Soccer sanctions referees and soccer tournaments for most soccer leagues in the United States . The U.S. Soccer Federation also administers and operates the U.S. Open Cup , which was first held in 1914 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nada Al-Bedwawi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nada_Al-Bedwawi', 'summary': "Nada Al-Bedwawi ( born August 15 , 1997 ) is an Emirati swimmer . She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women 's 50 metre freestyle event ; her time of 33.42 seconds in the heats did not qualify her for the semifinals . She was the first female Olympic swimmer from the United Arab Emirates and was the country 's flag bearer at the Parade of Nations ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimmer ; competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Arum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Arum', 'summary': "Robert Arum ( born December 8 , 1931 ) [ citation needed ] is an American lawyer , boxing promoter and businessman . He is the founder and CEO of Top Rank , a professional boxing promotion company based in Las Vegas . He also worked for the US Attorney 's Office for the Southern District of New York in the tax division during his legal career before moving into boxing promotion ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS , B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': 'Founder and CEO of Top Rank , one of the most successful professional boxing promotion companies in boxing history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abraham Balk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foil and épée fencer , 5 NCAA gold medals , selected to 1948 Olympics team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anjelina Belakovskaia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjelina_Belakovskaia', 'summary': "Anjelina Belakovskaia ( Russian : Анжелина Белаковская , romanized : Anzhelina Belakovskaya ; born May 17 , 1969 ) is an American chess player holding the FIDE title of Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a three-time U.S. women 's champion , with victories in 1995 , 1996 , and 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'GSAS 2001 , M.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science ( GSAS ) is a school within New York University ( NYU ) founded in 1886 by Henry Mitchell MacCracken , establishing NYU as the second academic institution in the United States to grant Ph.D. degrees on academic performance and examination . The School is housed in the Silver Center , several departments have their own buildings and houses around Washington Square . The graduate program at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences , although run independently , is formally associated with the graduate school .'}]}, {'value': "U.S. Women 's Chess Champion 1995 , 1996 , 1999", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moe Berg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moe_Berg', 'summary': "Morris Berg ( March 2 , 1902 - May 29 , 1972 ) was an American catcher and coach in Major League Baseball , who later served as a spy for the Office of Strategic Services during World War II . Although he played 15 seasons in the major leagues , almost entirely for four American League teams , Berg was never more than an average player . He was better known for being the brainiest guy in baseball . Casey Stengel once described Berg as the strangest man ever to play baseball . A graduate of Princeton University and Columbia Law School , Berg spoke several languages and regularly read 10 newspapers a day . His reputation was fueled by his successful appearances as a contestant on the radio quiz show Information , Please , in which he answered questions about the etymology of words and names from Greek and Latin , historical events in Europe and the Far East , and ongoing international conferences . As a spy working for the government of the United States , Berg traveled to Yugoslavia to gather intelligence on resistance groups which the U.S. government was considering supporting . He was sent on a mission to Italy , where he interviewed various physicists concerning the Nazi German nuclear program . After the war , Berg was occasionally employed by the OSS 's successor , the Central Intelligence Agency . By the mid-1950s , he was unemployed . During the last two decades of his life , he had no work and lived with various siblings ."}]}, {'value': 'ARTS 1918-1919*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League baseball player , spy , quiz show host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Bettman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Bettman', 'summary': "Gary Bruce Bettman ( born June 2 , 1952 ) is the commissioner of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , a post he has held since February 1 , 1993 . Previously , Bettman was a senior vice president and general counsel to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Bettman is a graduate of Cornell University and New York University School of Law . Bettman was elected into the Hockey Hall Of Fame in 2018 . Under Bettman , the NHL has seen rapid growth of league revenues , from $ 400 million when he was hired to over $ 3.0 billion in 2010-11 . He also oversaw the expansion of the NHL 's footprint across the United States , with seven new teams added during his tenure , bringing the NHL to 31 , starting as of the 2017-2018 season . In May 2014 , Bettman was named sports executive of the year by the SportsBusiness Journal and SportsBusiness Daily . In 2016 , Bettman was inducted as a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame . Bettman 's tenure in the NHL has been controversial . He has often been criticized for attempting to give the game a mass appeal , and for expanding the league into non-traditional hockey markets such as the Sun Belt at the expense of the more traditional markets in Canada and the Northern United States . Bettman has also been a central figure of three labor stoppages , including the 2004-05 NHL lockout that saw the entire season canceled . These controversies have made him unpopular with many fans around the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Law 1977 , J.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'NHL Commissioner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgina Bloomberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgina_Bloomberg', 'summary': 'Georgina Leigh Bloomberg ( born January 20 , 1983 ) is the owner of the equestrian team New York Empire , a professional equestrian , and a philanthropist . She is the daughter of Susan Brown and Michael Bloomberg - former New York City mayor , founder of Bloomberg LP , philanthropist , and the ninth richest person in the world .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional equestrian ; daughter of former New York City Mayor and billionaire Michael Bloomberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg', 'summary': 'Michael Rubens Bloomberg ( born February 14 , 1942 ) is an American politician , businessman , and author . He is the CEO and majority owner of Bloomberg L.P. , which he co-founded . Bloomberg was the mayor of New York City from 2002 to 2013 . He is currently a candidate in the Democratic Party primaries for the 2020 United States presidential election . Bloomberg grew up in Medford , Massachusetts , and attended Johns Hopkins University and Harvard Business School . He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers , before forming his own company in 1981 , Bloomberg L.P. , a financial services , software , and mass media company that is known for its Bloomberg Terminal , a computer software system providing financial data widely used in the financial industry . He spent the next twenty years as its chairman and CEO . As of February 2020 , this made him the ninth-richest person in the United States and the twelfth-richest person in the world ; his net worth was estimated at $ 61.8 billion . Since signing The Giving Pledge whereby the wealthy pledge to give away at least half of their wealth , Bloomberg has given away $ 8.2 billion . Bloomberg served as the 108th mayor of New York City , holding office for three consecutive terms beginning his first in 2002 . A lifelong Democrat before seeking elective office , Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for mayor as a Republican . He defeated opponent Mark J .'}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Branca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Branca', 'summary': "Ralph Theodore Joseph Branca ( January 6 , 1926 - November 23 , 2016 ) was an American professional baseball pitcher who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , from 1944 through 1956 . Branca played for the Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1944-1953 , 1956 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1953-1954 ) , and New York Yankees ( 1954 ) . He was a three-time All-Star . In a 1951 playoff , Branca surrendered a walk-off home run to Bobby Thomson of the New York Giants ; the game-winning hit was known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World ."}]}, {'value': 'Steinhardt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development', 'summary': "The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ( commonly referred to as Steinhardt ) is the secondary liberal arts and education school of New York University . Founded in 1890 , it is the first school of pedagogy to be established at an American university . Prior to 2001 , it was known as the NYU School of Education . Located on NYU 's founding campus in Greenwich Village , the Steinhardt School offers bachelor 's , master 's , advanced certificate , and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology , art , education , health , media , and music . NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU 's Brooklyn campus ."}]}, {'value': "Professional baseball pitcher who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball ( 1944-1956 ) ; played for the Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1944-53 , 1956 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1953-54 ) , and New York Yankees ( 1954 ) ; three-time All-Star ; in 1951 , he allowed a walk-off home run to Bobby Thomson , known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_baseball', 'summary': 'Professional baseball is played in leagues throughout the world . In these leagues and associated farm teams , baseball players are selected for their talents and are paid to play for a specific team or club system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League ( founded 1876 ) from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , California , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals , the New York Giants , also in the National League , relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The Major League Baseball All-Star Game , also known as the Midsummer Classic , is an annual professional baseball game sanctioned by Major League Baseball ( MLB ) contested between the All-Stars from the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , currently selected by fans for starting fielders , by managers for pitchers , and by managers and players for reserves . The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July , and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season ( though not the mathematical halfway-point which , for most seasons , is usually found within the previous calendar week ) . Both of the major leagues share an All-Star break , with no regular-season games scheduled on the day before or two days after the All-Star Game itself . Some additional events and festivities associated with the game take place each year close to and during this break in the regular season . No official MLB All-Star Game was held in 1945 including the official selection of players due to World War II travel restrictions . Two All-Star Games were held each season from 1959 to 1962 . The most recent All-Star Game was held on July 9 , 2019 , at Progressive Field , home of the American League 's Cleveland Indians . The 2020 and 2021 All-Star Games are scheduled to be held in Los Angeles and Atlanta , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walk-off_home_run', 'summary': 'In baseball , a walk-off home run is a home run that ends the game . It must be a home run that gives the home team the lead and the win in the bottom of the final inning of the game . Thus the losing team ( the visiting team ) must then walk off the field immediately afterward , not finishing the inning , and the winning team ( the home team ) can walk off the field with the win . The winning runs must still be counted at home plate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Thomson', 'summary': "Robert Brown Thomson ( October 25 , 1923 - August 16 , 2010 ) was a Scottish-born American professional baseball player nicknamed The Staten Island Scot . He was an outfielder and right-handed batter for the New York Giants ( 1946-53 , 1957 ) , Milwaukee Braves ( 1954-57 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1958-59 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1960 ) , and Baltimore Orioles ( 1960 ) . His pennant-winning three-run home run for the Giants in 1951 is popularly known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World and is one of the most famous moments in baseball history . It overshadowed his other accomplishments , including eight 20-home run seasons and three All Star selections . It was the best thing that ever happened to me , he said . It may have been the best thing that ever happened to anybody ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Shot_Heard_'Round_the_World_(baseball)", 'summary': "In baseball , the Shot Heard 'Round the World was a game-winning home run by New York Giants outfielder and third baseman Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds in New York City on October 3 , 1951 , to win the National League ( NL ) pennant . Thomson 's dramatic three-run homer came in the ninth inning of the decisive third game of a three-game playoff for the pennant in which the Giants trailed , 4-1 . The game - the first ever televised nationally - was seen by millions of viewers across America and heard on radio by millions more , including thousands of American servicemen stationed in Korea , listening on Armed Forces Radio . The classic drama of snatching victory from defeat to secure a pennant was intensified by the epic cross-town rivalry between the Giants and Dodgers , and by a remarkable string of victories in the last weeks of the regular season by the Giants , who won 37 of their last 44 games to catch the first-place Dodgers and force a playoff series to decide the NL champion . The Giants ' late-season rally and 2-to-1-game playoff victory , capped by Thomson 's moment of triumph , are collectively known in baseball lore as The Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff , a descriptor coined by the legendary sports columnist Red Smith . The phrase shot heard 'round the world is from the poem Concord Hymn ( 1837 ) by Ralph Waldo Emerson about the first clash of the American Revolutionary War . It later became popularly associated with Thomson 's homer and several other dramatic historical moments ."}]}, {'value': 'Howard Cann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Cann', 'summary': "Howard Goodsell Cann ( October 11 , 1895 - December 18 , 1992 ) was an American sportsman best known as the long-time men 's basketball coach at New York University . He was also an Olympic shot putter and a college basketball and football player ."}]}, {'value': 'ENG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympic shot putter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tedford H. Cann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tedford_H._Cann', 'summary': "Tedford Harris Cann ( September 3 , 1897 - January 26 , 1963 ) was a champion American swimmer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . He served as an officer in the United States Naval Reserve during World War I and earned the medal for saving his sinking ship ."}]}, {'value': 'Stern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': "Champion swimmer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ; world record holder in swimming ; Olympian", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medal_of_Honor', 'summary': "The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented in the name of Congress , it is often referred erroneously as the Congressional Medal of Honor . However , the official name of the current award is Medal of Honor . Within the United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor , and less frequently as Congressional Medal of Honor . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are MOH and MH . There are three versions of the medal , one each for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version while members of the Space Force receive the Air Force version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States ' armed forces . The President typically presents the Medal at a formal ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3,525 Medals of Honor awarded to 3,506 individuals since the decoration 's creation , with over 40% awarded for actions during the American Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Carnevale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Carnevale', 'summary': 'Bernard Louis Carnevale ( October 30 , 1915 - March 25 , 2008 ) was an American basketball coach and college athletic administrator . He served as the head basketball coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1944 to 1946 and the United States Naval Academy from 1946 to 1966 , compiling a career college basketball coaching record of 309-171 . Carnevale was the athletic director at the College of William & Mary from 1972 to 1981 . He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYU basketball player 1934-1938 ; Navy Basketball coach 1947-1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Cassady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Cassady', 'summary': 'William Morrissey ( born August 16 , 1986 ) is an American professional wrestler who performs on the independent circuit under the ring name CaZXL . He is best known for his tenure with WWE , where he performed under the ring name Big Cass , a shortened version of his previous name Colin Cassady . In WWE , he came to prominence for his partnership with Enzo Amore , whom he teamed with from 2013 to 2017 . Together , they won the NXT Year-End Award for Tag Team of the Year in 2015 . He was later moved to the SmackDown brand , where he had a brief feud with Daniel Bryan , before being released by the company in June 2018 . Since leaving WWE , he reconciled with Amore ( now known as nZo ) on the independent circuit , although much of his time there has been affected by his personal issues .'}]}, {'value': 'CAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional wrestler formerly signed to WWE , where he performed under the ring name Big Cass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ring_name', 'summary': 'A ring name is a name used for professional purposes by a professional wrestler , martial artist or boxer .'}]}, {'value': 'Herbert Cohen ( fencer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Cohen_(fencer)', 'summary': 'Herbert Morris Cohen ( born June 7 , 1940 ) is an American Olympic fencer .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic fencer', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rudy D'Amico", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rudy_D'Amico", 'summary': "Rudy D'Amico ( born August 18 , 1940 ) is a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) scout , and former college basketball and professional coach . He was the head coach of Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he led them to the FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) championship in 1981 . He scouts for the Orlando Magic ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA basketball scout , and former college and professional basketball coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Edwards ( runner )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Edwards_(runner)', 'summary': "Philip Aaron Phil Edwards , MD ( September 23 , 1907 - September 6 , 1971 ) was a Canadian and Guyanese track and field athlete who competed in middle-distance events . Nicknamed the Man of Bronze , he was Canada 's most-decorated Olympian for many years . He was the first-ever winner of the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada 's top athlete . He went on to serve as a captain in the Canadian army and as a highly regarded physician and expert of tropical diseases ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won three bronze Olympic medals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Engel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steinhardt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development', 'summary': "The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development ( commonly referred to as Steinhardt ) is the secondary liberal arts and education school of New York University . Founded in 1890 , it is the first school of pedagogy to be established at an American university . Prior to 2001 , it was known as the NYU School of Education . Located on NYU 's founding campus in Greenwich Village , the Steinhardt School offers bachelor 's , master 's , advanced certificate , and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology , art , education , health , media , and music . NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU 's Brooklyn campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympian in the hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene Glazer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Glazer', 'summary': 'Eugene Gerson Gene Glazer ( born November 24 , 1939 ) is an American fencer .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic fencer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hank Greenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_Greenberg', 'summary': "Henry Benjamin Greenberg ( born Hyman Greenberg ; January 1 , 1911 - September 4 , 1986 ) , nicknamed Hammerin ' Hank , Hankus Pankus , or The Hebrew Hammer , was an American professional baseball player and team executive . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , primarily for the Detroit Tigers as a first baseman in the 1930s and 1940s . A member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and a two-time Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award winner , he was one of the premier power hitters of his generation and is widely considered as one of the greatest sluggers in baseball history . He had 47 months of military service including service in World War II , all of which took place during his major league career . Greenberg played the first twelve of his thirteen major league seasons for Detroit . He was an American League ( AL ) All-Star for four seasons [ a ] and an AL MVP in 1935 ( first baseman ) and 1940 ( left fielder ) . He had a batting average over .300 in eight seasons , and won two World Series championships with the Tigers ( 1935 and 1945 ) . He was the AL home run leader four times and his 58 home runs for the Tigers in 1938 equaled Jimmie Foxx 's 1932 mark for the most in one season by anyone but Babe Ruth , and tied Foxx for the most home runs between Ruth 's record 60 in 1927 and Roger Maris ' record 61 in 1961 . Greenberg was the first major league player to hit 25 or more home runs in a season in each league , and remains the AL record-holder for most runs batted in in a single season by a right-handed batter ( 183 in 1937 , a 154-game schedule ) . In 1947 , Greenberg signed a contract for a record $ 85,000 salary before being sold to the Pittsburgh Pirates , where he played his final MLB season that year . After retiring from playing , Greenberg continued to work in baseball as a team executive for the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox . Greenberg was the first Jewish superstar in American team sports ."}]}, {'value': 'coursework*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League baseball player ; five-time All-Star ; two-time American League MVP ; elected to the Hall of Fame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_League', 'summary': "The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs , or simply the American League ( AL ) , is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the United States and Canada . It developed from the Western League , a minor league based in the Great Lakes states , which eventually aspired to major league status . It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season , 25 years after the formation of the National League ( the Senior Circuit ) . At the end of every season , the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion ; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series ( 1904 , when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart , and 1994 , when a players ' strike prevented the Series ) . Through 2019 , American League teams have won 66 of the 116 World Series played since 1903 , with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone . The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles , the most in the league 's history , followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics ( 15 ) and the Boston Red Sox ( 14 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Gubner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Gubner', 'summary': 'Gary Jay Gubner ( born December 1 , 1942 ) is a retired American heavyweight weightlifter , shot putter , and discus thrower . He had his best results in weightlifting , winning two world championship medals in 1962 and 1965 and placing fourth at the 1964 Summer Olympics . He also attempted to qualify for the 1964 Olympics in throwing events , and finished fifth in the shot put at the U.S. Olympic trials . Gubner set several shot put records , including a 53-foot throw with a 16-lb . ball when he was 16 , and three world indoor records in 1962 . His best result of 19.80 m placed him second in the 1962 world ranking . Inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and Museum , Gubner has also been recognized by the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in its 2000 book Jewish Sports Legends .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World record-holding shotputter and Olympic weightlifter', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Sports', 'section_text': 'As of 2013 , NYU has been associated with at least 74 men and 10 women who have participated as athletes , coaches , or managers at Olympic Games , for a total of at least 28 Olympic medals . [ 229 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_University_alumni_23', 'intro': "New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions. This partial list of notable New York University alumni includes a sampling of the many graduates who are leaders in their respective fields, non-graduate former students, fictional students, and current students of New York University. The list is abridged - only a representative few are listed. NYU ranks 7th among the World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires, as compiled by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. NYU ranks 5th globally among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, as compiled by ABC News. CNBC ranks NYU 4th globally among universities with the most billionaire graduates. National Academy of Inventors ranks NYU 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated. In 2016, a study based on a computerized analysis of the number of times institutions of higher education are mentioned in Wikipedia and the number of times people search for them on Google, ranked NYU #19 among all universities in the world. NYU also is the second top feeder school for analyst careers in finance and investment banking, after University of Pennsylvania, on Wall Street."}
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At the Games of the XXXI Olympiad , the NYU alum competed in the women 's 50 metre freestyle event and was the flag bearer for what country in the Parade of Nations ?
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United Arab Emirates
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_Vermont', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Vermont', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomfield-Nulhegan River Route 102 Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomfield-Nulhegan_River_Route_102_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Bloomfield-Nulhegan River Route 102 Bridge is a historic bridge in Bloomfield , Vermont . It carries Vermont Route 102 over the Nulhegan River , near its mouth at the Connecticut River just south of Bloomfield Village . Built in 1937 , it is a well-preserved example of a Pratt through truss , exhibiting then state-of-the-art engineering . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 14 , 1991 ( # 91001605 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VT 102 over the Nulhegan River 44°45′05″N 71°38′01″W / 44.751477°N 71.633501°W / 44.751477 ; -71.633501 ( Bloomfield-Nulhegan River Route 102 Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_102', 'summary': "Vermont Route 102 ( VT 102 ) is a north-south state highway in Essex County , Vermont , in the United States . It follows the west bank of the Connecticut River and parallels U.S. Route 3 ( US 3 ) , which is routed along the river 's east bank in New Hampshire . The southern terminus of the route is at US 2 in Guildhall . Its northern terminus is at VT 114 and VT 253 in Canaan . VT 102 is 43.755 miles ( 70.417 km ) long and connects to six highways that traverse the Connecticut River ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nulhegan_River', 'summary': 'The Nulhegan River is a 15.1-mile-long ( 24.3 km ) tributary of the Connecticut River in Essex County , Vermont .'}]}, {'value': 'Bloomfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomfield,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Bloomfield is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 221 at the 2010 census , down from 261 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area . On December 30 , 1933 , Bloomfield set a record low temperature for New England with −50 °F ( −46 °C ) , a record tied along the Big Black River , Maine , on January 16 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Bridge_(New_Hampshire)', 'summary': 'The Columbia Bridge is a covered bridge , carrying Columbia Bridge Road over the Connecticut River between Columbia , New Hampshire and Lemington , Vermont . Built in 1911-12 , it is one of only two New Hampshire bridges ( along with the Mount Orne Covered Bridge ) built with Howe trusses , and is one of the last covered bridges built in the historic era of covered bridge construction in both states . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 1976 ( # 76000123 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Across the Connecticut River between U.S. Route 3 and VT 102 44°51′12″N 71°33′05″W / 44.853333°N 71.551389°W / 44.853333 ; -71.551389 ( Columbia Covered Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_River', 'summary': "The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States , flowing roughly southward for 406 miles ( 653 km ) through four states . It rises at the U.S. border with Quebec , Canada , and discharges at Long Island Sound . Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province , 11,260 square miles ( 29,200 km2 ) via 148 tributaries , 38 of which are major rivers . It produces 70% of Long Island Sound 's fresh water , discharging at 19,600 cubic feet ( 560 m3 ) per second . The Connecticut River Valley is home to some of the northeastern United States ' most productive farmland , as well as a metropolitan region of approximately two million people surrounding Springfield , Massachusetts and Hartford , Connecticut ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_3', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 3 ( US 3 ) is a United States highway running 277.9 miles ( 447.2 km ) from Boston , Massachusetts , through New Hampshire , to the Canada-US border near Third Connecticut Lake , where it connects to Quebec Route 257 . Massachusetts Route 3 connects to the southern terminus of US 3 in Cambridge and continues south to Cape Cod . Though it shares a number , it has never been part of US 3 . Both routes , which connect end-to-end , are treated as a single 91.3-mile ( 146.9 km ) state highway by the MassDOT . From Boston to Burlington , U.S. 3 is routed on surface streets through the dense suburbs in the Greater Boston area . After a brief concurrency with the Massachusetts Route 128 freeway , the route follows its own freeway northwest , bypassing Lowell and entering New Hampshire at Nashua . In New Hampshire , current and former parts of US 3 are known as the Daniel Webster Highway . From Burlington , Massachusetts , to Nashua , New Hampshire , US 3 is a freeway . The segment in New Hampshire is a free portion of the Everett Turnpike , while the portion in Massachusetts is known as the Northwest Expressway . There are two super two freeway portions in northern New Hampshire , one on the Laconia Bypass , and one where US 3 and Interstate 93 use the Franconia Notch Parkway . Elsewhere the route is generally two to four lanes of undivided road with at-grade junctions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_102', 'summary': "Vermont Route 102 ( VT 102 ) is a north-south state highway in Essex County , Vermont , in the United States . It follows the west bank of the Connecticut River and parallels U.S. Route 3 ( US 3 ) , which is routed along the river 's east bank in New Hampshire . The southern terminus of the route is at US 2 in Guildhall . Its northern terminus is at VT 114 and VT 253 in Canaan . VT 102 is 43.755 miles ( 70.417 km ) long and connects to six highways that traverse the Connecticut River ."}]}, {'value': 'Lemington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lemington,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Lemington is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 104 as of the 2010 census . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guildhall Village Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guildhall_Village_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Guildhall Village Historic District encompasses the central common and surrounding buildings in the village center of Guildhall , Vermont . The town , the first to be settled in Vermont 's Northeast Kingdom , has a history from the late 18th century as a commercial , civic , and industrial center , and is the shire town of Essex County . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 27 , 1980 ( # 80000331 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VT 102 44°33′56″N 71°33′46″W / 44.565556°N 71.562778°W / 44.565556 ; -71.562778 ( Guildhall Village Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_102', 'summary': "Vermont Route 102 ( VT 102 ) is a north-south state highway in Essex County , Vermont , in the United States . It follows the west bank of the Connecticut River and parallels U.S. Route 3 ( US 3 ) , which is routed along the river 's east bank in New Hampshire . The southern terminus of the route is at US 2 in Guildhall . Its northern terminus is at VT 114 and VT 253 in Canaan . VT 102 is 43.755 miles ( 70.417 km ) long and connects to six highways that traverse the Connecticut River ."}]}, {'value': 'Guildhall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guildhall,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Guildhall is a town in and the shire town ( county seat ) of Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 261 at the 2010 census . According to a large sign in the town center , it is the only town in the world so named . The name derives from a meeting house on the square called the Guildhall . Guildhall is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge David Hibbard Homestead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judge_David_Hibbard_Homestead', 'summary': 'The Judge David Hibbard Homestead is a historic farm property on Woodland Road in Concord , Vermont . The farmhouse , built in 1814 for a prominent local lawyer , is one the finest examples of Federal period architecture in northeastern Vermont . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 1995 ( # 95000294 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodland Rd . 44°27′06″N 71°53′30″W / 44.451667°N 71.891667°W / 44.451667 ; -71.891667 ( Judge David Hibbard Homestead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concord,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Concord is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 1,235 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Pond Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Pond_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Island Pond Historic District encompasses a portion of the village of Island Pond in the town of Brighton , Vermont . The village was established in the 19th century as the halfway point in the Grand Trunk Railway , an international railroad connection Portland , Maine and Montreal . Island Pond was a major service center for the railroad , and became a commercial hub of northeastern Vermont . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 31 , 1979 ( # 79000275 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of VT 105 and VT 114 44°48′54″N 71°52′52″W / 44.815097°N 71.881036°W / 44.815097 ; -71.881036 ( Island Pond Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_105', 'summary': 'Vermont Route 105 ( VT 105 ) is a 98.135-mile-long ( 157.933 km ) state highway located in northern Vermont in the United States . The route runs from U.S. Route 7 ( US 7 ) in St. Albans in the west to the New Hampshire state line in Bloomfield in the east . The road continues across the state line as Bridge Street , a short unnumbered New Hampshire state route to US 3 in North Stratford , New Hampshire . As it is not a New Hampshire state highway , the connection is signed with Vermont state highway signage , similar to how connections to Vermont state routes are indicated elsewhere in New Hampshire . Moose are most often encountered on four roads in Vermont , of which this is one . They are seen from Island Pond to Bloomfield .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_114', 'summary': 'Vermont Route 114 ( VT 114 ) is a 51.24-mile ( 82.46 km ) state highway in northeastern Vermont in the United States . It runs northward from U.S. Route 5 ( US 5 ) in Lyndon until nearing the Canada-United States border in the town of Norton ; thereafter , the road continues east to the New Hampshire state line in Canaan . The vast majority of VT 114 is situated within Essex County ; however , the route also passes through small , isolated portions of Caledonia and Orleans Counties . Moose are most often encountered on four roads in Vermont , of which this is one . They are seen from East Burke to Canaan .'}]}, {'value': 'Island Pond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Pond,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Island Pond is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the town of Brighton in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 821 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacobs Stand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacobs_Stand', 'summary': 'The Alice M. Ward Library is the public library serving Canaan , Essex County , Vermont . It is located at 27 Park St. , in a former stagecoach inn , historically known as Jacobs Stand , built in 1846 . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 3 , 1980 ( # 80000332 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 Park St. 44°59′45″N 71°32′23″W / 44.995833°N 71.539722°W / 44.995833 ; -71.539722 ( Jacobs Stand )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canaan,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Canaan is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 972 at the 2010 census , down from 1,078 at the 2000 census . Canaan contains the village of Beecher Falls , located at the confluence of the Connecticut River and Halls Stream . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maidstone State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maidstone_State_Park', 'summary': "Maidstone State Park is a state park in the northeastern Vermont community of Maidstone . One of the state 's most remote parks , it provides public access to the 796-acre glacial Maidstone Lake in Maidstone State Forest . Activities includes fishing , hiking , camping , boating , wildlife watching , and picnicking . The park was developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and opened in 1938 . It is open from Memorial Day weekend to Columbus Day weekend ; fees are charged for day use and camping ."}]}, {'value': 'November 29 , 2001 ( # 01001285 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4858 and 4876 Maidstone Rd . 44°38′11″N 71°39′07″W / 44.636389°N 71.651944°W / 44.636389 ; -71.651944 ( Maidstone State Park )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maidstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maidstone,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Maidstone is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 208 , up from 105 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area . There is no town center or gas station , but there is a town office building in the southern part of the town .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Orne Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Orne_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Mount Orne Bridge is a covered bridge over the Connecticut River between Lancaster , New Hampshire , and Lunenburg , Vermont . It joins Elm Street ( New Hampshire Route 135 ) in South Lancaster with River Road ( Town Highway 1 ) in Lunenburg . Built in 1911 , it is one of two Howe truss bridges across the Connecticut River . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 1976 ( # 76000124 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East of Lunenburg off Town Hwy 1 44°27′38″N 71°39′12″W / 44.460556°N 71.653333°W / 44.460556 ; -71.653333 ( Mount Orne Covered Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lunenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lunenburg,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Lunenburg is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 1,302 at the 2010 census , the most populous in Essex County . Lunenburg contains the villages of West Lunenburg , South Lunenburg , Mill Village ( Northern Lunenburg ) and Gilman , and is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Inspection Station-Canaan , Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Inspection_Station-Canaan,_Vermont', 'summary': 'The Canaan-Hereford Road Border Crossing connects the towns of Saint-Herménégilde , Quebec and Canaan , Vermont on the Canada-US border . The crossing is at the junction of Quebec Route 141 and Vermont Route 141 , and is open 24 hours for non-commercial traffic . Both the US and Canada border inspection stations are among the oldest buildings still being operated by the respective agencies . The US border station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 10 , 2014 ( # 14000601 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '387 VT 141 45°00′43″N 71°33′36″W / 45.0119°N 71.56°W / 45.0119 ; -71.56 ( U.S . Inspection Station-Canaan , Vermont )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_141', 'summary': 'Vermont Route 114 ( VT 114 ) is a 51.24-mile ( 82.46 km ) state highway in northeastern Vermont in the United States . It runs northward from U.S. Route 5 ( US 5 ) in Lyndon until nearing the Canada-United States border in the town of Norton ; thereafter , the road continues east to the New Hampshire state line in Canaan . The vast majority of VT 114 is situated within Essex County ; however , the route also passes through small , isolated portions of Caledonia and Orleans Counties . Moose are most often encountered on four roads in Vermont , of which this is one . They are seen from East Burke to Canaan .'}]}, {'value': 'Canaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canaan,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Canaan is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 972 at the 2010 census , down from 1,078 at the 2000 census . Canaan contains the village of Beecher Falls , located at the confluence of the Connecticut River and Halls Stream . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Inspection Station-Beecher Falls , Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Inspection_Station-Beecher_Falls,_Vermont', 'summary': 'The Beecher Falls-East Hereford Border Crossing connects the towns of East Hereford , Quebec ( formerly Comins Mills ) and the village of Beecher Falls , Vermont on the Canada-United States border . It is reached by Vermont Route 253 on the American side and by Quebec Route 253 on the Canadian side . Both the Canadian and the U.S. stations are open 24 hours a day . Whilst the Canadian station is open for commercial traffic , this is only on a more limited basis . The U.S. station facilities , built in the 1930s , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 10 , 2014 ( # 14000602 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1429 VT 253 45°00′46″N 71°30′22″W / 45.0128°N 71.5061°W / 45.0128 ; -71.5061 ( U.S . Inspection Station-Beecher Falls , Vermont )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_253', 'summary': 'Vermont Route 253 ( VT 253 ) is a 2.159-mile ( 3.475 km ) long state highway located entirely within the town of Canaan in Essex County , Vermont , in the United States . It extends from a junction with VT 102 and VT 114 to the Canadian border , where it continues into Quebec as Route 253 . VT 253 is known in Canaan as Christian Hill Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Canaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canaan,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Canaan is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 972 at the 2010 census , down from 1,078 at the 2000 census . Canaan contains the village of Beecher Falls , located at the confluence of the Connecticut River and Halls Stream . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Inspection Station-Norton , Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Inspection_Station-Norton,_Vermont', 'summary': 'The Norton-Stanhope Border Crossing connects the towns of Stanhope , Quebec and Norton , Vermont on the Canada-US border . The crossing , at the meeting point of Quebec Route 147 and Vermont Route 147 , is the only crossing between the two communities . The US border station , built in 1933 , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 . Both stations are open 24 hours a day .'}]}, {'value': 'September 10 , 2014 ( # 14000603 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '115 VT 147 N 45°00′37″N 71°47′39″W / 45.0104°N 71.7941°W / 45.0104 ; -71.7941 ( U.S . Inspection Station-Norton , Vermont )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Route_147', 'summary': 'Vermont Route 114 ( VT 114 ) is a 51.24-mile ( 82.46 km ) state highway in northeastern Vermont in the United States . It runs northward from U.S. Route 5 ( US 5 ) in Lyndon until nearing the Canada-United States border in the town of Norton ; thereafter , the road continues east to the New Hampshire state line in Canaan . The vast majority of VT 114 is situated within Essex County ; however , the route also passes through small , isolated portions of Caledonia and Orleans Counties . Moose are most often encountered on four roads in Vermont , of which this is one . They are seen from East Burke to Canaan .'}]}, {'value': 'Norton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norton,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Norton is a town in Essex County , Vermont , United States . The population was 169 at the 2010 census , down from 214 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Berlin , NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area . It is located on the Canada-US border , immediately south of Stanhope , Quebec .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_Vermont_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Vermont. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Vermont, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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How many hours a day is the station open that is located within the city that has lost 45 inhabitants between the 2010 - 2000 U.S Census and is one of three historic places with a date listing beginning `` # 14000 '' ?
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24
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03c1d596f3ec500c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2000 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MetroStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroStars', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Shak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Shak', 'summary': 'Steve Shak ( born February 8 , 1978 in Cerritos , California ) is a retired American soccer player . He currently works for Northwestern Mutual . Previously Shak was an assistant coach with the Charlotte Eagles of the USL Second Division . He also joined the North Carolina State coaching staff as a volunteer assistant coach in 2013 . A former UCLA college standout and Major League Soccer number one draft pick , Shak spent four years in the American top league with the MetroStars and with Colorado Rapids , but with the exception of a brief stint in Sweden , spent the majority of his career in the USL , including extended periods with the Virginia Beach Mariners and the Eagles .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': '* Nick Garcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Garcia', 'summary': 'Nick Garcia ( born April 9 , 1979 in Plano , Texas ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Adin Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adin_Brown', 'summary': 'Adin Brown ( born May 27 , 1978 ) is an American soccer coach and former player . He is currently the goalkeeping coach for Chicago Fire FC in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'College of William & Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_William_&_Mary', 'summary': "The College of William & Mary ( also known as William & Mary , W & M , and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia ) is a public research university in Williamsburg , Virginia . Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II , it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States , after Harvard University . William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson ( third ) , James Monroe ( fifth ) , and John Tyler ( tenth ) as well as other key figures pivotal to the development of the nation , including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph of Virginia , the first United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph of Virginia , the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia , Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky , sixteen members of the Continental Congress , and four signers of the Declaration of Independence , earning it the nickname the Alma Mater of the Nation . A young George Washington ( 1732-1799 ) also received his surveyor 's license at the college , and he would become the college 's first American chancellor in 1788 . The F.H.C . Society , founded in 1750 , was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States , and W & M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776 , the first Greek-letter fraternity . W & M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students , dating back to 1736 . The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the earliest higher level universities in the United States . In addition to its undergraduate program , W & M is home to several graduate programs and four professional schools . The Marshall-Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States . In his 1985 book Public Ivies : A Guide to America 's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities , Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight Public Ivies ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_S.C.', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': '* Carlos Bocanegra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Bocanegra', 'summary': 'Carlos Manuel Bocanegra ( born May 25 , 1979 ) is an American sports executive and former professional soccer player . A two-time MLS Defender of the Year , Bocanegra also played professionally in England , Scotland , France , and Spain . He earned over 100 caps with the United States , serving as captain for six years . He is currently serving as technical director and vice president for Atlanta United .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Aleksey Korol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksey_Korol', 'summary': 'Aleksey Korol ( Ukrainian : Олексій Король ; born 14 October 1977 ) is a Ukrainian soccer forward and coach who has spent most of his career in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': '* Danny Califf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Califf', 'summary': 'Daniel Benjamin Califf ( born March 17 , 1980 in Orange , California ) is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park', 'summary': "The University of Maryland , College Park ( University of Maryland , UMD , or simply Maryland ) is a public research university in College Park , Maryland . Founded in 1856 , UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland . It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area , with more than 41,000 students representing all fifty states and 123 countries , and a global alumni network of over 360,000 . Its twelve schools and colleges together offer over 200 degree-granting programs , including 92 undergraduate majors , 107 master 's programs , and 83 doctoral programs . UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Maryland 's proximity to the nation 's capital has resulted in many research partnerships with the federal government ; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , the Food and Drug Administration , and the Department of Homeland Security . It is classified as a first tier research university by the Carnegie Foundation , and is labeled a Public Ivy , denoting a quality of education comparable to the private Ivy League . UMD is ranked among the top 100 universities both nationally and globally by several indices . In 2016 , the University of Maryland , College Park and the University of Maryland , Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration successfully created more innovative medical , scientific , and educational programs , as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own . As of 2017 , the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $ 2.1 billion . For the 2018 fiscal year , the university received a total of over $ 545 million in external research funding . In October 2017 , the university received a record-breaking donation of $ 219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation , ranking among the largest philanthropic gifts to a public university in the country ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Wes Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wes_Hart', 'summary': "Wes Hart ( born September 14 , 1977 , in Hollister , California ) is an American soccer coach , and the current head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide women 's soccer team . Hart played six season in Major League Soccer as a defender with the Colorado Rapids and San Jose Earthquakes . Hart grew up in Littleton , Colorado , attending Columbine High School where he was a Parade Magazine and NSCAA High School All American soccer player . He was also a highly successful high school wrestler , qualifying for the state tournament . He then entered the University of Wisconsin-Madison ( 1996-1997 ) and at the University of Washington ( 1998-1999 ) . He was a 1998 third-team and 1999 second-team All-American . Hart was selected seventh overall in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft by the Colorado Rapids . In his first two years with the Rapids , Hart missed the beginning of each season due to injuries . The team did send him on loan with the MLS Project 40 team in 2000 . However , the following two seasons saw Hart return from injury where he able to play a more substantial role with team . Before the beginning of the 2004 season , Hart was traded to the San Jose Earthquakes from the Rapids for a conditional pick in the 2005 MLS SuperDraft . Hart saw a more limited role with the Quakes , appearing in less than half the games ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Travis Mulraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_Mulraine', 'summary': 'Travis Mulraine ( born 2 May 1977 in John John ) is a soccer player from Trinidad and Tobago who plays with Fredericksburg Hotspur . He is currently coaching .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Public F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Public_F.C.', 'summary': 'Joe Public Football Club is a football club from Trinidad and Tobago and used to play in the TT Pro League . Nicknamed the Eastern Lions , they are owned by former FIFA vice-president Jack Warner . Joe Public also sponsors the Munroe Road Cricket Club .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'John Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wilson_(soccer)', 'summary': 'John Wilson ( born October 26 , 1977 in Seneca , South Carolina ) is a retired American soccer player who spent the majority of his career with the Charleston Battery , playing mostly as a left fullback . Wilson finished his career with 269 appearances for Charleston , second only to Dusty Hudock in club history .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston Battery ( A-League )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston_Battery', 'summary': "The Charleston Battery are an American professional soccer club based in Charleston , South Carolina and member of the USL Championship . Founded in 1993 , the Battery is one of the oldest continuously operating professional soccer clubs in the United States , tied with the Richmond Kickers . Charleston is one of the more successful lower division soccer clubs in the United States , having won the USISL Pro League in 1996 , the USL A-League in 2003 , and the final season of the USL Second Division in 2010 . In 2012 , the team won the USL Pro Championship , winning its fourth league title in club history . Charleston is also the most successful club in the history of the unofficial Southern Derby competition with eight first-place finishes . The Battery currently play at Patriots Point Soccer Complex in Mount Pleasant , South Carolina . Previously , the club played its home games at the soccer-specific MUSC Health Stadium in the Daniel Island section of Charleston from 1999 to 2019 . The team 's colors are black and yellow , with a traditional red scheme for away uniforms . Since 2005 , their head coach and general manager has been Mike Anhaeuser ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USL_First_Division', 'summary': "The United Soccer Leagues First Division ( usually referred to as USL-1 ) was a professional men 's soccer league in the United States , Canada and Puerto Rico from 2005 to 2010 . During its existence , it formed the second tier of soccer in the United States and Canada league pyramid behind Major League Soccer . It was operated by United Soccer League ( USL ) and was the successor of the old A-League , which existed from 1997 until 2004 . Several teams left the league in 2009 to form the new North American Soccer League , with the intent of running their own second tier league . Following a brief legal dispute , the two leagues operated in tandem under United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) mediation as the USSF Division 2 Professional League in 2010 before the split became final . The teams that remained in the First Division were merged with the USL Second Division in 2011 to form USL Pro ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Woods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Woods_(soccer)', 'summary': "Alan Woods ( born October 12 , 1978 ) is a retired American soccer defender who played a season in Major League Soccer and six in the USL First Division . He is currently the coach of the Oglethorpe University women 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clemson University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Sasha Victorine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sasha_Victorine', 'summary': 'Sasha Caleb Victorine ( born February 3 , 1978 in Santa Ana , California ) is a retired American soccer player . He spent his entire professional career in Major League Soccer in the United States , making over 100 appearances for both Los Angeles Galaxy and Kansas City Wizards , before finishing his career with Chivas USA . He also made four appearances and scored one goal for the United States national team , and represented his country at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '* Bobby Convey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Convey', 'summary': 'Robert Francis Bobby Convey ( /ˈkɒnvi/ ; born May 27 , 1983 ) is an American soccer player who most recently played for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer . In addition to several MLS clubs , Convey spent five years in England with Reading , whom he helped into the Premier League for the first time . He played in 46 international matches for the United States , and made their squads for the 2003 Gold Cup and 2006 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project-40', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Round 1', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2000_MLS_SuperDraft_0', 'intro': 'The 2000 Major League Soccer SuperDraft was held on February 6, 2000 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.'}
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What two teams was the player associated with in his career who has the middle name Caleb and held M position at the time of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft ?
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Los Angeles Galaxy and Kansas City Wizards
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03c27b26cfc97453
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)', 'title': 'Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)', 'header': ['Rank', 'Mountain Peak', 'Municipality and ( Barrio )', 'Elevation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro de Punta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta', 'summary': 'Cerro de Punta or just Cerro Punta is the highest peak in Puerto Rico , rising to 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) above sea level . [ note 1 ] The mountain is part of the Cordillera Central and is located in the municipality of Ponce .'}]}, {'value': 'Ponce ( Anón )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Ponce ( UK : /ˈpɒnseɪ/ , US : /ˈpɔːnseɪ , ˈpoʊn-/ , Spanish : [ ˈponse ] ( listen ) ) is both a city and a municipality on the southern coast of Puerto Rico . The city is the seat of the municipal government . Ponce , Puerto Rico 's most populated city outside the San Juan metropolitan area , was founded on 12 August 1692 [ note 1 ] and is named for Juan Ponce de León y Loayza , the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León . [ note 2 ] Ponce is often referred to as La Perla del Sur ( The Pearl of the South ) , La Ciudad Señorial [ b ] ( The Manorial City [ c ] ) , and La Ciudad de las Quenepas ( Genip City ) . The city serves as the governmental seat of the autonomous municipality as well as the regional hub for various Government of Puerto Rico entities , such as the Judiciary of Puerto Rico . It is also the regional center for various other Commonwealth and Federal Government agencies . Ponce is a principal city of both the Ponce Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area . The Municipality of Ponce , officially the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce , is located in the southern coastal plain region of the island , south of Adjuntas , Utuado , and Jayuya ; east of Peñuelas ; west of Juana Díaz ; and bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea . The municipality has a total of 31 barrios ( wards ) , including 19 outside the city 's urban area and 12 in the urban area of the city . The historic Ponce Pueblo district , located in the downtown area of the city , is shared by several of the downtown barrios , and is located approximately three miles ( 4.8 km ) inland from the shores of the Caribbean . The municipality of Ponce is the second largest in Puerto Rico by land area , and it was the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy , becoming the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce in 1992 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anón_(Ponce)', 'summary': "Anón ( Barrio Anón ) is one of the 31 barrios in the municipality of Ponce , Puerto Rico . Along with Marueño , Coto Laurel , Guaraguao , Quebrada Limon , Real , and San Patricio , and the coastal barrios of Canas and Capitanejo , Anón is one of the municipality 's nine bordering barrios . Anón borders the municipalities of Jayuya and Juana Diaz . The name of this barrio is of native Indian origin . It was founded in 1878 . Barrio Anón is one of three Ponce barrios ( the others are Barrio Guaraguao and Barrio San Patricio ) located on the Cordillera Central mountain range ."}]}, {'value': '4,357 ft ( 1,328 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Jayuya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Jayuya', 'summary': 'Monte Jayuya is the second highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring 1,296 meters ( 4,252 ft ) above sea level . The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central , on the border between the municipalities of Jayuya ( Barrio Saliente ) and Ponce ( Barrio Anón ) . The peak is located in the municipality of Ponce and it is within the Toro Negro State Forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Jayuya ( Saliente )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,252 ft ( 1,296 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_Rosa', 'summary': 'Cerro Rosa is the third highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring 1,263 meters ( 4,144 ft ) above sea level . The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central , on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciales ( Toro Negro ) & Jayuya ( Saliente )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toro_Negro_State_Forest', 'summary': "Toro Negro State Forest ( Spanish : Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro ) is one of the 21 forests that make up the public forests system in Puerto Rico . It is also Puerto Rico 's highest cloud forest . It is located in the Cordillera Central region of the island and covers 8,204 cuerdas ( 7,968 acres ; 3,224 ha ; 32.24 km2 ) , of mountains . Toro Negro 's mountains have heights reaching up to 4,400 feet ( 1,300 m ) and include Cerro de Punta , Cerro Jayuya and Cerro Rosa , the three highest peaks in the island . Nested among these mountains is Lake Guineo , the island 's highest lake . The forest has 18 kilometers ( 11 mi ) of trails , an observation tower , two natural swimming pools ( Spanish : charcos ) , camping and picnic areas , nine rivers , and numerous creeks and waterfalls . The forest spans areas within the municipalities of Ponce , Jayuya , Orocovis , Ciales , and Juana Díaz , and consists of seven non-contiguous tracts of land . The largest contiguous segment of the forest is located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya . Some 40% of the area of Toro Negro State Forest is located in Ponce 's Barrio Anón . When created in 1935 as part of the Caribbean National Forest , the Toro Negro Forest Reserve was managed by the United States government , first via the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration of the Department of the Interior ( 1935-1942 ) and later through the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture ( 1942-1970 ) . Then , in 1970 , the Federal Government exchanged with the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the Toro Negro section of the Caribbean National Forest for some forested lands belonging to the Commonwealth and located adjacent to the much larger federal lands at Luquillo National Forest resulting in the creation at Luquillo of the current El Yunque National Forest . In 1970 , the Government of Puerto Rico 's Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales ( DRNA ) opened the Toro Negro Forest Reserve as a Commonwealth state forest and renamed it Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro ( Toro Negro State Forest ) ."}]}, {'value': '4,144 ft ( 1,263 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piedra Blanca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jayuya ( Veguitas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jayuya', 'summary': 'Jayuya ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xaˈʝuʝa ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico ( U.S. ) located in the mountainous center region of the island , north of Ponce ; east of Utuado ; and west of Ciales . Jayuya is spread over 10 wards and Jayuya Pueblo ( The downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is the principal city of the Jayuya Micropolitan Statistical Area . Named after the Taino tribal leader , Hayuya , Jayuya is known for its skilled wood carvers . Among its monuments are the statue of Nemesio Canales and the bust of Hayuya , both by the Puerto Rican sculptor Tomás Batista .'}]}, {'value': '4,042 ft ( 1,232 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro Maravilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_Maravilla', 'summary': "Cerro Maravilla is Puerto Rico 's fourth highest peak at 1,205 meters ( 3,953 ft ) . It is located on the northern edge Barrio Anón in Ponce , close to the border with the municipality Jayuya , and is part of the Cordillera Central ( Central Mountain Range ) . It is known as El Cerro de los Mártires ( Mountain of the Martyrs ) and characterized as the most infamous peak in Puerto Rico , due to the 1978 Cerro Maravilla murders which took place here ."}]}, {'value': 'Ponce ( Anón )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Ponce ( UK : /ˈpɒnseɪ/ , US : /ˈpɔːnseɪ , ˈpoʊn-/ , Spanish : [ ˈponse ] ( listen ) ) is both a city and a municipality on the southern coast of Puerto Rico . The city is the seat of the municipal government . Ponce , Puerto Rico 's most populated city outside the San Juan metropolitan area , was founded on 12 August 1692 [ note 1 ] and is named for Juan Ponce de León y Loayza , the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León . [ note 2 ] Ponce is often referred to as La Perla del Sur ( The Pearl of the South ) , La Ciudad Señorial [ b ] ( The Manorial City [ c ] ) , and La Ciudad de las Quenepas ( Genip City ) . The city serves as the governmental seat of the autonomous municipality as well as the regional hub for various Government of Puerto Rico entities , such as the Judiciary of Puerto Rico . It is also the regional center for various other Commonwealth and Federal Government agencies . Ponce is a principal city of both the Ponce Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area . The Municipality of Ponce , officially the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce , is located in the southern coastal plain region of the island , south of Adjuntas , Utuado , and Jayuya ; east of Peñuelas ; west of Juana Díaz ; and bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea . The municipality has a total of 31 barrios ( wards ) , including 19 outside the city 's urban area and 12 in the urban area of the city . The historic Ponce Pueblo district , located in the downtown area of the city , is shared by several of the downtown barrios , and is located approximately three miles ( 4.8 km ) inland from the shores of the Caribbean . The municipality of Ponce is the second largest in Puerto Rico by land area , and it was the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy , becoming the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce in 1992 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anón_(Ponce)', 'summary': "Anón ( Barrio Anón ) is one of the 31 barrios in the municipality of Ponce , Puerto Rico . Along with Marueño , Coto Laurel , Guaraguao , Quebrada Limon , Real , and San Patricio , and the coastal barrios of Canas and Capitanejo , Anón is one of the municipality 's nine bordering barrios . Anón borders the municipalities of Jayuya and Juana Diaz . The name of this barrio is of native Indian origin . It was founded in 1878 . Barrio Anón is one of three Ponce barrios ( the others are Barrio Guaraguao and Barrio San Patricio ) located on the Cordillera Central mountain range ."}]}, {'value': '3,960 ft ( 1,207 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Guilarte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Guilarte', 'summary': 'Monte Guilarte , also known as Monte del Guaraguao , is the fifth-highest peak in Puerto Rico at 1,199 meters ( 3,934 ft ) above sea level . The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central , in the municipality of Adjuntas .'}]}, {'value': 'Adjuntas ( Guilarte )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adjuntas,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Adjuntas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aðˈxuntas ] ) is a small mountainside municipality in Puerto Rico located central midwest of the island on the Cordillera Central , north of Yauco , Guayanilla and Peñuelas ; southeast of Utuado ; east of Lares and Yauco ; and northwest of Ponce . Adjuntas is spread over 16 wards and Adjuntas Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . Adjuntas is about two hours by car westward from the capital , San Juan . It is the principal city of and comprises the Adjuntas Micropolitan Statistical Area . Adjuntas is nicknamed the Switzerland of Puerto Rico , because of its relatively chilly weather . Many Puerto Rican mountain towns have cooler weather than the rest of the island ; Adjuntas is no exception : the average yearly weather is 70 °F ( 21 °C ) ( High : 83 °F/28 °C ; Low : 58 °F/14 °C ) . Puerto Rico 's lowest temperature were recorded in Adjuntas at 38°F . Its mild climate attracts a good number of island tourists during the summer months . The town has a small hotel named Monte Rio and a good-sized parador , or country inn , called Villa Sotomayor . Adjuntas ' Zip Code , 00601 , is the lowest code in the United States zip code system ."}]}, {'value': '3,934 ft ( 1,199 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Tres Picachos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tres_Picachos', 'summary': 'Tres Picachos ( English : The Three Peaks ) is one of the highest peaks in Puerto Rico at 1,205 meters ( 3,953 ft ) . It is located on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya in the central part of the island , and is part of the Cordillera Central . The mountain has three joint peaks from which the name is derived . It is believed that Taíno Indians thought the mountain to be sacred .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciales and Jayuya ( Coabey )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciales,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Ciales ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsjales ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico ( U.S. ) , located on the Central Mountain Range , northwest of Orocovis ; south of Florida and Manatí ; east of Utuado and Jayuya ; and west of Morovis . Ciales is spread over eight wards and Ciales Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3,894 ft ( 1,187 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro Saliente', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jayuya ( Saliente )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jayuya', 'summary': 'Jayuya ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xaˈʝuʝa ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico ( U.S. ) located in the mountainous center region of the island , north of Ponce ; east of Utuado ; and west of Ciales . Jayuya is spread over 10 wards and Jayuya Pueblo ( The downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is the principal city of the Jayuya Micropolitan Statistical Area . Named after the Taino tribal leader , Hayuya , Jayuya is known for its skilled wood carvers . Among its monuments are the statue of Nemesio Canales and the bust of Hayuya , both by the Puerto Rican sculptor Tomás Batista .'}]}, {'value': '3,845 ft ( 1,172 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Membrillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yauco ( Río Prieto )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yauco', 'summary': "Yauco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈʝauko ] ) is a city ( ciudad ) and municipality in southwestern Puerto Rico , centered on the city of the same name . Although the city is inland , the municipality stretches to a southern coast facing the Caribbean . Yauco is south of Maricao , Lares and Adjuntas ; east of Sabana Grande and Guánica ; and west of Guayanilla . The municipality has 20 wards and the main city Yauco zona urbana ( Yauco Urban Zone ) . It is both a principal city of the Yauco Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area . It was founded by Fernando Pacheco on February 29 , 1756 , and developed for commodity crops of tobacco , sugar cane , and coffee . Yauco became a center for Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century due to its geographical similarity to their homeland . Corsicans have contributed to many areas of life in Yauco , particularly to its coffee industry . This has contributed to the city 's nicknames of El Pueblo del Café ( City of Coffee ) , and Los Corsos ( The Corsicans ) . It is also known as La Capital Taína ( the Taíno capital ) after the native peoples of Puerto Rico ."}]}, {'value': '3,579 ft ( 1,091 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro El Bolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_El_Bolo', 'summary': 'Cerro El Bolo is the highest peak in the municipality of Villalba , Puerto Rico , raising to 1,075 meters ( 3,527 ft ) above sea level . It is part of the Toro Negro State Forest , and is the 10th tallest mountain in Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'Villalba ( Villalba Arriba )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villalba,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Villalba ( Spanish pronunciation : [ biˈʎalβa ] ) ( a shortening of Villa Alba ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the central region , northeast of Juana Díaz ; south of Orocovis ; and west of Coamo . Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the Ponce Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3,527 ft ( 1,075 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Toro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Piedras ( El Río ) & Río Grande ( Guzmán Arriba )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Piedras,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Las Piedras ( Spanish pronunciation : [ las ˈpjeðɾas ] ) is a municipality in east Puerto Rico ( U.S. ) located in the center region of the island , north of Yabucoa ; south of Canóvanas and Río Grande ; east of Juncos and San Lorenzo ; and west of Naguabo and Humacao . Las Piedras is spread over 7 wards and Las Piedras Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area . Las Piedras has many natural attractions such as La Cueva del Indio which is a place that has original Indian playgrounds , caves and paintings that denote some characteristics of the ancient island 's natives . Las Piedras is located about 45 minutes from San Juan , Puerto Rico 's capital and 5 minutes from Palmas del Mar , Humacao which is one of the biggest resorts in the Caribbean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Río_Grande,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Río Grande ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈri.o ˈɣɾande ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Northern Coastal Valley , north of Las Piedras , Naguabo and Ceiba ; east of Loíza and Canóvanas and west of Luquillo . Río Grande is spread over eight wards and Río Grande Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3,474 ft ( 1,059 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro Doña Juana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_Doña_Juana', 'summary': 'Cerro Doña Juana is the highest peak in the municipality of Orocovis , Puerto Rico , rising to 1,058 meters ( 3,471 ft ) above sea level . It is part of the Toro Negro State Forest , and is the 12th tallest mountain in Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'Orocovis ( Ala de la Piedra )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orocovis', 'summary': 'Orocovis ( from Taino language , Orocobix meaning remembrance of the first mountain ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Central Mountain Range , north of Villalba and Coamo ; south of Morovis and Corozal ; southeast of Ciales ; east of Jayuya ; and west of Barranquitas . Orocovis is spread over 17 wards and Orocovis Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3,471 ft ( 1,058 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro Las Tetas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_Las_Tetas', 'summary': 'Cerro Las Tetas , nicknamed Las Tetas de Cayey , but officially Cerro Las Tetas , and also Las Piedras del Collado , are two mountain peaks located in the municipality of Salinas , Puerto Rico , north of the city of Salinas proper . Since September 1 , 2000 , the peaks have become part of a Puerto Rico Natural Reserve and are protected by law . Their height is 2,762 feet ( 842 m ) above sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'Salinas ( Lapas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salinas,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Salinas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saˈlinas ] ) is a municipality in the southern part of Puerto Rico located in the southern coast of the island , south of Aibonito and Cayey ; southeast of Coamo , east of Santa Isabel ; and west of Guayama . Salinas is spread over 5 wards and Salinas Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It has long been a fishing spot for Puerto Ricans , known for its beaches , fish variety and the birthplace of the famous mojito isleño . Although Salinas does n't have any commercial airports , there is a military training area there . Camp Santiago , which is Puerto Rico National Guard training center . Army National Guard , Air National Guard , State Guard , U.S. Army ROTC , U.S. Army Reserve and the U.S. Army conduct military training at Camp Santiago . Salinas is also home to Miss Universe 2006 , Zuleyka Rivera and to the former World Boxing Association Welterweight champion of the world , Angel Espada ."}]}, {'value': '2,759 ft ( 841 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Mountains in the Cordillera Central range', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Cordillera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)_0', 'intro': 'Cordillera Central (English: Central Mountains range), is the main mountain range in Puerto Rico. The range crosses the island from west to east and divides the island into northern and southern coastal plains. Cordillera Central runs eastward from Maricao in the west to Aibonito in the central eastern Puerto Rico region and on to the outskirts of the Sierra de Cayey. Sierra de Cayey is an extension of Cordillera Central that begins in the town of Cayey and runs eastwardly to Humacao. The Sierra de Cayey extension ends in a fork with two lower ranges: Sierra Guardarraya and Cuchillas de Panduras which run eastward to Yabucoa and Patillas respectively.'}
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The area with the lowest recorded temperature has a peak ranked where on the list of mountains ?
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fifth-highest
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03c508d70ee7299f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_association_football_clubs_in_New_Zealand', 'title': 'List of association football clubs in New Zealand', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Home Ground', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Auckland City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_City_FC', 'summary': "Auckland City Football Club is a New Zealand semi-professional football club based in the suburb of Sandringham in Auckland , New Zealand . They currently compete in the ISPS Handa Premiership , the highest level of domestic football in New Zealand . Auckland City have established themselves as a major force in both New Zealand and Oceania , having won seven league titles and nine OFC Champions League titles since their foundation . Formed in 2004 following the inception of the New Zealand Football Championship , a brand new top level of domestic football in New Zealand , Auckland City currently play their home matches at Kiwitea Street in Sandringham , New Zealand . The club is the most successful in Oceania history , having won seven consecutive OFC Champions League titles between 2011 and 2017 - the most consecutive continental titles of any football team in history . This has resulted in Auckland becoming a regular fixture at the FIFA Club World Cup , famously achieving a third-placed finish in the 2014 edition . Auckland City 's youth team currently plays in the National Youth League , being the most successful team in the competition with six titles . Auckland City 's regular kit colours are faintly striped royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The current crest , in use since the club 's inception , features the Sky Tower , an iconic Auckland landmark . The club has a strong Croatian influence , being strongly associated with and playing at the same stadium as Central United ( formed in 1962 by Dalmatian immigrants ) ;"}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiwitea Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiwitea_Street', 'summary': 'Kiwitea Street , also known as Freyberg Field , is a multi-purpose stadium in the suburb of Sandringham in Auckland , New Zealand . It is used for football ( soccer ) matches and is the home stadium of both Auckland City FC and Central United . Terraced seating can accommodate 250 patrons . The stadium is named for Bernard Freyberg , 1st Baron Freyberg . Kiwitea Street was the venue of the 2007 Chatham Cup final .'}]}, {'value': '3,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_United_FC', 'summary': 'Canterbury United FC is an association football club from Christchurch , New Zealand . The club plays most of its matches at English Park in Christchurch , though they occasionally play in Nelson . The club competes in the ISPS Handa Premiership , the top level of football in New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Christchurch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch', 'summary': "Christchurch ( /ˈkraɪstʃɜːrtʃ/ ; Māori : Ōtautahi ) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region . The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Island 's east coast , just north of Banks Peninsula . The urban area is home to 377,200 residents , and the territorial authority has 385,500 people , which makes it the second-most populous city in New Zealand after Auckland and before Wellington . The Avon River flows through the centre of the city , with an urban park located along its banks . Archaeological evidence has indicated that people first settled in the Christchurch area in about 1250 . Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856 , making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand . The Canterbury Association , which settled the Canterbury Plains , named the city after Christ Church , Oxford . The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square ; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area , except for the Pacific to the east and the Port Hills to the south . Agriculture is the historic mainstay of Christchurch 's economy . The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city 's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries . Christchurch is one of five 'gateway cities ' for Antarctic exploration , hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations . The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012 , with the most destructive of them occurring at 12.51 p.m. on Tuesday , 22 February 2011 , in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city collapsed or suffered severe damage ."}]}, {'value': 'ASB Football Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_Park', 'summary': 'English Park is a football stadium in Christchurch , New Zealand . It is the home stadium of Canterbury United , which competes in the ASB Premiership , as well as Western AFC which currently compete in the Mainland Premier League . The stadium has a capacity of approximately 3,000 people . English Park was used for cycle racing . For example , races were held in December 1927 and February 1928 to raise funds for Harry Watson so that he could compete in the 1928 Tour de France as part of the Australasian Ravat-Wonder-Dunlop cycling team ; Watson was the first New Zealander to compete in the Tour de France . In 1929 , English Park was used for motorcycle speedway meetings until a competing organiser in Woolston bought out the interests in that sport . English Park is the headquarters for Mainland Football , the largest of the seven football federations within New Zealand . From 2010 to 2011 the playing surface was changed from natural grass to FIFA approved artificial turf , new lighting was also installed to enable night matches , and trainings . In 2013 a café stall was installed . The park also features four team changing rooms , one officials changing room , one lounge with a bar , one kitchen , and a number of offices which are occupied by Mainland Football The park also hosts a number of early season Mainland Premier League games , and during the winter season where grass pitches are unplayable . Currently , most English , and Reta Fitzpatrick Cup games are played during the midweek in the evenings at the ground . The finals for both competitions are played over one day , during early September .'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Suburbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC', 'summary': 'Eastern Suburbs Association Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in the suburb of Kohimarama in Auckland , New Zealand . The club competes in the ISPS Handa Premiership , the highest level of domestic football in the country . Alongside their ISPS Handa Premiership club status , in the winter the club fields a reserve team in the highest level of winter football in New Zealand , which is contested regionally , in the NRFL Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Kohimarama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kohimarama', 'summary': 'Kohimarama is a coastal residential Auckland suburb , located to the east of the city , with many homes having some of the best views across the Auckland Harbour . Kohimarama is situated between Mission Bay and St Heliers and has an accessible beach with a boardwalk and green recreational spaces located amongst residential areas . According to the 2013 census , Kohimarama has a population of 7092 . Local government of Kohimarama is the responsibility of the Orākei Local Board , which also includes the suburbs of Orakei , Mission Bay , St Heliers , Glendowie , St Johns , Meadowbank , Remuera and Ellerslie .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill McKinlay Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Wanderers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers_AFC', 'summary': 'Hamilton Wanderers Association Football Club is a professional association football club from Hamilton , New Zealand , that currently competes in the ISPS Handa Premiership . The club is noted for their youth academy , with graduates including current New Zealand internationals Chris Wood and Marco Rojas .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'Porritt Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hawke 's Bay United", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hawke's_Bay_United_FC", 'summary': "Hawke 's Bay United is an association football club based in Napier , New Zealand . HB United play in the ISPS Handa Premiership - a semi-professional franchise based league , which runs independently of the winter club season . Local winter clubs provide the player pool for each franchise . Their home stadium is Bluewater Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Napier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}]}, {'value': 'Bluewater Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Island,_Napier', 'summary': "Park Island ( currently known as Bluewater Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Napier , New Zealand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Napier City Rovers and Hawke 's Bay United . The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 people and opened in 1985 . It served as a training venue for teams in the 2011 Rugby World Cup . Coordinates : 39°30′30″S 176°51′25″E / 39.5082°S 176.8569°E / -39.5082 ; 176.8569"}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_United_FC', 'summary': 'Southern United , previously known as Otago United , is a football club based in Dunedin , New Zealand . Founded in 2004 , they play their home games at the Caledonian Ground and Forsyth Barr Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunedin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin', 'summary': "Dunedin ( /dʌˈniːdɪn/ ( listen ) duh-NEE-din ; Māori : Ōtepoti ) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand ( after Christchurch ) , and the principal city of the Otago region . Its name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . The urban area of Dunedin lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago , surrounding the head of Otago Harbour , and the harbour and hills around Dunedin are the remnants of an extinct volcano . The city suburbs extend out into the surrounding valleys and hills , onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula , and along the shores of the Otago Harbour and the Pacific Ocean . Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland with the formation of the Auckland Council in November 2010 . Archaeological evidence points to lengthy occupation of the area by Māori prior to the arrival of Europeans . The province and region of Otago takes its name from the Ngai Tahu village of Otakou at the mouth of the harbour , which became a whaling station in the 1830s . In 1848 a Scottish settlement was established by the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland . Between 1855 and 1900 many thousands of Scots emigrated to the incorporated city . Dunedin became wealthy during the Central Otago Gold Rush , beginning in the 1860s . In the mid-1860s , and between 1878 and 1881 , it was New Zealand 's largest urban area . The city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246 ."}]}, {'value': 'Forsyth Barr Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forsyth_Barr_Stadium', 'summary': "The Forsyth Barr Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Dunedin , New Zealand . At various stages of development it was also known as Dunedin Stadium or Awatea Street Stadium , or its non-commercial official name during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup , Otago Stadium . It is also known colloquially as 'the glasshouse ' due to its resemblance to a horticultural hothouse . The stadium was opened by New Zealand Prime Minister John Key on 5 August 2011 , replacing Carisbrook as the home stadium of the Highlanders team in Super Rugby and the Otago Rugby Football Union team in the domestic ITM Cup . The stadium hosted four matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup , and has hosted major music tours , starting in November 2011 with Elton John ."}]}, {'value': '30,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasman United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_United', 'summary': "Tasman United is a football club based in Nelson , New Zealand . The club currently competes in the ISPS Handa Premiership with home games played at Trafalgar Park . The club succeeded Nelson Falcons as the city 's football team on the national stage ( albeit the Falcons were participants only in the National Youth League ) . The club additionally has an affiliated women 's team in the Mainland Women 's Premier League ; they finished third in their inaugural season ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Nelson ( Māori : Whakatū ) is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay . Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand - it was established in 1841 and was proclaimed a city by royal charter in 1858 . Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by Tasman District Council and to the north-east , east and south-east by Marlborough District Council . The city does not include Richmond , the area 's second-largest settlement . Nelson City has a population of around 50,000 , making it New Zealand 's 12th most populous city . When combined with the town of Richmond , which has roughly 15,000 residents , the whole conurbation is ranked as New Zealand 's 9th largest urban area by population . Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene ; each year , the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike , such as the Nelson Arts Festival . The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum , World of Wearable Art now showcases winning designs alongside a collection of classic cars ."}]}, {'value': 'Trafalgar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trafalgar_Park,_Nelson', 'summary': "Trafalgar Park is a sports ground located beside the CBD of Nelson , in New Zealand 's South Island . The stadium has a capacity of 18,000 , following upgrades completed for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . It takes its name from its location on Trafalgar Street . The park is one of the two home grounds for ITM Cup rugby team , the Tasman Makos . The other being Lansdowne Park , Blenheim . As a cricket ground , Trafalgar Park was used by Central Districts as one of its home grounds between 1953 and 1997 . Nelson used it as its main home ground between 1888 and 1999 . Since then Saxton Oval has been used as the main Nelson cricket ground . The park is also the venue for matches in other sporting codes , and hosted the final of the 1978 Chatham Cup , a premier knock-out New Zealand football competition . A cycle track with a length of approximately 540 metres runs around the perimeter of the field and is used primarily for competition track cycling . Due to the closing of other sports facilities as a result of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake , Trafalgar Park hosted three Crusaders Super Rugby home games in March 2011 . Trafalgar Park hosted three games in the 2011 Rugby World Cup in September 2011 , with matches between Italy , Russia , USA and Australia being played ."}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Wellington', 'summary': 'Team Wellington Football Club is a New Zealand semi-professional football club based in the suburb of Miramar in Wellington , New Zealand . They currently compete in the ISPS Handa Premiership . Team Wellington have traditionally been one of the most successful football clubs in New Zealand since their inception in 2004 , having been crowned league champions twice and won the 2018 OFC Champions League . Their home games are played at David Farrington Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': 'David Farrington Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Farrington_Park', 'summary': 'David Farrington Park , previously known as Centennial Park , is a football ground in the suburb of Miramar in Wellington , New Zealand . It is used for football matches and is the home ground of both Team Wellington and Miramar Rangers AFC . Terraced seating on the embankment can accommodate 600 patrons . The grounds name was changed to David Farrington Park as a mark of respect to the local football stalwart who died in 2008 . On 16 April , David Farrington Park saw the first OFC Champions League game played in Wellington when Team Wellington beat AS Magenta 7-1 , also qualifying Team Wellington for the home and away final against Auckland City for the 2017 OFC Champions League title and a chance to play at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in United Arab Emirates .'}]}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waitakere United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitakere_United', 'summary': 'Waitakere United is a football club based in Waitakere City , New Zealand . They are one of the franchises in the ISPS Handa Premiership . They play their home games at Fred Taylor Park in Kumeu and The Trusts Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Waitakere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitakere_City', 'summary': "Waitakere City was a territorial authority district in the west of Auckland , New Zealand ; it was governed by the Waitakere City Council from 1989 to 2010 . It was New Zealand 's fifth largest city , with an annual growth of about 2% . In 2010 the council was amalgamated with other regional authorities into one new Auckland Council . The name Waitakere comes from the Waitakere River in the Waitakere Ranges and was applied to Waitakere County , which covered much of the later city ."}]}, {'value': 'QBE Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Harbour_Stadium', 'summary': "North Harbour Stadium , known for sponsorship reasons as QBE Stadium between January 2014 and January 2019 , is a stadium situated in Albany , in North Shore City , New Zealand . It was opened in 1997 , after nearly a decade of discussion , planning and construction . Rugby union , soccer and rugby league are the only sports played on the main ground , as it is rectangular in shape . The neighbouring oval plays host to the region 's senior cricket and AFL NZ football matches . The stadium also hosts large open-air concerts ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wellington Phoenix Reserves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC_Reserves', 'summary': 'Wellington Phoenix Football Club Reserves is a semi-professional football team based in Wellington , New Zealand . They currently serve as the reserve side of the Wellington Phoenix FC of the A-League and compete in the ISPS Handa Premiership .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': 'Newtown Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newtown_Park', 'summary': 'Newtown Park is a multi-purpose stadium in Wellington , New Zealand . It is currently used mostly for football ( soccer ) matches and athletic events . The main pitch has a 400-metre , all-weather rubberized athletics track around it , as well as the spectator stands and the corporate lounge . A second , rectangular pitch ( Newtown Park 2 ) is attached south of the main facility .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'New Zealand Football Championship', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_association_football_clubs_in_New_Zealand_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of association football clubs in New Zealand.'}
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What is the stadium located in a city well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene named after ?
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Trafalgar Street
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Teller_County,_Colorado', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Teller County, Colorado', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cripple Creek Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Cripple Creek Historic District is a historic district including Cripple Creek , Colorado , United States and is significant for its gold mining era history . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . Many Cripple Creek buildings post-date the gold mining era . The district includes a number of surviving structures , possibly including the following seven :'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1966 ( # 66000939 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Highway 67 38°45′07″N 105°10′31″W / 38.751944°N 105.175278°W / 38.751944 ; -105.175278 ( Cripple Creek Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_67', 'summary': "State Highway 67 ( SH 67 ) is a 71-mile-long ( 114 km ) state highway encompassing five distinct segments in south-central Colorado . SH 67 's southern terminus is at SH 96 in Wetmore , and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 85 ( US 85 ) in Sedalia . It traverses the former route of the Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad through Phantom Canyon as a county road and carrying part of the Gold Belt Byway . SH 67 forms the eastern border of the Mueller State Park near Divide ."}]}, {'value': 'Cripple Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Cripple Creek is the Statutory City that is the county seat of Teller County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 1,189 at the 2010 United States Census . Cripple Creek is a former gold mining camp located 44 miles ( 71 km ) southwest of Colorado Springs near the base of Pikes Peak . The Cripple Creek Historic District , which received National Historic Landmark status in 1961 , includes part or all of the city and the surrounding area . The city is now a part of the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florissant School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1990 ( # 90001503 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 County Road 31 38°56′54″N 105°17′41″W / 38.948333°N 105.294722°W / 38.948333 ; -105.294722 ( Florissant School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florissant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florissant,_Colorado', 'summary': "Florissant is a census-designated place and a U.S. Post Office in Teller County , Colorado , United States . The population as of the 2010 Census was 104 . Florissant , Colorado , was named after Florissant , Missouri , the hometown of Judge James Castello , an early settler . The word florissant is the gerund of the French verb fleurir , which roughly means to flourish , to flower , or to blossom . Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is located immediately south of Florissant . The Florissant Post Office has the ZIP Code 80816 . Florissant is just east of the starting point of the Hayman fire , which as of 2006 , is the largest fire in Colorado 's history . Florissant is served by the Florissant Fire Protection District . The District consists of 2 Fire Stations , 3 Engines , 2 Tenders , 3 Rescue Trucks , and a Mule 4WD off-road vehicle . Florissant has several subdivisions , including Colorado Mountain Estates , Druid Hills , Florissant Heights , Indian Creek , Wilson Lakes , Valley Hi , and Bear Trap Ranch Florissant continues to grow . Examples of this include the addition of a new library , offering multimedia opportunities , fast broadband , computer access , and wireless access . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goldfield City Hall and Fire Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldfield_City_Hall_and_Fire_Station', 'summary': 'The Goldfield City Hall and Fire Station , at Victor Ave. and 9th St. in Goldfield , Colorado , was built in 1899 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . It is a two-story flat-roofed 25 by 46 feet ( 7.6 m × 14.0 m ) building . By 1983 , it was the only remaining public structure of Goldfield .'}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1984 ( # 84000897 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Ave. and 9th St. 38°43′06″N 105°07′25″W / 38.718333°N 105.123611°W / 38.718333 ; -105.123611 ( Goldfield City Hall and Fire Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goldfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldfield,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Goldfield is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Teller County , Colorado , United States . The population as of the 2010 Census was 49 . A post office called Goldfield was established in 1895 , and remained in operation until 1932 . The community was named for a gold mine near the original town site .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hornbek House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hornbek_House', 'summary': "The Hornbek House , also known as the Adaline Hornbek Homestead , in Florissant , Colorado was built in 1878 for Adaline Hornbek , who established a ranch in the area to the west of Pike 's Peak in the 1870s . The log house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an example of an early homestead . It is an excellent example of homestead-era log construction , with unusual Greek Revival window trim on one wing . The property includes a number of outbuildings which were relocated to the site . The property was sold to the National Park Service in 1973 and is included in Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument . Adaline Hornbek was an early homesteader who established a substantial ranch in an area that had seen only subsistence farming ."}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1981 ( # 81000105 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Road 1 38°55′34″N 105°16′56″W / 38.926111°N 105.282222°W / 38.926111 ; -105.282222 ( Hornbek House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florissant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florissant,_Colorado', 'summary': "Florissant is a census-designated place and a U.S. Post Office in Teller County , Colorado , United States . The population as of the 2010 Census was 104 . Florissant , Colorado , was named after Florissant , Missouri , the hometown of Judge James Castello , an early settler . The word florissant is the gerund of the French verb fleurir , which roughly means to flourish , to flower , or to blossom . Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is located immediately south of Florissant . The Florissant Post Office has the ZIP Code 80816 . Florissant is just east of the starting point of the Hayman fire , which as of 2006 , is the largest fire in Colorado 's history . Florissant is served by the Florissant Fire Protection District . The District consists of 2 Fire Stations , 3 Engines , 2 Tenders , 3 Rescue Trucks , and a Mule 4WD off-road vehicle . Florissant has several subdivisions , including Colorado Mountain Estates , Druid Hills , Florissant Heights , Indian Creek , Wilson Lakes , Valley Hi , and Bear Trap Ranch Florissant continues to grow . Examples of this include the addition of a new library , offering multimedia opportunities , fast broadband , computer access , and wireless access . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitou Experimental Forest Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 28 , 1998 ( # 98001091 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '232 County Road 79 39°06′00″N 105°05′30″W / 39.1°N 105.091667°W / 39.1 ; -105.091667 ( Manitou Experimental Forest Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodland Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodland_Park,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The City of Woodland Park is a Home Rule Municipality that is the most populous city in Teller County , Colorado , United States and is immediately west of El Paso County and the unincorporated community of Crystola . Many residents in this bedroom community , which is surrounded by the one-million acre ( 4,000 km² ) Pike National Forest , make the 17-mile ( 27 km ) commute to Colorado Springs . Ute Pass lies 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the west of Woodland Park on US 24 . The population was 7200 at the 2010 census . Nearby Douglas County is about a fifteen-minute drive from the city . A post office called Woodland Park has been in operation since 1890 . The community was named for the abundance of trees near the original town site .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midland Terminal Railroad Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midland_Terminal_Railroad_Depot', 'summary': 'The Midland Terminal Railroad Depot in Victor , Colorado , was built in 1895 for the Midland Terminal Railway . Colorado Midland Railroad established the Midland Terminal Railroad for a spur line between Divide and Cripple Creek and then to Victor . This allowed for ore to be transported via train rather than wagons for processing in Old Colorado City . The brick depot contains features common to its type and period of construction including the wide overhanging eaves , the central bay office window , and the large freight doors .'}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1984 ( # 84000899 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '230 N. 4th St. 38°42′45″N 105°08′25″W / 38.7125°N 105.140278°W / 38.7125 ; -105.140278 ( Midland Terminal Railroad Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor,_Colorado', 'summary': "Victor is a statutory city in Teller County , Colorado , United States . Gold was discovered in Victor in the late 19th century , an omen of the future of the town . With Cripple Creek , the mining district became the second largest gold mining district in the country and realized approximately $ 10 billion of mined gold in 2010 dollars . It reached its peak around the turn of the century when there were about 18,000 residents in the town . Depleted ore in mines , labor strife and the exodus of miners during World War I caused a steep decline in the city 's economy , from which it has never recovered . The population was 397 at the 2010 census . There is a resumed mining effort on Battle Mountain ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stratton 's Independence Mine and Mill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stratton's_Independence_Mine_and_Mill", 'summary': "Stratton 's Independence Mine and Mill is a historic gold mining site near Victor , Colorado on the south slope of Battle Mountain . Between late 1893 and April 1899 , approximately 200,000 ounces ( 6200 kg ) of gold was removed from the Independence Mine ."}]}, {'value': 'March 4 , 1993 ( # 93000054 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Junction of Rangeview Rd . and State Highway 67 38°42′39″N 105°08′00″W / 38.710833°N 105.133333°W / 38.710833 ; -105.133333 ( Stratton 's Independence Mine and Mill )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_67', 'summary': "State Highway 67 ( SH 67 ) is a 71-mile-long ( 114 km ) state highway encompassing five distinct segments in south-central Colorado . SH 67 's southern terminus is at SH 96 in Wetmore , and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 85 ( US 85 ) in Sedalia . It traverses the former route of the Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad through Phantom Canyon as a county road and carrying part of the Gold Belt Byway . SH 67 forms the eastern border of the Mueller State Park near Divide ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor,_Colorado', 'summary': "Victor is a statutory city in Teller County , Colorado , United States . Gold was discovered in Victor in the late 19th century , an omen of the future of the town . With Cripple Creek , the mining district became the second largest gold mining district in the country and realized approximately $ 10 billion of mined gold in 2010 dollars . It reached its peak around the turn of the century when there were about 18,000 residents in the town . Depleted ore in mines , labor strife and the exodus of miners during World War I caused a steep decline in the city 's economy , from which it has never recovered . The population was 397 at the 2010 census . There is a resumed mining effort on Battle Mountain ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twin Creek Ranch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1997 ( # 97000029 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1465 Teller County Road 31 38°57′04″N 105°18′09″W / 38.951111°N 105.3025°W / 38.951111 ; -105.3025 ( Twin Creek Ranch )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florissant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florissant,_Colorado', 'summary': "Florissant is a census-designated place and a U.S. Post Office in Teller County , Colorado , United States . The population as of the 2010 Census was 104 . Florissant , Colorado , was named after Florissant , Missouri , the hometown of Judge James Castello , an early settler . The word florissant is the gerund of the French verb fleurir , which roughly means to flourish , to flower , or to blossom . Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is located immediately south of Florissant . The Florissant Post Office has the ZIP Code 80816 . Florissant is just east of the starting point of the Hayman fire , which as of 2006 , is the largest fire in Colorado 's history . Florissant is served by the Florissant Fire Protection District . The District consists of 2 Fire Stations , 3 Engines , 2 Tenders , 3 Rescue Trucks , and a Mule 4WD off-road vehicle . Florissant has several subdivisions , including Colorado Mountain Estates , Druid Hills , Florissant Heights , Indian Creek , Wilson Lakes , Valley Hi , and Bear Trap Ranch Florissant continues to grow . Examples of this include the addition of a new library , offering multimedia opportunities , fast broadband , computer access , and wireless access . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Downtown Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Downtown_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Victor Downtown Historical District is a 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) historic district encompassing several blocks of Victor , Colorado which was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 . The listing included 55 contributing buildings out of 66 buildings in total . The district is bounded roughly by Diamond Avenue , Second , Portland and Fifth Streets . It includes :'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1985 ( # 85001463 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Diamond Ave. , 2nd , Portland , and 5th Sts . 38°42′39″N 105°08′25″W / 38.710833°N 105.140278°W / 38.710833 ; -105.140278 ( Victor Downtown Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor,_Colorado', 'summary': "Victor is a statutory city in Teller County , Colorado , United States . Gold was discovered in Victor in the late 19th century , an omen of the future of the town . With Cripple Creek , the mining district became the second largest gold mining district in the country and realized approximately $ 10 billion of mined gold in 2010 dollars . It reached its peak around the turn of the century when there were about 18,000 residents in the town . Depleted ore in mines , labor strife and the exodus of miners during World War I caused a steep decline in the city 's economy , from which it has never recovered . The population was 397 at the 2010 census . There is a resumed mining effort on Battle Mountain ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Hotel', 'summary': "The Victor Hotel is a historic hotel in the mining town of Victor , Colorado in the United States . The hotel is a four-story Victorian brick building built in 1899-1900 by the town 's founders , the Woods brothers . It is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': 'April 10 , 1980 ( # 80000929 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th St. and Victor Ave. 38°42′38″N 105°08′26″W / 38.710556°N 105.140556°W / 38.710556 ; -105.140556 ( Victor Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor,_Colorado', 'summary': "Victor is a statutory city in Teller County , Colorado , United States . Gold was discovered in Victor in the late 19th century , an omen of the future of the town . With Cripple Creek , the mining district became the second largest gold mining district in the country and realized approximately $ 10 billion of mined gold in 2010 dollars . It reached its peak around the turn of the century when there were about 18,000 residents in the town . Depleted ore in mines , labor strife and the exodus of miners during World War I caused a steep decline in the city 's economy , from which it has never recovered . The population was 397 at the 2010 census . There is a resumed mining effort on Battle Mountain ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Teller_County,_Colorado_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Teller County, Colorado. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Teller County, Colorado, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'}
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What is the city or town of the historic place whose location is 71 miles long ( 114 km ) ?
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Cripple Creek
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03c7aa2590fe660d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cruise_ships', 'title': 'List of cruise ships', 'header': ['Name', 'Operator', 'Began operation', 'Tonnage', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fair Princess', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Cruises', 'summary': 'Princess Cruises is a cruise line owned by Carnival Corporation & plc . The company is incorporated in Bermuda and its headquarters are in Santa Clarita , California . As of 2018 , it is the second largest cruise line by net revenue . It was previously a subsidiary of P & O Princess Cruises , and is currently under Holland America Group within Carnival Corporation & plc , which holds executive control over the Princess Cruises brand . The line has 18 ships cruising global itineraries that are marketed to both American and international passengers . The company was made famous by the American television series , The Love Boat , in which its ship Pacific Princess was featured . In May 2013 , Royal Princess , the first Royal-class ship and the largest ship constructed for Princess at the time , became the flagship of Princess Cruises .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Fairsea , built as the ocean liner Carinthia . Ended service 2000 . Subsequently , China Sea Discovery . Scrapped 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Carinthia_(1956)', 'summary': 'RMS Carinthia was an ocean liner built in 1956 as one of the four Saxonia class ships . She sailed for Cunard Line from her completion until 1968 when she was sold to Sitmar Line , rebuilt into a full-time cruise ship and renamed SS Fairsea . She sailed with Sitmar until 1988 , when Sitmar was sold to P & O . She was renamed SS Fair Princess and sailed for Princess Cruises and P & O Cruises until 2000 . She was then sold to China Sea Cruises and renamed SS China Sea Discovery . In 2005 or 2006 she was scrapped in Alang , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Carinthia_(1955)', 'summary': 'RMS Carinthia was an ocean liner built in 1956 as one of the four Saxonia class ships . She sailed for Cunard Line from her completion until 1968 when she was sold to Sitmar Line , rebuilt into a full-time cruise ship and renamed SS Fairsea . She sailed with Sitmar until 1988 , when Sitmar was sold to P & O . She was renamed SS Fair Princess and sailed for Princess Cruises and P & O Cruises until 2000 . She was then sold to China Sea Cruises and renamed SS China Sea Discovery . In 2005 or 2006 she was scrapped in Alang , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitmar Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitmar_Cruises', 'summary': "Sitmar Cruises and its predecessor Sitmar Line were company names derived from the acronym for the Societa Italiana Trasporti Marittimi ( English : Italian Maritime Transport Company ) . SITMAR originally was an Italian shipping line founded by Russian émigré Alexandre Vlasov , however the company 's headquarters were later transferred to Monaco . Vlasov initially operated cargo services from 1937 , gradually replacing these with passenger services from 1947 until 1988 , when SITMAR was sold to the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ) . After the sale , most of the former SITMAR ships were transferred to the fleet of P & O subsidiary Princess Cruises , while one , TSS Fairstar , became the sole vessel of the newly created P & O-Sitmar Cruises ( later P & O Holidays ) . As of July 2018 , one briefly named former SITMAR ship ( Sitmar Fairmajesty ) is still operational , as Cruise & Maritime Voyages 's Columbus . However , two other vessels originally ordered by SITMAR but delivered to P & O also currently operate from Australia , as Pacific Jewel and Pacific Dawn ."}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former ocean liner Carinthia ( fate : see neighbouring entries ) . Name allocated by new owners during lay-up but changed to Fairsea prior to entering Sitmar service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Carinthia_(1956)', 'summary': 'RMS Carinthia was an ocean liner built in 1956 as one of the four Saxonia class ships . She sailed for Cunard Line from her completion until 1968 when she was sold to Sitmar Line , rebuilt into a full-time cruise ship and renamed SS Fairsea . She sailed with Sitmar until 1988 , when Sitmar was sold to P & O . She was renamed SS Fair Princess and sailed for Princess Cruises and P & O Cruises until 2000 . She was then sold to China Sea Cruises and renamed SS China Sea Discovery . In 2005 or 2006 she was scrapped in Alang , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Carinthia_(1955)', 'summary': 'RMS Carinthia was an ocean liner built in 1956 as one of the four Saxonia class ships . She sailed for Cunard Line from her completion until 1968 when she was sold to Sitmar Line , rebuilt into a full-time cruise ship and renamed SS Fairsea . She sailed with Sitmar until 1988 , when Sitmar was sold to P & O . She was renamed SS Fair Princess and sailed for Princess Cruises and P & O Cruises until 2000 . She was then sold to China Sea Cruises and renamed SS China Sea Discovery . In 2005 or 2006 she was scrapped in Alang , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitmar Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitmar_Cruises', 'summary': "Sitmar Cruises and its predecessor Sitmar Line were company names derived from the acronym for the Societa Italiana Trasporti Marittimi ( English : Italian Maritime Transport Company ) . SITMAR originally was an Italian shipping line founded by Russian émigré Alexandre Vlasov , however the company 's headquarters were later transferred to Monaco . Vlasov initially operated cargo services from 1937 , gradually replacing these with passenger services from 1947 until 1988 , when SITMAR was sold to the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ) . After the sale , most of the former SITMAR ships were transferred to the fleet of P & O subsidiary Princess Cruises , while one , TSS Fairstar , became the sole vessel of the newly created P & O-Sitmar Cruises ( later P & O Holidays ) . As of July 2018 , one briefly named former SITMAR ship ( Sitmar Fairmajesty ) is still operational , as Cruise & Maritime Voyages 's Columbus . However , two other vessels originally ordered by SITMAR but delivered to P & O also currently operate from Australia , as Pacific Jewel and Pacific Dawn ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former ocean liner Carinthia . Ended operation in 1988 . Subsequently , Fair Princess , China Sea Discovery . Scrapped 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Carinthia_(1956)', 'summary': 'RMS Carinthia was an ocean liner built in 1956 as one of the four Saxonia class ships . She sailed for Cunard Line from her completion until 1968 when she was sold to Sitmar Line , rebuilt into a full-time cruise ship and renamed SS Fairsea . She sailed with Sitmar until 1988 , when Sitmar was sold to P & O . She was renamed SS Fair Princess and sailed for Princess Cruises and P & O Cruises until 2000 . She was then sold to China Sea Cruises and renamed SS China Sea Discovery . In 2005 or 2006 she was scrapped in Alang , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairsky', 'summary': 'The Turbine Steamship Fairsky was a one-class Italian-styled passenger ship operated by the Sitmar Line , best known for service on the migrant passenger route from Britain to Australia from May 1958 until February 1972 . After a 20-month lay-up at Southampton , Fairsky completed two further voyages to Australia , before returning to be based at Sydney as a popular full-time cruise ship , until striking an unmarked wreck in 1977 which rendered the vessel uneconomic to permanently repair . The ship was finally sold to a Philippines based consortium , intended for static use as a casino and floating hotel . In 1979 during refurbishment at Manila Bay for her new role , a fire broke out onboard which destroyed the accommodation . The wreck was towed to Hong Kong for demolition in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitmar Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitmar_Cruises', 'summary': "Sitmar Cruises and its predecessor Sitmar Line were company names derived from the acronym for the Societa Italiana Trasporti Marittimi ( English : Italian Maritime Transport Company ) . SITMAR originally was an Italian shipping line founded by Russian émigré Alexandre Vlasov , however the company 's headquarters were later transferred to Monaco . Vlasov initially operated cargo services from 1937 , gradually replacing these with passenger services from 1947 until 1988 , when SITMAR was sold to the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ) . After the sale , most of the former SITMAR ships were transferred to the fleet of P & O subsidiary Princess Cruises , while one , TSS Fairstar , became the sole vessel of the newly created P & O-Sitmar Cruises ( later P & O Holidays ) . As of July 2018 , one briefly named former SITMAR ship ( Sitmar Fairmajesty ) is still operational , as Cruise & Maritime Voyages 's Columbus . However , two other vessels originally ordered by SITMAR but delivered to P & O also currently operate from Australia , as Pacific Jewel and Pacific Dawn ."}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,464', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Migrant passenger ship working as part-time cruise ship 1958-73 . Full-time cruise ship 1974-77 . Scrapped following a fire , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairstar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TSS_Fairstar', 'summary': 'TSS ( Turbine Steam Ship ) Fairstar ( Fairstar , the Fun Ship ) was a popular Australian-based cruise ship operating out of Sydney for 22 years . Originally completed in 1957 as the British troopship Oxfordshire , it was converted to become the Fairstar in 1964 for immigrant voyages and from December 1974 was permanently engaged in cruising .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitmar Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitmar_Cruises', 'summary': "Sitmar Cruises and its predecessor Sitmar Line were company names derived from the acronym for the Societa Italiana Trasporti Marittimi ( English : Italian Maritime Transport Company ) . SITMAR originally was an Italian shipping line founded by Russian émigré Alexandre Vlasov , however the company 's headquarters were later transferred to Monaco . Vlasov initially operated cargo services from 1937 , gradually replacing these with passenger services from 1947 until 1988 , when SITMAR was sold to the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ) . After the sale , most of the former SITMAR ships were transferred to the fleet of P & O subsidiary Princess Cruises , while one , TSS Fairstar , became the sole vessel of the newly created P & O-Sitmar Cruises ( later P & O Holidays ) . As of July 2018 , one briefly named former SITMAR ship ( Sitmar Fairmajesty ) is still operational , as Cruise & Maritime Voyages 's Columbus . However , two other vessels originally ordered by SITMAR but delivered to P & O also currently operate from Australia , as Pacific Jewel and Pacific Dawn ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,619', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Migrant passenger ship working as part-time cruise ship 1964-74 , then full-time cruising . Allocated to P & O Australia fleet in 1988 . Ended operation in 1997 and scrapped', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P&O_Cruises_Australia', 'summary': "P & O Cruises Australia is a British-American owned cruise line with corporate headquarters at Carnival House in Southampton , England and operational headquarters in Chatswood , New South Wales , Australia . The sister company of P & O Cruises in the United Kingdom , it was previously a constituent of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company and has a direct link in history to the world 's first cruise ships . As such , it is one of the oldest cruise lines in the world , and now forms part of the Carnival Corporation & plc , under the executive control of Holland America Group and managed locally by Carnival Australia . It currently operates three ships , sailing from various ports in Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Fifty Years of Victory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50_Let_Pobedy', 'summary': '50 Let Pobedy ( Russian : 50 лет Победы ; 50 Years of Victory , referring to the anniversary of Russian or Soviet victory in World War II ) is a Russian Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreaker .'}]}, {'value': 'various owners', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,439', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuclear powered expedition ship . In service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Fram', 'summary': "MS Fram is a passenger vessel operated by the Norway-based Hurtigruten Group . The ship is named after the original Fram , the ship used by explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen . The ship operates in the Arctic Ocean and around Greenland in the summer , and cruises around Antarctica at other times of the year . In December 2007 , the ship lost power and struck a glacier in Antarctica , sustaining damage to the starboard side ; the collision did not affect the ship 's seaworthiness ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurtigruten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurtigruten', 'summary': 'Hurtigruten ( Express Route , formally The coastal route Bergen-Kirkenes ) is a Norwegian public coastal route transporting passengers that travel locally , regionally and between the ports of call , and also cargo between ports north of Tromsø . Hurtigruten provides daily , year-round and consistent traffic between Bergen and Kirkenes with 34 ports of call on northbound and 33 ports of call on southbound sailings . The Ministry of Transport and Communications in Norway has set minimum capacity requirements of 320 passengers , 120 berths and cargo for 150 Euro-pallets . The current agreement with the privately held company Hurtigruten AS entered into force on 1 January 2012 and expired on 31 December 2019 , with an optional 1-year extension . From 2021 the two companies Hurtigruten AS and Havila Kystruten AS will operate the route .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Fort_Victoria', 'summary': 'Fort Victoria was a 7,784 GRT cruise ship which was built in 1912 as Willochra . During the First World War she was requisitioned for use as a troopship . In 1920 she was sold and renamed Fort Victoria , serving until lost in a collision in 1929 .'}]}, {'value': 'Various operators', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,784', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sank on 18 December 1929 after being hit amidships by SS Algonquin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Algonquin', 'summary': 'Algonquin was an ocean liner built in 1926 for the Clyde Mallory Line . She was involved in a collision in 1929 and rescued survivors from another in 1935 . Repaired after a fire in 1940 , she was requisitioned for use as a troopship and later a hospital ship . She served until 1946 when she was laid up , finally being scrapped in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Franca C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Doulos_Phos', 'summary': "Doulos Phos held the record of being the world 's oldest active ocean-faring passenger ship until December 2009 , having travelled the world 's oceans from the time of her building in 1914 until being retired from cruising service at the end of 2009 . She is now owned by Eric Saw , director and chief executive of BizNaz Resources International Pte Ltd in Singapore . She was previously operated by the German charity Gute Bücher für Alle ( Good Books for All ) , and was used as a floating bookshop . The ship has previously been known as the SS Medina , the SS Roma , the MS Franca C , and the MV Doulos . The Doulos ended her final cruise in late 2009 at Singapore , with the ship being handed over to her new owners on 18 March 2010 . The ship underwent a three year conversion into a luxury hotel that opened in June of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Costa Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Line', 'summary': "Costa Crociere S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈkɔsta kroˈtʃɛːre ] ) , operating as Costa Cruises ( Italian : Costa Crociere ) , is an Italian cruise line founded in 1854 and organized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc since 2000 . Based in Genoa , Italy , the cruise line primarily caters to the Italian cruise market , but the company 's fourteen ships , which all sail under the Italian flag , provides itineraries sailing to countries globally ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended service in 1977 . Now operated by Gute Bücher für Alle as MV Doulos Phos , a travelling book shop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gute_Bücher_für_Alle', 'summary': "Gute Bücher für Alle ( English : Good Books for All ) is a German charity , based in Mosbach , which operates floating bookshops . It is best known as the operator of such vessels , currently deploying the MV Logos Hope in service of the organization 's goals . For 32 years ( 1977-2009 ) it was the owner of the MV Doulos , which until being sold to a Singaporean firm in 2010 held the record as the world 's oldest active ocean-faring passenger ship ( having been built in 1914 , and being employed continually until 2009 ) . The organization maintains that over the years , more than 150 countries and territories have welcomed the ships in its service , and that these have made over 1400 ports of call . Its website states that More than 10 million children have visited the ships and experienced the unique environment on board for themselves , that Around 10,000 young people have been trained on board for future life and service , and that Hundreds of tonnes of books have been donated . The website provides live links to webcams aboard the Logos Hope , its scheduled itinerary , and updates concerning its various ports of call ; it also has links to information about the organization , its objectives , the histories of both Gute Bücher für Alle and of the ships it has employed since 1970 , and news and media resources concerning Gute Bücher für Alle 's activities . The crews of the ships employed by Gute Bücher für Alle include staff known as challenge teams ; according to the website , these Teams go from the ship into surrounding areas to visit hospitals , schools , orphanages or prisons , supply aid and provide community care . In each port , the ship 's crew and staff partner with community groups to bring hope and show love to people whatever their circumstance , culture or background . It is also maintained on the Gute Bücher für Alle site that On average , one million visitors have been welcomed on board one of our ships every year ! The floating book fair offers over 5,000 titles , providing many visitors their first-ever opportunity to purchase quality literature . The crew of the only vessel currently in use , the Logos Hope , reportedly numbers about 400 and includes members of 45 or more nationalities ( as of mid-2012 ) ; the crew and staff typically volunteer in the organization and live on board for two years . The ship remains in each port of call for about two weeks and .opens the gangways to hundreds and sometimes thousands of visitors each day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MV_Doulos_Phos', 'summary': "Doulos Phos held the record of being the world 's oldest active ocean-faring passenger ship until December 2009 , having travelled the world 's oceans from the time of her building in 1914 until being retired from cruising service at the end of 2009 . She is now owned by Eric Saw , director and chief executive of BizNaz Resources International Pte Ltd in Singapore . She was previously operated by the German charity Gute Bücher für Alle ( Good Books for All ) , and was used as a floating bookshop . The ship has previously been known as the SS Medina , the SS Roma , the MS Franca C , and the MV Doulos . The Doulos ended her final cruise in late 2009 at Singapore , with the ship being handed over to her new owners on 18 March 2010 . The ship underwent a three year conversion into a luxury hotel that opened in June of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'RMS Franconia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Ivernia', 'summary': "RMS Ivernia was a Saxonia class ocean liner , built in 1955 by John Brown & Company in Clydebank , Scotland for Cunard Line , for their transatlantic passenger service between the UK and Canada . In 1963 she was rebuilt as a cruise ship and renamed RMS Franconia , after the famous pre-war liner RMS Franconia . She continued to sail for Cunard until being withdrawn from service and laid up in 1971 . In 1973 she was sold to the Soviet Union 's Far Eastern Shipping Company and , renamed SS Fedor Shalyapin , cruised around Australia and the far East . In 1980 she was transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company fleet , and for a time returned to cruising in the Mediterranean and around Europe . In 1989 she was transferred again , to the Odessa Cruise Company , and continued her career as a cruise ship until 1994 . She was then laid up at Illichivsk , a Black Sea port 40 km southwest of Odessa , until 2004 when , as the Salona , she sailed to Alang , India , where she was scrapped ."}]}, {'value': 'Cunard Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cunard_Line', 'summary': "Cunard Line is a British cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton , England , operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc . Since 2011 , Cunard and its three ships have been registered in Hamilton , Bermuda . In 1839 , Samuel Cunard was awarded the first British transatlantic steamship mail contract , and the next year formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company together with Robert Napier , the famous Scottish steamship engine designer and builder , to operate the line 's four pioneer paddle steamers on the Liverpool-Halifax-Boston route . For most of the next 30 years , Cunard held the Blue Riband for the fastest Atlantic voyage . However , in the 1870s Cunard fell behind its rivals , the White Star Line and the Inman Line . To meet this competition , in 1879 the firm was reorganised as the Cunard Steamship Company , Ltd , to raise capital . In 1902 , White Star joined the American-owned International Mercantile Marine Co . In response , the British Government provided Cunard with substantial loans and a subsidy to build two superliners needed to retain Britain 's competitive position . Mauretania held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929 . The sinking of her running mate Lusitania in 1915 was one of the causes of the United States ' entering the First World War . In 1919 , Cunard relocated its British homeport from Liverpool to Southampton , to better cater for travellers from London . In the late 1920s , Cunard faced new competition when the Germans , Italians and French built large prestige liners ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped Alang , India 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fedor Shalyapin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Ivernia', 'summary': "RMS Ivernia was a Saxonia class ocean liner , built in 1955 by John Brown & Company in Clydebank , Scotland for Cunard Line , for their transatlantic passenger service between the UK and Canada . In 1963 she was rebuilt as a cruise ship and renamed RMS Franconia , after the famous pre-war liner RMS Franconia . She continued to sail for Cunard until being withdrawn from service and laid up in 1971 . In 1973 she was sold to the Soviet Union 's Far Eastern Shipping Company and , renamed SS Fedor Shalyapin , cruised around Australia and the far East . In 1980 she was transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company fleet , and for a time returned to cruising in the Mediterranean and around Europe . In 1989 she was transferred again , to the Odessa Cruise Company , and continued her career as a cruise ship until 1994 . She was then laid up at Illichivsk , a Black Sea port 40 km southwest of Odessa , until 2004 when , as the Salona , she sailed to Alang , India , where she was scrapped ."}]}, {'value': 'Far East Shipping Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Far_East_Shipping_Company', 'summary': 'FESCO Transportation Group ( Russian : Fesco , tr . FESCO Group ) is the largest intermodal transport operator in Russia , which provides services , including marine shipping , Roll-on/roll-off , rail transportation and port handling via more than 70 sales offices located around the world . The parent company of the Group is Far-Eastern Shipping Company JSC . FESCO Group is headquartered in Moscow .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former ocean liner RMS Ivernia , scrapped in Alang , India 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freedom of the Seas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seas', 'summary': "MS Freedom of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International . She is the namesake of Royal Caribbean 's Freedom class , and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew on fifteen passenger decks . The vessel also has 4 crew decks below the waterline . Freedom of the Seas was the largest passenger ship ever built ( by gross tonnage ) from 2006 until construction of her sister ship , Liberty of the Seas in 2007 . As of November 2018 , she is the 15th largest passenger ship in the world by gross tonnage , at 155,889 GT ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Caribbean International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International', 'summary': "Royal Caribbean International ( RCI ) , previously known as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line ( RCCL ) , is a cruise line brand founded in 1968 in Norway and organised as a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. ( RCCL ) since 1997 . Based in Miami , Florida , United States , it is the largest cruise line by revenue and second largest by passengers counts . In 2018 , Royal Caribbean International controlled 19.2% of the worldwide cruise market by passengers and 14.0% by revenue . It also operates many of the world 's largest ships ; as of July 2019 [ update ] , the line operates twenty-six ships , including the four largest cruise ships in the world , and has six additional ships on order ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '154,407', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freewinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freewinds', 'summary': 'MV Freewinds is a former cruise ship operated by International Shipping Partners and owned by San Donato Properties , which is a company affiliated with the Church of Scientology . She was built in 1968 by Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland for Wallenius Lines as MS Bohème for service with Commodore Cruise Line . She was the first cruise ship built in Finland . Her ownership passed to a Church of Scientology-controlled company in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of Scientology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_Scientology', 'summary': "The Church of Scientology is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice , administration and dissemination of Scientology , a new religious movement . The church and the movement have been the subject of a number of controversies , and the church has been described by government inquiries , international parliamentary bodies , law lords , and numerous superior court judgements as both a cult and a manipulative profit-making business . The German government classifies Scientology as an anti-constitutional sect . In France , it has been classified as a dangerous cult . In some countries , it has attained legal recognition as a religion . The Church of Scientology International ( CSI ) is officially the Church of Scientology 's parent organization , and is responsible for guiding local Scientology churches . Its international headquarters are located at the Gold Base , in an unincorporated area of Riverside County , California . The location at Gilman Hot Springs is private property and not accessible by the public . Scientology Missions International is under CSI and oversees Scientology missions , which are local Scientology organizations smaller than churches . The Church of Spiritual Technology ( CST ) is the organization which owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard . All Scientology management organizations are controlled exclusively by members of the Sea Org , which is a legally nonexistent paramilitary organization for the elite , innermost dedicated core of Scientologists . David Miscavige is the highest-ranking Sea Org officer , holding the rank of captain ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,328', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating ; formerly Boheme', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'F', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cruise_ships_5', 'intro': "This is a list of cruise ships, both those in service and those that have ceased to operate. Ocean liners are included on this list only if they also functioned as cruise ships. (See: list of ocean liners.) As some cruise ships have operated under multiple names, all names will be listed in the Status section, along with the history of the vessel, under the vessel's current or most recent name. If a vessel is not currently operating as a cruise ship, only the most recent operation will be listed here. Likewise, if a vessel fulfilled another role before becoming a cruise ship, the first entry for the vessel will occur when the vessel began its career as a cruise ship."}
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What is the operator for the ship that was built in 1968 by Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku , Finland ?
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Church of Scientology
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Rufus_Wainwright', 'title': 'List of songs recorded by Rufus Wainwright', 'header': ['Song', 'Album', 'Year', 'Length', 'Author', 'Producer'], 'data': [{'value': 'A Foggy Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Foggy_Day', 'summary': 'A Foggy Day is a popular song composed by George Gershwin , with lyrics by Ira Gershwin , introduced by Fred Astaire in the 1937 film A Damsel in Distress . It was originally titled A Foggy Day ( In London Town ) in reference to the pollution-induced pea soup fogs that were common in London during that period , and is often still referred to by the full title .'}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Gershwin , Ira Gershwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Gershwin', 'summary': 'George Gershwin ( /ˈɡɜːrʃ.wɪn/ ; born Jacob Bruskin Gershowitz , September 26 , 1898 - July 11 , 1937 ) was an American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned both popular and classical genres . Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue ( 1924 ) and An American in Paris ( 1928 ) , the songs Swanee ( 1919 ) and Fascinating Rhythm ( 1924 ) , the jazz standard I Got Rhythm ( 1930 ) , and the opera Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) which spawned the hit Summertime . Gershwin studied piano under Charles Hambitzer and composition with Rubin Goldmark , Henry Cowell , and Joseph Brody . He began his career as a song plugger but soon started composing Broadway theater works with his brother Ira Gershwin and with Buddy DeSylva . He moved to Paris intending to study with Nadia Boulanger , but she refused him . He subsequently composed An American in Paris , returned to New York City and wrote Porgy and Bess with Ira and DuBose Heyward . Initially a commercial failure , it came to be considered one of the most important American operas of the twentieth century and an American cultural classic . Gershwin moved to Hollywood and composed numerous film scores . He died in 1937 of a malignant brain tumor . His compositions have been adapted for use in film and television , with several becoming jazz standards recorded and covered in many variations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ira_Gershwin', 'summary': "Ira Gershwin ( born Israel Gershowitz , December 6 , 1896 - August 17 , 1983 ) was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother , composer George Gershwin , to create some of the most memorable songs in the English language of the 20th century . With George he wrote more than a dozen Broadway shows , featuring songs such as I Got Rhythm , Embraceable You , The Man I Love and Someone to Watch Over Me . He was also responsible , along with DuBose Heyward , for the libretto to George 's opera Porgy and Bess . The success the Gershwin brothers had with their collaborative works has often overshadowed the creative role that Ira played . His mastery of songwriting continued , however , after the early death of George . He wrote additional hit songs with composers Jerome Kern , Kurt Weill , Harry Warren and Harold Arlen . His critically acclaimed 1959 book Lyrics on Several Occasions , an amalgam of autobiography and annotated anthology , is an important source for studying the art of the lyricist in the golden age of American popular song ."}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Ramone', 'summary': "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ."}]}, {'value': 'Across the Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Across_the_Universe', 'summary': "Across the Universe is a song by the English rock band the Beatles . It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon-McCartney . The song first appeared on the 1969 various artists ' charity compilation album No One 's Gon na Change Our World and later , in a different form , on their 1970 album Let It Be , the group 's final released album ."}]}, {'value': 'I Am Sam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Am_Sam_(soundtrack)', 'summary': "I Am Sam is the soundtrack to the 2001 film I Am Sam . It was released on January 8 , 2002 by V2 Records ( see 2002 in music ) . The album contents are made up entirely of cover versions of songs by The Beatles , although it was originally intended to consist of the group 's original recordings . When producers were unable to obtain the rights to the original tracks , they commissioned the artists featured on the album to record the versions released ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lennon-McCartney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lennon–McCartney', 'summary': 'Lennon-McCartney ( sometimes McCartney-Lennon ) was the songwriting partnership between English musicians John Lennon ( 1940-1980 ) and Paul McCartney ( born 1942 ) of the Beatles . It is the best known and most successful musical collaboration ever by records sold , with the Beatles selling over 600 million records worldwide as of 2004 . Between 5 October 1962 and 8 May 1970 , the partnership published approximately 180 jointly credited songs , of which the vast majority were recorded by the Beatles , forming the bulk of their catalogue . Unlike many songwriting partnerships that comprise separate lyricist and composer , such as Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Hal David and Burt Bacharach or Elton John and Bernie Taupin , both Lennon and McCartney wrote lyrics and music . Sometimes , especially early on , they would collaborate extensively when writing songs , working eyeball to eyeball as Lennon phrased . Later , it was more common for one of the two credited authors to write all or most of a song with limited input from the other . By an agreement made before the Beatles became famous , Lennon and McCartney were credited equally with songs that either one of them wrote while their partnership lasted . Lennon-McCartney compositions have been the subject of numerous cover versions . According to Guinness World Records , Yesterday has been recorded by more musicians than any other song .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Across the Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Across_the_Universe', 'summary': "Across the Universe is a song by the English rock band the Beatles . It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon-McCartney . The song first appeared on the 1969 various artists ' charity compilation album No One 's Gon na Change Our World and later , in a different form , on their 1970 album Let It Be , the group 's final released album ."}]}, {'value': 'Poses [ US ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poses_(album)', 'summary': "Poses is the second studio album by the American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through DreamWorks Records in June 2001 . The album was produced , recorded , and mixed by Pierre Marchand , with select tracks produced by Propellerheads ' Alex Gifford ( Shadows ) , Ethan Johns ( California ) , Damian LeGassick ( The Tower of Learning ) , and Greg Wells ( Across the Universe ) . Poses contains ornate , piano-driven arrangements that cite a wide variety of musical sources , from indie pop to Gershwin to trip-hop and back again . The album took a year and a half to record , with most of it written during Wainwright 's six-month stay at the Chelsea Hotel . While Poses continues the enveloping sound established by Wainwright 's debut album , collaborations between Wainwright and various producers and guest musicians pushed it in different directions , resulting in drum loops , gritty beats in unexpected places , and a fuller , live sound . Using fewer operatic elements than the previous album , in an attempt to create a more radio-friendly pop record , Poses addresses debauchery and love in less esoteric means . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister , Martha Wainwright , fellow singer-songwriter Teddy Thompson , and rock musician Melissa Auf der Maur . All tracks were written by Wainwright except for Shadows , which was co-written by Alex Gifford , and One Man Guy , a song written and originally performed by Wainwright 's father , Loudon Wainwright III . The bonus track Across the Universe is a Lennon-McCartney song that Wainwright recorded initially for the 2001 film I Am Sam , and later re-recorded with producer Greg Wells for Poses . Poses debuted at # 117 on the Billboard 200 , and Wainwright ranked # 1 on Billboard magazine 's Top Heatseekers chart . He won the Outstanding Music Album award at the 2002 GLAAD Media Awards , and at the Juno Awards of 2002 was nominated for Best Songwriter and took home the award for Best Alternative Album . Several years following its release , Poses was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association and included on Mojo 's 100 Modern Classics list and on Out magazine 's 100 Greatest , Gayest Albums list ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lennon-McCartney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lennon–McCartney', 'summary': 'Lennon-McCartney ( sometimes McCartney-Lennon ) was the songwriting partnership between English musicians John Lennon ( 1940-1980 ) and Paul McCartney ( born 1942 ) of the Beatles . It is the best known and most successful musical collaboration ever by records sold , with the Beatles selling over 600 million records worldwide as of 2004 . Between 5 October 1962 and 8 May 1970 , the partnership published approximately 180 jointly credited songs , of which the vast majority were recorded by the Beatles , forming the bulk of their catalogue . Unlike many songwriting partnerships that comprise separate lyricist and composer , such as Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Hal David and Burt Bacharach or Elton John and Bernie Taupin , both Lennon and McCartney wrote lyrics and music . Sometimes , especially early on , they would collaborate extensively when writing songs , working eyeball to eyeball as Lennon phrased . Later , it was more common for one of the two credited authors to write all or most of a song with limited input from the other . By an agreement made before the Beatles became famous , Lennon and McCartney were credited equally with songs that either one of them wrote while their partnership lasted . Lennon-McCartney compositions have been the subject of numerous cover versions . According to Guinness World Records , Yesterday has been recorded by more musicians than any other song .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "After You 've Gone ( with Lorna Luft )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/After_You've_Gone_(song)", 'summary': "After You 've Gone is a 1918 popular song composed by Turner Layton with lyrics by Henry Creamer . It was recorded by Marion Harris on July 22 , 1918 , and released by Victor Records . The chorus adheres to a standard ABAC pattern but is only 20 measures long . There are four 4-bar phrases , followed by a 4 measure tag . The song is harmonically active , with chord changes almost every measure . The opening four notes are identical to the opening notes of Peg o ' My Heart ( 1912 ) - at the time songwriters often borrowed the first few notes of a hit melody ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lorna_Luft', 'summary': 'Lorna Luft ( born November 21 , 1952 ) is an American television , stage , and film actress and singer . She is the daughter of singer and actress Judy Garland and producer Sidney Luft , and half-sister to singer and actress Liza Minnelli .'}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Creamer , Turner Layton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Creamer', 'summary': 'Henry Sterling Creamer ( June 21 , 1879 - October 14 , 1930 ) was a Black American popular song lyricist . He was born in Richmond , Virginia and died in New York . He co-wrote many popular songs in the years from 1900 to 1929 , often collaborating with Turner Layton , with whom he also appeared in vaudeville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turner_Layton', 'summary': 'Turner Layton ( July 2 , 1894 - February 6 , 1978 ) , born John Turner Layton , Jr. , was an African-American songwriter , singer and pianist . He frequently worked with Henry Creamer .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Ramone', 'summary': "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ."}]}, {'value': 'Albatross', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Born to the Breed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Born_to_the_Breed:_A_Tribute_to_Judy_Collins', 'summary': "Born to the Breed : A Tribute to Judy Collins is a tribute compilation album to American folk singer Judy Collins , released on October 14 , 2008 in the United States by the record label , Wildflower . A portion of the proceeds earned from album sales went to the Jazz Foundation of America . The album developed from a discussion between Collins and Chrissie Hynde , longtime fans of each other . Collins recalled to an interviewer : She told me she had a top-10 list of songs by other people that she wanted to record . One of them was one of my songs , 'My Father . ' So I said , 'Well , why do n't you do it ? It would be great ! ' ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judy Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judy_Collins', 'summary': "Judith Marjorie Collins ( born May 1 , 1939 ) is an American singer and songwriter known for her eclectic tastes in the material she records ( which has included folk music , show tunes , pop music , rock and roll and standards ) and for her social activism . Collins ' debut album A Maid of Constant Sorrow was released in 1961 , but it was the lead single from her 1967 album Wildflowers , Both Sides , Now - written by Joni Mitchell - that gave Collins international prominence . The single hit the Top 10 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and won Collins her first Grammy Award for Best Folk Performance . She enjoyed further success with her recordings of Someday Soon , Chelsea Morning , Amazing Grace , and Cook with Honey . Collins experienced the biggest success of her career with her recording of Stephen Sondheim 's Send in the Clowns from her best-selling 1975 album Judith . The single charted on the Billboard Pop Singles chart in 1975 and then again in 1977 , spending 27 non-consecutive weeks on the chart and earning Collins a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female , as well as a Grammy Award for Sondheim for Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alone Together', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alone_Together_(1932_song)', 'summary': "Alone Together is a song composed by Arthur Schwartz with lyrics by Howard Dietz . It was introduced in the Broadway musical Flying Colors in 1932 by Jean Sargent . The song soon became a hit , with Leo Reisman and His Orchestra 's 1932 recording ( vocal by Frank Luther ) being the first to reach the charts . It has become a jazz standard . The first jazz musician to record the song was Artie Shaw in 1939 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard Dietz , Arthur Schwartz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Dietz', 'summary': 'Howard Dietz ( September 8 , 1896 - July 30 , 1983 ) was an American publicist , lyricist , and librettist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Schwartz', 'summary': 'Arthur Schwartz ( November 25 , 1900 - September 3 , 1984 ) was an American composer and film producer . Arthur Schwartz had a half sister by the name of Imogene R. Schwartz , married name Beyer who lived in Seattle Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banks of the Wabash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On_the_Banks_of_the_Wabash,_Far_Away', 'summary': "On the Banks of the Wabash , Far Away was among the best-selling songs of the 19th century , earning over $ 100,000 from sheet-music revenues . Written and composed by American songwriter Paul Dresser , it was published by the Tin Pan Alley firm of Howley , Haviland and Company in October 1897 . The lyrics of the ballad reminisce about life near Dresser 's childhood home by the Wabash River in Indiana , United States . The song remained popular for decades , and the Indiana General Assembly adopted it as the official state song on March 14 , 1913 . The song was the basis for a 1923 film of the same title . Its longtime popularity led to the emergence of several lyrical versions , including an 1898 anti-war song and a Swedish version that was a number-one hit . The song was composed during a transitory time in musical history when songs first began to be recorded for the phonograph . It was among the earliest pieces of popular music to be recorded . Dresser 's inability to control the distribution of phonograph cylinders led him and his company to join other composers to petition the United States Congress to expand federal copyright protections over the new technology . Dresser 's ballad was the subject of some controversy after his death in 1906 . His younger brother , novelist Theodore Dreiser , publicly claimed to have authored part of the song , but the validity of his claim was never proven . The ambiguity of United States copyright laws at the time and the poor management of Dresser 's estate left the song vulnerable to plagiarism ."}]}, {'value': 'The Myth of Fingerprints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Myth_of_Fingerprints', 'summary': "The Myth of Fingerprints is a 1997 American film drama written and directed by Bart Freundlich . It stars Blythe Danner , Roy Scheider , Noah Wyle , and Julianne Moore ( who later married Freundlich ) . The film is named after the song All Around the World or the Myth of Fingerprints by Paul Simon , featured on his 1986 album Graceland . The song is concerned with dispelling the myth that people are different the world over : [ citation needed ] I 've seen them all , and , man , they 're all the same ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Dresser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Dresser', 'summary': "Paul Dresser ( born Johann Paul Dreiser , Jr. ; April 22 , 1857 - January 30 , 1906 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and comedic actor of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Dresser performed in traveling minstrel and medicine-wagon shows and as a vaudeville entertainer . He sold his songs through sheet music publishers in New York City 's Tin Pan Alley , and became a partner in the music publishing business . Dresser grew up in a large family ( including his brother , novelist Theodore Dreiser ) and lived in Sullivan and Terre Haute , Indiana . He had a troubled childhood and spent several weeks in jail . Dresser left home at age sixteen to join a traveling minstrel act and performed in several regional theaters before joining John Hamlin 's Wizard Oil traveling medicine-wagon show in 1878 . Dresser composed his first songs while working for Hamlin . He settled in Evansville , Indiana , for several years while continuing to work as a traveling performer and musician . Eventually , he became a nationally known talent and traveled with a number of different acts , including The Two Johns , A Tin Soldier , and The Danger Signal , among others . Dresser wrote songs featured in these shows , sold his songs to others acts , and published his music . In 1893 Dresser joined Howley , Haviland and Company , a New York City sheet music publisher , as a silent partner . He later became an active partner in other music publishing companies ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bewitched', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bewitched,_Bothered_and_Bewildered', 'summary': 'Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered is a show tune and popular song from the 1940 Rodgers and Hart musical Pal Joey . It is part of the Great American Songbook . The song was introduced by Vivienne Segal on December 25 , 1940 , in the Broadway production during Act I , Scene 6 , and again in Act II , Scene 4 , as a reprise . Segal also sang the song on both the 1950 hit record and in the 1952 Broadway revival . It was performed by Carol Bruce in the 1954 London production .'}]}, {'value': 'The History Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_History_Boys_(film)', 'summary': 'The History Boys is a 2006 British comedy-drama film adapted by Alan Bennett from his play of the same name , which won the 2005 Olivier Award for Best New Play and the 2006 Tony Award for Best Play . It was directed by Nicholas Hytner , who directed the original production at the Royal National Theatre in London , and features the original cast of the play . The school scenes were filmed in Watford in two schools , Watford Grammar School for Boys and Watford Grammar School for Girls . The film uses the uniform of Watford Boys . Locations in Elland and Halifax , West Yorkshire are used to create the broader landscape of Sheffield in which the story is set .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorenz Hart , Richard Rodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorenz_Hart', 'summary': "Lorenz Milton Hart ( May 2 , 1895 - November 22 , 1943 ) was the lyricist half of the Broadway songwriting team Rodgers and Hart . Some of his more famous lyrics include Blue Moon , Mountain Greenery , The Lady Is a Tramp , Manhattan , Where or When , Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered , Falling in Love with Love , Have You Met Miss Jones ? , My Funny Valentine , I Could Write a Book , This Ca n't Be Love , With a Song in My Heart , It Never Entered My Mind , and Is n't It Romantic ? ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Rodgers', 'summary': 'Richard Charles Rodgers ( June 28 , 1902 - December 30 , 1979 ) was an American composer , known largely for his work in musical theater . With 43 Broadway musicals and over 900 songs to his credit , Rodgers was one of the most significant American composers of the 20th century , and his compositions had a significant impact on popular music . He is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart , with whom he wrote several musicals throughout the 1920s and 1930s , including Pal Joey , A Connecticut Yankee , On Your Toes and Babes in Arms , and Oscar Hammerstein II , with whom he wrote musicals through the 1940s and 1950s such as Oklahoma ! , Carousel , South Pacific , The King and I , and The Sound of Music . His collaborations with Hammerstein , in particular , are celebrated for bringing the Broadway musical to a new maturity by telling stories that were focused around characters and drama rather than the light-hearted entertainment that the genre was known for beforehand . Rodgers was the first person to win what are considered the top American entertainment awards in television , recording , movies and Broadway - an Emmy , a Grammy , an Oscar , and a Tony Award - now known collectively as an EGOT . In addition , he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize , making him one of only two people to receive all five awards ( Marvin Hamlisch is the other ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea Hotel No . 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Want', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Want_(Rufus_Wainwright_album)', 'summary': "Want is a repackaged double album by Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released in the United Kingdom on November 28 , 2005 . It contains all the tracks from both Want One and Want Two , along with two bonus tracks : a cover of Leonard Cohen 's Chelsea Hotel No . 2 along with In with the Ladies ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonard Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Cohen', 'summary': "Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ ( September 21 , 1934 - November 7 , 2016 ) was a Canadian singer , songwriter , poet , and novelist . His work explored religion , politics , isolation , depression , sexuality , loss , death and romantic relationships . Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . He was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada , the nation 's highest civilian honour . In 2011 , Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize . Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s ; he did not launch a music career until 1967 , at the age of 33 . His first album , Songs of Leonard Cohen ( 1967 ) , was followed by three more albums of folk music : Songs from a Room ( 1969 ) , Songs of Love and Hate ( 1971 ) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony ( 1974 ) . His 1977 record Death of a Ladies ' Man , co-written and produced by Phil Spector , was a move away from Cohen 's previous minimalist sound . In 1979 , Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs , which blended his acoustic style with jazz , Oriental , and Mediterranean influences . Perhaps Cohen 's most famous song , Hallelujah , was first released on his studio album Various Positions in 1984 . I 'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen 's turn to synthesized productions . In 1992 , Cohen released its follow-up , The Future , which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest ."}]}, {'value': 'Hal Willner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Willner', 'summary': "Hal Willner ( born 1956 ) is an American music producer working in recording , films , TV and live events . He is best known for assembling tribute albums and events featuring a wide variety of artists and musical styles ( jazz , classical , rock , Tin Pan Alley ) . His first tribute album was Amarcord Nino Rota in 1981 . In the late 1970s he worked under record producer Joel Dorn , credited as Associate Producer on Leon Redbone 's albums Double Time and Champagne Charlie , and The Neville Brothers ' Fiyo on the Bayou . Willner has been the sketch music producer of Saturday Night Live since 1981 . He was also a producer of the TV program Sunday Night hosted by David Sanborn . Willner has produced albums for Marianne Faithfull , Lou Reed , Bill Frisell , William S. Burroughs , Gavin Friday , Lucinda Williams , Laurie Anderson and Allen Ginsberg , among others . He produced a live tribute concert to Tim Buckley , that ultimately launched the career of Tim 's son Jeff . He has released one album under his own name : Whoops , I 'm an Indian , which featured audio samples from 78 rpm records from the early-mid 20th century . Following earlier stagings ( see list below ) , in January 2010 Willner produced his pirate-themed concert event Rogue 's Gallery for the Sydney Festival . The multinational cast included Marianne Faithfull , Todd Rundgren , Tim Robbins , Gavin Friday , Peter Garrett , Baby Gramps , David Thomas , Sarah Blasko , Katy Steele , Peaches , Glenn Richards , Liam Finn , Camille O'Sullivan , Kami Thompson and Marry Waterson ."}]}, {'value': 'Chelsea Hotel No . 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Leonard_Cohen:_I'm_Your_Man", 'summary': "Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man is a 2005 film by Lian Lunson about the life and career of Leonard Cohen . It is based on a January 2005 tribute show at the Sydney Opera House titled Came So Far for Beauty , which was presented by Sydney Festival under the artistic direction of Brett Sheehy , and produced by Hal Willner . Performers at this show included Nick Cave , Jarvis Cocker , The Handsome Family , Beth Orton , Rufus Wainwright , Martha Wainwright , Teddy Thompson , Linda Thompson , Antony , Kate & Anna McGarrigle , with Cohen 's former back-up singers Perla Batalla and Julie Christensen as special guests . The end of the film includes a performance by Leonard Cohen and U2 , which was not recorded live , but filmed specifically for the film at the Slipper Room in New York in May 2005 . The film premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in September 2005 , and was released the same month in Canada by Lions Gate films along with the Sundance Channel . It was subsequently released in various other countries during 2006 and 2007 . The film is distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment . A soundtrack CD is also available from Verve . The DVD of the film contains extra performances ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonard Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Cohen', 'summary': "Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ ( September 21 , 1934 - November 7 , 2016 ) was a Canadian singer , songwriter , poet , and novelist . His work explored religion , politics , isolation , depression , sexuality , loss , death and romantic relationships . Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . He was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada , the nation 's highest civilian honour . In 2011 , Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize . Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s ; he did not launch a music career until 1967 , at the age of 33 . His first album , Songs of Leonard Cohen ( 1967 ) , was followed by three more albums of folk music : Songs from a Room ( 1969 ) , Songs of Love and Hate ( 1971 ) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony ( 1974 ) . His 1977 record Death of a Ladies ' Man , co-written and produced by Phil Spector , was a move away from Cohen 's previous minimalist sound . In 1979 , Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs , which blended his acoustic style with jazz , Oriental , and Mediterranean influences . Perhaps Cohen 's most famous song , Hallelujah , was first released on his studio album Various Positions in 1984 . I 'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen 's turn to synthesized productions . In 1992 , Cohen released its follow-up , The Future , which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest ."}]}, {'value': 'Hal Willner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Willner', 'summary': "Hal Willner ( born 1956 ) is an American music producer working in recording , films , TV and live events . He is best known for assembling tribute albums and events featuring a wide variety of artists and musical styles ( jazz , classical , rock , Tin Pan Alley ) . His first tribute album was Amarcord Nino Rota in 1981 . In the late 1970s he worked under record producer Joel Dorn , credited as Associate Producer on Leon Redbone 's albums Double Time and Champagne Charlie , and The Neville Brothers ' Fiyo on the Bayou . Willner has been the sketch music producer of Saturday Night Live since 1981 . He was also a producer of the TV program Sunday Night hosted by David Sanborn . Willner has produced albums for Marianne Faithfull , Lou Reed , Bill Frisell , William S. Burroughs , Gavin Friday , Lucinda Williams , Laurie Anderson and Allen Ginsberg , among others . He produced a live tribute concert to Tim Buckley , that ultimately launched the career of Tim 's son Jeff . He has released one album under his own name : Whoops , I 'm an Indian , which featured audio samples from 78 rpm records from the early-mid 20th century . Following earlier stagings ( see list below ) , in January 2010 Willner produced his pirate-themed concert event Rogue 's Gallery for the Sydney Festival . The multinational cast included Marianne Faithfull , Todd Rundgren , Tim Robbins , Gavin Friday , Peter Garrett , Baby Gramps , David Thomas , Sarah Blasko , Katy Steele , Peaches , Glenn Richards , Liam Finn , Camille O'Sullivan , Kami Thompson and Marry Waterson ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_(1922_song)', 'summary': "Chicago is a popular song written by Fred Fisher and published in 1922 . The original sheet music variously spelled the title Todd'ling or Toddling . The song has been recorded by many artists , but the best-known version is by Frank Sinatra . The song alludes to the city 's colorful past , feigning . the surprise of my life / I saw a man dancing with his own wife , mentioning evangelist Billy Sunday as having not been able to shut down the city , and State Street where they do things they do n't do on Broadway . The song made a minor appearance on the U.S. pop charts , reaching # 84 in the fall of 1957 . It was the first of two charting songs about Chicago recorded by Sinatra . The other was My Kind of Town from 1964 , which reached U.S. # 110 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Fisher', 'summary': 'Fred Fisher ( born Alfred Breitenbach , September 3 , 1875 - January 14 , 1942 ) was a German-born American songwriter and Tin Pan Alley music publisher .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Ramone', 'summary': "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ."}]}, {'value': "Coeur de Parisienne - Reprise d'Arletty", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Want Two [ Canada ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Want_Two', 'summary': "Want Two is the fourth album by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright . The album was released on November 16 , 2004 . Four of the tracks on this album were released in the summer of 2004 as the EP Waiting for a Want on the iTunes music store . Want Two is , according to Wainwright , the darker sibling of 2003 's Want One - its subject matter concerned with the world we live in ( RW Geffen Bio ) after Want One 's focus on the intensely personal . The artist 's song selections here show his range to be broad , veering from romantic ballad ( Peach Trees ) to tragic ballad ( This Love Affair ) , sophisticated pop ( The One You Love ) to third person/first person narrative lament ( The Art Teacher ) , personal tongue in cheek manifesto ( Gay Messiah ) , to a classical pop hybrid written about Jeff Buckley ( Memphis Skyline ) and songs beyond category . Agnus Dei is used in the trailer for the 2007 film Trade . Mother Kate McGarrigle and aunt Anna ( McGarrigle ) both perform and sing on Hometown Waltz . Anohni of 2005 Mercury Prize winners Antony and the Johnsons sings lead vocal alongside Wainwright on Old Whore 's Diet . The initial UK version of the record contains bonus live tracks , Coeur de Parisienne - Reprise d'Arletty and Quand vous mourrez de nos amours ( written by French Canadian songwriter Gilles Vigneault ) ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arletty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arletty', 'summary': 'Léonie Marie Julie Bathiat ( 15 May 1898 - 23 July 1992 ) , known professionally as Arletty , was a French actress , singer , and fashion model . She was found guilty of treason for an affair with a German officer during WWII , but she continued her career which included playing Blanche in the French version of A Streetcar Named Desire .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come Rain or Come Shine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_Rain_or_Come_Shine', 'summary': 'Come Rain or Come Shine is a popular music song , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Johnny Mercer . It was written for the musical St. Louis Woman , which opened on March 30 , 1946 , and closed after 113 performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold Arlen , Johnny Mercer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Arlen', 'summary': "Harold Arlen ( born Hyman Arluck ; February 15 , 1905 - April 23 , 1986 ) was an American composer of popular music , who composed over 500 songs , a number of which have become known worldwide . In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz ( lyrics by Yip Harburg ) , including Over the Rainbow , Arlen is a highly regarded contributor to the Great American Songbook . Over the Rainbow was voted the 20th century 's No . 1 song by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Mercer', 'summary': 'John Herndon Mercer ( November 18 , 1909 - June 25 , 1976 ) was an American lyricist , songwriter , and singer . He was also a record label executive who co-founded Capitol Records with music industry businessman Buddy DeSylva and Glenn E. Wallichs . He is best known as a Tin Pan Alley lyricist , but he also composed music . He was also a popular singer who recorded his own songs as well as songs written by others . From the mid-1930s through the mid-1950s , many of the songs Mercer wrote and performed were among the most popular hits of the time , including Moon River , Days of Wine and Roses , Autumn Leaves , and Hooray for Hollywood . He wrote the lyrics to more than 1,500 songs , including compositions for movies and Broadway shows . He received nineteen Oscar nominations , and won four Best Original Song Oscars .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Ramone', 'summary': "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ."}]}, {'value': 'Complainte de la Butte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moulin Rouge !', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!_Music_from_Baz_Luhrmann's_Film", 'summary': "Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film is a soundtrack album to Baz Luhrmann 's 2001 film Moulin Rouge ! . It was released on May 8 , 2001 . The album features most of the songs featured in the film . However , some of the songs are alternate versions and there are two or three major songs that are left off . The original film versions and extra songs were featured on the second soundtrack ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Renoir , Georges Van Parys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Renoir', 'summary': "Jean Renoir ( French : [ ʁənwaʁ ] ; 15 September 1894 - 12 February 1979 ) was a French film director , screenwriter , actor , producer and author . As a film director and actor , he made more than forty films from the silent era to the end of the 1960s . His films La Grande Illusion ( 1937 ) and The Rules of the Game ( 1939 ) are often cited by critics as among the greatest films ever made . He was ranked by the BFI 's Sight & Sound poll of critics in 2002 as the fourth greatest director of all time . Among numerous honors accrued during his lifetime , he received a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award in 1975 for his contribution to the motion picture industry . Renoir was the son of the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir . He was one of the first filmmakers to be known as an auteur ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Pepin , Wainwright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright', 'summary': "Rufus McGarrigle Wainwright ( born July 22 , 1973 ) is an American-Canadian singer , songwriter , and composer . He has recorded seven albums of original music and numerous tracks on compilations and film soundtracks . He has also written a classical opera and set Shakespeare sonnets to music for a theater piece by Robert Wilson . Wainwright 's self-titled debut album was released through DreamWorks Records in May 1998 . His second album , Poses , was released in June 2001 . Wainwright 's third and fourth studio albums , Want One ( 2003 ) and Want Two ( 2004 ) , were repackaged as the double album Want in 2005 . In 2007 , Wainwright released his fifth studio album Release the Stars and his first live album Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall . His second live album Milwaukee at Last ! ! ! was released in 2009 , followed by the studio albums All Days Are Nights : Songs for Lulu ( 2010 ) and Out of the Game ( 2012 ) . The double album Prima Donna ( 2015 ) , was a recording of his opera of the same name . His ninth studio album Take All My Loves : 9 Shakespeare Sonnets ( 2016 ) , featured nine adaptions of Shakespeare 's sonnets . Wainwright is the son of musicians Loudon Wainwright III and Kate McGarrigle , and the older brother of singer Martha Wainwright ."}]}, {'value': 'Do It Again', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Do_It_Again_(George_Gershwin_and_Buddy_DeSylva_song)', 'summary': 'Do It Again is an American popular song by composer George Gershwin and lyricist Buddy DeSylva . The song premiered in the 1922 Broadway show The French Doll , as performed by actress Irène Bordoni .'}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Gershwin , Buddy DeSylva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Gershwin', 'summary': 'George Gershwin ( /ˈɡɜːrʃ.wɪn/ ; born Jacob Bruskin Gershowitz , September 26 , 1898 - July 11 , 1937 ) was an American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned both popular and classical genres . Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue ( 1924 ) and An American in Paris ( 1928 ) , the songs Swanee ( 1919 ) and Fascinating Rhythm ( 1924 ) , the jazz standard I Got Rhythm ( 1930 ) , and the opera Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) which spawned the hit Summertime . Gershwin studied piano under Charles Hambitzer and composition with Rubin Goldmark , Henry Cowell , and Joseph Brody . He began his career as a song plugger but soon started composing Broadway theater works with his brother Ira Gershwin and with Buddy DeSylva . He moved to Paris intending to study with Nadia Boulanger , but she refused him . He subsequently composed An American in Paris , returned to New York City and wrote Porgy and Bess with Ira and DuBose Heyward . Initially a commercial failure , it came to be considered one of the most important American operas of the twentieth century and an American cultural classic . Gershwin moved to Hollywood and composed numerous film scores . He died in 1937 of a malignant brain tumor . His compositions have been adapted for use in film and television , with several becoming jazz standards recorded and covered in many variations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Buddy_DeSylva', 'summary': 'George Gard Buddy DeSylva ( January 27 , 1895 - July 11 , 1950 ) was an American songwriter , film producer and record executive . He wrote or co-wrote many popular songs and along with Johnny Mercer and Glenn Wallichs , he founded Capitol Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Ramone', 'summary': "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ."}]}, {'value': 'Everybody Knows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everybody_Knows_(Leonard_Cohen_song)', 'summary': 'Everybody Knows is a song written by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen and collaborator Sharon Robinson . It has often been covered and used in soundtracks .'}]}, {'value': "Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Leonard_Cohen:_I'm_Your_Man", 'summary': "Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man is a 2005 film by Lian Lunson about the life and career of Leonard Cohen . It is based on a January 2005 tribute show at the Sydney Opera House titled Came So Far for Beauty , which was presented by Sydney Festival under the artistic direction of Brett Sheehy , and produced by Hal Willner . Performers at this show included Nick Cave , Jarvis Cocker , The Handsome Family , Beth Orton , Rufus Wainwright , Martha Wainwright , Teddy Thompson , Linda Thompson , Antony , Kate & Anna McGarrigle , with Cohen 's former back-up singers Perla Batalla and Julie Christensen as special guests . The end of the film includes a performance by Leonard Cohen and U2 , which was not recorded live , but filmed specifically for the film at the Slipper Room in New York in May 2005 . The film premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in September 2005 , and was released the same month in Canada by Lions Gate films along with the Sundance Channel . It was subsequently released in various other countries during 2006 and 2007 . The film is distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment . A soundtrack CD is also available from Verve . The DVD of the film contains extra performances ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonard Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Cohen', 'summary': "Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ ( September 21 , 1934 - November 7 , 2016 ) was a Canadian singer , songwriter , poet , and novelist . His work explored religion , politics , isolation , depression , sexuality , loss , death and romantic relationships . Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . He was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada , the nation 's highest civilian honour . In 2011 , Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize . Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s ; he did not launch a music career until 1967 , at the age of 33 . His first album , Songs of Leonard Cohen ( 1967 ) , was followed by three more albums of folk music : Songs from a Room ( 1969 ) , Songs of Love and Hate ( 1971 ) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony ( 1974 ) . His 1977 record Death of a Ladies ' Man , co-written and produced by Phil Spector , was a move away from Cohen 's previous minimalist sound . In 1979 , Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs , which blended his acoustic style with jazz , Oriental , and Mediterranean influences . Perhaps Cohen 's most famous song , Hallelujah , was first released on his studio album Various Positions in 1984 . I 'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen 's turn to synthesized productions . In 1992 , Cohen released its follow-up , The Future , which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest ."}]}, {'value': 'Hal Willner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Willner', 'summary': "Hal Willner ( born 1956 ) is an American music producer working in recording , films , TV and live events . He is best known for assembling tribute albums and events featuring a wide variety of artists and musical styles ( jazz , classical , rock , Tin Pan Alley ) . His first tribute album was Amarcord Nino Rota in 1981 . In the late 1970s he worked under record producer Joel Dorn , credited as Associate Producer on Leon Redbone 's albums Double Time and Champagne Charlie , and The Neville Brothers ' Fiyo on the Bayou . Willner has been the sketch music producer of Saturday Night Live since 1981 . He was also a producer of the TV program Sunday Night hosted by David Sanborn . Willner has produced albums for Marianne Faithfull , Lou Reed , Bill Frisell , William S. Burroughs , Gavin Friday , Lucinda Williams , Laurie Anderson and Allen Ginsberg , among others . He produced a live tribute concert to Tim Buckley , that ultimately launched the career of Tim 's son Jeff . He has released one album under his own name : Whoops , I 'm an Indian , which featured audio samples from 78 rpm records from the early-mid 20th century . Following earlier stagings ( see list below ) , in January 2010 Willner produced his pirate-themed concert event Rogue 's Gallery for the Sydney Festival . The multinational cast included Marianne Faithfull , Todd Rundgren , Tim Robbins , Gavin Friday , Peter Garrett , Baby Gramps , David Thomas , Sarah Blasko , Katy Steele , Peaches , Glenn Richards , Liam Finn , Camille O'Sullivan , Kami Thompson and Marry Waterson ."}]}, {'value': "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye ( feat . Kate McGarrigle )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ev'ry_Time_We_Say_Goodbye", 'summary': "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye is a popular jazz song with lyrics and music by Cole Porter . Part of the Great American Songbook , it was published by Chappell & Company and introduced by Nan Wynn in 1944 in Billy Rose 's musical revue Seven Lively Arts . The song has since become a jazz standard after gaining popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Many artists have replaced the apostrophe in ev'ry with an e. The lyrics celebrate how happy the singer is in the company of the beloved , but suffering equally whenever the two separate . Describing it by analogy as a musical change from major to minor , Porter begins with an A♭ major chord and ends with an A♭ minor one , matching the mood of the music to the words ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kate_McGarrigle', 'summary': 'Kate McGarrigle , CM ( February 6 , 1946 - January 18 , 2010 ) was a Canadian folk music singer-songwriter , who wrote and performed as a duo with her sister Anna McGarrigle . She is the mother of singers Rufus Wainwright and Martha Wainwright from her marriage to American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III , which ended in divorce .'}]}, {'value': 'Rufus ! Does Judy !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus!_Rufus!_Rufus!_Does_Judy!_Judy!_Judy!:_Live_from_the_London_Palladium', 'summary': "Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium is a DVD by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released under Geffen Records in December 2007 . The film consists of live recordings from his sold-out February 25 , 2007 tribute concert at the London Palladium to the legendary American actress and singer Judy Garland . The DVD complements the release of Wainwright 's Grammy Award-nominated double album , Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall , which contains the same songs from Garland 's well-known 1961 album , Judy at Carnegie Hall . The DVD also includes several songs not included on Wainwright 's album release . Guests on the DVD include Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather , Someone to Watch Over Me ) , one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone , Hello Bluebird ) , along with Kate McGarrigle ( piano - Over the Rainbow and Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye ) ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cole Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cole_Porter', 'summary': "Cole Albert Porter ( June 9 , 1891 - October 15 , 1964 ) was an American composer and songwriter . Many of his songs became standards noted for their witty , urbane lyrics , and many of his scores found success on Broadway and in film . Born to a wealthy family in Indiana , Porter defied his grandfather 's wishes and took up music as a profession . Classically trained , he was drawn to musical theatre . After a slow start , he began to achieve success in the 1920s , and by the 1930s he was one of the major songwriters for the Broadway musical stage . Unlike many successful Broadway composers , Porter wrote the lyrics as well as the music for his songs . After a serious horseback riding accident in 1937 , Porter was left disabled and in constant pain , but he continued to work . His shows of the early 1940s did not contain the lasting hits of his best work of the 1920s and '30s , but in 1948 he made a triumphant comeback with his most successful musical , Kiss Me , Kate . It won the first Tony Award for Best Musical . Porter 's other musicals include Fifty Million Frenchmen , DuBarry Was a Lady , Anything Goes , Can-Can and Silk Stockings . His numerous hit songs include Night and Day , Begin the Beguine , I Get a Kick Out of You , Well , Did You Evah ! , I 've Got You Under My Skin , My Heart Belongs to Daddy and You 're the Top . He also composed scores for films from the 1930s to the 1950s , including Born to Dance ( 1936 ) , which featured the song You 'd Be So Easy to Love ; Rosalie ( 1937 ) , which featured In the Still of the Night ; High Society ( 1956 ) , which included True Love ; and Les Girls ( 1957 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Get Happy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Get_Happy_(song)', 'summary': 'Get Happy is a song composed by Harold Arlen , with lyrics written by Ted Koehler . It echoes themes of a Christian evangelical revivalist meeting song . It was the first song they wrote together , and was introduced by Ruth Etting [ citation needed ] in The Nine-Fifteen Revue in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_Does_Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall', 'summary': "Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall is the sixth album ( and first live album ) by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright , released through Geffen Records in December 2007 . The album consists of live recordings from his sold-out June 14-15 , 2006 , tribute concerts at Carnegie Hall to the American actress and singer Judy Garland . Backed by a 36-piece orchestra conducted by Stephen Oremus , Wainwright recreated Garland 's April 23 , 1961 , concert , often considered the greatest night in show business history . Garland 's 1961 double album , Judy at Carnegie Hall , a comeback performance with more than 25 American pop and jazz standards , was highly successful , initially spending 95 weeks on the Billboard charts and garnering five Grammy Awards ( including Album of the Year , Best Album Cover , Best Solo Vocal Performance - Female and Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording ) . For his album , Wainwright was also recognized by the Grammy Awards , earning a 2009 nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . While the tribute concerts were popular and the album was well received by critics , album sales were limited . Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall managed to chart in three nations , peaking at number 84 in Belgium , number 88 in the Netherlands and number 171 on the United States ' Billboard 200 . Guests on the album include Wainwright 's sister Martha Wainwright ( Stormy Weather ) , his mother Kate McGarrigle ( piano , Over the Rainbow ) , along with one of Garland 's daughters , Lorna Luft ( After You 've Gone ) . Related to the album , the February 25 , 2007 tribute concert filmed at the London Palladium was released on DVD as Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy !"}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold Arlen , Ted Koehler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Arlen', 'summary': "Harold Arlen ( born Hyman Arluck ; February 15 , 1905 - April 23 , 1986 ) was an American composer of popular music , who composed over 500 songs , a number of which have become known worldwide . In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz ( lyrics by Yip Harburg ) , including Over the Rainbow , Arlen is a highly regarded contributor to the Great American Songbook . Over the Rainbow was voted the 20th century 's No . 1 song by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_Koehler', 'summary': 'Ted L. Koehler ( July 14 , 1894 - January 17 , 1973 ) was an American lyricist . He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Ramone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Ramone', 'summary': "Philip Ramone ( born Philip Rabinowitz , January 5 , 1934 - March 30 , 2013 ) was a South African-born American recording engineer , record producer , violinist and composer , who in 1958 co-founded A & R Recording , Inc. , a recording studio with business partner Jack Arnold at 112 West 48th Street , New York , upstairs from the famous musicians ' watering hole , Jim & Andy 's , and several doors east of Manny 's Music . The success of the original A & R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company . He was described by Billboard as legendary , and the BBC as a CD pioneer ."}]}, {'value': 'Hallelujah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)', 'summary': "Hallelujah is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen , originally released on his album Various Positions ( 1984 ) . Achieving little initial success , the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale , which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley . It has been viewed as a baseline for secular hymns . Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , many other arrangements have been performed in recordings and in concert , with over 300 versions known . The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests . Hallelujah experienced renewed interest following Cohen 's death in November 2016 and appeared on many international singles charts , including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Shrek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Shrek_songs', 'summary': 'The Shrek soundtracks are a collection of soundtracks from all four movies of the Shrek series , including separate editions for the movie score . Each soundtrack contains all songs that featured in their respective film , and the score soundtrack contains the music composed by Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonard Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Cohen', 'summary': "Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ ( September 21 , 1934 - November 7 , 2016 ) was a Canadian singer , songwriter , poet , and novelist . His work explored religion , politics , isolation , depression , sexuality , loss , death and romantic relationships . Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . He was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada , the nation 's highest civilian honour . In 2011 , Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize . Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s ; he did not launch a music career until 1967 , at the age of 33 . His first album , Songs of Leonard Cohen ( 1967 ) , was followed by three more albums of folk music : Songs from a Room ( 1969 ) , Songs of Love and Hate ( 1971 ) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony ( 1974 ) . His 1977 record Death of a Ladies ' Man , co-written and produced by Phil Spector , was a move away from Cohen 's previous minimalist sound . In 1979 , Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs , which blended his acoustic style with jazz , Oriental , and Mediterranean influences . Perhaps Cohen 's most famous song , Hallelujah , was first released on his studio album Various Positions in 1984 . I 'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen 's turn to synthesized productions . In 1992 , Cohen released its follow-up , The Future , which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "He Ai n't Heavy ... He 's My Brother", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/He_Ain't_Heavy,_He's_My_Brother", 'summary': "He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother is a ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell . Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969 , the song became a worldwide hit for The Hollies later that year and a minor hit for Neil Diamond in 1970 . It has been recorded by many artists in subsequent years . Scott and Russell were introduced to each other by Johnny Mercer , at a California nightclub . Although Russell was dying of lymphoma and the pair met only three times , they managed to collaborate on the song ."}]}, {'value': 'Zoolander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoolander', 'summary': 'Zoolander is a 2001 American action comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and starring Stiller , Owen Wilson and Will Ferrell . The film contains elements from a pair of short films directed by Russell Bates and written by Drake Sather and Stiller for the VH1 Fashion Awards television specials in 1996 and 1997 . The short films and the film itself feature a dimwitted , narcissistic male model named Derek Zoolander , played by Stiller . The film involves Zoolander becoming the pawn of corrupt fashion executives who are plotting to assassinate the Prime Minister of Malaysia . The name Derek Zoolander was invented by Bates while he was editing the first short film , and was inspired by the names of two male models who both worked for Calvin Klein : the Dutchman Mark Vanderloo and the American Johnny Zander . A satire on the fashion industry , the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics but was a box office success . A sequel , Zoolander 2 , was released in February 2016 , to negative reviews . An animated series , Zoolander : Super Model , was released on Netflix UK in August 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Scott , Bob Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Scott_(musician)', 'summary': 'Robert William Scott ( January 29 , 1937 - November 5 , 1990 ) was an American musician , record producer , and songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Russell_(songwriter)', 'summary': 'Bob Russell ( April 25 , 1914 - February 1970 ) was an American songwriter ( mainly lyricist ) born Sidney Keith Rosenthal in Passaic , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cover songs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_songs_recorded_by_Rufus_Wainwright_2', 'intro': "The columns Song, Album, and Year list each song title, the official release on which the song first appeared, and the year in which the song was released for the first time. The columns Length, Author, and Producer indicate the length of the track, the author of the song (most often Wainwright alone), and the producer of the track. References are also provided for each song in the last column of the table. While many songs listed appear on multiple releases (for example, Spotlight on Christmas appears on Maybe This Christmas Too?, The McGarrigle Christmas Hour, and Elton John's Christmas Party), songs are listed based on the first release and only appear twice when the recordings have different production information (producer, length, etc.). The list includes original songs released on studio recordings, songs written but not performed by Wainwright, original songs performed live, and recorded cover songs."}
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between Henry Creamer and Leonard Cohen what is the lifespan of the one born earlier ?
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( June 21 , 1879 - October 14 , 1930 )
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03c92cb682abc740
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Korea', 'title': 'Supreme Court of South Korea', 'header': ['Name', 'Born', 'Appointed by', 'Recommended by', 'Education', 'First day / Length of service'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kim Myeong-soo ( Chief Justice )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Myeong-soo', 'summary': 'Kim Myeong-soo ( Korean : 김명수 ; Hanja : 金命洙 ; born 12 October 1959 ) is a South Korean jurist and the 16th Chief Justice of South Korea , inaugurated on September 25 , 2017 , succeeding the outgoing Yang Sung-tae .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_Justice', 'summary': "The chief justice is the presiding member of a supreme court in any of many countries with a justice system based on English common law , such as the Supreme Court of Bangladesh , the Supreme Court of Canada , the Supreme Court of Singapore , the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Japan , the Supreme Court of India , the Supreme Court of Pakistan , the Supreme Court of Nigeria , the Supreme Court of Nepal , the Constitutional Court of South Africa , the Supreme Court of Ireland , the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the High Court of Australia , the Supreme Court of the United States , and provincial or state supreme courts/high courts . The situation is slightly different in the three legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom . The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales ; in Northern Ireland 's courts , the equivalent position is the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland , and in the courts of Scotland the head of the judiciary of Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session , who is also Lord Justice General of Scotland . These three judges are not , though , part of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , which operates across all three jurisdictions and is headed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . The chief justice can be selected in many ways , but , in many nations , the position is given to the most senior justice of the court , while , in the United States , it is often the President 's most important political nomination , subject to approval by the United States Senate . Although the title of this top American jurist is , by statute , Chief Justice of the United States , the term Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is often used unofficially . In some courts , the chief justice has a different title , e.g . president of the supreme court . In other courts , the title of chief justice is used , but the court has a different name , e.g . the Supreme Court of Judicature in colonial ( British ) Ceylon , and the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia ( in the US state of West Virginia ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 12 , 1959 ( age 60 ) in Busan , Gyeongsangnam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan,_South_Korea', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangnam-do', 'summary': 'South Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상남도 , romanized : Gyeongsangnam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.nam.do ] ) is a province in the southeast of South Korea . The provincial capital is at Changwon . It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan . There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa , a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists . Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province , extending from Ulsan through Busan , Changwon , and Jinju .'}]}, {'value': 'Moon Jae-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moon_Jae-in', 'summary': 'Moon Jae-in ( Korean : 문재인 ; Hanja : 文在寅 ; Korean pronunciation : [ mundʑɛin ] or [ mun ] [ t͡ɕɛin ] ; born January 24 , 1953 ) is a South Korean politician who has served as the president of South Korea since 2017 . He was elected after the impeachment of Park Geun-hye as the candidate of the Democratic Party of Korea . A former student activist , human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-president Roh Moo-hyun , Moon served as leader of Democratic Party of Korea ( 2015-2016 ) and a member of the 19th National Assembly ( 2012-2016 ) . He was also a candidate for the Democratic United Party in the 2012 presidential election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye . As president , Moon Jae-in has met with North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un at inter-Korean summits in April , May , and September 2018 making him the third South Korean president to meet their North Korean counterpart . On June 30 , 2019 , Moon met with both North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un and United States president Donald Trump at the Korean Demilitarized Zone .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'September 25 , 2017 2 years , 4 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko Young-han', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1955 ( age 64 ) in Gwangju , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju', 'summary': "Gwangju [ a ] ( Korean pronunciation : [ kwaŋ.dʑu ] ) is the sixth-largest city in South Korea . It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government 's Home Minister . The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent from South Jeolla province . Its name is composed of the words Gwang ( Korean : 광 ; Hanja : 光 ) meaning light and Ju ( 주 ; 州 ) meaning province . Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju ( 무주 ; 武州 ) , in which Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju , Ungju , Jeonju , Muju and various counties , plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla in the Samguk Sagi . In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region , the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollanam-do', 'summary': 'South Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라남도 , Jeollanam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.nam.do ] ) , also known as Jeonnam , is a province of South Korea . South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 ( 4,729 sq mi ) located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula . South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north , South Gyeongsang to the northeast , and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait . Muan County is the capital and Yeosu is the largest city of South Jeolla , with other major cities including Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gwangyang . Gwangju was the largest city of South Jeolla until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1986 , and was the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to the Muan County town of Namak in 2005 . South Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southern half of its mainland territory and most outlying islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Myung-Bak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Myung-Bak', 'summary': "Lee Myung-bak ( Korean : 이명박 ; /ˌmjʌŋ ˈbɑːk/ ; Korean : [ i.mjʌŋ.bak̚ ] ; born 19 December 1941 ) is a South Korean former politician and businessman who served as President of South Korea from 2008 to 2013 . Before his election as president , he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction , as well as the mayor of Seoul from 1 July 2002 , to 30 June 2006 . He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son . His older brother , Lee Sang-deuk , is a South Korean politician . He attends the Somang Presbyterian Church . Lee is a graduate of Korea University and received an honorary degree from Paris Diderot University on 13 May 2011 . Lee altered the South Korean government 's approach to North Korea , preferring a more hardline strategy in the wake of increased provocation from the North , though he was supportive of regional dialogue with Russia , China and Japan . Under Lee , South Korea increased its visibility and influence in the global scene , resulting in the hosting of the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . However , significant controversy remains in Korea regarding high-profile government initiatives which have caused some factions to engage in civil opposition and protest against the incumbent government and President Lee 's Saenuri Party ( formerly the Grand National Party ) . The reformist faction within the Saenuri Party is at odds against Lee . He ended his five-year term on 24 February 2013 , and was succeeded by Park Geun-hye . On 22 March 2018 , Lee was arrested on charges of bribery , embezzlement , and tax evasion alleged to have occurred during his presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'August 13 , 2012 7 years , 5 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Chang-suk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 2 , 1956 ( age 63 ) in Boryeong , Chungcheongnam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boryeong', 'summary': "Boryeong ( Korean pronunciation : [ po.ɾjʌŋ ] ) , commonly known as Daecheon , is a city in South Chungcheong Province , South Korea . It is located on the coast of the Yellow Sea . It lies on the Janghang Line railroad , which connects it to Seoul via the Gyeongbu Line . It is also connected to the Seohaean Expressway . Boryeong is known around Korea for its beaches , particularly Daecheon Beach , and its annual mud festival around July , Boryeong Mud Festival . The city 's beach-mud is widely touted for its cosmetic properties . As elsewhere along the southwest coast of the Korean peninsula , there are numerous small islands , many of which are connected by ferry to Daecheon Port . Boryeong gained its present boundaries in 1995 , with the merger of Boryeong-gun and Daecheon City . Previously , the 2 entities were separated in 1986 , and before that time had been united under the name Boryeong County ( Boryeong-gun ) since the Joseon Dynasty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chungcheongnam-do', 'summary': 'South Chungcheong Province ( Korean : 충청남도 , Chungcheongnam-do ) , also known as Chungnam , is a province of South Korea . South Chungcheong has a population of 2,059,871 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 8,204 km2 ( 3,168 sq mi ) located in the Hoseo region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula . South Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi to the north , North Chungcheong , Sejong Special Autonomous City , and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the east , and North Jeolla to the south . Hongseong County is the capital and Cheonan is the largest city of South Chungcheong , with other major cities including Asan , Seosan , and Dangjin . Daejeon was the largest city of South Chungcheong until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1989 , and the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to Hongseong in 2012 . South Chungcheong was established in 1896 from the province of Chungcheong , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southwestern half of the territory . South Chungcheong was known as Chūsei-nan Prefecture during the Japanese Colonial Period from 1910 and became part of South Korea following the division of Korea in 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Myung-Bak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Myung-Bak', 'summary': "Lee Myung-bak ( Korean : 이명박 ; /ˌmjʌŋ ˈbɑːk/ ; Korean : [ i.mjʌŋ.bak̚ ] ; born 19 December 1941 ) is a South Korean former politician and businessman who served as President of South Korea from 2008 to 2013 . Before his election as president , he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction , as well as the mayor of Seoul from 1 July 2002 , to 30 June 2006 . He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son . His older brother , Lee Sang-deuk , is a South Korean politician . He attends the Somang Presbyterian Church . Lee is a graduate of Korea University and received an honorary degree from Paris Diderot University on 13 May 2011 . Lee altered the South Korean government 's approach to North Korea , preferring a more hardline strategy in the wake of increased provocation from the North , though he was supportive of regional dialogue with Russia , China and Japan . Under Lee , South Korea increased its visibility and influence in the global scene , resulting in the hosting of the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . However , significant controversy remains in Korea regarding high-profile government initiatives which have caused some factions to engage in civil opposition and protest against the incumbent government and President Lee 's Saenuri Party ( formerly the Grand National Party ) . The reformist faction within the Saenuri Party is at odds against Lee . He ended his five-year term on 24 February 2013 , and was succeeded by Park Geun-hye . On 22 March 2018 , Lee was arrested on charges of bribery , embezzlement , and tax evasion alleged to have occurred during his presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea_University', 'summary': "Korea University ( KU , Korean : 고려대학교 ; Hanja : 高麗大學校 ; RR : Goryeo Daehakgyo ) is a private research university in Seoul , South Korea . Established in 1905 , Korea University is one of the nation 's oldest and most prominent institutions of higher education . The student body consists of over 20,000 undergraduate students and over 10,000 graduate students . The university 's academic breadth is broad with its 81 departments in 19 colleges and divisions , as well as 18 graduate schools . It has over 1,500 full-time faculty members with over 95% of them holding Ph.D. or equivalent qualification in their field . The Korea University Alumni Association consists of more than 280,000 university graduates . Korea University is a large research institution , notable in South Korean history for being the first educational institution to offer academic programs in Korea in various disciplines , such as law , economics and journalism . It is particularly well known for its College of Law , which is widely considered to be one of the most well-known undergraduate law programs in South Korea . Korea University also has auxiliary educational facilities such as the Institute of Foreign Language Studies , the Institute for Continuing Education , the Institute of International Education and the Center for Teaching and Learning . There are 115 research institutes , including the Battelle @ KU Laboratory , the Ilmin International Relations Institute and the Center for Information Security Technologies ."}]}, {'value': 'August 13 , 2012 7 years , 5 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Shin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1957 ( age 62 ) in Busan , Gyeongsangnam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangnam-do', 'summary': 'South Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상남도 , romanized : Gyeongsangnam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.nam.do ] ) is a province in the southeast of South Korea . The provincial capital is at Changwon . It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan . There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa , a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists . Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province , extending from Ulsan through Busan , Changwon , and Jinju .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Myung-Bak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Myung-Bak', 'summary': "Lee Myung-bak ( Korean : 이명박 ; /ˌmjʌŋ ˈbɑːk/ ; Korean : [ i.mjʌŋ.bak̚ ] ; born 19 December 1941 ) is a South Korean former politician and businessman who served as President of South Korea from 2008 to 2013 . Before his election as president , he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction , as well as the mayor of Seoul from 1 July 2002 , to 30 June 2006 . He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son . His older brother , Lee Sang-deuk , is a South Korean politician . He attends the Somang Presbyterian Church . Lee is a graduate of Korea University and received an honorary degree from Paris Diderot University on 13 May 2011 . Lee altered the South Korean government 's approach to North Korea , preferring a more hardline strategy in the wake of increased provocation from the North , though he was supportive of regional dialogue with Russia , China and Japan . Under Lee , South Korea increased its visibility and influence in the global scene , resulting in the hosting of the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . However , significant controversy remains in Korea regarding high-profile government initiatives which have caused some factions to engage in civil opposition and protest against the incumbent government and President Lee 's Saenuri Party ( formerly the Grand National Party ) . The reformist faction within the Saenuri Party is at odds against Lee . He ended his five-year term on 24 February 2013 , and was succeeded by Park Geun-hye . On 22 March 2018 , Lee was arrested on charges of bribery , embezzlement , and tax evasion alleged to have occurred during his presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'August 13 , 2012 7 years , 5 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim So-young', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 17 , 1965 ( age 54 ) in Changwon , Gyeongsangnam-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon', 'summary': "Changwon ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰaŋ.wʌn ] ) is the capital city of Gyeongsangnam-do , on the southeast coast of South Korea . With a population of 1.07 million as of 2015 [ update ] , Changwon is South Korea 's ninth-most populous city . A port city , Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south , and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east . The city of Miryang lies to the northeast , and Jinju to the west . The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age , and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history . In 1974 , with the creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex , the three historically interdependent cities of Masan , Jinhae , and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development , growing into an important industrial centre . On July 1 , 2010 , the cities of Changwon , Jinhae , and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon . As Korea 's first planned city , modeled after Canberra , Australia , Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas . The city has also branded itself an environmental capital with the municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program , Nubija ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangnam-do', 'summary': 'South Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상남도 , romanized : Gyeongsangnam-do , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.nam.do ] ) is a province in the southeast of South Korea . The provincial capital is at Changwon . It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan . There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa , a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists . Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province , extending from Ulsan through Busan , Changwon , and Jinju .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Myung-Bak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Myung-Bak', 'summary': "Lee Myung-bak ( Korean : 이명박 ; /ˌmjʌŋ ˈbɑːk/ ; Korean : [ i.mjʌŋ.bak̚ ] ; born 19 December 1941 ) is a South Korean former politician and businessman who served as President of South Korea from 2008 to 2013 . Before his election as president , he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction , as well as the mayor of Seoul from 1 July 2002 , to 30 June 2006 . He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son . His older brother , Lee Sang-deuk , is a South Korean politician . He attends the Somang Presbyterian Church . Lee is a graduate of Korea University and received an honorary degree from Paris Diderot University on 13 May 2011 . Lee altered the South Korean government 's approach to North Korea , preferring a more hardline strategy in the wake of increased provocation from the North , though he was supportive of regional dialogue with Russia , China and Japan . Under Lee , South Korea increased its visibility and influence in the global scene , resulting in the hosting of the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . However , significant controversy remains in Korea regarding high-profile government initiatives which have caused some factions to engage in civil opposition and protest against the incumbent government and President Lee 's Saenuri Party ( formerly the Grand National Party ) . The reformist faction within the Saenuri Party is at odds against Lee . He ended his five-year term on 24 February 2013 , and was succeeded by Park Geun-hye . On 22 March 2018 , Lee was arrested on charges of bribery , embezzlement , and tax evasion alleged to have occurred during his presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'November 2 , 2012 7 years , 2 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jo Hee-de', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 6 , 1957 ( age 62 ) in Gyeongju , Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyeongju', 'summary': 'Gyeongju ( Korean : 경주 , pronounced [ kʲʌŋ.dʑu ] ) , historically known as Seorabeol ( Korean : 서라벌 , pronounced [ sʌ.ɾa.bʌl ] ) , is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province in South Korea . It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong , covering 1,324 km2 ( 511 sq mi ) with a population of 264,091 people ( as of December 2012 . ) Gyeongju is 370 km ( 230 mi ) southeast of Seoul , and 55 km ( 34 mi ) east of Daegu . The city borders Cheongdo and Yeongcheon to the west , Ulsan to the south and Pohang to the north , while to the east lies the coast of the East Sea . Numerous low mountains - outliers of the Taebaek range - are scattered around the city . Gyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla ( 57 BC - 935 AD ) , which ruled about two-thirds of the Korean Peninsula at its height between the 7th and 9th centuries , for close to one thousand years . Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country , and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju was the fourth largest city in the world . A vast number of archaeological sites and cultural properties from this period remain in the city . Gyeongju is often referred to as the museum without walls . Among such historical treasures , Seokguram grotto , Bulguksa temple , Gyeongju Historic Areas and Yangdong Folk Village are designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . The many major historical sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea . The city of Gyeongju was united with the nearby rural Gyeongju County in 1995 and is now an urban-rural complex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeongsangbuk-do', 'summary': "North Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상북도 ; RR : Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Gyeongbuk ( Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.buk̚ ] ) , is a province in eastern South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province , and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , then became part of South Korea . Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981 , but has not been a part of the province since 1981 . In 2016 , the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong . The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres ( 7,350 sq mi ) , 19.1% of the total area of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Park Geun-hye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Geun-hye', 'summary': "Park Geun-hye ( Korean : 박근혜 ; Hanja : 朴槿惠 ; RR : Bak Geun ( - ) hye ; IPA : [ pak‿k͈ɯn.hje ] ; often in English /ˈpɑːrk ˌɡʊn ˈheɪ/ ; born 2 February 1952 ) is a former South Korean politician who served as President of South Korea from 2013 to 2017 . Park was the first woman to be President of South Korea and also the first female president popularly elected as head of state in East Asia . She was also the first South Korean president to be born after the founding of First Republic of South Korea ; her predecessors were born either during the Joseon dynasty , Japanese occupation or during the post-World War II American occupation . Before her presidency , Park was chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party ( GNP , formerly called the Saenuri Party from February 2012 onwards now called the Liberty Korea Party ) from 2004 to 2006 and 2011 to 2012 . She was also a member of the National Assembly , serving four consecutive parliamentary terms between 1998 and 2012 . She started her fifth term as a representative elected via national list in June 2012 . Her father , Park Chung-hee , was the President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979 , serving five consecutive terms after he seized power in 1961 . In 2013 and 2014 , Park ranked 11th on the Forbes list of the world 's 100 most powerful women and the most powerful woman in East Asia . In 2014 , she ranked 46th on the Forbes list of the world 's most powerful people , the third-highest South Korean on the list , after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong . On 9 December 2016 , the National Assembly impeached Park on charges related to influence peddling by her top aide , Choi Soon-sil . Then-Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn assumed her powers and duties as Acting President as a result . The Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment by a unanimous 8-0 ruling on 10 March 2017 , thereby removing Park from office ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'March 4 , 2014 5 years , 10 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kwon Soon-il', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 26 , 1959 ( age 60 ) in Nonsan , Chungcheongbuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonsan', 'summary': "Nonsan ( Korean pronunciation : [ non.san ] ) is a city in South Chungcheong Province , South Korea . It is located at 36°12′N 127°5′E / 36.200°N 127.083°E / 36.200 ; 127.083 . Nonsan is also called Nolmoi , meaning dusk ( y ) or yellow mountain . The origin of Nonsan 's geographical names is said to have come from the small garden Nonmoi , which rises in the middle of farming fields , where rice paddies and mountain are said to reflect geographical features ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chungcheongbuk-do', 'summary': "North Chungcheong Province ( Korean : 충청북도 , Chungcheongbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰuŋ.tɕʰʌŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Chungbuk , is a province of South Korea . North Chungcheong has a population of 1,578,934 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 7,433 km2 ( 2,870 sq mi ) located in the Hoseo region in the south-center of the Korean Peninsula . North Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi and Gangwon to the north , North Gyeongsang to the east , North Jeolla to the south , and South Chungcheong , Sejong Special Autonomous City , and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the west . Cheongju is the capital and largest city of North Chungcheong , with other major cities including Chungju and Jecheon . North Chungcheong was established in 1896 from the province of Chungcheong , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the northeastern half of the territory , and is South Korea 's only landlocked province . North Chungcheong was known as Chūsei-hoku Prefecture during the Japanese Colonial Period from 1910 and became part of South Korea following the division of Korea in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Park Geun-hye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Geun-hye', 'summary': "Park Geun-hye ( Korean : 박근혜 ; Hanja : 朴槿惠 ; RR : Bak Geun ( - ) hye ; IPA : [ pak‿k͈ɯn.hje ] ; often in English /ˈpɑːrk ˌɡʊn ˈheɪ/ ; born 2 February 1952 ) is a former South Korean politician who served as President of South Korea from 2013 to 2017 . Park was the first woman to be President of South Korea and also the first female president popularly elected as head of state in East Asia . She was also the first South Korean president to be born after the founding of First Republic of South Korea ; her predecessors were born either during the Joseon dynasty , Japanese occupation or during the post-World War II American occupation . Before her presidency , Park was chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party ( GNP , formerly called the Saenuri Party from February 2012 onwards now called the Liberty Korea Party ) from 2004 to 2006 and 2011 to 2012 . She was also a member of the National Assembly , serving four consecutive parliamentary terms between 1998 and 2012 . She started her fifth term as a representative elected via national list in June 2012 . Her father , Park Chung-hee , was the President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979 , serving five consecutive terms after he seized power in 1961 . In 2013 and 2014 , Park ranked 11th on the Forbes list of the world 's 100 most powerful women and the most powerful woman in East Asia . In 2014 , she ranked 46th on the Forbes list of the world 's most powerful people , the third-highest South Korean on the list , after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong . On 9 December 2016 , the National Assembly impeached Park on charges related to influence peddling by her top aide , Choi Soon-sil . Then-Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn assumed her powers and duties as Acting President as a result . The Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment by a unanimous 8-0 ruling on 10 March 2017 , thereby removing Park from office ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 2014 5 years , 4 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Sang-ok', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 13 , 1956 ( age 63 ) in Siheung , Gyeonggi-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siheung_County', 'summary': "Siheung County , alternatively Shihŭng County was a county ( gun ) in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . This county was abolished in 1989 as its one town ( 읍 ) of Sorae and two townships ( 면 ) of Gunja and Suam became Siheung City at the same time . Today 's Siheung City area did not belong to Siheung County before 1914 . The area rather was part of old Incheon or Ansan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi-do', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Park Geun-hye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Geun-hye', 'summary': "Park Geun-hye ( Korean : 박근혜 ; Hanja : 朴槿惠 ; RR : Bak Geun ( - ) hye ; IPA : [ pak‿k͈ɯn.hje ] ; often in English /ˈpɑːrk ˌɡʊn ˈheɪ/ ; born 2 February 1952 ) is a former South Korean politician who served as President of South Korea from 2013 to 2017 . Park was the first woman to be President of South Korea and also the first female president popularly elected as head of state in East Asia . She was also the first South Korean president to be born after the founding of First Republic of South Korea ; her predecessors were born either during the Joseon dynasty , Japanese occupation or during the post-World War II American occupation . Before her presidency , Park was chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party ( GNP , formerly called the Saenuri Party from February 2012 onwards now called the Liberty Korea Party ) from 2004 to 2006 and 2011 to 2012 . She was also a member of the National Assembly , serving four consecutive parliamentary terms between 1998 and 2012 . She started her fifth term as a representative elected via national list in June 2012 . Her father , Park Chung-hee , was the President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979 , serving five consecutive terms after he seized power in 1961 . In 2013 and 2014 , Park ranked 11th on the Forbes list of the world 's 100 most powerful women and the most powerful woman in East Asia . In 2014 , she ranked 46th on the Forbes list of the world 's most powerful people , the third-highest South Korean on the list , after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong . On 9 December 2016 , the National Assembly impeached Park on charges related to influence peddling by her top aide , Choi Soon-sil . Then-Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn assumed her powers and duties as Acting President as a result . The Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment by a unanimous 8-0 ruling on 10 March 2017 , thereby removing Park from office ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 2015 4 years , 8 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Ki-taik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1959 ( age 60 ) in Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Park Geun-hye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Geun-hye', 'summary': "Park Geun-hye ( Korean : 박근혜 ; Hanja : 朴槿惠 ; RR : Bak Geun ( - ) hye ; IPA : [ pak‿k͈ɯn.hje ] ; often in English /ˈpɑːrk ˌɡʊn ˈheɪ/ ; born 2 February 1952 ) is a former South Korean politician who served as President of South Korea from 2013 to 2017 . Park was the first woman to be President of South Korea and also the first female president popularly elected as head of state in East Asia . She was also the first South Korean president to be born after the founding of First Republic of South Korea ; her predecessors were born either during the Joseon dynasty , Japanese occupation or during the post-World War II American occupation . Before her presidency , Park was chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party ( GNP , formerly called the Saenuri Party from February 2012 onwards now called the Liberty Korea Party ) from 2004 to 2006 and 2011 to 2012 . She was also a member of the National Assembly , serving four consecutive parliamentary terms between 1998 and 2012 . She started her fifth term as a representative elected via national list in June 2012 . Her father , Park Chung-hee , was the President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979 , serving five consecutive terms after he seized power in 1961 . In 2013 and 2014 , Park ranked 11th on the Forbes list of the world 's 100 most powerful women and the most powerful woman in East Asia . In 2014 , she ranked 46th on the Forbes list of the world 's most powerful people , the third-highest South Korean on the list , after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong . On 9 December 2016 , the National Assembly impeached Park on charges related to influence peddling by her top aide , Choi Soon-sil . Then-Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn assumed her powers and duties as Acting President as a result . The Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment by a unanimous 8-0 ruling on 10 March 2017 , thereby removing Park from office ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'September 17 , 2015 4 years , 4 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Jae-hyung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23 , 1965 ( age 55 ) in Imsil , Jeollabuk-do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imsil_County', 'summary': 'Imsil County ( Imsil-gun ) is a county in North Jeolla Province , South Korea . It is approximately 30 minutes south of Jeonju by car or bus . Domestic Korean cheese was first produced in Imsil County . Imsil County encompasses several important towns , mountains and natural areas . Imsil-gun has 14 elementary schools and an English center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeollabuk-do', 'summary': 'North Jeolla Province ( Korean : 전라북도 ; Hanja : 全羅北道 ; Jeollabuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʌl.la.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Jeonbuk , is a province of South Korea . North Jeolla has a population of 1,869,711 ( 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 8,067 km2 ( 3,115 sq mi ) located in the Honam region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula . North Jeolla borders the provinces of South Jeolla to the south , North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang to the east , North Chungcheong to the northeast , and South Chungcheong to the north . Jeonju is the capital and largest city of North Jeolla , with other major cities including Iksan , Gunsan , and Jeongeup . North Jeolla was established in 1896 from the province of Jeolla , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the northern half of its mainland territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Park Geun-hye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Geun-hye', 'summary': "Park Geun-hye ( Korean : 박근혜 ; Hanja : 朴槿惠 ; RR : Bak Geun ( - ) hye ; IPA : [ pak‿k͈ɯn.hje ] ; often in English /ˈpɑːrk ˌɡʊn ˈheɪ/ ; born 2 February 1952 ) is a former South Korean politician who served as President of South Korea from 2013 to 2017 . Park was the first woman to be President of South Korea and also the first female president popularly elected as head of state in East Asia . She was also the first South Korean president to be born after the founding of First Republic of South Korea ; her predecessors were born either during the Joseon dynasty , Japanese occupation or during the post-World War II American occupation . Before her presidency , Park was chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party ( GNP , formerly called the Saenuri Party from February 2012 onwards now called the Liberty Korea Party ) from 2004 to 2006 and 2011 to 2012 . She was also a member of the National Assembly , serving four consecutive parliamentary terms between 1998 and 2012 . She started her fifth term as a representative elected via national list in June 2012 . Her father , Park Chung-hee , was the President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979 , serving five consecutive terms after he seized power in 1961 . In 2013 and 2014 , Park ranked 11th on the Forbes list of the world 's 100 most powerful women and the most powerful woman in East Asia . In 2014 , she ranked 46th on the Forbes list of the world 's most powerful people , the third-highest South Korean on the list , after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong . On 9 December 2016 , the National Assembly impeached Park on charges related to influence peddling by her top aide , Choi Soon-sil . Then-Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn assumed her powers and duties as Acting President as a result . The Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment by a unanimous 8-0 ruling on 10 March 2017 , thereby removing Park from office ."}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'September 5 , 2016 3 years , 4 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cho Jae-youn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 1 , 1956 ( age 63 ) in Donghae , Gangwon-do', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moon Jae-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moon_Jae-in', 'summary': 'Moon Jae-in ( Korean : 문재인 ; Hanja : 文在寅 ; Korean pronunciation : [ mundʑɛin ] or [ mun ] [ t͡ɕɛin ] ; born January 24 , 1953 ) is a South Korean politician who has served as the president of South Korea since 2017 . He was elected after the impeachment of Park Geun-hye as the candidate of the Democratic Party of Korea . A former student activist , human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-president Roh Moo-hyun , Moon served as leader of Democratic Party of Korea ( 2015-2016 ) and a member of the 19th National Assembly ( 2012-2016 ) . He was also a candidate for the Democratic United Party in the 2012 presidential election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye . As president , Moon Jae-in has met with North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un at inter-Korean summits in April , May , and September 2018 making him the third South Korean president to meet their North Korean counterpart . On June 30 , 2019 , Moon met with both North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un and United States president Donald Trump at the Korean Demilitarized Zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Sungkyunkwan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sungkyunkwan_University', 'summary': 'Sungkyunkwan University ( SKKU or simply Seongdae , hangul : 성균관대학교 ; hanja : 成均館大學校 ) is a private comprehensive research university in South Korea . The institution traces its origins to the historical Sungkyunkwan founded in 1398 by the Joseon Dynasty located in the heart of central Seoul . As the foremost educational institution of the Joseon Kingdom , it was governed by the great code of the state administration with royal assent . It was restructured into a university in the late nineteenth century , and has since greatly expanded its course offerings and reputation , which is attributed to its numerous influential graduates , strong research output , and close partnership with Samsung . Being one of the premier universities in the country , SKKU has been consistently maintaining its reputation internationally as well . It was featured in Nature Index in 2017 as one of the premier universities in South Korea . QS World University Rankings 2020 ranks it 95th , while Times Higher Education puts SKKU in 82nd place worldwide . The university spends heavily on research and development , mostly funded by its primary sponsor tech-giant Samsung , Hyundai and other government funding agencies , producing high-end research scientists . Among the internationally notable research scientists of the university , professor Park Nam-Gyu of Chemical engineering , who was nominated as one of the potential Chemistry Nobel laureates in 2017 by Clarivate Analytics , and professor Lee Young-hee , director of the Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics in the Institute for Basic Science , are currently active in research at this university , frequently coming into spotlight in Nature .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 2017 2 years , 6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Jung-hwa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1965 ( age 54 ) in Haenam , Jeollanam-do', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moon Jae-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moon_Jae-in', 'summary': 'Moon Jae-in ( Korean : 문재인 ; Hanja : 文在寅 ; Korean pronunciation : [ mundʑɛin ] or [ mun ] [ t͡ɕɛin ] ; born January 24 , 1953 ) is a South Korean politician who has served as the president of South Korea since 2017 . He was elected after the impeachment of Park Geun-hye as the candidate of the Democratic Party of Korea . A former student activist , human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-president Roh Moo-hyun , Moon served as leader of Democratic Party of Korea ( 2015-2016 ) and a member of the 19th National Assembly ( 2012-2016 ) . He was also a candidate for the Democratic United Party in the 2012 presidential election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye . As president , Moon Jae-in has met with North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un at inter-Korean summits in April , May , and September 2018 making him the third South Korean president to meet their North Korean counterpart . On June 30 , 2019 , Moon met with both North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un and United States president Donald Trump at the Korean Demilitarized Zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Yang Sung-tae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Sung-tae', 'summary': 'Yang Sung-tae ( Korean : 양승태 ; Hanja : 梁承泰 ; born 26 January 1948 ) is a South Korean judge and the 15th Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea_University', 'summary': "Korea University ( KU , Korean : 고려대학교 ; Hanja : 高麗大學校 ; RR : Goryeo Daehakgyo ) is a private research university in Seoul , South Korea . Established in 1905 , Korea University is one of the nation 's oldest and most prominent institutions of higher education . The student body consists of over 20,000 undergraduate students and over 10,000 graduate students . The university 's academic breadth is broad with its 81 departments in 19 colleges and divisions , as well as 18 graduate schools . It has over 1,500 full-time faculty members with over 95% of them holding Ph.D. or equivalent qualification in their field . The Korea University Alumni Association consists of more than 280,000 university graduates . Korea University is a large research institution , notable in South Korean history for being the first educational institution to offer academic programs in Korea in various disciplines , such as law , economics and journalism . It is particularly well known for its College of Law , which is widely considered to be one of the most well-known undergraduate law programs in South Korea . Korea University also has auxiliary educational facilities such as the Institute of Foreign Language Studies , the Institute for Continuing Education , the Institute of International Education and the Center for Teaching and Learning . There are 115 research institutes , including the Battelle @ KU Laboratory , the Ilmin International Relations Institute and the Center for Information Security Technologies ."}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 2017 2 years , 6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahn Chul-sang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1957 ( age 62 ) in Hapcheon , Gyeongsangnam-do', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moon Jae-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moon_Jae-in', 'summary': 'Moon Jae-in ( Korean : 문재인 ; Hanja : 文在寅 ; Korean pronunciation : [ mundʑɛin ] or [ mun ] [ t͡ɕɛin ] ; born January 24 , 1953 ) is a South Korean politician who has served as the president of South Korea since 2017 . He was elected after the impeachment of Park Geun-hye as the candidate of the Democratic Party of Korea . A former student activist , human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-president Roh Moo-hyun , Moon served as leader of Democratic Party of Korea ( 2015-2016 ) and a member of the 19th National Assembly ( 2012-2016 ) . He was also a candidate for the Democratic United Party in the 2012 presidential election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye . As president , Moon Jae-in has met with North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un at inter-Korean summits in April , May , and September 2018 making him the third South Korean president to meet their North Korean counterpart . On June 30 , 2019 , Moon met with both North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un and United States president Donald Trump at the Korean Demilitarized Zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim Myeong-soo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Myeong-soo', 'summary': 'Kim Myeong-soo ( Korean : 김명수 ; Hanja : 金命洙 ; born 12 October 1959 ) is a South Korean jurist and the 16th Chief Justice of South Korea , inaugurated on September 25 , 2017 , succeeding the outgoing Yang Sung-tae .'}]}, {'value': 'Konkuk University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konkuk_University', 'summary': 'Konkuk University ( Korean : 건국대학교 , Hanja : 建國大學校 ) is one of the leading private universities located in Seoul and Chungju . The Seoul campus is located in the southeastern part of Seoul , near the Han River , and is served by a metro station of the same name . The Seoul campus has 11 undergraduate colleges and 13 graduate schools , whereas the GLOCAL campus in Chungju is composed of four undergraduate colleges and four graduate schools . As of 2018 , 29,600 undergraduate and graduate students were enrolled in the university , which has more than 3,000 faculty and staff .'}]}, {'value': 'January 2 , 2018 2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Min You-sook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 31 , 1965 ( age 55 ) in Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Moon Jae-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moon_Jae-in', 'summary': 'Moon Jae-in ( Korean : 문재인 ; Hanja : 文在寅 ; Korean pronunciation : [ mundʑɛin ] or [ mun ] [ t͡ɕɛin ] ; born January 24 , 1953 ) is a South Korean politician who has served as the president of South Korea since 2017 . He was elected after the impeachment of Park Geun-hye as the candidate of the Democratic Party of Korea . A former student activist , human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-president Roh Moo-hyun , Moon served as leader of Democratic Party of Korea ( 2015-2016 ) and a member of the 19th National Assembly ( 2012-2016 ) . He was also a candidate for the Democratic United Party in the 2012 presidential election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye . As president , Moon Jae-in has met with North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un at inter-Korean summits in April , May , and September 2018 making him the third South Korean president to meet their North Korean counterpart . On June 30 , 2019 , Moon met with both North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un and United States president Donald Trump at the Korean Demilitarized Zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim Myeong-soo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Myeong-soo', 'summary': 'Kim Myeong-soo ( Korean : 김명수 ; Hanja : 金命洙 ; born 12 October 1959 ) is a South Korean jurist and the 16th Chief Justice of South Korea , inaugurated on September 25 , 2017 , succeeding the outgoing Yang Sung-tae .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul National University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University', 'summary': "Seoul National University ( SNU ; Korean : 서울대학교 ; Hanja : 서울大學校 ; RR : Seoul Daehakgyo , colloquially Seouldae ) is a national research university located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 1946 , Seoul National University is considered to be the most prestigious university in the country . The university has three campuses : the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Pyeongchang . The university comprises sixteen colleges , one graduate school and nine professional schools . The student body consists of nearly 17,000 undergraduate and 11,000 graduate students . According to data compiled by KEDI , the university spends more on its students per capita than any other university in the country that enrolls at least 10,000 students . Seoul National University holds a memorandum of understanding with over 700 academic institutions in 40 countries , the World Bank and a general academic exchange program with the University of Pennsylvania . Moreover , the university is part of Washington University in St. Louiss McDonnell International Scholars Academy . The Graduate School of Business offers dual master 's degrees with Duke University , ESSEC Business School , Hitotsubashi University and Yale School of Management and MBA- , MS- and PhD-candidate exchange programs with universities in ten countries on four continents . Following a government mandate to globalize Korean universities , the university 's international faculty head count peaked at 242 or 4% of the total in 2010 , but subsequently declined . Seoul National University , or its undergraduate liberal arts college in particular , finds its roots in the remaining properties from the abolished Keijō Imperial University , one of the Imperial Universities founded by the Japanese Empire . In the 1940s , with US Military Ordinance No.102 of United States Army Military Government in Korea , Keijo Imperial University was abolished ."}]}, {'value': 'January 2 , 2018 2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Composition -- Current justices', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Supreme_Court_of_South_Korea_0', 'intro': 'The Supreme Court of Korea is the highest court in South Korea. It is located in Seoul. Articles 101-110 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea establish the Supreme Court and enumerate its powers and responsibilities. Although the Supreme Court is the highest court for most legal issues, the Constitutional Court of Korea is the court of last resort for more specialized constitutional issues such as impeaching presidents or dissolving political parties.'}
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What is the name of a man born in a city also known as Nolmoi ?
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Kwon Soon-il
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03c9321e35256b0b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven', 'title': 'Group of Seven', 'header': ['#', 'Date', 'Host', 'Host figure', 'Location held'], 'data': [{'value': '1st', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_G6_summit', 'summary': "The 1st G6 summit took place on 15-17 November 1975 , in Rambouillet , France . The venue for the summit meetings was the Château de Rambouillet near Paris . The Group of Six ( G6 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . This summit , and the others which would follow , were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France 's President and West Germany 's Chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6 . Later summits in what could become a continuing series of annual meetings were identified as the Group of Seven ( G7 ) summits and then the Group of Eight ( G8 ) summits - but this informal gathering was the one which set that process in motion ."}]}, {'value': '15-17 November 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Valéry_Giscard_d'Estaing", 'summary': "Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing ( UK : /ˌʒiːskɑːr dɛˈstæ̃/ , US : /ʒɪˌskɑːr -/ , French : [ valeʁi ʒiskaʁ destɛ̃ ] ( listen ) ; born 2 February 1926 ) , also known as Giscard or VGE , is a former French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981 . As Minister of Finance under prime ministers Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Pierre Messmer , he won the presidential election of 1974 with 50.8% of the vote against François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party . His tenure was marked by a more liberal attitude on social issues - such as divorce , contraception and abortion - and attempts to modernise the country and the office of the presidency , notably launching such far-reaching infrastructure projects as the TGV and the turn towards reliance on nuclear power as France 's main energy source . However , his popularity suffered from the economic downturn that followed the 1973 energy crisis , marking the end of the thirty glorious years after World War II . Giscard d'Estaing faced political opposition from both sides of the spectrum : from the newly unified left of François Mitterrand and a rising Jacques Chirac , who resurrected Gaullism on a right-wing opposition line . In 1981 , despite a high approval rating , he missed out on reelection in a runoff against Mitterrand , with 48.2% of the vote . As a former President of France , Giscard d'Estaing is a member of the Constitutional Council . He also served as President of the Regional Council of Auvergne from 1986 to 2004 . Involved with the European Union , he notably presided over the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the ill-fated Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe . In 2003 , he was elected to the Académie française , taking the seat that his friend and former President of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor had held . At age 94 , Giscard is the longest-lived French President in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Château de Rambouillet , District of the Paris Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Château_de_Rambouillet', 'summary': 'The Château de Rambouillet , also known in English as the Castle of Rambouillet , is a château in the town of Rambouillet , Yvelines department , in the Île-de-France region in northern France , 50 km ( 31 mi ) southwest of Paris . It was the summer residence of the Presidents of the French Republic from 1896 until 2009 , and it is now managed by the Centre des monuments nationaux .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 2nd G7 Summit was held at Dorado , Puerto Rico between June 27 and 28 , 1976 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Dorado Beach Resort , which is near San Juan , Puerto Rico . The Group of Six ( G6 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States ; and the Group of Seven ( G7 ) , meeting for the first time this year , is formed with the addition of Canada . This summit , and the others which would follow , were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France 's President and West Germany 's Chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6 ."}]}, {'value': '27-28 June 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald R. Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford', 'summary': "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King Jr. ; July 14 , 1913 - December 26 , 2006 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977 . Before his accession to the presidency , Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974 . Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office by the Electoral College . Born in Omaha , Nebraska , and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law School . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , he enlisted in the U.S . Naval Reserve , serving from 1942 to 1946 ; he left as a lieutenant commander . Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan 's 5th congressional district . He served in this capacity for 25 years , the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader . In December 1973 , two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew , Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment by President Richard Nixon . After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974 , Ford immediately assumed the presidency . His 895 day-long presidency is the shortest in U.S. history for any president who did not die in office . As president , Ford signed the Helsinki Accords , which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorado , Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorado,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Dorado ( Spanish pronunciation : [ doˈɾaðo ] ) is a town and municipality in the northern coast of Puerto Rico , 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of San Juan and is located in the northern region of the island , bordering the Atlantic Ocean , north of Toa Alta , east of Vega Alta , and west of Toa Baja . Dorado is spread over five barrios and Dorado Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . The town is regarded as a tourist destination with golf courses , hotels , and beaches [ by whom ? - Discuss ] . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Dorado Airport was operated from 1942 to 1996 . The airport began as a military landing strip , then became a civilian airport in the 1960s with Caribair and Dorado Wings flights operating until 1980 and 1982 respectively . The airport operated as a private landing strip throughout the 1980s and then fell into disrepair . In 1996 , the airport was rezoned as residential land and redeveloped . Dorado has upscale neighborhoods and a small downtown area with a plaza ( Spanish town square ) , as other Puerto Rican municipalities . The town 's patron saint is Anthony of Padua , and patron saint celebrations are held at the plaza every year on June 13 ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3rd_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 3rd G7 Summit was held in London , United Kingdom between 7-8 May 1977 . The venue for the summit meetings was the British Prime Minister 's official residence at No . 10 Downing Street in London . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 . This was the initial meeting in which the President of the European Commission was formally invited to take a part ."}]}, {'value': '7-8 May 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'James Callaghan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Callaghan', 'summary': "Leonard James Callaghan , Baron Callaghan of Cardiff , KG , PC ( /ˈkæləˌhæn/ ; 27 March 1912 - 26 March 2005 ) , often known as Jim Callaghan , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980 . To date , Callaghan remains the only person to have held all four Great Offices of State , having served as Chancellor of the Exchequer ( 1964-1967 ) , Home Secretary ( 1967-1970 ) and Foreign Secretary ( 1974-1976 ) prior to his appointment as Prime Minister . As Prime Minister , he had some successes , but is mainly remembered for the Winter of Discontent of 1978-79 . During a very cold winter , his battle with trade unions led to immense strikes that seriously inconvenienced the public , leading to his defeat in the polls by Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher . Born into a working class family , Callaghan started his career at age 17 as a tax inspector , before becoming a trade union official in the 1930s , he then served in the Royal Navy during World War II . He entered the House of Commons in 1945 , and was on the left wing of the party . Callaghan steadily moved towards the right of the party , but maintained his reputation as The Keeper of the Cloth Cap - that is , he was seen as dedicated to maintaining close ties between the Labour Party and the trade unions . Callaghan 's period as Chancellor of the Exchequer coincided with a turbulent period for the British economy , during which he had to wrestle with a balance of payments deficit and speculative attacks on the pound sterling ( its exchange rate to other currencies was almost fixed by the Bretton Woods system ) . On 18 November 1967 , the government devalued the pound sterling . Callaghan became Home Secretary . He sent the British Army to support the police in Northern Ireland , after a request from the Northern Ireland Government . After Labour was defeated at the 1970 general election , Callaghan played a key role in the Shadow Cabinet ."}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 4th G7 Summit was held at Bonn , West Germany between 16 and 17 July 1978 . The venue for the summit meeting was at the former official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn , the Palais Schaumburg . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '16-17 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt', 'summary': "Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈha͡ɪnʁɪç ˈvaldəmaːɐ ˈʃmɪt ] ; 23 December 1918 - 10 November 2015 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) from 1974 to 1982 . Before becoming Chancellor , he had served as Minister of Defence ( 1969-1972 ) and as Minister of Finance ( 1972-1974 ) . In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies . He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister . As Chancellor , he focused on international affairs , seeking political unification of Europe in partnership with the United States and issuing proposals that led to the NATO Double-Track Decision in 1979 to deploy US Pershing II missiles to Europe . He was an energetic diplomat who sought European co-operation and international economic co-ordination and was the leading force in creating the European Monetary System in 1978 . He was re-elected chancellor in 1976 and 1980 , but his coalition fell apart in 1982 with the switch by his coalition allies , the Free Democratic Party . He retired from Parliament in 1986 , after clashing with the SPD 's left wing , who opposed him on defence and economic issues . In 1986 he was a leading proponent of European monetary union and a European Central Bank ."}]}, {'value': 'Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonn', 'summary': "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia', 'summary': 'North Rhine-Westphalia ( German : Nordrhein-Westfalen , pronounced [ ˌnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian : Noordrien-Wesfale ; Low German : Noordrhien-Westfalen ; Kölsch : Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale , commonly shortened to NRW in both written and spoken language ) is a state of Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia is located in western Germany covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres ( 13,160 sq mi ) . With a population of 17.9 million in 2017 , it is the most populous state of Germany . It is also the most densely populated German state apart from the city-states of Berlin , Bremen , and Hamburg , and the fourth-largest by area . The state capital is Düsseldorf . North Rhine-Westphalia features 30 of the 81 German cities with over 100,000 inhabitants , including Cologne ( over 1 million ) , Düsseldorf , Dortmund and Essen ( all between 580,000 and 620,000 inhabitants ) and other cities predominantly located in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area , the largest urban area in Germany and the third-largest on the European continent . North Rhine-Westphalia was established in 1946 after World War II from the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province ( North Rhine ) , and the Free State of Lippe by the British military administration in Allied-occupied Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 , and the city of Bonn served as the federal capital until the reunification of Germany in 1990 and as the seat of government until 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 5th G7 Summit was held at Tokyo , Japan between June 28 and 29 , 1979 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '28-29 June 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Masayoshi Ōhira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masayoshi_Ōhira', 'summary': "Masayoshi Ōhira ( 大平 正芳 , Ōhira Masayoshi , 12 March 1910 - 12 June 1980 ) was a Japanese politician who was Prime Minister of Japan from 1978 to 1980 . Ōhira 's time in office was cut short when he died in office ; he remains the most recent Japanese Prime Minister to die in office ( Keizō Obuchi was removed from office on 5 April 2000 after suddenly falling into a coma , a month before his death in May 2000 ) . He was born in present-day Kan'onji , Kagawa and attended Hitotsubashi University ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 6th G7 Summit was held at Venice , Italy between June 22 and 23rd , 1980 . The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '22-23 June 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Francesco Cossiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga', 'summary': 'Francesco Cossiga OMRI ( Italian pronunciation : [ franˈtʃesko kosˈsiːɡa ] , Sardinian : [ ˈkosiɣa ] ; 26 July 1928 - 17 August 2010 ) was an Italian politician . A member of the Christian Democratic Party of Italy , he was Prime Minister of Italy from 1979 to 1980 and the eighth President of Italy from 1985 to 1992 . Cossiga is widely considered one of the most prominent and influential politicians of the First Republic . Cossiga also served as minister on several occasions , most notably as Italian Minister of the Interior . In that position he re-structured the Italian police , civil protection and secret services . Due to his repressive approach to public protests , he has been described as a strongman and labeled iron minister . He was in office at the time of the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro by Red Brigades , and resigned as Minister of the Interior when Moro was found dead in 1978 . Cossiga was Prime Minister during the Bologna station bombing in 1980 . Before his political career , Cossiga was a professor of constitutional law at the University of Sassari .'}]}, {'value': 'Venice , Veneto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venice', 'summary': 'Venice ( /ˈvɛnɪs/ VEN-iss ; Italian : Venezia [ veˈnɛttsja ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Venesia or Venexia , pronounced [ veˈnɛsja ] ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges . The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers ( more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile ) . In 2018 , 260,897 people resided in the Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice ( centro storico ) . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) , which is considered a statistical metropolitan area , with a total population of 2.6 million . The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice for a millennium and more , from 697 to 1797 . It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as an important center of commerce - especially silk , grain , and spice , and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th . The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center , emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has been known as La Dominante , La Serenissima , Queen of the Adriatic , City of Water , City of Masks , City of Bridges , The Floating City , and City of Canals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veneto', 'summary': "Veneto ( US : /ˈvɛnətoʊ , ˈveɪn- , -neɪt- , ˈvɛnɛtoʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈvɛːneto ] ; Venetian : Vèneto [ ˈvɛneto ] or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy . Its population is about five million , ranking fifth in Italy . The region 's capital is Venice . Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD . Later , after a feudal period , it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797 . Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Besides Italian , most inhabitants also speak Venetian [ citation needed ] which is divided into five varieties . Since 1971 the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region 's citizens as the Venetian people . Article 1 defines Veneto as an autonomous Region , constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno , Padua , Rovigo , Treviso , Venice , Verona and Vicenza , while maintaining bonds with Venetians in the world . Article 2 sets forth the principle of the self-government of the Venetian people and mandates the Region to promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation . Despite these affirmations , approved by the Italian Parliament , Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute , differently from its north-eastern and north-western neighbours , Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 7th G7 Summit was called the Ottawa Summit , and was held in Montebello , Quebec , Canada and nearby Ottawa between July 20 and 21 , 1981 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Château Montebello . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '20-21 July 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Pierre E. Trudeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_E._Trudeau', 'summary': "Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC FRSC ( /ˈtruːdoʊ , truːˈdoʊ/ TROO-doh , troo-DOH , French : [ pjɛʁ tʁydo ] ; October 18 , 1919 - September 28 , 2000 ) , mostly referred to as simply Pierre Trudeau , or by the initials PET , was a Canadian politician who was the 15th prime minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party , between 1968 and 1984 , with a brief period as Leader of the Opposition , from 1979 to 1980 . His tenure of 15 years and 164 days makes him Canada 's third longest-serving Prime Minister , behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald . Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer , intellectual , and activist in Quebec politics . He joined the Liberal Party of Canada and was elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1965 , quickly being appointed as Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson 's Parliamentary Secretary . In 1967 , he was appointed Minister of Justice . Trudeau 's outgoing personality caused a media sensation , inspiring Trudeaumania , and helped him to win the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1968 , when he was appointed Prime Minister of Canada . From the late 1960s until the early 1980s , Trudeau 's personality dominated the political scene to an extent never before seen in Canadian political life . After his appointment as Prime Minister , he won the 1968 , 1972 and 1974 elections , before narrowly losing in 1979 . He won a fourth election victory shortly afterwards , in 1980 , and eventually retired from politics shortly before the 1984 election . Despite his personal motto , Reason before passion , his personality and political career aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada during his time in office . Admirers praised what they consider to be the force of Trudeau 's intellect and his political acumen , maintaining national unity over the Quebec sovereignty movement , suppressing a Quebec terrorist crisis , fostering a pan-Canadian identity , and in achieving sweeping institutional reform , including the implementation of official bilingualism , patriation of the Constitution , and the establishment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Critics accused him of arrogance , of economic mismanagement , and of unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of the culture of Quebec and the economy of the Prairies ."}]}, {'value': 'Montebello , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montebello,_Quebec', 'summary': "Montebello is a municipality located in the Papineau Regional County Municipality of Western Quebec , Canada . At the 2001 census , there were 1,039 permanent residents . The village has a total area of 7.95 square kilometres ( 3.07 sq mi ) , and is located at the eastern edge of Quebec 's Outaouais region . It is located on the border with Ontario . The village is world-famous for the Château Montebello resort , the largest log structure ever built . The resort was the host of the 1983 NATO Nuclear Planning Group , and the 1981 G7 Economic Summit . Parc Omega , a large drive-through wildlife park , is just to the north in Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours . Since 2005 , it also hosts the Amnesia Rockfest , which has become Canada 's largest rock festival . Past performers include System of a Down , Blink-182 , Alice Cooper , The Offspring , Korn , Marilyn Manson , Linkin Park , Rise Against and Dream Theater ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 8th G7 Summit was held in Versailles , France from June 4 to 6 , 1982 . The venue for the summit meetings was at the Palace of Versailles . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) is an unofficial forum which brings together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '4-6 June 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'François Mitterrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Mitterrand', 'summary': "François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand [ a ] ( 26 October 1916 - 8 January 1996 ) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 , the longest time in office in the history of France . As First Secretary of the Socialist Party , he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic . Reflecting family influences , Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right . He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years . Subsequently he joined the Resistance , moved to the left , and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic . He opposed de Gaulle 's establishment of the Fifth Republic . Although at times a politically isolated figure , Mitterrand outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left 's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965-88 ; with the exception of 1969 . Mitterrand was elected President at the 1981 presidential election . He was re-elected in 1988 and remained in office until 1995 . Mitterrand invited the Communist Party into his first government , which was a controversial decision at the time . In the event , the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and , rather than taking advantage , saw their support erode . They left the cabinet in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Versailles , Île-de-France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Versailles_(city)', 'summary': 'Versailles ( French pronunciation : [ vɛʁsɑj ] ( listen ) ) is a city in the Yvelines département in the Île-de-France region , renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles , designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Located in the western suburbs of the French capital , 17.1 km ( 10.6 mi ) from the centre of Paris , Versailles is in the 21st century a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and a major tourist destination as well . According to the 2008 census , the population of the city is 88,641 inhabitants , down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975 . A new town founded at the will of King Louis XIV , Versailles was the de facto capital of the Kingdom of France for over a century , from 1682 to 1789 , before becoming the cradle of the French Revolution . After having lost its status of royal city , it became the préfecture ( regional capital ) of the Seine-et-Oise département in 1790 , then of Yvelines in 1968 . It is also a Roman Catholic diocese . Versailles is historically known for numerous treaties such as the Treaty of Paris , which ended the American Revolution , and the Treaty of Versailles , after World War I . Today , the Congress of France - the name given to the body created when both houses of the French Parliament , the National Assembly and the Senate , meet - gathers in the Château de Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg , Virginia , United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983 . The venue for the summit meetings was Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '28-30 May 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronald Reagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Reagan', 'summary': "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Williamsburg , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Williamsburg is a city in the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 14,068 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 14,896 . Located on the Virginia Peninsula , Williamsburg is in the northern part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . It is bordered by James City County and York County . Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation , a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers . The city served as the capital of the Colony and Commonwealth of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution . The College of William & Mary , established in 1693 , is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South ; its alumni include three U.S. Presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation 's early history . The city 's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg , the restored Historic Area of the city . Along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown , Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle , which attracts more than four million tourists each year . Modern Williamsburg is also a college town , inhabited in large part by William & Mary students and staff ."}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 10th G7 Summit was held in London , England , United Kingdom from 7 to 9 June 1984 . The venue for the summit meetings was Lancaster House in London . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '7-9 June 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Thatcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher', 'summary': "Margaret Hilda Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher , LG , OM , DStJ , PC , FRS , HonFRSC ( née Roberts ; 13 October 1925 - 8 April 2013 ) also known as the Iron Lady , was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 . She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office . A Soviet journalist dubbed her The Iron Lady , a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style . As Prime Minister , she implemented policies known as Thatcherism . Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College , Oxford , and worked briefly as a research chemist , before becoming a barrister . She was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959 . Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970-74 government . In 1975 , she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition , the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom . On becoming Prime Minister after winning the 1979 general election , she introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high unemployment and Britain 's struggles in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an ongoing recession . [ nb 1 ] Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation ( particularly of the financial sector ) , flexible labour markets , the privatisation of state-owned companies , and reducing the power and influence of trade unions . Her popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment , until victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support , resulting in her landslide re-election in 1983 . She survived an assassination attempt by the Provisional IRA in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing and achieved a political victory against the National Union of Mineworkers in the 1984-85 miners ' strike ."}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 11th G7 Summit was held in Bonn , West Germany between May 2 and May 4 , 1985 . The venue for the summit meeting was at the former official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn , the Palais Schaumburg . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '2-4 May 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Kohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Kohl', 'summary': "Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ( German : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl ] ; 3 April 1930 - 16 June 2017 ) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 ( of West Germany 1982-1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990-1998 ) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 1973 to 1998 . From 1969 to 1976 , Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate . Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992 . In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU , resigning from the position in 2000 . Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family , Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1946 at the age of 16 . He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University in 1958 and worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician . He was elected as the youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1959 and became Minister-President of his home state in 1969 . Viewed during the 1960s and the early 1970s as a progressive within the CDU , he was elected national chairman of the party in 1973 . In the 1976 federal election his party performed well , but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidt was able to remain in power , as well as in 1980 , when Kohl 's rival from the Bavarian sister party CSU , Franz Josef Strauß , candidated . After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP in 1982 , Kohl was elected Chancellor through a switch of the FDP , forming a Christian-liberal government . After he had become party leader , Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure . As Chancellor Kohl was strongly committed to European integration and French-German cooperation in particular ; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Reagan 's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonn', 'summary': "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia', 'summary': 'North Rhine-Westphalia ( German : Nordrhein-Westfalen , pronounced [ ˌnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian : Noordrien-Wesfale ; Low German : Noordrhien-Westfalen ; Kölsch : Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale , commonly shortened to NRW in both written and spoken language ) is a state of Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia is located in western Germany covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres ( 13,160 sq mi ) . With a population of 17.9 million in 2017 , it is the most populous state of Germany . It is also the most densely populated German state apart from the city-states of Berlin , Bremen , and Hamburg , and the fourth-largest by area . The state capital is Düsseldorf . North Rhine-Westphalia features 30 of the 81 German cities with over 100,000 inhabitants , including Cologne ( over 1 million ) , Düsseldorf , Dortmund and Essen ( all between 580,000 and 620,000 inhabitants ) and other cities predominantly located in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area , the largest urban area in Germany and the third-largest on the European continent . North Rhine-Westphalia was established in 1946 after World War II from the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province ( North Rhine ) , and the Free State of Lippe by the British military administration in Allied-occupied Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 , and the city of Bonn served as the federal capital until the reunification of Germany in 1990 and as the seat of government until 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/12th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 12th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan between May 4 and May 6 , 1986 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '4-6 May 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Yasuhiro Nakasone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone', 'summary': 'Yasuhiro Nakasone ( 中曽根 康弘 , Nakasone Yasuhiro , 27 May 1918 - 29 November 2019 ) was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party from 1982 to 1987 . He was a member of the House of Representatives for more than 50 years . He was best known for pushing through the privatization of state-owned companies , and for helping to revitalize Japanese nationalism during and after his term as prime minister .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/13th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 13th G7 Summit was held in Venice , Italy between June 8 and 10 , 1987 . The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '8-10 June 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Amintore Fanfani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani', 'summary': 'Amintore Fanfani ( Italian pronunciation : [ aˈmintore faɱˈfaːni ] ; 6 February 1908 - 20 November 1999 ) was an Italian politician and the Prime Minister of Italy for five separate terms . He was one of the best-known Italian politicians after the Second World War , and a historical figure of the left-wing section of the Christian Democracy party ; he is also considered to have been one of the founders of the Italian centre-left . Fanfani and the long-time liberal leader Giovanni Giolitti still hold the record as the only statesmen to have served as Prime Minister of Italy in five non-consecutive periods of office . Fanfani was one of the dominant figures of the Italian Christian Democrats for over three decades and he is widely considered one of the most important and influential politicians in Italian history . Fanfani was sometimes nicknamed Cavallo di Razza ( Purebred Horse ) , thanks to his innate political ability ; however his detractors simply called him Pony , due to his small size .'}]}, {'value': 'Venice , Veneto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venice', 'summary': 'Venice ( /ˈvɛnɪs/ VEN-iss ; Italian : Venezia [ veˈnɛttsja ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Venesia or Venexia , pronounced [ veˈnɛsja ] ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges . The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers ( more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile ) . In 2018 , 260,897 people resided in the Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice ( centro storico ) . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) , which is considered a statistical metropolitan area , with a total population of 2.6 million . The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice for a millennium and more , from 697 to 1797 . It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as an important center of commerce - especially silk , grain , and spice , and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th . The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center , emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has been known as La Dominante , La Serenissima , Queen of the Adriatic , City of Water , City of Masks , City of Bridges , The Floating City , and City of Canals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veneto', 'summary': "Veneto ( US : /ˈvɛnətoʊ , ˈveɪn- , -neɪt- , ˈvɛnɛtoʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈvɛːneto ] ; Venetian : Vèneto [ ˈvɛneto ] or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy . Its population is about five million , ranking fifth in Italy . The region 's capital is Venice . Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD . Later , after a feudal period , it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797 . Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Besides Italian , most inhabitants also speak Venetian [ citation needed ] which is divided into five varieties . Since 1971 the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region 's citizens as the Venetian people . Article 1 defines Veneto as an autonomous Region , constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno , Padua , Rovigo , Treviso , Venice , Verona and Vicenza , while maintaining bonds with Venetians in the world . Article 2 sets forth the principle of the self-government of the Venetian people and mandates the Region to promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation . Despite these affirmations , approved by the Italian Parliament , Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute , differently from its north-eastern and north-western neighbours , Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively ."}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/14th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between June 19 and 21 , 1988 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Downtown Toronto . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 . Unlike the relatively low key summit at Château Montebello in 1981 , the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) and Metro Toronto Police . Canada was the first member of the G7 or G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year . In February , Calgary , Alberta , hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics . Canada would do this again 22 years later when they hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia and then the 36th G8 summit and the 4th G20 summit in Huntsville , Ontario and Toronto respectively ."}]}, {'value': '19-21 June 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Mulroney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Mulroney', 'summary': "Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ ( /mʊlˈruːni/ ; born March 20 , 1939 ) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from September 17 , 1984 , to June 25 , 1993 . His tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms , such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax . Prior to his political career , he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal . He later ran for the Progressive Conservatives and won in a landslide in the 1984 Canadian federal election , defeating John Turner of the Liberals and Ed Broadbent of the NDP , not only winning every single province and territory but also capturing over 50% of the vote for the first time since 1958 and increasing his party 's seats by 111 , up to 211 seats , the highest amount of seats won by any party in Canadian history . The 6.3 million votes won by Mulroney also remained a record until the Liberals ' victory in 2015 . Throughout his political career , Mulroney 's fluency in English and French gave him a decisive advantage . He brought forth a constitutional reform , the Meech Lake Accord , in 1987 , meant to persuade the government of Quebec to endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments . It was not ratified by the provincial governments of Manitoba and Newfoundland before the June ratification deadline , and thus met its demise in 1990 . This loss led to another round of meetings in Charlottetown in 1991 and 1992 . These negotiations culminated in Mulroney introducing the Charlottetown Accord , which would create extensive changes to the constitution , including recognition of Quebec as a distinct society . However , the agreement was defeated by a large margin in a national referendum in October 1992 . Many blamed the GST battle and Mulroney 's rising unpopularity for the fall of the Accord ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/15th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 15th G7 Summit was held in the business district of La Défense to the west of Paris , France between July 14 to 16 , 1989 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Grande Arche which was rushed to completion for celebrations marking the bicentennial of the French Revolution and for the world economic summit meeting that was held in the top of the Arche . This event was also called the Summit of the Arch . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '14-16 July 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'François Mitterrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Mitterrand', 'summary': "François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand [ a ] ( 26 October 1916 - 8 January 1996 ) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 , the longest time in office in the history of France . As First Secretary of the Socialist Party , he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic . Reflecting family influences , Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right . He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years . Subsequently he joined the Resistance , moved to the left , and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic . He opposed de Gaulle 's establishment of the Fifth Republic . Although at times a politically isolated figure , Mitterrand outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left 's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965-88 ; with the exception of 1969 . Mitterrand was elected President at the 1981 presidential election . He was re-elected in 1988 and remained in office until 1995 . Mitterrand invited the Communist Party into his first government , which was a controversial decision at the time . In the event , the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and , rather than taking advantage , saw their support erode . They left the cabinet in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris , Île-de-France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': '16th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/16th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 16th G7 Summit was held at Houston between July 9 and 11 , 1990 . The venue for the summit meetings was the campus of Rice University and other locations nearby in the Houston Museum District . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '9-11 July 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'George H. W. Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._W._Bush', 'summary': "George Herbert Walker Bush ( June 12 , 1924 - November 30 , 2018 ) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Since around 2000 he has usually been called George H. W. Bush , Bush Senior , or Bush 41 to distinguish him from his eldest son , George W. Bush , who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives , as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations , as Director of Central Intelligence , and as the 43rd vice president of the United States . Bush was raised in Greenwich , Connecticut and attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy during World War II . After the war , he graduated from Yale University and moved to West Texas , where he established a successful oil company . After an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate , he won election to the 7th congressional district of Texas in 1966 . President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to the position of Ambassador to the United Nations in 1971 and to the position of chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973 . In 1974 , President Gerald Ford appointed him as the Chief of the Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China , and in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence . Bush ran for president in 1980 , but was defeated in the Republican presidential primaries by Ronald Reagan . He was then elected vice president in 1980 and 1984 as Reagan 's running mate . In the 1988 presidential election , Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis , becoming the first incumbent vice president to be elected president in 152 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '17th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/17th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 17th G7 Summit was held in London , England , United Kingdom between 15 and 17 July 1991 . The venue for the summit meetings was Lancaster House in London . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '15-17 July 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'John Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Major', 'summary': 'Sir John Major KG CH ( born 29 March 1943 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997 . Major was Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Thatcher Government from 1989 to 1990 , and was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Huntingdon from 1979 until his retirement in 2001 . Since the death of Margaret Thatcher in 2013 , he has been both the oldest and earliest-serving of all living former prime ministers . Born in St Helier , Surrey , Major grew up in Brixton . He initially worked as an insurance clerk , and then at the London Electricity Board , before becoming an executive at Standard Chartered . He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1979 general election as MP for Huntingdon . He served as a Parliamentary Private Secretary , Assistant Whip and as a Minister for Social Security . In 1987 , he joined the Cabinet as chief secretary to the Treasury , and was promoted to foreign secretary two years later . Just three months later in October 1989 , he was appointed chancellor of the Exchequer , where he presented the 1990 budget . Major became prime minister after Thatcher resigned in November 1990 . He presided over British participation in the Gulf War in March 1991 , and negotiated the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991 . He went on to lead the Conservatives to a record fourth consecutive electoral victory , winning the most votes in British electoral history with over 14 million votes at the 1992 general election , albeit with a reduced majority in the House of Commons .'}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '18th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/18th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 18th G7 Summit was held in Munich , Germany between July 6 to 8 , 1992 . The venue for the summit meetings was at the Residenz palace in central Munich . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '6-8 July 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Kohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Kohl', 'summary': "Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ( German : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl ] ; 3 April 1930 - 16 June 2017 ) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 ( of West Germany 1982-1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990-1998 ) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 1973 to 1998 . From 1969 to 1976 , Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate . Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992 . In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU , resigning from the position in 2000 . Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family , Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1946 at the age of 16 . He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University in 1958 and worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician . He was elected as the youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1959 and became Minister-President of his home state in 1969 . Viewed during the 1960s and the early 1970s as a progressive within the CDU , he was elected national chairman of the party in 1973 . In the 1976 federal election his party performed well , but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidt was able to remain in power , as well as in 1980 , when Kohl 's rival from the Bavarian sister party CSU , Franz Josef Strauß , candidated . After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP in 1982 , Kohl was elected Chancellor through a switch of the FDP , forming a Christian-liberal government . After he had become party leader , Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure . As Chancellor Kohl was strongly committed to European integration and French-German cooperation in particular ; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Reagan 's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Munich , Bavaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bavaria', 'summary': "Bavaria ( /bəˈvɛəriə/ ; German and Bavarian : Bayern [ ˈbaɪɐn ] ) , officially the Free State of Bavaria ( German and Bavarian : Freistaat Bayern [ ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪɐn ] ) , is a landlocked federal state of Germany , occupying its southeastern corner . With an area of 70,550.19 square kilometres ( 27,200 sq mi ) , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany . With 13 million inhabitants , it is Germany 's second-most-populous state after North Rhine-Westphalia . Bavaria 's main cities are Munich ( its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany ) , Nuremberg and Augsburg . The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes , followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC , when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum . It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire , became an independent kingdom , joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom , and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 . The Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555 . In the 17th century AD , the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire . The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918 , when Bavaria became a republic . In 1946 , the Free State of Bavaria reorganized itself on democratic lines after the Second World War . Bavaria has a unique culture , largely because of the state 's former Catholic majority and conservative traditions ."}]}, {'value': '19th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/19th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan , on July 7-9 , 1993 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '7-9 July 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kiichi Miyazawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa', 'summary': 'Kiichi Miyazawa ( 宮澤 喜一 , Miyazawa Kiichi , 8 October 1919 - 28 June 2007 ) was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1991 to 1993 . He was a member of the National Diet of Japan for over 50 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '20th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 20th G7 Summit was held in Naples , Italy , on July 8-10 , 1994 . The venue for the summit meetings was the former Royal Palace in Naples . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '8-10 July 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Silvio Berlusconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi', 'summary': "Silvio Berlusconi ( /ˌbɛərlʊˈskoʊni/ BAIR-luu-SKOH-nee , Italian : [ ˈsilvjo berluˈskoːni ] ( listen ) ; born 29 September 1936 ) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments . He serves as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) since July 2019 . Berlusconi is the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and owned the Italian football club A.C. Milan from 1986 to 2017 . He is nicknamed Il Cavaliere ( The Knight ) for his Order of Merit for Labour , although he voluntarily resigned from this order in March 2014 . In 2018 , Forbes magazine ranked him as the 190th richest man in the world with a net worth of US $ 8.0 billion . In 2009 , Forbes ranked him 12th in the List of The World 's Most Powerful People due to his domination of Italian politics , throughout more than twenty years at the head of the centre-right coalition . Berlusconi was Prime Minister for nine years in total , making him the longest serving post-war Prime Minister of Italy , and the third longest-serving since Italian unification , after Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Giolitti . He was the leader of the centre-right party Forza Italia from 1994 to 2009 , and its successor party The People of Freedom from 2009 to 2013 . Since November 2013 , he has led a revived Forza Italia . Berlusconi was the senior G8 leader from 2009 until 2011 and he currently holds the record for hosting G8 Summits ( having hosted three Summits in Italy ) . After serving nearly 19 years as member of the Chamber of Deputies , Italy 's lower house , after the 2013 general election he became a member of the Senate . On 1 August 2013 , he was convicted of tax-fraud by the court of final instance , Court of Cassation , confirming his four-year prison sentence ( of which three years are automatically pardoned ) along with a public office ban for two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Naples , Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples', 'summary': "Naples ( /ˈneɪpəlz/ ; Italian : Napoli [ ˈnaːpoli ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : Napule [ ˈnɑːpələ , ˈnɑːpulə ] ; Ancient Greek : Νεάπολις , romanized : Neápolis ) [ a ] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy after Rome and Milan . In 2017 , around 967,069 people lived within the city 's administrative limits while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,115,320 residents . Its continuously built-up metropolitan area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Naples ) is the second or third largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the most densely populated cities in Europe . First settled by Greeks in the second millennium BC , Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world . In the ninth century BC , a colony known as Parthenope or Παρθενόπη was established on the Island of Megaride , later refounded as Neápolis in the sixth century BC . The city was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans . It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples ( 661-1139 ) , then of the Kingdom of Naples ( 1282-1816 ) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861 . Naples is also considered a capital of the Baroque since the arrival of Caravaggio in the 17th century , and due to the artistic revolution his arrival occasioned . Between 1925 and 1936 , Naples was expanded and upgraded by Benito Mussolini 's government but subsequently sustained severe damage from Allied bombing during World War II , which led to extensive post-1945 reconstruction work . Naples has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades , helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network , which includes the Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy , after Milan and Rome . The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe and home of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples , the NATO body that oversees North Africa , the Sahel and Middle East ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of summits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'G7_0', 'intro': 'The Group of Seven (G7) is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of the seven largest IMF- advanced economies in the world: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of 2018, the seven countries involved represent 58% of the global net wealth ($317 trillion) and more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) based on nominal values, and more than 32% of the global GDP based on purchasing power parity. The European Union is an invitee to G7.'}
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Which country with a population of 328 million attended the G7 summit ?
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United states
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of non-marine molluscs of the United States', 'header': ['Common name', 'Scientific name', 'Home range', 'status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Oʻahu tree snails', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oʻahu_tree_snail', 'summary': 'Oʻahu tree snails , genus Achatinella , form a large genus of colorful , tropical , tree-living , air-breathing , land snails , arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinellidae . This genus of tree snails is endemic to Hawaii , and all extant species are endangered . They were once abundant and were mentioned extensively in Hawaiian folklore and songs , and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments . Many of these arboreal snails are sinistral or left-handed in their spiral shell coiling , whereas most gastropod shells are dextral . ( See the section on chirality in the article gastropod shell . )'}]}, {'value': 'Achatinella spp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Achatinella', 'summary': 'Oʻahu tree snails , genus Achatinella , form a large genus of colorful , tropical , tree-living , air-breathing , land snails , arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinellidae . This genus of tree snails is endemic to Hawaii , and all extant species are endangered . They were once abundant and were mentioned extensively in Hawaiian folklore and songs , and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments . Many of these arboreal snails are sinistral or left-handed in their spiral shell coiling , whereas most gastropod shells are dextral . ( See the section on chirality in the article gastropod shell . )'}]}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawaii', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painted snake-coiled forest snail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Painted_snake-coiled_forest_snail', 'summary': 'Anguispira picta , common names painted snake-coiled forest snail and painted tigersnail , is a rare species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Discidae , the disc snails . This species is native to Tennessee in the United States , where it is known only from Franklin County . It may possibly also occur just over the border in Alabama . It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States . This snail was first discovered in 1906 . It was once treated as a subspecies of the more common Anguispira cumberlandiana . It is now a species in its own right . The snail is about 2 centimeters wide and 1 high . Its shape is a depressed dome . The shell has six whorls which are whitish with brownish blotches . The juvenile has a translucent and brightly colored shell . This snail was long thought to be endemic to one cove on the edge of the Cumberland Plateau , near the town of Sherwood , Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'Anguispira picta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anguispira_picta', 'summary': 'Anguispira picta , common names painted snake-coiled forest snail and painted tigersnail , is a rare species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Discidae , the disc snails . This species is native to Tennessee in the United States , where it is known only from Franklin County . It may possibly also occur just over the border in Alabama . It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States . This snail was first discovered in 1906 . It was once treated as a subspecies of the more common Anguispira cumberlandiana . It is now a species in its own right . The snail is about 2 centimeters wide and 1 high . Its shape is a depressed dome . The shell has six whorls which are whitish with brownish blotches . The juvenile has a translucent and brightly colored shell . This snail was long thought to be endemic to one cove on the edge of the Cumberland Plateau , near the town of Sherwood , Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa Pleistocene snail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_Pleistocene_snail', 'summary': 'Discus macclintocki is a species of land snail in the family Discidae known commonly as the Iowa Pleistocene snail and Pleistocene disc . It occurs in Iowa and Illinois in the United States . It is a federally listed endangered species .'}]}, {'value': 'Discus macclintocki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discus_macclintocki', 'summary': 'Discus macclintocki is a species of land snail in the family Discidae known commonly as the Iowa Pleistocene snail and Pleistocene disc . It occurs in Iowa and Illinois in the United States . It is a federally listed endangered species .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morro Shoulderband snail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helminthoglypta walkeriana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helminthoglypta_walkeriana', 'summary': 'The banded dune snail or Morro shoulderband , scientific name Helminthoglypta walkeriana , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Helminthoglyptidae . This species is endemic to Morro Bay and the central coast in San Luis Obispo County and Santa Barbara County , in California , the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magazine Mountain shagreen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magazine_Mountain_shagreen', 'summary': 'The Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail also known as the Magazine Mountain shagreen , scientific name Inflectarius magazinensis , is a species of small , air-breathing , land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae .'}]}, {'value': 'Mesodon magazinensis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesodon_magazinensis', 'summary': 'The Magazine Mountain middle-toothed snail also known as the Magazine Mountain shagreen , scientific name Inflectarius magazinensis , is a species of small , air-breathing , land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Polygyridae .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chittenango ovate amber snail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chittenango_ovate_amber_snail', 'summary': "The Chittenango ovate amber snail , scientific name Novisuccinea chittenangoensis , is a species of small air-breathing land snail in the family Succineidae , the amber snails . This species was discovered in 1905 , and was reported three years later as a subspecies of the oval ambersnail , Succinea ovalis . Several taxonomic reviews took place in the subsequent decades until the end of the 1980s , when the Chittenango ovate amber snail was finally judged to be a distinct species Novisuccinea chittenangoensis , based on chemical and morphological data . The Chittenango ovate amber snail is endemic to the Chittenango area of Madison County , New York , United States . There is only one population of this species at Chittenango Falls State Park in central New York , even though it was believed to have a broader range previously ; based on fossil records , some authors argue that the distribution of this species may have been much wider in the past . In opposition to this , other authors argue that it is impossible to identify this species based on fossil records , because they only allow for examination of shell features . Shell features of species in this particular family of snails are usually not very distinctive . Novisuccinea chittenangoensis has a small ( an average of 20.9 mm in length in adult individuals ) , delicate , ovate shell of 3¼ whorls , with deep sutures . The shell is almost translucent , and varies in color from a chalky pale yellow to white , with a glossy surface . Several internal organs of the animal can be distinguished through the shell 's outer surface . The visible soft parts of the animal are of a pale subtranslucent yellow color , with different markings during distinct stages of development . Studies on the ecology of the Chittenango ovate amber snail are fairly recent ."}]}, {'value': 'Novisuccinea chittenangoensis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novisuccinea_chittenangoensis', 'summary': "The Chittenango ovate amber snail , scientific name Novisuccinea chittenangoensis , is a species of small air-breathing land snail in the family Succineidae , the amber snails . This species was discovered in 1905 , and was reported three years later as a subspecies of the oval ambersnail , Succinea ovalis . Several taxonomic reviews took place in the subsequent decades until the end of the 1980s , when the Chittenango ovate amber snail was finally judged to be a distinct species Novisuccinea chittenangoensis , based on chemical and morphological data . The Chittenango ovate amber snail is endemic to the Chittenango area of Madison County , New York , United States . There is only one population of this species at Chittenango Falls State Park in central New York , even though it was believed to have a broader range previously ; based on fossil records , some authors argue that the distribution of this species may have been much wider in the past . In opposition to this , other authors argue that it is impossible to identify this species based on fossil records , because they only allow for examination of shell features . Shell features of species in this particular family of snails are usually not very distinctive . Novisuccinea chittenangoensis has a small ( an average of 20.9 mm in length in adult individuals ) , delicate , ovate shell of 3¼ whorls , with deep sutures . The shell is almost translucent , and varies in color from a chalky pale yellow to white , with a glossy surface . Several internal organs of the animal can be distinguished through the shell 's outer surface . The visible soft parts of the animal are of a pale subtranslucent yellow color , with different markings during distinct stages of development . Studies on the ecology of the Chittenango ovate amber snail are fairly recent ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stock Island tree snail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orthalicus reses ( not include O. r. nesodryas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthalicus_reses', 'summary': 'Orthalicus reses , common name the Stock Island , Florida tree snail , is a species of large tropical air-breathing land snail , a tree snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Orthalicidae . It was first described in 1830 by the American naturalist Thomas Say . The holotype , a specimen probably collected in Key West , was subsequently lost . Over a hundred years later , in 1946 , the American biologist Henry Augustus Pilsbry redescribed the species using a specimen from Stock Island . Orthalicus reses has two subspecies , O. reses reses and O. reses nosodryas . The validity of these two taxa is still being discussed , but some experts argue that considering them as independent units may be important for management purposes . The Stock Island tree snail has a large conical shell ( 45-55 mm in length ) with variable thickness , generally lighter and more translucent than other species of Orthalicus . It is colored white to buff , with weakly developed spiral bands and several flame-like , purple-brown axial stripes . The subspecies O. reses reses and O. reses nosodryas can be distinguished from one another based on the different color patterns of the apical whorl , columella , and parietal callus . The nominate subspecies Orthalicus reses reses is threatened ; it lives on trees in hardwood hammocks habitat in Southern Florida , USA , specifically the Florida Keys .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanab Ambersnail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxyloma_haydeni_kanabensis', 'summary': "The Kanab ambersnail , scientific name Oxyloma haydeni kanabense or Oxyloma kanabense , is a critically endangered subspecies or species of small , air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Succineidae , the amber snails . The common name of the amber snails is based on the shell , which is translucent and when empty usually resembles the color of amber . This species is endemic to the United States , specifically the state of Arizona and Utah , where it was first collected in the early 20th century . It has been listed as endangered on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species since 8 August 1991 . [ citation needed ] This snail lives in wetlands , springs , and seeps , and only two of its natural habitats are known to exist : Three Lakes , a meadow near Kanab , Utah , and Vasey 's Paradise , a springs along the Colorado River within Grand Canyon National Park . In its natural habitat it is rather polyphagous , feeding mainly on bacteria , plants and fungi . It reproduces during the summer . Now considered a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to a series of factors ( including anthropic influence ) , the Kanab ambersnail has been reintroduced to three springs above the historic high water level along the Colorado River ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona , Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noonday globe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patera clarki nantahala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patera_clarki_nantahala', 'summary': 'Patera clarki nantahala , the noonday globe , is a subspecies of Patera clarki , a land snail in the family Polygyridae . It is endemic to North Carolina in the United States . The name nantahala is a Cherokee word which means noonday . This subspecies was given this name because the snail lives in a deep gorge where the sunshine does not reach the ground until the middle of the day .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia fringed mountain snail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_fringed_mountain_snail', 'summary': 'Polygyriscus is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Polygyridae . This is a monotypic genus of snails containing the single species Polygyriscus virginianus , known commonly as the Virginia fringed mountain snail or the Virginia coil . That species is endemic to the State of Virginia in the United States . The Virginia coil was listed as federally endangered species on 2 August 1978 . This snail was described in 1947 . It is very rare ; the snail has only been seen on bluffs along the New River in Pulaski County , Virginia . Only four adult specimens have been observed since 1978 , and no juveniles have been seen since 1971 . The snail is , however , difficult to find because it is only 4 millimeters long and may burrow up to 2 meters into the soil .'}]}, {'value': 'Polygyriscus virginianus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polygyriscus_virginianus', 'summary': 'Polygyriscus is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Polygyridae . This is a monotypic genus of snails containing the single species Polygyriscus virginianus , known commonly as the Virginia fringed mountain snail or the Virginia coil . That species is endemic to the State of Virginia in the United States . The Virginia coil was listed as federally endangered species on 2 August 1978 . This snail was described in 1947 . It is very rare ; the snail has only been seen on bluffs along the New River in Pulaski County , Virginia . Only four adult specimens have been observed since 1978 , and no juveniles have been seen since 1971 . The snail is , however , difficult to find because it is only 4 millimeters long and may burrow up to 2 meters into the soil .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flat-spired three-toothed snail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flat-spired_three-toothed_snail', 'summary': 'The flat-spired three-toothed snail ( Triodopsis platysayoides ) - also known as the Cheat three-toothed snail after the Cheat River in West Virginia - is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae .'}]}, {'value': 'Triodopsis platysayoides', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Federally endangered or threatened -- Federally endangered or threatened land gastropods', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_United_States_1', 'intro': 'The non-marine mollusks of the United States are a part of the molluscan fauna of the United States.'}
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How far into the ground can the animal from Virginia dig ?
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2 meters
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03c9db088f198301
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)', 'title': 'Jonathan Jackson (actor)', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucky Spencer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucky_Spencer', 'summary': "Lucky Spencer is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera , General Hospital . He is the son of legendary supercouple , Luke and Laura Spencer , played by Anthony Geary and Genie Francis . His birth having been announced on-screen in 1985 , a ten-year-old Lucky was cast in 1993 , played by newcomer at the time , Jonathan Jackson . Jackson left the series in 1999 , and the character was played by Jacob Young and later Greg Vaughan , who was let go in 2009 to allow Jackson to reprise the role . Lucky 's characterization changed throughout the different portrayers ; originally a street-smart con artist , Lucky develops an edge during Young 's tenure and more drastically changes during Vaughan 's portrayal , as Lucky becomes a struggling police officer . With Jackson 's reprisal , Lucky begins showing some of the character 's original quick-witted qualities , but after a series of harrowing storylines , Jackson left the series in December 2011 and the role was not recast . Jackson briefly reprised the role in July 2015 . As a child , Lucky is known for taking part in the adventures of his parents . As a teenager , he becomes part of the supercouple Lucky Spencer and Elizabeth Webber ( played by Rebecca Herbst ) while Lucky helps Elizabeth recover after she has been raped . He learns of his parents ' rape incident decades prior , exacerbating his rebellion and independence . Lucky is kidnapped and presumed dead in 1999 , and returns brainwashed in 2000 . He becomes a police officer in 2003 , and faces financial and marital struggles during the following years , as well as prescription drug abuse ."}]}, {'value': '1993-99 , 2009-11 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy Meets World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boy_Meets_World', 'summary': "Boy Meets World is an American television sitcom created and produced by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly . The show aired on the ABC network from September 24 , 1993 to May 5 , 2000 , lasting seven seasons . The show chronicles the everyday events and life-lessons of Cory Matthews ( Ben Savage ) . It also stars Cory 's teacher George Feeny ( William Daniels ) , best friend Shawn Hunter ( Rider Strong ) , brother Eric ( Will Friedle ) , and love interest Topanga ( Danielle Fishel ) . The show also features Cory 's father Alan ( William Russ ) , mother Amy ( Betsy Randle ) , and sister Morgan ( Lily Nicksay ) , while introducing the characters Angela Moore ( Trina McGee-Davis ) , Rachel McGuire ( Maitland Ward ) , Jonathan Turner ( Anthony Tyler Quinn ) , Eli Williams ( Alex Désert ) , and Jack Hunter ( Matthew Lawrence ) during its later seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Ferris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Starry Night Episode : Honesty Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Boy_Meets_World_episodes', 'summary': 'The episode list of the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World . The series ran from September 24 , 1993 , to May 5 , 2000 , with 158 episodes produced , spanning 7 seasons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Boy_Meets_World_episodes', 'summary': 'The episode list of the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World . The series ran from September 24 , 1993 , to May 5 , 2000 , with 158 episodes produced , spanning 7 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Night Visions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Visions_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Night Visions is an American television horror anthology series , with each episode comprising two half-hour stories dealing with themes of the supernatural or simply the dark side of human nature . It was produced by Warner Bros. Television for the Fox network , originally airing from 2001 to 2002 . Musician Henry Rollins was the uncredited [ citation needed ] host of the show .'}]}, {'value': 'Devin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : If a Tree Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Visions_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Night Visions is an American television horror anthology series , with each episode comprising two half-hour stories dealing with themes of the supernatural or simply the dark side of human nature . It was produced by Warner Bros. Television for the Fox network , originally airing from 2001 to 2002 . Musician Henry Rollins was the uncredited [ citation needed ] host of the show .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(2002_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Twilight Zone is the second of three revivals of Rod Serling 's original 1959-64 television series . It aired for one season on the UPN network , with actor Forest Whitaker assuming Serling 's role as narrator and on-screen host . It premiered on September 18 , 2002 , and aired its final episode on May 21 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunrise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunrise_(The_Twilight_Zone)', 'summary': "The Twilight Zone is the second of three revivals of Rod Serling 's original 1959-64 television series . It aired for one season on the UPN network , with actor Forest Whitaker assuming Serling 's role as narrator and on-screen host . It premiered on September 18 , 2002 , and aired its final episode on May 21 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Tree Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)', 'summary': "One Tree Hill is an American drama television series created by Mark Schwahn , which premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on The WB . After the series ' third season , The WB merged with UPN to form The CW , and from September 27 , 2006 , the series was broadcast by The CW in the United States until the end of its run in 2012 . The show is set in the fictional town of Tree Hill in North Carolina and initially follows the lives of two half-brothers , Lucas Scott ( Chad Michael Murray ) and Nathan Scott ( James Lafferty ) , who compete for positions on their school 's basketball team , and the drama that ensues from the brothers ' romances . Most of the filming took place in and around Wilmington , North Carolina . Many of the scenes were shot near the battleship USS North Carolina and on the University of North Carolina Wilmington campus . The first four seasons of the show focus on the main characters ' lives through their high school years . With the beginning of the fifth season , Schwahn advanced the timeline by four years to show their lives after college , and he made it jump a further fourteen months from the end of the sixth to the start of the seventh season . The opening credits were originally accompanied by the song I Do n't Want to Be by Gavin DeGraw . The theme was removed from the opening in the fifth season ; Schwahn said that this was to lower production costs , to add more time for the storyline , and because he felt that the song was more representative of the core characters ' adolescent past than their present maturity . The credits then consisted only of the title written on a black background . The theme was restored for season 8 , in response to audience demand , and was sung by different artists each week . The series premiered to 2.5 million viewers and rose to 3.3 million in its second week , becoming one of only three shows to rise in their second episode during the 2003-2004 television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameo with Enation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameo_appearance', 'summary': "A cameo role or cameo appearance ( /ˈkæmioʊ/ ; often shortened to just cameo ) is a brief appearance or voice part of a well known person in a work of the performing arts . These roles are generally small , many of them non-speaking ones , and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance ( such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake ) or renowned people making uncredited appearances . Short appearances by celebrities , film directors , politicians , athletes or musicians are common . A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well , such as Alfred Hitchcock 's frequently performed cameos ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Enation_(band)', 'summary': 'Enation , styled as ENATION , is an American indie rock band formed in Battle Ground , Washington , who released their first independent music in 2004 . In 2014 they briefly changed their official name to Jonathan Jackson + Enation and released their fourth studio album Radio Cinematic through Loud & Proud Records . The band currently resides in Nashville , TN .'}]}, {'value': '2008-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terminator:_The_Sarah_Connor_Chronicles', 'summary': "Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( sometimes abbreviated as Terminator : TSCC or simply TSCC ) is an American science fiction television series that aired on Fox from January 2008 to April 2009 . The show was produced by Warner Bros. Television , and C2 Pictures ( C2 Pictures was replaced by The Halcyon Company in season two ) . It is a spin-off from the Terminator series of films . It revolves around the lives of the fictional characters Sarah and John Connor , following the events of Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . The series premiered on Sunday , January 13 , 2008 , on the U.S. television network Fox . Production for the series was provided by the Judgment Day and Rise of the Machines producers and C2 Pictures , Sony Pictures Entertainment ( International ) co-presidents Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna , C2 Senior Vice President James Middleton , David Nutter and Josh Friedman , who not only served as executive producer but also wrote the script for the first two episodes . The show opened mid-season with a shortened run of nine episodes , January through March 2008 . It was the highest-rated new scripted series of the 2007-08 television season and was renewed for a second season , which began on September 8 , 2008 , and ended April 10 , 2009 ( the same year Warner Bros. and the Halcyon Company produced McG 's Terminator Salvation ) . On May 18 , 2009 , despite fan efforts , Fox Entertainment president Kevin Reilly announced Fox would not renew the show for a third season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Reese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Reese', 'summary': 'Kyle Reese is a fictional character in the Terminator franchise , who serves as one of the main protagonists in the first film with a supporting role in other works . The character is portrayed by Michael Biehn in The Terminator ( 1984 ) and Jonathan Jackson in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( 2008-2009 ) ; Anton Yelchin played him as a teenager in Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) , and Jai Courtney portrays him in Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_(2012_TV_series)', 'summary': "Nashville is an American musical drama television series . It was created by Callie Khouri and produced by R. J. Cutler , Khouri , Dee Johnson , and Steve Buchanan through season four , Connie Britton through season five , and Marshall Herskovitz and Ed Zwick from season five on . The series chronicles the lives of various fictitious country music singers in Nashville , Tennessee , starring Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes , a legendary country music superstar , whose stardom begins fading , and Hayden Panettiere as rising younger star Juliette Barnes . Britton left the show in season five . The series premiered on ABC , on October 10 , 2012 , and had more than 8.93 million viewers . In May 2016 , ABC cancelled the show . In June 2016 , it was picked up by CMT for a fifth season . On December 1 , 2016 , it was announced that a preview of episode one would air on December 15 , 2016 , with the season starting on January 5 , 2017 , along with a set of new producers , writers , and showrunners . A live aftershow , NashChat , began airing live across social media platforms on Thursday , January 5 , and aired immediately after every new episode during season five . On April 10 , 2017 , CMT renewed Nashville for a 16-episode sixth season that debuted on January 4 , 2018 . Filming began on September 27 , 2017 . On November 17 , 2017 , it was announced that the sixth season would be the show 's final season , as CMT moved to all unscripted programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Avery Barkley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avery_Barkley', 'summary': "Nashville is an American musical drama television series . It was created by Academy Award winner Callie Khouri and produced by R. J. Cutler , Khouri , Steve Buchanan , Marshall Herskovitz , and Edward Zwick . The series stars Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes , a legendary country music superstar whose stardom has begun to fade , and Hayden Panettiere as a rising younger star , Juliette Barnes . This is a list of cast members , as well as recurring and guest stars . A number of country musicians and celebrities also appear as themselves , including Brad Paisley , Katie Couric , Kelly Clarkson , Conan O'Brien , Luke Bryan , and Michelle Obama ."}]}, {'value': 'Main cast ; 121 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NashChat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guest host ; week 4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)_1', 'intro': 'Jonathan Stevens Jackson (born May 11, 1982) is an American actor, musician (see Enation) and author. His first well known character was Lucky Spencer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital, a role that has won him five Emmy Awards. In 2002, he played Jesse Tuck in the film Tuck Everlasting. In 2004 he started the band Enation with his brother, actor and drummer Richard Lee Jackson and friend Daniel Sweatt. From 2012-2018, he portrayed Avery Barkley in the ABC/CMT musical drama series, Nashville.'}
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Who was the host of the series in which Jonathan Jackson acted in the episode If a Tree Falls ?
|
Henry Rollins
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03cba9f24f7d0d44
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_2._deild_karla', 'title': '2013 2. deild karla', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', '2012 season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Afturelding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélagið_Afturelding', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Afturelding , commonly known as Afturelding or UMFA , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Mosfellsbær located just north of the capital Reykjavík . The club was founded in 1909 and today is primarily known for its handball , football and volleyball teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Mosfellsbær', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosfellsbær', 'summary': "Mosfellsbær is a town in south-west Iceland , some 12 kilometres ( 7 miles ) east of the country 's capital , Reykjavík . The town of Mosfellsbær is only a 15-minute drive from midtown Reykjavík . The district includes the Leiruvogur cove , which forms part of Kollafjörður fjord . Three rivers empty into the cove : Leirvogsá , Kaldakvísl and Varmá . Mosfellsbær provides numerous opportunities for outdoor and leisure activities , close to untouched nature . There has been a systematic development of outdoor recreational areas for residents , their guests and tourists . Often called the green town , this town enjoys thermal activity and quite a few greenhouses have been built here . Since 1933 it has supplied the capital area with natural hot water for house heating , swimming pools , etc . The mountainous area around the town is ideal for walks and hikes , skiing and fishing for trout and char in the small lakes . The Nobel Prize laureate for literature in 1955 , Halldór Laxness ( 1902-1998 ) , was an honorary citizen of the town . He lived there all his life and based some of his novels on his experiences and impressions of his surroundings ."}]}, {'value': 'Varmárvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalvík/Reynir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalvík/Reynir', 'summary': 'Dalvík/Reynir is an Icelandic football club based in Dalvík . The club was formed in 2006 after the merger between UMFS Dalvík & Reynir Árskógsströnd'}]}, {'value': 'Dalvík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalvík', 'summary': "Dalvík is the main village of the Icelandic municipality of Dalvíkurbyggð . Its population is approximately 1,400 . The town 's name means valley bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalvíkurvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grótta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Grótta', 'summary': "Íþróttafélagið Grótta ( English : Grótta Sports Club ) is an Icelandic sports club based in the town of Seltjarnarnes , in the Capital Region . The club is best known for its women 's handball team that won the national championship in 2015 and 2016 , but also has departments for gymnastics , football and powerlifting ."}]}, {'value': 'Seltjarnarnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seltjarnarnes', 'summary': 'Seltjarnarnes is a Township in Southwest Constituency , Capital Region , Iceland . Seltjarnarnes is beside Reykjavik . It took on its current political form shortly after the Second World War and was formally created as a township in 1947 . It is the smallest Icelandic township by land .'}]}, {'value': 'Gróttuvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnudeild_Hamars', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélagið Hamar ( better known as Hamar ) is an Icelandic football club from the town of Hveragerði located just south-east of the capital Reykjavík .'}]}, {'value': 'Hveragerði', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hveragerði', 'summary': "Hveragerði is a town and municipality in the south of Iceland located 45 km to the east of Reykjavík on Iceland 's main ringroad , Route 1 . The river Varmá runs through the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Grýluvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handknattleiksfélag_Kópavogs', 'summary': 'Handknattleiksfélag Kópavogs ( HK ) or HK Iceland is an Icelandic sports club from the town of Kópavogur , mainly known for its football and handball teams . The club has a football team playing in the top tier of Icelandic football .'}]}, {'value': 'Kópavogur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kópavogur', 'summary': "Kópavogur ( Icelandic pronunciation : \u200b [ ˈkʰoːupavɔɣʏr̥ ] ) is a town in Iceland that is the country 's second largest municipality by population . It lies immediately south of Reykjavík and is part of the Capital Region . The name literally means seal pup inlet . The town seal contains the profile of the church Kópavogskirkja with a seal pup underneath . Kópavogur is largely made up of residential areas , but has commercial areas and much industrial activity as well . The tallest building in Iceland , the Smáratorg Tower , is located in central Kópavogur ."}]}, {'value': 'Kópavogsvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Höttur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélagið_Höttur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélagið Höttur is an Icelandic sports club from Egilsstaðir in the center , of the east side of Iceland . It is primarily known for its basketball , football and track & field departments but also fields departments in badminton , gymnastics , handball , swimming , taekwondo and volleyball . The club was founded in 1952 as Ungmennafélagið Höttur . On 19 february 1974 it merged with Knattspyrnufélagið Spyrnir and became Íþróttafélagið Höttur .'}]}, {'value': 'Egilsstaðir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egilsstaðir', 'summary': 'Egilsstaðir is a town in east Iceland on the banks of the Lagarfljót river . It is part of the municipality of Fljótsdalshérað , the county seat of Norður-Múlasýsla and the largest settlement of the Eastern Region with , as of 2016 , a population of 2,306 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'Vilhjálmsvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1. deild , 11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ÍR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Íþróttafélag_Reykjavíkur', 'summary': 'Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur or ÍR ( Reykjavik Athletic ) is an Icelandic sport club , based in the suburb of Breiðholt in Reykjavík . It has teams in football , handball , basketball , athletics , tenpin bowling , skiing , karate , taekwondo and judo .'}]}, {'value': 'Reykjavík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reykjavík', 'summary': "Reykjavík ( /ˈreɪkjəvɪk , -viːk/ RAYK-yə-vik , -\u2060veek ; Icelandic : [ ˈreiːcaˌviːk ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Iceland . It is located in southwestern Iceland , on the southern shore of Faxaflói bay . Its latitude is 64°08 ' N , making it the world 's northernmost capital of a sovereign state . [ a ] With a population of around 128,793 ( and 228,231 in the Capital Region ) , it is the center of Iceland 's cultural , economic and governmental activity , and is a popular tourist destination . Reykjavík is believed to be the location of the first permanent settlement in Iceland , which , according to Landnámabók , was established by Ingólfr Arnarson in AD 874 . Until the 19th century , there was no urban development in the city location . The city was founded in 1785 as an official trading town and grew steadily over the following decades , as it transformed into a regional and later national centre of commerce , population , and governmental activities . It is among the cleanest , greenest , and safest cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Hertzvöllurinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1. deild , 12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélag_Vesturbæjar', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélag Vesturbæjar , commonly known as KV , is an Icelandic sports club from the capital city , Reykjavík in the area of Vesturbær . It is best known for its football team but has also fielded teams in other sports , such as basketball and handball .'}]}, {'value': 'Reykjavík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reykjavík', 'summary': "Reykjavík ( /ˈreɪkjəvɪk , -viːk/ RAYK-yə-vik , -\u2060veek ; Icelandic : [ ˈreiːcaˌviːk ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Iceland . It is located in southwestern Iceland , on the southern shore of Faxaflói bay . Its latitude is 64°08 ' N , making it the world 's northernmost capital of a sovereign state . [ a ] With a population of around 128,793 ( and 228,231 in the Capital Region ) , it is the center of Iceland 's cultural , economic and governmental activity , and is a popular tourist destination . Reykjavík is believed to be the location of the first permanent settlement in Iceland , which , according to Landnámabók , was established by Ingólfr Arnarson in AD 874 . Until the 19th century , there was no urban development in the city location . The city was founded in 1785 as an official trading town and grew steadily over the following decades , as it transformed into a regional and later national centre of commerce , population , and governmental activities . It is among the cleanest , greenest , and safest cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'KR-völlur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Njarðvík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungmennafélag_Njarðvíkur', 'summary': "Ungmennafélag Njarðvíkur is an Icelandic multi-sports club based in Njarðvík , Reykjanesbær , on the south-west peninsula of Iceland . It is primarily known for its men 's basketball team which has won the national championship 17 times . Its women 's basketball team won the national championship and the basketball cup in 2012 . The club also fields departments in football , swimming , power lifting , judo and triathlon ."}]}, {'value': 'Njarðvík', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Njarðvík', 'summary': 'Njarðvík is a town in southwestern Iceland , on the peninsula of Reykjanes . As of 2009 , its population was 4,400 .'}]}, {'value': 'Njarðvíkurvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reynir S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reynir_Sandgerði', 'summary': 'Reynir Sandgerði , sometimes known as Reynir S. , is an Icelandic sports club based in Sandgerði on the Reykjanes peninsular . The club has active departments in football , basketball and swimming .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandgerði', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandgerði', 'summary': "Sandgerðisbær is a former Icelandic municipality located in southwestern Iceland on the Southern Peninsula . In 2018 it merged with Garður to create the new municipality of Suðurnesjabær . Sandgerði began to develop as a fishing village in the second half of the nineteenth century when motorboats took over the rowing boats . The land area of Sandgerðisbær is covers the entire western coast of Miðnes ( Romshvalanes ) north from Garðskagi to Ósabotnar in the south . Inland the land area of Sandgerðisbær stretches into the international airport at Keflavíkurflugvöllur with the air terminal within the municipal boundaries . Reynir football club play in Iceland 's third tier and their basketball team by the same name competes in the 3rd tier of basketball in Iceland as well . In Sandgerði , some noticeable enterprises have also developed into growing tourist industry . One of the most interesting is the Sudurnes Science and Learning Center . A museum and research center , dedicated to natural science and related subjects like water and animal life near the sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandgerðisvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sindri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UMF_Sindri_Höfn', 'summary': 'Ungmennafélagið Sindri , commonly known as Sindri , is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Höfn located on the east coast of Iceland . It fields departments in basketball , football , gymnastics , swimming , track & field and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Höfn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Höfn', 'summary': 'Höfn or Höfn í Hornafirði ( Icelandic pronunciation : \u200b [ ˈhœpn i ˈhɔrtnafɪrðɪ ] ) is an Icelandic fishing town in the southeastern part of the country . It lies near Hornafjörður fjord . The town , the second largest in the southeastern part of Iceland , offers scenic views of Vatnajökull ( the largest ice cap in Europe by volume ) . The community was formerly known as Hornafjarðarbær between 1994 and 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sindravellir', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3. deild , 1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ægir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knattspyrnufélagið_Ægir', 'summary': 'Knattspyrnufélagið Ægir is an Icelandic sports club from the town of Þorlákshöfn , mainly known for its football team . The club has a football team playing in the fifth tier of Icelandic football .'}]}, {'value': 'Þorlákshöfn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Þorlákshöfn', 'summary': "Þorlákshöfn is a town on the southern coast of Iceland in the Municipality of Ölfus . The town is named after Saint Thorlak who was a bishop at Skálholt . Its main importance is as a port as it has the only harbour on Iceland 's southern coastline between Grindavík in the west and Höfn in the east . The port serves a direct weekly cargo ferry to Rotterdam , operated by faroese Smyril Line . It is also one of two departure points for ferries to the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago . Services include restaurants , tourism , golf course , motocross field , camping , sport complex and a swimming pool . The town has several fish processing enterprises ."}]}, {'value': 'Þorlákshafnarvöllur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3. deild , 2nd', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Club information', 'section_text': 'Capital RegionReykjavík : AftureldingGróttaHKÍRKVReynir S.Dalvík/ReynirHamarSindriHötturÆgirNjarðvík Location of teams in the 2013 2. deild karla', 'uid': '2013_2._deild_karla_0', 'intro': "The 2013 2. deild karla (English: Men's Second Division) is the 48th season of third-tier football in Iceland. Twelve teams will contest the league, which as of 2013 is no longer the lowest national division in Iceland following the restructuring of the league pyramid. The fixtures for the 2013 campaign were released by the KSÍ on 10 November 2012; play began on 10 May and concluded on 21 September. The league champions were HK, who finished ahead of second-placed KV on goal difference. Both clubs were therefore promoted to the 1. deild for the 2014 season. At the other end of the table, Hamar and Höttur were both relegated to the 2014 3. deild karla."}
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How far away from Reykjavik is the town that houses Gryluvollur stadium ?
|
45 km
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03cc57854e2378c8
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Amador_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Amador County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '786', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argonaut Mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argonaut_Mine', 'summary': "The Argonaut Mine is a gold mine in Jackson , California , United States . The deposit was discovered 1850 and was the site of the worst gold-mining disaster in the state 's history . [ citation needed ] The mine closed in 1942 and , along with the nearby Kennedy Mine , is registered as California Historical Landmark # 786 . The gold deposit was discovered by two miners , James Hager and William Tudor . The mine 's serious development began in 1893 when it was purchased by the Argonaut Mining Company . The mine operated until 1942 , reaching a vertical depth of 5,570 feet ( 1,700 m ) via a 63-degree shaft and produced more than $ 25 million in gold ."}]}, {'value': '38°21′53″N 120°47′14″W / 38.364717°N 120.7871°W / 38.364717 ; -120.7871 ( Argonaut Mine )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bar Rd . & Highway 49 38°18′43″N 120°43′12″W / 38.31186°N 120.71993°W / 38.31186 ; -120.71993 ( Big Bar )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butte Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butte_City,_California', 'summary': 'Butte City ( formerly , Butte ) is an unincorporated community in Glenn County , California . It is located on the east bank of the Sacramento River 11 miles ( 18 km ) south-east of Willows , at an elevation of 89 feet ( 27 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'State Highway 49 at milepost 1.4 38°19′32″N 120°44′07″W / 38.325533°N 120.735217°W / 38.325533 ; -120.735217 ( Butte Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': '1001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chaw'se Roundhouse", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Grinding_Rock_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park is a California State Park , preserving an outcropping of marbleized limestone with some 1,185 mortar holes - the largest collection of bedrock mortars in North America . It is located in the Sierra Nevada foothills , 8 miles ( 13 km ) east of Jackson . The park is nestled in a little valley 2,400 feet ( 732 m ) above sea level , with open meadows and large specimens of valley oak that once provided the Miwok peoples of this area with an ample supply of acorns . The 135-acre ( 55 ha ) park was established in 1962 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 . The native name for the site is Chawse , the Miwok word for grinding rock . Upon this rock they ground acorns and other seeds into meal , slowly forming the cup-shaped depressions in the stone , which can still be seen today . Along with the mortar holes , the main grinding rock within the park features a number of petroglyphs : circles , spoked wheels , animal and human tracks , wavy lines , etc . Some of these carvings are thought to be as much as two or three thousand years old and are now becoming difficult to discern . This association of rock art and bedrock mortar pits is unique in California . Except for one other small site , Chaw'se has the only known occurrence of mortars intentionally decorated with petroglyphs ."}]}, {'value': "14881 Pine Grove/Volcano Rd . 38°25′27″N 120°38′36″W / 38.424167°N 120.643333°W / 38.424167 ; -120.643333 ( Chaw'se Roundhouse )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Grove,_Amador_County,_California', 'summary': 'Pine Grove is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It lies at an elevation of 2513 feet ( 766 m ) . The population was 2,219 at the 2010 census . It is located at 38°24′47″N 120°39′32″W / 38.41306°N 120.65889°W / 38.41306 ; -120.65889 , along State Route 88 . The community is in ZIP code 95665 and area code 209 . The current boundaries of Pine Grove include the former mining towns of Clinton and Irishtown . The town also is home to Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park . A post office opened in Pine Grove in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_California', 'summary': 'Clinton ( formerly , Sarahville , Sarahsville , and Lincoln ) is a small town in Amador County , California . It is located 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) south of Pine Grove , at an elevation of 1972 feet ( 601 m ) . Clinton was the center of a placer mining community during the 1850s and of quartz mining as late as the 1880s . This town once decided Amador County elections as its votes were always counted last . Clinton is registered as a California Historical Landmark . A post office operated at Clinton from 1856 to 1859 . Nowadays , Clinton is a picturesque little town made up of an assemblage of homes and historic buildings around the center of town . It has a population of about 45 .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°22′34″N 120°40′06″W / 38.376111°N 120.668333°W / 38.376111 ; -120.668333 ( Clinton )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_California', 'summary': 'Clinton ( formerly , Sarahville , Sarahsville , and Lincoln ) is a small town in Amador County , California . It is located 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) south of Pine Grove , at an elevation of 1972 feet ( 601 m ) . Clinton was the center of a placer mining community during the 1850s and of quartz mining as late as the 1880s . This town once decided Amador County elections as its votes were always counted last . Clinton is registered as a California Historical Landmark . A post office operated at Clinton from 1856 to 1859 . Nowadays , Clinton is a picturesque little town made up of an assemblage of homes and historic buildings around the center of town . It has a population of about 45 .'}]}, {'value': '506', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Community Methodist Church of Ione', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_Methodist_Church_of_Ione', 'summary': 'The Community Methodist Church of Ione , is a United Methodist church in Ione , California , United States . The church is registered as a California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '150 W. Marlette 38°21′00″N 120°55′58″W / 38.35°N 120.932778°W / 38.35 ; -120.932778 ( Community Methodist Church of Ione )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ione', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ione,_California', 'summary': 'Ione ( /aɪˈoʊn/ eye-OWN ; formerly Bed Bug , Bedbug , Freeze Out , Hardscrabble , Ione City , Woosterville , Jone City , Jone Valley , and Rickeyville ) is a city in Amador County , California , United States . The population was 7,918 at the 2010 census , up from 7,129 in 2000 . Once known as Bed-Bug and Freeze Out , Ione was an important supply center on the main road to the Mother Lode and Southern Mines during the California Gold Rush .'}]}, {'value': '762', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'Agostini Winery", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/D'Agostini_Winery", 'summary': "D'Agostini Winery refers to both a winery in Healdsburg , California ( Sonoma County ) owned by Armagan Champagne Cellars as well as the original vineyard and wine cellar located in Plymouth , Amador County , which are owned by Sobon Estate Winery . The original wine cellar is registered as a California Historical Landmark . It is the third-oldest winery in the state , started in 1856 by Adam Uhlinger , a Swiss immigrant , who brought grapevines with him from Europe to Amador County . It was thought to be the first place where Zinfandel was planted in California , but later research has shown that many people were involved in bringing Zinfandel to California and that it is impossible to determine who truly was first . It is , however , the oldest in the state to continuously make Zinfandel and some of the original vines are even still in production . In 1911 , the winery and its 125 acres ( 0.51 km2 ) of vineyard were purchased by Enrico D'Agostini , whom the winery is now named after . Armagan Champagne Cellars purchased the business in 1984 , and the Amador County vineyard and wine cellar were sold to the Sobon family in 1989 . Thus , bottles sold under the D'Agostini label are produced by Armagan , but wine produced from the original vines comes from Sobon . The original wine cellar , with walls made from rock quarried from nearby hills , hand-hewn beams , and oak casks , is still standing and is now part of the Shenandoah Valley Museum , which displays agriculture and wine artifacts ."}]}, {'value': "14430 Shenandoah Rd . 38°31′59″N 120°45′18″W / 38.533°N 120.755°W / 38.533 ; -120.755 ( D'Agostini Winery )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plymouth,_California', 'summary': 'Plymouth ( formerly , Puckerville , Pokerville , and Poker Camp ) is a city in Amador County , California , United States . The population was 1,005 at the 2010 census . The town was originally named Pokerville , when it was settled during the time of the Gold Rush . Plymouth is commonly now known as a Gateway to Shenandoah Valley , a popular wine-producing region in the Sierra foothills . The Ione Band of Miwok Indians , a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people , is headquartered in Plymouth .'}]}, {'value': '788', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. Stewart Co. Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D._Stewart_Company_Store', 'summary': "D. Stewart Company Store was the first building in Ione , California , United States . It was a general store . It opened in 1856 . It 's listed as a California Historical Landmark ."}]}, {'value': '18 E. Main St. 38°21′10″N 120°55′59″W / 38.352828°N 120.933001°W / 38.352828 ; -120.933001 ( D. Stewart Co. Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ione', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ione,_California', 'summary': 'Ione ( /aɪˈoʊn/ eye-OWN ; formerly Bed Bug , Bedbug , Freeze Out , Hardscrabble , Ione City , Woosterville , Jone City , Jone Valley , and Rickeyville ) is a city in Amador County , California , United States . The population was 7,918 at the 2010 census , up from 7,129 in 2000 . Once known as Bed-Bug and Freeze Out , Ione was an important supply center on the main road to the Mother Lode and Southern Mines during the California Gold Rush .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drytown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drytown,_California', 'summary': 'Drytown ( formerly , Dry Town ) is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It is located 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) south of Plymouth on Dry Creek , at an elevation of 646 feet ( 197 m ) . The population at the 2010 census was 167 . The town is registered as a California Historical Landmark . The community is in ZIP code 95699 and area code 209 . Today Drytown is home to a population of less than 200 people and about 5 antiques stores . But once before it was a well-known hotspot thanks to the gold mines with a population of 10,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°26′28″N 120°51′16″W / 38.441111°N 120.854444°W / 38.441111 ; -120.854444 ( Drytown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drytown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drytown,_California', 'summary': 'Drytown ( formerly , Dry Town ) is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It is located 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) south of Plymouth on Dry Creek , at an elevation of 646 feet ( 197 m ) . The population at the 2010 census was 167 . The town is registered as a California Historical Landmark . The community is in ZIP code 95699 and area code 209 . Today Drytown is home to a population of less than 200 people and about 5 antiques stores . But once before it was a well-known hotspot thanks to the gold mines with a population of 10,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irishtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irishtown,_California', 'summary': 'Irishtown ( also , Irish Town ) is a former settlement in Amador County , California . It was located 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) south-southwest of Pine Grove , at an elevation of 1972 feet ( 601 m ) . The townsite lies within the boundaries of Pine Grove . Irishtown is a former Miwok settlement .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°23′20″N 120°40′29″W / 38.388889°N 120.674722°W / 38.388889 ; -120.674722 ( Irishtown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Grove,_Amador_County,_California', 'summary': 'Pine Grove is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It lies at an elevation of 2513 feet ( 766 m ) . The population was 2,219 at the 2010 census . It is located at 38°24′47″N 120°39′32″W / 38.41306°N 120.65889°W / 38.41306 ; -120.65889 , along State Route 88 . The community is in ZIP code 95665 and area code 209 . The current boundaries of Pine Grove include the former mining towns of Clinton and Irishtown . The town also is home to Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park . A post office opened in Pine Grove in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Gate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Bar Rd . & Highway 49 38°22′05″N 120°46′32″W / 38.367964°N 120.775486°W / 38.367964 ; -120.775486 ( Jackson Gate )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': '786', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kennedy Mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennedy_Mine', 'summary': "The Kennedy Gold Mine is a gold mine in Jackson , California , one of the deepest mines on the Mother Lode . It closed in 1942 and together with nearby Argonaut Mine , is registered as California Historical Landmark No . 786 . It has since been re-opened as a tourist attraction . The mine is named for Andrew Kennedy , an Irish immigrant , who reportedly discovered a quartz outcropping in the late 1850s near what is now State Route 49 . The Kennedy Mining Company was formed in 1860 when he and three partners began digging shafts near today 's mine property entrance . The mine operated sporadically until it closed in 1878 . In 1886 fifteen people invested $ 97,600 to reopen the mine under the corporate entity of the Kennedy Mining and Milling Company . In 1898 the company began sinking a new shaft 1,950 feet ( 591 m ) east of the original shafts . This East Shaft would eventually reach a vertical depth of 5,912 feet ( 1,792 m ) , the deepest vertical depth gold mine in North America at the time . In 1928 a surface fire burned all the structures except two . All other buildings and foundations were built after 1928 ."}]}, {'value': '38°21′53″N 120°47′14″W / 38.364717°N 120.7871°W / 38.364717 ; -120.7871 ( Kennedy Mine )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kirkwood 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirkwood_Inn_&_Saloon', 'summary': "The Kirkwood Inn & Saloon ( also known as Kirkwood Station or Kirkwood 's ) is a restaurant and bar located in Kirkwood , California , United States . It 's situated at the intersection of three county lines : Alpine , Amador , and El Dorado counties , at 7,800 feet ( 2,400 m ) up . It was built in 1864 and is a California Historical Landmark ."}]}, {'value': "Hwy 88 & Carson Pass 38°42′10″N 120°04′21″W / 38.702683°N 120.072417°W / 38.702683 ; -120.072417 ( Kirkwood 's )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirkwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirkwood,_California', 'summary': "Kirkwood ( formerly , Kirk , Kirkwood 's , and Roundtop ) is a census-designated place in Alpine and Amador counties , California , United States . The population was 158 at the 2010 census . Kirkwood 's main attraction is the Kirkwood Mountain Resort . The town is accessible by State Route 88 . Kirkwood is within the Eldorado National Forest ."}]}, {'value': '1007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knight Foundry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knight_Foundry', 'summary': "Knight Foundry , also known as Knight 's Foundry and Shops , is a cast iron foundry and machine shop in Sutter Creek , California . It was established in 1873 to supply heavy equipment and repair facilities to the gold mines and timber industry of the Mother Lode . Samuel N. Knight developed a high speed , cast iron impulse water turbine which was a forerunner of the Pelton wheel design . Knight Wheels were used in some of the first hydroelectric plants in California , Utah , and Oregon . This site is the last water-powered foundry and machine shop in the United States . A 42-inch ( 107 cm ) Knight Wheel drives the main line shaft , with smaller water motors powering other machines ."}]}, {'value': '81 Eureka St. 38°23′36″N 120°47′01″W / 38.393333°N 120.783611°W / 38.393333 ; -120.783611 ( Knight Foundry )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sutter Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sutter_Creek,_California', 'summary': "Sutter Creek ( formerly spelled Sutter 's Creek and Suttercreek ; formerly named Suttersville , commonly referred to as the Sausalito of the foothills ) is a city in Amador County , California , United States . The population was 2,501 at the 2010 census , up from 2,303 at the 2000 census . It is accessible via State Route 49 ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancha Plana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancha_Plana,_California', 'summary': 'Lancha Plana ( flat boat in Spanish ; formerly , Sonora Bar ) was a small settlement in Amador County , California , formed as a result of a flatboat ferry crossing across the Mokelumne River . It was founded by Mexican settlers in 1848 . It lay on the north bank of the Mokelumne River , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south-southeast of Ione , at an elevation of 220 feet ( 67 m ) . The remnants of the town were submerged as a result of the damming of the river to form the Camanche Reservoir . Lancha Plana Bridge crosses the lake now about where the town once stood . Lancha Plana is registered as a California Historical Landmark . A post office operated at Lancha Plana from 1859 to 1919 , with a closure from 1912 to 1913 .'}]}, {'value': 'North shore of Camanche Reservoir 38°13′29″N 120°54′07″W / 38.224722°N 120.901944°W / 38.224722 ; -120.901944 ( Lancha Plana )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camanche_Reservoir', 'summary': 'Camanche Reservoir is an artificial lake in the San Joaquin Valley in California in the United States , at the juncture of Amador , Calaveras , and San Joaquin counties . Its waters are impounded by Camanche Dam , which was completed in 1963 . Camanche Reservoir is a source of water for industrial and municipal purposes and also provides flood control . The lake was named after the former town of Camanche that now lies beneath its waters . The lake has also been called Camanche Lake and Lake Camanche . Camanche Reservoir has recreation areas throughout the lake , which are mainly located on the North and South shores .'}]}, {'value': 'Buena Vista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Amador_County,_California', 'summary': 'Buena Vista ( formerly , The Corners ) is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It lies at an elevation of 295 feet ( 90 m ) . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south-southeast of Ione , at 38°17′40″N 120°54′48″W / 38.29444°N 120.91333°W / 38.29444 ; -120.91333 . The community is in ZIP code 95640 and area code 209 . The population was 429 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Maiden 's Grave", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carson_Pass', 'summary': 'Carson Pass is a mountain pass on the crest of the central Sierra Nevada , in the Eldorado National Forest and Alpine County , eastern California . The pass is traversed by California State Route 88 . It lies on the Great Basin Divide , with the West Fork Carson River on the east and the South Fork American River on the west . The historic pass was a point on the Carson Trail during the California Gold Rush and was used for American Civil War shipping to California until the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad . The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the Carson Pass summit , which has California Historical Landmark # 315 at CA 88 postmile 6.09 where Kit Carson carved his name into a tree .'}]}, {'value': "Carson Pass 38°37′54″N 120°10′16″W / 38.6318°N 120.171233°W / 38.6318 ; -120.171233 ( Maiden 's Grave )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carson_Pass', 'summary': 'Carson Pass is a mountain pass on the crest of the central Sierra Nevada , in the Eldorado National Forest and Alpine County , eastern California . The pass is traversed by California State Route 88 . It lies on the Great Basin Divide , with the West Fork Carson River on the east and the South Fork American River on the west . The historic pass was a point on the Carson Trail during the California Gold Rush and was used for American Civil War shipping to California until the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad . The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the Carson Pass summit , which has California Historical Landmark # 315 at CA 88 postmile 6.09 where Kit Carson carved his name into a tree .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirkwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirkwood,_California', 'summary': "Kirkwood ( formerly , Kirk , Kirkwood 's , and Roundtop ) is a census-designated place in Alpine and Amador counties , California , United States . The population was 158 at the 2010 census . Kirkwood 's main attraction is the Kirkwood Mountain Resort . The town is accessible by State Route 88 . Kirkwood is within the Eldorado National Forest ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Bar,_California', 'summary': 'Middle Bar is a former mining town on the Mokelumne River in Amador County , California . It is a California Historical Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Bar Rd at Mokelumne River', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}, {'value': '662', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Emigrant Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Highway 88 at Mud Lake Rd . 38°38′15″N 120°08′32″W / 38.637386°N 120.142214°W / 38.637386 ; -120.142214 ( Old Emigrant Road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirkwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirkwood,_California', 'summary': "Kirkwood ( formerly , Kirk , Kirkwood 's , and Roundtop ) is a census-designated place in Alpine and Amador counties , California , United States . The population was 158 at the 2010 census . Kirkwood 's main attraction is the Kirkwood Mountain Resort . The town is accessible by State Route 88 . Kirkwood is within the Eldorado National Forest ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oleta ( Old Fiddletown )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiddletown,_California', 'summary': "Fiddletown ( from 1878 to 1932 , Oleta ) is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It lies at an elevation of 1683 feet ( 513 m ) . It is located at 38°30′14″N 120°45′20″W / 38.50389°N 120.75556°W / 38.50389 ; -120.75556 . The town is registered as a California Historical Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places ( NPS-78000655 ) . The community is in ZIP code 95629 and area code 209 . Fiddletown 's population was 235 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°30′14″N 120°45′20″W / 38.503889°N 120.755556°W / 38.503889 ; -120.755556 ( Oleta ( Old Fiddletown ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiddletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiddletown,_California', 'summary': "Fiddletown ( from 1878 to 1932 , Oleta ) is a census-designated place in Amador County , California . It lies at an elevation of 1683 feet ( 513 m ) . It is located at 38°30′14″N 120°45′20″W / 38.50389°N 120.75556°W / 38.50389 ; -120.75556 . The town is registered as a California Historical Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places ( NPS-78000655 ) . The community is in ZIP code 95629 and area code 209 . Fiddletown 's population was 235 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneer Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Native_Daughters_of_the_Golden_West', 'summary': 'Native Daughters of the Golden West is an American non-profit organization for women born in California . The organization focuses on the care and preservation of California history . Its brother organization in this purpose is the Native Sons of the Golden West .'}]}, {'value': '113 Main St. 38°20′57″N 120°46′27″W / 38.349067°N 120.774283°W / 38.349067 ; -120.774283 ( Pioneer Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_California', 'summary': 'Jackson ( formerly , Botilleas , Botilleas Spring , Bottileas , Bottle Spring , and Botellas ) is the county seat of Amador County , California . The population was 4,651 at the 2010 census , up from 3,989 at the 2000 census . The city is accessible by both State Route 49 and State Route 88 .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Amador County , California . Click the `` Map of all coordinates '' link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below .", 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Amador_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Amador County, California. Click the Map of all coordinates link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.'}
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What city is the Landmark owned by Armagan Champagne Cellars in ?
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Plymouth
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03ce0c8c2e98decc
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Older_Dirt_Male_Horse', 'title': 'American Champion Older Dirt Male Horse', 'header': ['Year', 'Horse', 'Age', 'Trainer', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Accelerate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accelerate_(horse)', 'summary': "Accelerate ( foaled May 10 , 2013 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse , best known for winning the 2018 Breeders ' Cup Classic . He established his reputation when defeating champion Arrogate in the 2017 GII San Diego Handicap , and prior to his Breeders ' Cup success won the GI Santa Anita Handicap , GI Gold Cup at Santa Anita Stakes , GI Pacific Classic Stakes , and the GI Awesome Again Stakes . He is one of three horses from the 2013 foal crop to win the Breeders ' Cup Classic , along with Arrogate in 2016 , and Gun Runner in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Sadler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_W._Sadler', 'summary': "John W. Sadler ( born July 30 , 1956 in Long Beach , California ) is an American horse trainer in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing . Sadler got his first win in 1979 at Golden Gate Fields racetrack in the San Francisco Bay Area . Since then he has developed into a prominent figure in California racing , and has won numerous important races including the 2018 Breeders ' Cup Classic . In April 1991 John Sadler won the first match race in the history of Santa Anita Park when Valiant Pete , winner of the 1990 California Cup Sprint , equaled the world record of 0:44 2/5 for four furlongs in defeating champion American Quarter Horse Griswold in a $ 100,000 winner-take-all race . At Hollywood Park on June 28 , 2008 , Sadler won three stakes races when Whatsthescript won the Grade II American Handicap , Dearest Trickski triumphed in the Grade II A Gleam Handicap , and Emmy Darling won the Landaluce Stakes . On December 26 , 2010 , he repeated this performance at Santa Anita , as Twirling Candy won the Grade I Malibu Stakes , Switch won the Grade I La Brea Stakes and Sidney 's Candy won the Grade II Sir Beaufort Stakes . Sadler won 3 stakes races for the third time at Hollywood Park on July 17 , 2012 when Scherer Magic won the Grade III Hollywood Juvenile Championship , Switch in the Grade II A Gleam Handicap , and Lady of Shamrock in the Grade I Hollywood Oaks . Sadler in 2011 surpassed $ 70 million earned in purses . His purse earnings passed $ 100 million in 2015 . In November 2012 , John Sadler won his 2,000th race when Rooster City won a claiming race at Betfair Hollywood Park . Sadler has won training titles at Hollywood Park , Santa Anita , Del Mar . Other top runners for Sadler include Alpha Kitten , Appealing Missy , Belmont Cat , Black Mamba , Cost of Freedom , Dawn After Dawn , Dearest Trickski , Evita Argentina , Frost Free , Geronimo , Get Funky , Hasty Kris , Healthy Addiction , Lady of Shamrock , Musique Toujours , Noble Court , Oil Man , Olympic Prospect , Tasha 's Miracle , Taste of Paradise , Three Peat , Tizbud , Track Gal , Victory Encounter and Zappa ."}]}, {'value': 'Hronis Racing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gun Runner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gun_Runner_(horse)', 'summary': "Gun Runner ( foaled March 8 , 2013 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the 2017 American Horse of the Year after winning four Grade I races at age four . He retired with earnings of nearly $ 16 million . As a three-year-old , he became one of the early favorites for the 2016 Kentucky Derby after winning both the Risen Star Stakes and Louisiana Derby . Following a third-place finish in the Kentucky Derby , he won the Matt Winn Stakes and Clark Handicap , and was second in the Breeders ' Cup Dirt Mile and Pennsylvania Derby . As a four-year-old in 2017 , he finished second in the Dubai World Cup , then went on to win the Stephen Foster Handicap , Whitney Stakes , Woodward Stakes , and Breeders ' Cup Classic . His performance in the Whitney earned him a rating of 127 in the August 2017 update of the World 's Best Racehorse Rankings , ranking him in third place worldwide . His Woodward win earned him a Timeform US rating of 142 , the highest ever achieved . Prior to retiring to stud as a five-year-old , he also won the 2018 Pegasus World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Asmussen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Asmussen', 'summary': "Steven Mark Asmussen ( born November 18 , 1965 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . He is a two-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2016 . His horses have won the Breeders ' Cup Classic , Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , Breeders ' Cup Distaff , Kentucky Oaks and Dubai World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Winchell Thoroughbreds & Three Chimneys Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Chimneys_Farm', 'summary': "Three Chimneys Farm is an American Thoroughbred race horse breeding farm in Midway , Kentucky established in 1972 by Mr. & Mrs. Robert N. Clay . Widely known as one of the world 's preeminent horse farms , Three Chimneys has been home to a number of famous horses including U.S . Triple Crown champion Seattle Slew , U.S. Filly Triple Crown champion Chris Evert , as well as Silver Charm , Chief 's Crown , Genuine Risk , Point Given , Slew o ' Gold , Capote , Smarty Jones , and Big Brown . In 2012 , the Three Chimneys stallion roster includes Rahy , Point Given , Yes It 's True , Flower Alley , Good Reward , Sky Mesa , War Chant , and Big Brown . Flower Alley sired the 2012 Kentucky Derby Winner and Preakness Stakes winner , I 'll Have Another . Three Chimneys was the first thoroughbred breeding farm to advertise on the Internet . It also launched a series of commercials in 2006 to be aired during the Triple Crown races . The first one was a CGI of swimming sperm patterned after the positions in the 2000 Breeders ' Cup Mile , won in dramatic fashion by Three Chimneys stallion War Chant , with the message , To make a champion , begin with the first race . The rest were in the form of dating personals from several of the farm 's stallions , seeking mares . Personalized letter commercials were made for Barbaro in 2006 and Big Brown in 2008 . In April 2008 , The Kentucky region of the Make-A-Wish Foundation and Three Chimneys Farm teamed up to grant a young boy 's wish of meeting Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Smarty Jones . His experience was chronicled June 30 during SportsCenter 's My Wish series on ESPN ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Chrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Chrome', 'summary': "California Chrome ( foaled February 18 , 2011 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . He was named the 2014 and 2016 American Horse of the Year . He won the 2014 Kentucky Derby , the Preakness Stakes , and the 2016 Dubai World Cup . In 2016 , he surpassed Curlin as the all-time leading North American horse in earnings won . Bred in California , the chestnut-colored horse was named for his flashy white markings , called chrome by horse aficionados . He was bred and originally owned by Perry Martin from Yuba City , California , and Steve Coburn of Topaz Lake , Nevada , who named their partnership DAP Racing , standing for Dumb Ass Partners - a tongue-in-cheek response to a passerby who questioned their wisdom in purchasing California Chrome 's dam , Love the Chase . In 2015 , Coburn sold his minority share to Taylor Made Farm , and a new ownership group , California Chrome , LLC , was formed . The horse is trained by the father-son team of Art and Alan Sherman . Dedicated fans - called Chromies - actively supported California Chrome , who has been called the people 's horse . As a two-year-old , the horse ran inconsistently until teamed with jockey Victor Espinoza . The rapport that developed between the pair led to a six-win streak in 2013-2014 . After winning the San Felipe Stakes and Santa Anita Derby , California Chrome was the morning line favorite for the Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art Sherman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Sherman', 'summary': "Art Sherman ( born February 17 , 1937 ) is an American horse trainer and former jockey . At the age of 77 he became the oldest trainer to win the Kentucky Derby . He began his career as a stable hand for Rex Ellsworth and Mesh Tenney . While working in Ellsworth 's barn , he was the exercise rider for the 1955 Kentucky Derby winner Swaps and 1956 Kentucky Derby entrant Terrang . In 1957 , Sherman became a licensed jockey , enjoying modest success , and began training horses in 1979 . Sherman had trained ten Graded stakes winners and is credited with over 2,100 wins prior to becoming the trainer of California Chrome . He was hired to train California Chrome in 2013 , due to his old school training techniques . Prior to the 2014 Kentucky Derby , he had conditioned the horse through four consecutive wins , and California Chrome entered the Derby as the favorite and won . Two weeks later , California Chrome also won the 2014 Preakness Stakes . Sherman is married and has two sons , Alan and Steve , both in the horse training business ."}]}, {'value': 'California Chrome LLC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Chrome_LLC', 'summary': "The ownership of California Chrome during his racing career was held by two entities . The first was DAP Racing , a horse racing partnership between Perry Martin from Yuba City , California , and Steve Coburn of Topaz Lake , Nevada , along with their spouses , Denise Martin and Carolyn Coburn . DAP stands for Dumb Ass Partners - a tongue-in-cheek response to a passerby who questioned their wisdom in purchasing the partnership 's first racehorse , the mare Love the Chase , who became the dam of 2014 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner California Chrome , her first foal . Coburn owned a 30% interest in the horse and in July 2015 sold his share to Taylor Made Farm . Following the sale , Martins and Taylor Made each sold a few shares in the stallion to select breeders who would support the horse , forming the ownership syndicate California Chrome , LLC . The DAP partnership had jointly owned other horses , including California Chrome 's full siblings and his dam , Love the Chase ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honor Code', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honor_Code_(horse)', 'summary': "Honor Code ( foaled March 1 , 2011 ) is a Thoroughbred racehorse bred in Kentucky , USA . He was sired by A.P . Indy , son of Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew and out of mare Weekend Surprise , who was sired by another Triple Crown winner : Secretariat . His dam is Serena 's Cat , a granddaughter of Hall of Famer Serena 's Song . Honor Code is known for his running style , in which he falls far behind the field early and closes with a rush to the wire . Honor Code 's 2013 two-year-old debut saw him win from 22 lengths behind at Saratoga Race Course . He went on to win the Remsen Stakes and also finished second in the Champagne Stakes . He was considered a favorite for the 2014 Kentucky Derby , but an injury in March 2014 took him out of contention . Sidelined for much of 2014 by a leg injury , he returned to racing in November 2014 to win a 6 1/2 furlong allowance race/optional claiming race at Aqueduct Race Track . In March 2015 , he returned to graded stakes racing by taking the Gulfstream Park Handicap running against the favorite , Private Zone , who had won the 2014 Grade I Cigar Mile Handicap . On June 6 , 2015 , Honor Code won the Metropolitan Handicap at Belmont Park . On August 7 , 2015 , Honor Code won the Whitney Handicap by a nose over Liam 's Map , with Tonalist third ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude R. McGaughey III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_R._McGaughey_III', 'summary': "Claude R. Shug McGaughey III ( born January 6 , 1951 ) is an American Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse trainer . McGaughey began working as a trainer in 1979 and to date has won more than 240 graded stakes races . In 1986 , he got his big break when Ogden Phipps hired him to train his stable of horses . In 1988 , McGaughey won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer in the United States . Among his many wins , he has captured the Jockey Club Gold Cup three times , the Travers Stakes four times , and won the 1989 Belmont Stakes with Hall of Fame Champion Easy Goer as well as the 2013 Kentucky Derby with Orb . McGaughey 's nine Breeders ' Cup victories ranks second to D. Wayne Lukas . Among the other horses he has trained are back-to-back Breeders ' Cup Mile winner Lure and Hall of Famer Personal Ensign . McGaughey has accomplished the rare trifecta of training a Breeders ' Cup winner , her daughter , and her granddaughter in the troika of Personal Ensign , My Flag and Storm Flag Flying . In 2013 he won his first Kentucky Derby with Orb . In 2004 , McGaughey was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . At his induction ceremony , he said : My deepest debt of gratitude always has been and always will be to the Phipps family and My affiliation with the Phipps family is one of the great highlights of my life . I would n't be here without them ."}]}, {'value': "Lane 's End Racing", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lane's_End_Farm", 'summary': "Lane 's End Farm is a Thoroughbred horse breeding farm in Versailles , Kentucky established in 1979 . The original land was part of Bosque Bonita Farm and was originally owned by Abraham Buford , a Confederate Army General . The land was later bought by horseman John H. Morris . Now owned and operated by the Farish family , Lane 's End Farm has become one of the major breeding farms in North America ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main Sequence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Main_Sequence_(horse)', 'summary': "Main Sequence ( foaled 13 February 2009 ) is a Kentucky-bred Thoroughbred racehorse . In his first three seasons he raced in Europe winning his first four races including the Lingfield Derby Trial before losing his unbeaten record when finishing second in the 2012 Epsom Derby . After failing to win in 2013 he was gelded and sent to race in the United States . In 2014 he recorded Grade I victories in his first four American starts , winning the United Nations Stakes , Sword Dancer Invitational Handicap , Joe Hirsch Turf Classic Invitational Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Turf . He extended his winning run in his first start of 2015 but was retired from racing after suffering a serious tendon injury in his third race of the season ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graham Motion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Motion', 'summary': "H. Graham Motion ( born May 22 , 1964 in Cambridge , England ) is an American horse trainer , notable for his work with 2011 Kentucky Derby winner Animal Kingdom and Better Talk Now . Motion started out training and winning with his own Thoroughbred horses at age 29 , and his first win was with Bounding Daisy in March 1993 at Laurel Park Racecourse . Graham 's father worked as a bloodstock agent . He worked for Johnathan Shepard as an assistant trainer from 1985 through 1990 . He then worked as an assistant under trainer Bernie Bond in 1991 , then assumed Bond 's stable when the trainer retired after 1992 . Motion now lives in Fair Hill , Maryland ."}]}, {'value': 'Flaxman Holdings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flaxman_Holdings', 'summary': "Stavros Spyros Niarchos ( Greek : Σταύρος Σπύρος Νιάρχος , pronounced [ ˈstavros ˈspiros 'ɲarxos ] ; 3 July 1909 - 16 April 1996 ) was a billionaire Greek shipping tycoon . Starting in 1952 , he had the world 's biggest supertankers built for his fleet . Propelled by both the Suez Crisis and an increasing demand for oil , he and rival Aristotle Onassis became giants in global petroleum shipping . Niarchos was also a noted thoroughbred horse breeder and racer , several times the leading owner and number one on the French breed list ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wise Dan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wise_Dan', 'summary': "Wise Dan ( foaled February 20 , 2007 ) is a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse . He is the first horse to win the same three Eclipse Awards in consecutive years , having been named American Horse of the Year , Champion Older Male and Champion Male Turf Horse in 2012 and 2013 . In a racing career which began in 2010 , he has won nineteen Graded stakes races , including victories on turf , dirt , and two types of synthetic surface . Unraced as a two-year-old , Wise Dan won the Phoenix Stakes in 2010 but was well beaten when taking on top-class opposition in the Breeders ' Cup Sprint . In the latter half of 2011 , he won twice at Grade II level before winning the Grade I Clark Handicap in November . In 2012 , Wise Dan won five more races , including Woodbine Mile , Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes , and Breeders ' Cup Mile . By autumn , he was the most highly rated active racehorse in North America . In 2013 , Wise Dan won six of his seven races , repeating his wins in the Woodbine Mile and the Breeders ' Cup Mile as well as taking the Maker 's Mark Mile Stakes and the Woodford Reserve Turf Classic . After two wins in early 2014 , he underwent surgery for colic in mid-May and was out for over two months for recovery . Returning to racing with a victory in the Grade II Bernard Baruch Handicap , he also won the Shadwell Turf Mile for a second time , after which he developed an ankle injury that sidelined him until the following year . Although he went back into training and was preparing for another run in the 2015 Woodbine Mile , he developed a tendon injury unrelated to the fracture suffered in 2014 and was retired on September 7 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Lopresti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Lopresti', 'summary': "Charles LoPresti ( born September 21 , 1957 ) is an American race horse trainer best known as trainer of two-time Breeders ' Cup Mile winner and Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year champion Wise Dan , who was also American Champion Older Male Horse and American Champion Male Turf Horse . Unusual for modern American horse trainers , he is based year-round at Keeneland Race Course and does not move his training stable from track to track throughout the year . He chooses to give his horses time off in the winter and does not race-year-round ."}]}, {'value': 'Morton Fink', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wise Dan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wise_Dan', 'summary': "Wise Dan ( foaled February 20 , 2007 ) is a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse . He is the first horse to win the same three Eclipse Awards in consecutive years , having been named American Horse of the Year , Champion Older Male and Champion Male Turf Horse in 2012 and 2013 . In a racing career which began in 2010 , he has won nineteen Graded stakes races , including victories on turf , dirt , and two types of synthetic surface . Unraced as a two-year-old , Wise Dan won the Phoenix Stakes in 2010 but was well beaten when taking on top-class opposition in the Breeders ' Cup Sprint . In the latter half of 2011 , he won twice at Grade II level before winning the Grade I Clark Handicap in November . In 2012 , Wise Dan won five more races , including Woodbine Mile , Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes , and Breeders ' Cup Mile . By autumn , he was the most highly rated active racehorse in North America . In 2013 , Wise Dan won six of his seven races , repeating his wins in the Woodbine Mile and the Breeders ' Cup Mile as well as taking the Maker 's Mark Mile Stakes and the Woodford Reserve Turf Classic . After two wins in early 2014 , he underwent surgery for colic in mid-May and was out for over two months for recovery . Returning to racing with a victory in the Grade II Bernard Baruch Handicap , he also won the Shadwell Turf Mile for a second time , after which he developed an ankle injury that sidelined him until the following year . Although he went back into training and was preparing for another run in the 2015 Woodbine Mile , he developed a tendon injury unrelated to the fracture suffered in 2014 and was retired on September 7 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Lopresti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Lopresti', 'summary': "Charles LoPresti ( born September 21 , 1957 ) is an American race horse trainer best known as trainer of two-time Breeders ' Cup Mile winner and Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year champion Wise Dan , who was also American Champion Older Male Horse and American Champion Male Turf Horse . Unusual for modern American horse trainers , he is based year-round at Keeneland Race Course and does not move his training stable from track to track throughout the year . He chooses to give his horses time off in the winter and does not race-year-round ."}]}, {'value': 'Morton Fink', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acclamation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acclamation_(horse)', 'summary': 'Acclamation ( foaled 16 May 2006 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire . After showing promising , but unremarkable , form in his first two seasons of racing , he emerged as a top-class turf performer in 2010 when he won the Jim Murray Memorial Handicap and the Charles Whittingham Handicap . In the following season , he improved again , repeating his wins in the Jim Murray Handicap and the Charles Whittingham Handicap and adding wins in the Eddie Read Stakes , Pacific Classic ( on a synthetic track ) and the Clement L. Hirsch Turf Championship . At the end of the year , he was voted American Champion Older Male Horse . In an abbreviated 2012 season , he won a third Charles Whittingham Handicap and a second Eddie Read Stakes before being retired after winning his last seven races .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Warren', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old English Rancho', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blame_(horse)', 'summary': "Blame ( foaled May 2 , 2006 ) is a retired American champion Thoroughbred racehorse , a winner of nine races in 13 starts including the prestigious Breeders ' Cup Classic . Blame is a bay homebred stallion owned by Claiborne Farm in association with Adele B. Dilschneider . He was sired by Claiborne 's Arch out of the Seeking the Gold mare Liable ( the 2010 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year ) . He was trained during his racing career by Albert Stall Jr. and partnered with veteran jockey Garrett Gomez during his 2010 championship season . He never finished out of the money in his racing career ; along with his nine wins , he finished second twice and third twice . After being retired at the end of 2010 , he was sent to stud at Claiborne Farm ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Stall Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Stall_Jr.', 'summary': "Albert M. Stall , Jr. ( born on October 10 , 1961 in New Orleans , Louisiana ) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer best known for winning the 2010 Breeders ' Cup Classic in which his horse Blame defeated the great filly , Zenyatta . He is the son of Al Stall Sr. ( died 2017 ) who was the chairman of the Louisiana Racing Commission for 28 years . He first gained experience training racehorses by working with Frank Brothers during high school holidays before attending college where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Geology . He worked in the oil industry before becoming a trainer . He is now married to his wife Nicole . Stall has two kids , Greta and Albert.Greta being his favorite ."}]}, {'value': 'Claiborne Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claiborne_Farm', 'summary': 'Claiborne Farm is a thoroughbred horse breeding operation near Paris , Kentucky . It was established in 1910 by Arthur B. Hancock , owner of Ellerslie Farm in Albemarle County , Virginia , and has been operated by members of his family ever since .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gio Ponti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gio_Ponti_(horse)', 'summary': "Gio Ponti ( foaled February 28 , 2005 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred race horse who was the Champion Turf Horse in 2009 and 2010 , and finished second to Zenyatta in the 2009 Breeder 's Cup Classic . He was sired by Tale of the Cat , a son of Storm Cat , out of the stakes-placed Alydar mare Chipeta Springs , making him half-brother to stakes-winner Fisher Pond . During his racing career , Gio Ponti was owned by Castleton Lyons and trained by Christophe Clement.ref > http : //www.registry.jockeyclub.com/registry.com/ [ permanent dead link ] < /ref >"}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christophe Clement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christophe_Clement', 'summary': 'Christophe Clement ( born November 1 , 1965 in Paris , France ) is a Thoroughbred horse trainer in the United States , who won the 2014 Belmont Stakes with Tonalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Castleton Lyons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castleton_Lyons', 'summary': 'Castleton Lyons near Lexington , Kentucky , is an American horse racing stable and breeding business best known by the name Castleton Farm . The farm was established in 1793 when Virginian John Breckinridge , a future U.S . Senator and Attorney General , purchased 2,467 acres ( 10 km² ) of land and on a portion of it established a Thoroughbred horse breeding operation . On his death , the property transferred to his daughter , the then Mrs. David Castleman who eventually built a mansion on the horse farm site and gave it the family name . Under Mr. & Mrs. Castleman , Castleton Farm continued as a Thoroughbred operation , but would add the breeding of American Saddlebreds as well as Standardbreds for harness racing . The original property changed hands several times , occasionally small parts being divied up and sold to multiple different parties . In the early 1890s Wall Street tycoon James R. Keene acquired the farm and purchased additional land to bring the operation to almost 1,000 acres ( 4 km² ) . Keene usually referred to the farm as Castleton Stud and under his direction it became one of the greatest Thoroughbred operations of its day . The farm bred and/or raced future U.S. racing Hall of Fame horses Kingston , Domino , Ben Brush , Colin , Sysonby , Maskette , and Peter Pan . As part of a program honoring important horse racing tracks and racing stables , the Pennsylvania Railroad named its baggage car # 5865 the Castleton Farm . Upon the death of James R. Keene in 1913 , the farm was taken over by his son Foxhall P. Keene . He continued the operation on a slightly reduced basis but sold it in the 1920s to fellow New Yorker , David Look .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curlin', 'summary': "Curlin ( foaled March 25 , 2004 , in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and from 2008 until 2016 was the highest North American money earner with over US $ 10.5 million accumulated . His major racing wins include the 2007 Preakness Stakes , 2007 Breeders ' Cup Classic , and 2008 Dubai World Cup . Curlin was sired by Smart Strike , a former star from the Sam-Son Farm racing team in Ontario , Canada . Smart Strike is a half-brother of 1991 Canadian Triple Crown winner Dance Smartly . He is out of the mare Sherriff 's Deputy , a daughter of Canadian Horse of the Year and two-time North American Champion sire Deputy Minister . The colt was named for Charles Curlin , an African American slave from western Kentucky who fought for the Union Army in the American Civil War . One of his original owners , Shirley Cunningham , Jr. through his interest in Midnight Cry Stables , is Charles Curlin 's great-grandson . In August 2008 , Timeform assigned a 134 rating for Curlin , calling him the best horse in the world on dirt . Curlin was elected to the National Museum of Racing 's Hall of Fame in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Asmussen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Asmussen', 'summary': "Steven Mark Asmussen ( born November 18 , 1965 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . He is a two-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2016 . His horses have won the Breeders ' Cup Classic , Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , Breeders ' Cup Distaff , Kentucky Oaks and Dubai World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Stonestreet Stables /Midnight Cry Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jess_Stonestreet_Jackson_Jr.', 'summary': "Jess Stonestreet Jackson Jr. ( February 18 , 1930 - April 21 , 2011 ) was an American wine entrepreneur , lawyer and self-made businessman . He started the Kendall-Jackson wine business with the family 's 1974 purchase of an 80-acre ( 32 ha ) pear and walnut orchard in Lakeport , California that was converted to a vineyard . The first release of Vintner 's Reserve Chardonnay in 1982 closed the gap between the super premium and cheap wine market . As of 2010 , Vintner 's Reserve Chardonnay was one of the most popular wines on the market . His style as a vintner was focused upon single-vineyard , mountain grown wines ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawyer Ron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawyer_Ron', 'summary': 'Lawyer Ron ( March 1 , 2003 - July 11 , 2009 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Stonewall Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stonewall_Farm', 'summary': 'Stonewall Farm ( AKA Stonewall Dominion ) is a thoroughbred race horse breeding farm in Versailles , Kentucky established in 1852 . It is named for its famous stone wall built during the Civil War by Irishman John Kearney in 1863 . Originally owned by Major Warren Viley , it was known as Woodford ( County ) Stud . Lexington , Leading sire in North America 16 times , stood at stud there in the 1860s and 1870s .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invasor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasor_(horse)', 'summary': "Invasor ( foaled August 3 , 2002 ) is a Thoroughbred racehorse bred in Argentina by Haras Clausan ( Haras Santa Ines ) . The winner of the 2005 Triple Crown in Uruguay , he was later purchased by Sheik Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum , who paid approximately US $ 1.4 million for the horse . His two biggest wins were the 2006 Breeders ' Cup Classic , in which he defeated heavily favored Bernardini and highly fancied Lava Man , and the 2007 Dubai World Cup , the world 's richest horse race . He finished racing with a record of eleven wins in twelve starts and career earnings of $ 7,804,070 . He was voted the Eclipse Award for American Horse of the Year and led the year-end World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings in 2006 . In 2013 he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs , New York ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiaran McLaughlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiaran_McLaughlin', 'summary': 'Kiaran P. McLaughlin ( born November 15 , 1960 in Lexington , Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer best known for training 2006 Horse of the Year Invasor .'}]}, {'value': 'Shadwell Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadwell_Racing', 'summary': "Shadwell Racing is the Thoroughbred horse racing operations of Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum , Deputy Ruler of Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Introduced to Thoroughbred flat racing while a student in the United Kingdom , Sheikh Hamdan established his first racing stable there in 1981 . Over the years he has invested heavily in both racing and breeding and has acquired major operations in England , Ireland and the United States . He owns eight stud farms worldwide containing over 200 regally bred mares and many top stallions . Six of these are in the county of Suffolk , England , three near Thetford - Nunnery , Melton and Snarehill Studs - plus the Salsabil Stud near Bury St. Edmunds , Elmswell Park Stud and Beech House Stud just outside Newmarket . The other two are Derrinstown Stud in Maynooth , County Kildare , Ireland and the 3200 acre Shadwell Farm near Lexington , Kentucky . The Nunnery Stud is where the whole British breeding operation is controlled and currently standing there are Aqlaam , Nayef , Mawatheeq and Sakhee , as well as Green Desert , now pensioned . In the past Nashwan , Unfuwain and Haafhd also stood there . Beech House Stud is used as a base for Shadwell 's private mares , both Thoroughbred and Arabian . The paddocks are also used to winter the private Arabian young stock before they are broken in at Snarehill . Elmswell Park Stud and Salsabil Stud are located deep in the Suffolk countryside . These operations together look after Sheikh Hamdan 's private mares ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Liam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Liam', 'summary': "Saint Liam ( April 13 , 2000 - August 22 , 2006 ) was an American thoroughbred racehorse who was voted 2005 Eclipse Award Horse of the Year honors after winning the Donn Handicap , Stephen Foster , Woodward Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Classic . He died in 2006 due to a freak accident , leaving behind a single crop of foals that included Horse of the Year Havre de Grace ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard E. Dutrow Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_E._Dutrow_Jr.', 'summary': 'Richard E. Rick Dutrow Jr. ( born August 5 , 1959 in Hagerstown , Maryland ) is an American thoroughbred racehorse trainer . He is currently serving a ten-year suspension administered by the racing commission in New York .'}]}, {'value': 'M/M William K. Warren Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghostzapper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghostzapper', 'summary': "Ghostzapper ( foaled April 6 , 2000 ) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Breeders ' Cup Classic in 2004 , outdistancing Roses in May by three lengths in a track record time of 1:59.02 . His gate-to-wire Classic victory completed a 4-for-4 season , which earned him the 2004 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year . He was also ranked World 's Top Ranked Horse for 2004 as compiled by the World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings . Although he only raced eleven times in his career , his performances earned him the highest accolades from horse racing publications . Ghostzapper was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert J. Frankel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_J._Frankel', 'summary': "Robert Julian Frankel ( July 9 , 1941 - November 16 , 2009 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse trainer whom ESPN called one of the most successful and respected trainers in the history of thoroughbred racing . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1995 , and was a five-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer . Often referred to as Bobby by others , he preferred and always used Robert . Frankel set the single-season world record for most Grade/Group I victories in 2003 with 25 Grade I wins , a record that stood until it was beaten by Aidan O'Brien in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Stronach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Stronach', 'summary': 'Frank Stronach , CM ( born 6 September 1932 ) is an Austrian and Canadian businessman and politician . He is the founder of Magna International , an international automotive parts company based in Aurora , Ontario , Canada , Granite Real Estate , and Stronach Group , which specializes in horse-racing . With an estimated net worth of $ CAD 3.12 billion ( as of November 2013 ) , Stronach was ranked by Canadian Business as the 19th wealthiest Canadian . In 2011 , he entered Austrian politics : founding the Stronach Institute to campaign for classical liberalism [ citation needed ] and against the euro . In 2012 , he founded the political party Team Stronach for Austria .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mineshaft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mineshaft_(horse)', 'summary': "Mineshaft ( foaled May 17 , 1999 , in Kentucky ) was a multi-millionaire American thoroughbred racehorse and successful stallion . He was sired by 1992 U.S . Horse of the Year and U.S . Racing Hall of Fame inductee A.P . Indy , who in turn was a son of 1977 U.S . Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew . His dam , Prospectors Delite , is by leading North American sire Mr. Prospector . Bred and owned by the partnership of William S. Farish III , W. Temple Webber , Jr. and James Elkins , Mineshaft is a product of Lane 's End Farm . He finished racing with a record of 10-3-1 in 18 starts and career earnings of $ 2,283,402 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neil J. Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_J._Howard', 'summary': 'Neil J. Howard ( February 23 , 1949 in Riverdale , Bronx , New York ) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer . Howard began working for a racing stable in 1969 and went on to spend seven years as an assistant and stable foreman to future Hall of Fame trainer MacKenzie Miller before going out on his own in 1979 . With Summer Squall , in 1990 Neil Howard won the second leg of the U.S . Triple Crown series , the Preakness Stakes and in 2003 trained Mineshaft to American Horse of the Year honors .'}]}, {'value': 'W. S. Farish /W . T. Webber/J . Elkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_S._Farish_III', 'summary': 'William Stamps Farish III ( born March 17 , 1939 , in Houston , Texas ) is an American businessman and a former US ambassador to the UK from 2001 until 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_Bank_(horse)', 'summary': 'Left Bank ( May 9 , 1997 - October 7 , 2002 ) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael B. Tabor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Tabor', 'summary': 'Michael Barry Tabor ( born 28 October 1941 ) is a British businessman , bookmaker , gambler and owner of thoroughbred racehorses . Tabor regularly appears on the Sunday Times Rich List of the richest people in Britain . In 2012 his fortune was estimated to be £550 million ; two years previously the business magazine Management Today had suggested it was $ 2 billion .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiznow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiznow', 'summary': "Tiznow ( foaled March 12 , 1997 in California ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for his wins in the Breeders ' Cup Classic in 2000 and 2001 , becoming the only horse to win this race twice . He was the 2000 American Horse of the Year and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay M. Robbins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_M._Robbins', 'summary': "Jay M. Robbins ( born December 2 , 1945 , in Pasadena , California ) is an American trainer in thoroughbred horse racing based in California . He is the son of veterinarian Dr. Jack Robbins , President and founding Director of Oak Tree Racing Association . Jay Robbins trained Tiznow , who won the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year in 2000 and who is the only horse to win two Breeders ' Cup Classic ."}]}, {'value': "Cee 's Stable", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lemon Drop Kid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lemon_Drop_Kid', 'summary': 'Lemon Drop Kid ( foaled May 26 , 1996 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire . Best known for winning the 1999 Belmont Stakes , he was also the champion older horse of 2000 after winning the Brooklyn , Suburban , Whitney Handicaps and the Woodward Stakes .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotty Schulhofer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotty_Schulhofer', 'summary': 'Flint S. Scotty Schulhofer ( May 30 , 1926 - December 14 , 2006 ) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeanne G. Vance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victory Gallop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victory_Gallop', 'summary': 'Victory Gallop ( foaled May 30 , 1995 , in Ontario , Canada ) is a Canadian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse . As a three-year-old , he won the Belmont Stakes , denying Real Quiet the Triple Crown . At four , he won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Older Male Horse .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W. Elliott Walden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._Elliott_Walden', 'summary': 'W. Elliott Walden ( born February 10 , 1963 in Lexington , Kentucky ) is the President and CEO of racing operations for WinStar Farm near Versailles , Kentucky and a former Thoroughbred racehorse trainer .'}]}, {'value': 'Prestonwood Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prestonwood_Farm', 'summary': 'WinStar Farm is an American Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing farm near Versailles , Kentucky , owned by Kenny Troutt . It is the owner of Justify , winner of the 2018 Triple Crown , along with Super Saver , winner of the 2010 Kentucky Derby ; Drosselmeyer , winner of the 2010 Belmont Stakes ; and Creator , winner of the 2016 Belmont Stakes . It stands several notable stallions , including Tiznow , Distorted Humor and Pioneerof the Nile , sire of American Pharoah . WinStar Farm won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Owner in 2010 and also won the Outstanding Breeder award in 2016 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Honorees -- Eclipse Award for Champion Older Dirt Male', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'American_Champion_Older_Male_Horse_0', 'intro': 'The title of American Champion Older Dirt Male Horse is an American Thoroughbred horse racing honor awarded annually to a stallion or gelding, four years old and up, for performances on dirt and main track racing surfaces. In 1971, it became part of the Eclipse Awards program as the award for Champion Older Male Horse. The award originated in 1936 when the Daily Racing Form (DRF) began naming an annual champion. In the same year, the Baltimore-based Turf and Sports Digest magazine instituted a similar award. Starting in 1950, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations (TRA) began naming its own champion. The following list provides the name of the horses chosen by these organizations. Whenever there were different champions named, the horses are listed side-by-side with the one chosen as champion by the Daily Racing Form noted with the letters (DRF), the one chosen by the Thoroughbred Racing Associations by the letters (TRA) and the one chosen by Turf and Sports Digest by the letters (TSD). Prior to 1971 this award was referred to as Champion Handicap Male Horse. The Daily Racing Form version was open to any horse, three years old and up and this award was given to some Champions at the age of three, such as Citation, Buckpasser, Damascus and Arts and Letters. Champions from 1887 through 1935 were selected retrospectively by a panel of experts as published by The Blood-Horse magazine. In 2015, the Daily Racing Form, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations, and the National Turf Writers Association decided that the award would be renamed and awarded to older horses proficient in dirt and main track races.'}
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What is the name of the father of the horse trained by Christophe Clement ?
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Tale of the Cat
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03cf1e1fc0a4c034
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsters', 'title': 'James Marsters', 'header': ['Year', 'No', 'Title'], 'data': [{'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storm Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_Front_(novel)', 'summary': 'Storm Front is a 2000 fantasy novel by American writer Jim Butcher . It is the first novel in The Dresden Files , his first published series , and it follows the character of Harry Dresden , professional wizard . The novel was later adapted into a pilot for a SyFy channel television series .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fool Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fool_Moon_(novel)', 'summary': "Fool Moon is a 2001 contemporary fantasy novel by author Jim Butcher . It is the second novel in The Dresden Files , which follows the character of Harry Dresden , present-day Chicago 's only professional wizard ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grave Peril', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grave_Peril_(novel)', 'summary': "Grave Peril is a 2001 urban fantasy novel by author Jim Butcher . It is the third novel in The Dresden Files , which follows the character of Harry Dresden , present-day Chicago 's only professional wizard ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summer Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summer_Knight', 'summary': "Summer Knight is a 2002 New York Times Bestselling contemporary fantasy novel by author Jim Butcher . It is the fourth novel in The Dresden Files , which follows the character of Harry Dresden , present-day Chicago 's only professional wizard ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Masks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Masks_(novel)', 'summary': 'Death Masks is a 2003 novel by science fiction and fantasy author Jim Butcher . It is the fifth novel in The Dresden Files , his first published series that follows the character of Harry Dresden , professional wizard . This book is published by New American Library with the ISBN 0-451-45940-7 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blood Rites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blood_Rites_(novel)', 'summary': "Blood Rites is the 6th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead Beat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Beat_(novel)', 'summary': "Dead Beat is the 7th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden . It is available in print and e-book ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proven Guilty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proven_Guilty_(novel)', 'summary': "Proven Guilty is the 8th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden . Proven Guilty had a release date of May 2 , 2006 . Harry Dresden has spent years being watched and suspected by the White Council 's Wardens . But now he is a Warden , and it 's a worse role than he thought . So when movie monsters start coming to life on his watch , it 's officially up to him to put them back where they came from . Only this time , his client is the White Council , and his investigation can not fail - no matter who falls under suspicion , no matter the cost . The cover art by illustrator Christian McGrath depicts Harry on a street corner with his glowing staff . On Butcher 's website , the first 3 chapters may be previewed ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Night_(novel)', 'summary': "White Night is the 9th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden . The cover art by illustrator Christian McGrath depicts Harry walking down a snowy street with his glowing staff ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Small Favor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Small_Favor', 'summary': "Small Favor is the tenth book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden . The book stayed on the New York Times Best Seller list for 3 weeks following its release , attaining the number 2 spot during its first week . Small Favor is available as an eBook and an audio CD ( ISBN 0-14-314339-5 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turn Coat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turn_Coat', 'summary': "Turn Coat is the 11th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden . It debuted at number one on the New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover fiction ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changes_(novel)', 'summary': "Changes is the 12th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing series about wizard detective Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden . Changes was released on April 6 , 2010 , and debuted at # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller List for Hardcover Fiction , dropping to # 3 in its second week on the list ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Side Jobs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Side_Jobs', 'summary': 'Besides the novels of The Dresden Files , author Jim Butcher has written several shorter works appearing in the same universe . Most are told from the point of view of Harry Dresden , as are the novels , but some take the point of view of other characters .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghost Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghost_Story_(The_Dresden_Files)', 'summary': "Ghost Story is the 13th book in The Dresden Files , Jim Butcher 's continuing urban fantasy series about Chicago wizard Harry Dresden ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cold Days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Days_(novel)', 'summary': 'Cold Days is a 2012 bestselling novel by Jim Butcher and the 14th book in the ongoing The Dresden Files series . The book was first published on November 27 , 2012 through Roc Hardcover and continues the adventures of wizard detective Harry Dresden .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skin Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skin_Game_(novel)', 'summary': 'Skin Game is a novel in The Dresden Files series by Jim Butcher . It is the 15th novel in the series . It follows the protagonist , Harry Dresden as he teams up with former enemies to rob a vault belonging to Hades , lord of the Underworld .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Working for Bigfoot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_short_fiction', 'summary': 'Besides the novels of The Dresden Files , author Jim Butcher has written several shorter works appearing in the same universe . Most are told from the point of view of Harry Dresden , as are the novels , but some take the point of view of other characters .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brief Cases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_short_fiction', 'summary': 'Besides the novels of The Dresden Files , author Jim Butcher has written several shorter works appearing in the same universe . Most are told from the point of view of Harry Dresden , as are the novels , but some take the point of view of other characters .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Audiobooks', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'James_Marsters_3', 'intro': "James Wesley Marsters (born August 20, 1962) is an American actor, musician and voice actor. He is best known for his role as the English vampire Spike in The WB series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off, Angel. Since then, he has played the alien super villain Brainiac on the Superman-inspired series Smallville, Captain John Hart on Torchwood and terrorist Barnabas Greeley in Syfy's Caprica. He appeared in a supporting role in the film P.S. I Love You, as Victor Hesse in the Hawaii Five-0 reboot, Victor Stein in the Marvel series Runaways and as the voice of Zamasu in the Funimation dub of Dragon Ball Super."}
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What TV channel used the first audio book that James Marsters narrated for the premiere of a television show ?
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SyFy channel
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03d0c4c187ed6b81
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_known_surviving_buildings', 'title': 'List of oldest known surviving buildings', 'header': ['Building', 'Location', 'First Built', 'Use', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Theopetra cave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theopetra_cave', 'summary': 'Theopetra Cave is located in Thessaly , Greece , on the north-east side of a limestone rock formation , 3 km ( 2 mi ) south of Kalambaka . The site has become increasingly important as human presence is attributed to all periods of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic , the Mesolithic , Neolithic and beyond , bridging the Pleistocene with the Holocene .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '21000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stone wall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The oldest known human-made structure . The structure is a stone wall that blocked two-thirds of the entrance to the Theopetra cave near Kalambaka on the north edge of the Thessalian plain . It was constructed 23,000 years ago , probably as a barrier to cold winds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tell Qaramel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tell_Qaramel', 'summary': 'Tell Qaramel ( also Tel Qaramel or Tel al-Qaramel , Arabic : تل القرامل ) is a tell , or archaeological mound , located in the north of present-day Syria , 25 km north of Aleppo and about 65 km south of the Taurus mountains , adjacent to the river Quweiq that flows to Aleppo .'}]}, {'value': 'Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syria', 'summary': "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '11000-9670 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Towers/Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The oldest known tower structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Göbekli Tepe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe', 'summary': "Göbekli Tepe ( Turkish : [ ɟœbecˈli teˈpe ] , Turkish for Potbelly Hill ) is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey approximately 12 km ( 7 mi ) northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa . The tell ( artificial mound ) has a height of 15 m ( 49 ft ) and is about 300 m ( 980 ft ) in diameter . It is approximately 760 m ( 2,490 ft ) above sea level . The tell includes two phases of use , believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt , dating back to the 10th-8th millennium BCE . During the first phase , belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) , circles of massive T-shaped stone pillars were erected - the world 's oldest known megaliths . More than 200 pillars in about 20 circles are currently known through geophysical surveys . Each pillar has a height of up to 6 m ( 20 ft ) and weighs up to 10 tons . They are fitted into sockets that were hewn out of the bedrock . In the second phase , belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) , the erected pillars are smaller and stood in rectangular rooms with floors of polished lime . The site was abandoned after the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) . Younger structures date to classical times . The details of the structure 's function remain a mystery ."}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '9500-8400 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceremonial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The oldest known human-made religious structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tower of Jericho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_of_Jericho', 'summary': 'The Tower of Jericho is an 8.5-metre-tall ( 28 ft ) stone structure , built in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period around 8000 BCE . It is among the earliest stone monuments of humanity . The Wall of Jericho was discovered by John Garstang during the excavations of 1930 to 1936 , which he suggested were those described in the Book of Joshua in the Bible and dated to around 1400 BCE . Kathleen Kenyon discovered the tower built against the wall inside the town during excavations between 1952 and 1958 , in trench I. Kenyon provided evidence that both constructions dated much earlier , to the Neolithic , which is the latest part of the Stone Age , and were part of an early proto-city . The tower highlights the importance of Jericho for the understanding of settlement patterns in the Sultanian period in the southern Levant .'}]}, {'value': 'Palestinian territories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palestinian_territories', 'summary': 'The term Palestinian territories has been used for many years to describe the territories occupied by Israel since 1967 , namely the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip . More recently , the official United Nations ( UN ) terminology has been used , occupied Palestinian territory ( OPT or oPt ) increasingly replacing other terms since 1999 . The European Union ( EU ) also has adopted this usage . The term Occupied Palestinian Territory was used by the UN and other international organizations between October 1999 and December 2012 to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority . The EU had utilized a parallel term Palestinian Authority territories occasionally during the same period . The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) referred to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , as the Occupied Palestinian Territory and this term was used as the legal definition by the ICJ in the ruling in July 2004 . The West Bank and Gaza Strip had been ruled by Jordan and Egypt , respectively , since the 1948 war until 1967 . Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the Six-Day War of 1967 and has since maintained control . In 1980 , Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and has proclaimed the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital . The inclusion , though never formally amounting to legal annexation , was condemned internationally and declared null and void by the United Nations Security Council . The Palestinian National Authority , the United Nations , the international legal and humanitarian bodies and the international community regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank , and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories . The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area , although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests .'}]}, {'value': '8000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensive/agricultural', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'See also Wall of Jericho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wall_of_Jericho', 'summary': 'The Wall of Jericho was a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) defensive or flood protection wall suggested to date to approximately 8000 BCE . If interpreted as an urban fortification , the Wall of Jericho is the oldest city wall discovered by archaeologists anywhere in the world . It is built of undressed stones and is located at the archaeological mound known as Tell es-Sultan , in the city of Jericho on the West Bank . The topic of this article is the unique Neolithic-age stone wall , the earliest one of its kind . Other walls , such as contemporary house walls , or later , Bronze and Iron Age city walls , are only mentioned for the sake of context .'}]}, {'value': 'Çatalhöyük', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Çatalhöyük', 'summary': 'Çatalhöyük ( Turkish pronunciation : [ tʃaˈtaɫhœjyc ] ; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük ; from Turkish çatal fork + höyük tumulus ) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia , which existed from approximately 7100 BC to 5700 BC , and flourished around 7000 BC . In July 2012 , it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Çatalhöyük is located overlooking the Konya Plain , southeast of the present-day city of Konya ( ancient Iconium ) in Turkey , approximately 140 km ( 87 mi ) from the twin-coned volcano of Mount Hasan . The eastern settlement forms a mound which would have risen about 20 m ( 66 ft ) above the plain at the time of the latest Neolithic occupation . There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west and a Byzantine settlement a few hundred meters to the east . The prehistoric mound settlements were abandoned before the Bronze Age . A channel of the Çarşamba River once flowed between the two mounds , and the settlement was built on alluvial clay which may have been favorable for early agriculture .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '7400-6200 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Village ruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khirokitia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khirokitia', 'summary': 'Khirokitia ( sometimes spelled Choirocoitia ; Greek : Χοιροκοιτία [ çiɾociˈti.a ] it means Pig-cradle • χοίρος : pig , boar • κοιτίς : place of origin , cradle , Turkish : Hirokitya ) is an archaeological site on the island of Cyprus dating from the Neolithic age . It has been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1998 . The site is known as one of the most important and best preserved prehistoric sites of the eastern Mediterranean . Much of its importance lies in the evidence of an organised functional society in the form of a collective settlement , with surrounding fortifications for communal protection . The Neolithic aceramic period is represented by this settlement and around 20 other similar settlements spread throughout the island .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '5800-3000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houses', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Site has reconstructions of round houses', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durankulak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durankulak', 'summary': "Durankulak ( Bulgarian : Дуранкулак ) is a village in northeastern Bulgaria , part of Shabla Municipality , Dobrich Province . Located in the historical region of Southern Dobruja , Durankulak is the north-easternmost inhabited place in Bulgaria and the northernmost village of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast , although the village itself is slightly inland . Durankulak lies north of the town of Shabla , with the only places to the north along the coast being the formerly exclusively Czechoslovak camping site Kosmos and the Kartalburun and Sivriburun headlands . Durankulak is also the name of the nearby border checkpoint on the Bulgarian-Romanian border ; just north of the border is the Romanian seaside resort Vama Veche . As of 2008 , Durankulak has a population of 471 and the mayor is Zyumbyul Medarov . The village lies at an elevation of 26 metres above mean sea level , on the E87 littoral road , 6 kilometres south of the Romanian border . Durankulak lies 100 km from Varna , 68 km from Dobrich and 60 km from Constanţa . The coastal Lake Durankulak is located to the southeast and the Durankulak Swamp or Eagles ' Swamp ( Орлово блато , Orlovo blato ) is to the northeast , towards the Black Sea - the two are connected by an artificial but overgrown marshy canal . To the northeast of the village is also the Anna Maria beach that continues up to Sivriburun and the border . There is another beach south of the village which extends to Krapets . The village has a cultural centre ( chitalishte ) with a big hall and a small hall , a museum of local history , a small art gallery and a library . There are several monuments dedicated to the peasant revolt of 1900 dating to the 1970s and 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '5500-5000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neolithic settlement', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The excavations of the Paleolithic and Neolithic settlement on the Big Island in Bulgaria 's Durankulak Lake first started in 1974 . They discovered Paleolithic finds dating back to around 10,000 BC ; and a Neolithic settlement dating back to between 5500-5400 BC and 5100-5000 BC . The settlement , which created what is said to be Europe 's first stone city", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perperikon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perperikon', 'summary': 'The ancient Thracian city of Perperikon ( also Perpericon ; Bulgarian : Перперикон , Greek : Περπερικόν ) is located in the Eastern Rhodopes , 15 km northeast of the present-day town of Kardzhali , Bulgaria , on a 470 m high rocky hill , which is thought to have been a sacred place . The village of Gorna krepost ( Upper Fortress ) is located at the foot of the hill and the gold-bearing Perpereshka River flows nearby . Perperikon is the largest megalith ensemble site in the Balkans .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '5000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ancient architectural complex', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Perperikon is the largest megalith ensemble in the Balkans . Human activity in the area dates back to 5000 B.C . The first traces of civilization on the hill date from the Bronze Age , while the ceramics found on the place date from the Early Iron Age , as well as the impressive round altar , almost 2 m in diameter , hewn out of the rocks . At Perperikon , a twelve days ' journey from the sea , Medokos called himself king of Thrace after Sitalces 's death in 424 BC , but failed to hold a throne", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megalith', 'summary': 'A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument , either alone or together with other stones . The adjective megalithic describes structures made of such large stones without the use of mortar [ citation needed ] or concrete , as well as the periods of prehistory characterised by such constructions . There are over 35,000 megaliths in Europe alone , ranging from Sweden to the Mediterranean sea The word was first used in 1849 by the British antiquarian Algernon Herbert in reference to Stonehenge and derives from the Ancient Greek μέγας ( transliteration mégas , meaning great ) and λίθος ( transliteration líthos meaning stone ) . Most known megaliths were erected between the Neolithic period ( although earlier Mesolithic examples are known ) through the Chalcolithic period and into the Bronze Age .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Balkans', 'summary': "The Balkans /ˈbɔːlkənz/ BAWL-kənz , also known as the Balkan Peninsula , is a geographic area in Southeast Europe with various definitions and meanings , including geopolitical and historical . The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria from the Serbian-Bulgarian border to the Black Sea coast . The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest , the Ionian Sea in the southwest , the Aegean Sea in the south , the Turkish Straits in the east , and the Black Sea in the northeast . The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined . The highest point of the Balkans is Mount Musala , 2,925 metres ( 9,596 ft ) , in the Rila mountain range , Bulgaria . The concept of the Balkan peninsula was created by the German geographer August Zeune in 1808 , who mistakenly considered the Balkan Mountains the dominant mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea . The term of Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for Rumelia ( European Turkey ) in the 19th century , the former provinces of the Ottoman Empire in Southeast Europe . It had a geopolitical rather than a geographical definition , further promoted during the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the early 20th century . The definition of the Balkan peninsula 's natural borders do not coincide with the technical definition of a peninsula and hence modern geographers reject the idea of a Balkan peninsula , while scholars usually discuss the Balkans as a region . The term has acquired a stigmatized and pejorative meaning related to the process of Balkanization , and hence the preferred alternative term used for the region is Southeast Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bronze_Age', 'summary': "The Bronze Age is a historical period that was characterized by the use of bronze , and in some areas proto-writing , and other early features of urban civilization . The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system , as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen , for classifying and studying ancient societies . An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin , arsenic , or other metals , or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere . Bronze itself is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time , allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage . Whilst terrestrial iron is naturally abundant , its high melting point of 1,538 °C ( 2,800 °F ) placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the second millennium BC . Tin 's low melting point of 231.9 °C ( 449.4 °F ) and copper 's relatively moderate melting point of 1,085 °C ( 1,985 °F ) placed them within the capabilities of the Neolithic pottery kilns , which date back to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 °C ( 1,650 °F ) . Copper-tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze began in the third millennium BC . Worldwide , the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period , with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition . Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age , in some areas ( such as Sub-Saharan Africa ) , the Iron Age began as early as 2500 BC . Bronze Age cultures differed in their development of the first writing . According to archaeological evidence , cultures in Mesopotamia ( cuneiform script ) and Egypt ( hieroglyphs ) developed the earliest viable writing systems ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pottery', 'summary': 'Pottery is the process of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other ceramic materials , which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard , durable form . Major types include earthenware , stoneware and porcelain . The place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery ( plural potteries ) . The definition of pottery used by the American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM ) , is all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed , except technical , structural , and refractory products . In archaeology , especially of ancient and prehistoric periods , pottery often means vessels only , and figures etc . of the same material are called terracottas . Clay as a part of the materials used is required by some definitions of pottery , but this is dubious .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iron_Age', 'summary': "The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity . It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic , Mesolithic , Neolithic , and Chalcolithic ) and the Bronze Age . The concept has been mostly applied to Europe and the Ancient Near East , and , by analogy , also to other parts of the Old World . The duration of the Iron Age varies depending on the region under consideration . It is defined by archaeological convention , and the mere presence of some cast or wrought iron is not sufficient to represent an Iron Age culture ; rather , the Iron Age begins locally when the production of iron or steel has been brought to the point where iron tools and weapons superior to their bronze equivalents become widespread . For example , Tutankhamun 's meteoric iron dagger comes from the Bronze Age . In the Ancient Near East , this transition takes place in the wake of the so-called Bronze Age collapse , in the 12th century BC . The technology soon spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin region and to South Asia . Its further spread to Central Asia , Eastern Europe , and Central Europe is somewhat delayed , and Northern Europe is reached still later , by about 500 BC . The Iron Age is taken to end , also by convention , with the beginning of the historiographical record . This usually does not represent a clear break in the archaeological record ; for the Ancient Near East the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire c. 550 BC ( considered historical by virtue of the record by Herodotus ) is usually taken as a cut-off date , and in Central and Western Europe the Roman conquests of the 1st century BC serve as marking for the end of the Iron Age . The Germanic Iron Age of Scandinavia is taken to end c. 800 AD , with the beginning of the Viking Age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Altar', 'summary': 'An altar is a structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes . Altars are found at shrines , temples , churches and other places of worship . They are used particularly in Christianity , Buddhism , Hinduism , Judaism ( until the destruction of the Second Temple ) , and Modern Paganism . Many historical faiths also made use of them , including Roman , Greek and Norse religion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sitalces', 'summary': 'Sitalces ( Sitalkes ) ( /sɪˈtælˌsiːz/ ; Ancient Greek : Σιτάλκης , reigned 431 - 424 BC ) was one of the great kings of the Thracian Odrysian state . He was the son of Teres I , and on the sudden death of his father in 431 BC succeeded to the throne . Sitalces enlarged his kingdom by successful wars , and it soon comprised the whole territory from Abdera in the south to the mouths of the Danube in the north , and from the Black Sea in the east to the sources of the Struma in the west . At the commencement of the Peloponnesian war Sitalces entered into alliance with the Athenians , and in 429 BC he invaded Macedon ( then ruled by Perdiccas II ) with a vast army that included 150,000 warriors from independent Thracian tribes ( such as the Dii ) and Paeonian tribes ( Agrianes , Laeaeans ) . [ dubious - discuss ] He was obliged to retire through failure of provisions . Sitalces was killed in 424 by the Thracian Triballi . He was succeeded on the Odrysian throne by Seuthes . Sitalk Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named for Sitalces .'}]}, {'value': 'Les Fouaillages', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guernsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guernsey', 'summary': 'Guernsey ( /ˈɡɜːrnzi/ ( listen ) ; Guernésiais : Guernési ) is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy . It lies roughly north of Saint-Malo and to the west of Jersey and the Cotentin Peninsula . With several smaller nearby islands , it forms a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey , a British Crown dependency . The jurisdiction is made up of ten parishes on the island of Guernsey , three other inhabited islands ( Herm , Jethou and Lihou ) , and many small islets and rocks .'}]}, {'value': '4500 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burial mound and associated building , in use from 4500-4000 and 3000-2000 BC . Findings include pottery sherds , stone tools , jewelry , flint , and arrowheads . Originally covered by a turf mound 35m long', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tumulus de Dissignac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '4500-4000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tumulus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tumulus', 'summary': "A tumulus ( plural tumuli ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves . Tumuli are also known as barrows , burial mounds or kurgans , and may be found throughout much of the world . A cairn , which is a mound of stones built for various purposes , may also originally have been a tumulus . Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape . In this respect , a long barrow is a long tumulus , usually constructed on top of several burials , such as passage graves . A round barrow is a round tumulus , also commonly constructed on top of burials . The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a broad range ; the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape . The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen , a cist , a mortuary enclosure , a mortuary house , or a chamber tomb . Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe . The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound ' or 'small hill ' , which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum- , 'to bulge , swell ' also found in tomb , tumor , tumescent , thumb , thigh , and thousand ."}]}, {'value': 'Two Dolmenic chambers are covered by 15 metre diameter tumulus with corridors 11 metres in length . Substantially rebuilt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Table des Marchand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths', 'summary': 'The Locmariaquer megaliths are a complex of Neolithic constructions in Locmariaquer , Brittany . They comprise the elaborate Er-Grah tumulus passage grave , a dolmen known as the Table des Marchand and The Broken Menhir of Er Grah , the largest known single block of stone to have been transported and erected by Neolithic people .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '4000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolmen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A modern cairn has been rebuilt over the capstone and supporting pillars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Temple of Ba ` alat Gebal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ba`alat_Gebal', 'summary': "Baalat Gebal , 'Lady of Byblos ' , was the goddess of the city of Byblos , Phoenicia in ancient times . She was sometimes known to the Greeks as Baaltis or Atargatis . Baalat Gebal was generally identified with the pan-Semitic goddess Ashtart ( Astarte ) and , like Ashtart , equated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite . However , Sanchuniathon presents Baalat Gebal as a sister of Ashtart and Asherah , and calls Baalat Gebal by the name Dione , meaning that he identified her either with Asherah or with the mother of Greek Aphrodite , the Titan goddess Dione . According to Sanchuniathon , Baaltis/Dione , like Asherah and Ashtart , was a sister and wife of 'El . He states that she bore daughters to El and that it was El who gave the city of Byblos to her . Baalat Gebal was distinguished in iconography from Ashtart or other aspects of Ashtart or similar goddesses by two , tall , upright feathers in her headdress . The temple of Baalat Gebal in Byblos was built around 2700 BC . Dedications from Egyptians begin appearing from the second to the 6th Egyptian dynasties . Two of these inscriptions equate Baalat Gebal with the Egyptian goddess Hathor . Frank Moore Cross writes that at Sinai Baalat seems to have referred to Hathor and possibly to Qudšu ( see Qetesh ) , who is Asherah ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 2700 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Temple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located in the Phoenician city of Byblos , the nearby Temple of the Obelisks dates to c.1900-1600 BC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byblos', 'summary': 'Byblos ( Greek : Βύβλος ) , known locally as Jbeil ( Arabic : جبيل Jubayl ) and in the County of Tripoli as Gibelet , is the largest city in the Mount Lebanon Governorate of Lebanon . It is believed to have been first occupied between 8800 and 7000 BC and continuously inhabited since 5000 BC , making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Pyramid of Sekhemkhet aka the Buried Pyramid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sekhemkhet', 'summary': 'Sekhemkhet ( also read as Sechemchet ) was an ancient Egyptian king ( pharaoh ) of the 3rd dynasty during the Old Kingdom . His reign is thought to have been from about 2648 BC until 2640 BC . He is also known under his later traditioned birth name Djoser-tety and under his Hellenized name Tyreis ( by Manetho ; derived from Teti in the Abydos king list ) . He was probably the brother or eldest son of king Djoser . Little is known about this king , since he ruled for only a few years . However , he erected a step pyramid at Saqqara and left behind a well known rock inscription at Wadi Maghareh ( Sinai Peninsula ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Buried_Pyramid', 'summary': "The Buried Pyramid ( also called the Pyramid of Sekhemkhet ) is an unfinished step pyramid constructed ca . 2645 BC for Sekhemkhet Djoserty . This pharaoh was the second of the Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , which reigned over Egypt circa 2686-2613 BC and is usually placed at the beginning of the Old Kingdom of Egypt . Many historians believe that the third dynasty played an important role in the transition from Early Dynastic Period of Egypt to the Age of the Pyramids . The pyramid may be visited , but the public is not allowed access to the base and substructures . Sekhemkhet Djoserty was also the successor to the better-known pharaoh Djoser , who was buried in his famous step pyramid at Saqqara . The buried pyramid was originally modelled after Djoser 's step pyramid and is located several hundred metres southwest . It is also arguable that the pyramid of Sekhemkhet was originally designed to surpass the step pyramid of Djoser but barely made it above ground level and hence was given the name the Buried Pyramid . Its incompletion is thought to have been due to Sekhemkhet 's short reign as ruler , which was approximately six years ."}]}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 2630 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An unfinished Third Dynasty structure largely hidden under sand . Only the lowest step of the pyramid was constructed at the time of his death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt', 'summary': 'The Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt is the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom . Other dynasties of the Old Kingdom include the Fourth , Fifth and Sixth . The capital during the period of the Old Kingdom was at Memphis .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Sphinx of Giza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza', 'summary': 'The Great Sphinx of Giza , commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx , is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx , a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human . Facing directly from West to East , it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza , Egypt . The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the pharaoh Khafre . Cut from the bedrock , the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with layers of blocks . It measures 73 m ( 240 ft ) long from paw to tail , 20 m ( 66 ft ) high from the base to the top of the head and 19 m ( 62 ft ) wide at its rear haunches . It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been designed , sculpted , and constructed by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the pharaoh Khafre ( c. 2558-2532 BC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': '2558-2532 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The largest monolith statue in the world , possibly completed during the reign of Khafra , although the subject is controversial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monolith', 'summary': 'A monolith is a geological feature consisting of a single massive stone or rock , such as some mountains , or a single large piece of rock placed as , or within , a monument or building . [ citation needed ] Erosion usually exposes the geological formations , which are often made of very hard and solid igneous or metamorphic rock . In architecture , the term has considerable overlap with megalith , which is normally used for prehistory , and may be used in the contexts of rock-cut architecture that remains attached to solid rock , as in monolithic church , or for exceptionally large stones such as obelisks , statues , monolithic columns or large architraves , that may have been moved a considerable distance after quarrying . It may also be used of large glacial erratics moved by natural forces . The word derives , via the Latin monolithus , from the Ancient Greek word μονόλιθος ( monolithos ) , from μόνος ( one or single ) and λίθος ( stone ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Khafra', 'summary': 'Khafra ( also read as Khafre , Khefren and Greek : Χεφρήν Chephren ) was an ancient Egyptian king ( pharaoh ) of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom . He was the son of Khufu and the throne successor of Djedefre . According to the ancient historian Manetho , Khafra was followed by king Bikheris , but according to archaeological evidence he was instead followed by king Menkaure . Khafra was the builder of the second largest pyramid of Giza . The view held by modern Egyptology at large continues to be that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for Khafra . Not much is known about Khafra , except from the historical reports of Herodotus , writing 2,000 years after his life , who describes him as a cruel and heretical ruler who kept the Egyptian temples closed after Khufu had sealed them .'}]}, {'value': "King David 's Palace", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure', 'summary': "The Large Stone Structure ( Hebrew : מבנה האבן הגדול Mivne haEven haGadol ) is the name given to a set of remains interpreted by the excavator , Israeli archaeologist Eilat Mazar , as being part of a single large public building in the City of David , presumably the oldest settlement core of Jerusalem . Mazar tentatively dated the findings to the tenth to ninth century BCE . Mazar chose this particular name for the alleged structure , because of its proximity to another site known as the Stepped Stone Structure . Mazar announced the discovery on the fourth of August 2005 , and stated that she believed it may be the remains of King David 's palace as recorded in the Books of Samuel . The interpretation of the remains as those of one single building , the suggested date , and the association with King David have all been challenged by other well-known archaeologists . The archaeological dig was funded privately by Roger Hertog , an American banker ."}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '1000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Most Likely the ruins of King David 's palace", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David', 'summary': "David [ a ] is described in the Hebrew Bible as the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah , after Ish-bosheth . In the biblical narrative , David is a young shepherd who gains fame first as a musician and later by killing the enemy champion Goliath . He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul 's son Jonathan . Worried that David is trying to take his throne , Saul turns on David . After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle , David is anointed as King . David conquers Jerusalem , taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city , and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul . As king , David commits adultery with Bathsheba , leading him to arrange the death of her husband Uriah the Hittite . Because of this sin , God denies David the opportunity to build the temple , and his son Absalom tries to overthrow him . David flees Jerusalem during Absalom 's rebellion , but after Absalom 's death he returns to the city to rule Israel . Before his peaceful death , he chooses his son Solomon as successor . He is honored in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and the forefather of a future Messiah , and many psalms are ascribed to him . Historians of the Ancient Near East agree that David probably existed around 1000 BCE , but that there is little that can be said about him as a historical figure ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Miscellaneous -- Other structures', 'section_text': 'The following are very old human constructions that do not fit the above criteria for a building , typically because they are ruins that no longer fit the height requirement specified above or for which the only significant above-ground elements are single large stones .', 'uid': 'List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_the_world_4', 'intro': 'This article lists the oldest known surviving free-standing buildings constructed in the world, including on each of the continents and within each country. Building is defined as any human-made structure used or interface for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy. In order to qualify for this list a structure must:'}
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What sea lies east of the mainland of the country containing Theopetra cave ?
|
Aegean Sea
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03d21513ceab6a2b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Klein_(actor)', 'title': 'Chris Klein (actor)', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Election', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Election_(1999_film)', 'summary': "Election is a 1999 American black comedy film directed by Alexander Payne and with a screenplay by Payne and Jim Taylor based on Tom Perrotta 's 1998 novel of the same title . The plot revolves around a high school election and satirizes both suburban high school life and politics . The film stars Matthew Broderick as Jim McAllister , a popular high school social studies teacher in suburban Omaha , Nebraska , and Reese Witherspoon as Tracy Flick , around the time of the school 's student body election . When Tracy qualifies to run for class president , McAllister believes she does not deserve the title and tries to stop her from winning . Although a box office bomb , Election received critical acclaim . The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay , a Golden Globe nomination for Witherspoon in the Best Actress category , and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Film in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Metzler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Pie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Pie_(film)', 'summary': "American Pie is a 1999 American teen sex comedy film written by Adam Herz and directed by brothers Paul and Chris Weitz , in their directorial film debut . It is the first film in the American Pie theatrical series . The film was a box-office hit and spawned three direct sequels : American Pie 2 ( 2001 ) , American Wedding ( 2003 ) , and American Reunion ( 2012 ) . The film concentrates on five best friends ( Jim , Kevin , Oz , Finch , and Stifler ) who attend East Great Falls High . With the exception of Stifler ( who has already lost his virginity ) , the guys make a pact to lose their virginity before their high school graduation . The title is borrowed from the song of the same name and refers to a scene in the film , in which the protagonist is caught masturbating with a pie after being told that third base feels like warm apple pie . Writer Adam Herz has stated that the title also refers to the quest of losing one 's virginity in high school , which is as American as apple pie . In addition to the primary American Pie saga , there are four direct-to-DVD spin-off films bearing the title American Pie Presents : Band Camp ( 2005 ) , The Naked Mile ( 2006 ) , Beta House ( 2007 ) , and The Book of Love ( 2009 ) . In response to the success of American Reunion , a fifth theatrical film , under the working title American Pie 5 was announced on August 4 , 2012 . In August 2017 , Seann William Scott said in an interview that the fourth film probably had not made enough at the domestic box office to warrant another film ."}]}, {'value': "Chris 'Oz ' Ostreicher", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Here on Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Here_on_Earth_(2000_film)', 'summary': 'Here on Earth is a 2000 American romantic drama film directed by Mark Piznarski from a screenplay by Michael Seitzman . The film stars Chris Klein , Leelee Sobieski , and Josh Hartnett . The original music score was composed by Kelly Jones and Andrea Morricone .'}]}, {'value': "Kelvin 'Kelley ' Morse", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Say It Is n't So", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Say_It_Isn't_So_(film)", 'summary': "Say It Is n't So is a 2001 American screwball sex comedy film directed by J . B. Rogers , written by Peter Gaulke and Gerry Swallow , and starring Heather Graham and Chris Klein as two young lovers who come to believe that they are actually siblings . The film was both a critical and commercial failure , grossing a little over $ 12 million on a $ 25 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert Noble', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Pie 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Pie_2', 'summary': 'American Pie 2 is a 2001 American sex comedy film directed by James B. Rogers and written by Adam Herz and David H. Steinberg from a story by Herz . A sequel to the 1999 comedy film American Pie , it the second film in the American Pie series and stars Jason Biggs , Shannon Elizabeth , Alyson Hannigan , Chris Klein , Natasha Lyonne , Thomas Ian Nicholas , Tara Reid , Seann William Scott , Mena Suvari , Eddie Kaye Thomas , and Eugene Levy . The film follows the sexual exploits of five friends - Jim Levenstein , Kevin Myers , Steve Stifler , Oz Ostreicher , and Paul Finch - and their attempts to have the greatest summer party ever , at a summer beach house in Grand Haven , Michigan . American Pie 2 was released in the United States on August 10 , 2001 , and grossed over $ 145 million in the US and $ 142 million overseas on a budget of $ 30 million , making it highest grossing film in the franchise at just under $ 288 million worldwide . The film was followed by American Wedding .'}]}, {'value': "Chris 'Oz ' Ostreicher", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollerball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rollerball_(2002_film)', 'summary': 'Rollerball is a 2002 remake of the 1975 science-fiction film of the same name . It stars Chris Klein , Jean Reno , LL Cool J , Rebecca Romijn , and Naveen Andrews . It was directed by John McTiernan and has a much greater focus on action , with more muted social and political overtones than the original . Unlike the previous film , it takes place in the present rather than in a future dystopian society .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Cross', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'We Were Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_Were_Soldiers', 'summary': 'We Were Soldiers is a 2002 American war film directed by Randall Wallace and starring Mel Gibson . Based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… and Young ( 1992 ) by Lieutenant General ( Ret . ) Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway , it dramatizes the Battle of Ia Drang on November 14 , 1965 .'}]}, {'value': '2nd Lt. Jack Geoghegan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The United States of Leland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_United_States_of_Leland', 'summary': 'The United States of Leland is a 2003 American drama film written and directed by Matthew Ryan Hoge that follows a meek teenage boy , the eponymous Leland , who has inexplicably committed a shocking murder . In the wake of the killing , his teacher in prison tries to understand the senseless crime , while the families of the victim and the perpetrator struggle to cope with the aftermath .'}]}, {'value': 'Allen Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tilt-A-Whirl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Customer # 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Just Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Just_Friends_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Just Friends is a 2005 American Christmas comedy film directed by Roger Kumble , written by Adam 'Tex ' Davis and starring Ryan Reynolds , Amy Smart , Anna Faris , Chris Klein and Christopher Marquette . The plot focuses on a formerly overweight high school nerd ( Reynolds ) who attempts to free himself from the friend zone after reconnecting with his lifelong crush and best friend ( Smart ) while visiting his hometown for Christmas . The film revolves around humorous observation of strictly platonic relationships as just friends or just as best friends . It was shot in Regina and Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan . The film was released on November 23 , 2005 and grossed $ 50 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Dusty Dinkleman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Long Weekend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Long_Weekend', 'summary': 'The Long Weekend is a 2005 Canadian film starring Chris Klein and Brendan Fehr as two brothers , Cooper ( Klein ) and Ed Waxman ( Fehr ) . It also stars Chelan Simmons , Paul Campbell , Chandra West , and Cobie Smulders .'}]}, {'value': 'Cooper Waxman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Dreamz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dreamz', 'summary': 'American Dreamz is a 2006 comedy film directed by Paul Weitz . It satirizes both popular entertainment and American politics during the second Bush administration , called a cultural satire by Weitz . Reviews were lukewarm and the film just about broke even at the box office .'}]}, {'value': 'William Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenexa , 1 Mile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Lausier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Good Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Good_Life_(2007_film)', 'summary': 'The Good Life is a 2007 film written and directed by Stephen Berra , starring Mark Webber , Zooey Deschanel , Patrick Fugit , Bill Paxton , Drea de Matteo , Harry Dean Stanton , and Chris Klein .'}]}, {'value': 'Tad Tokas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Day Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Day_Zero', 'summary': "Day Zero is a 2007 American film directed by Bryan Gunnar Cole and written by Robert Malkani . Set in the near future when global terrorism has forced the military to reinstate the draft , three young men , who have just received their induction notices and have 30 days to report for duty , must battle their political views before making a decision that will change their lives forever . This is American director Cole 's debut film . It premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival and opened in limited release in the United States on January 18 , 2008 . The film stars Elijah Wood , Chris Klein and Jon Bernthal . It also features Ginnifer Goodwin , Sofia Vassilieva , Elisabeth Moss and Ally Sheedy ."}]}, {'value': 'George Rifkin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City Serenade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City_Serenade_(film)', 'summary': 'New York City Serenade is a 2007 comedy-drama film written and directed by Frank Whaley and starring Freddie Prinze , Jr. , Chris Klein and Jamie-Lynn Sigler . It made its debut at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival . The film takes its title from the Bruce Springsteen song of the same name from 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ray', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hank and Mike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_and_Mike', 'summary': 'Hank and Mike is a 2008 comedy film directed by Matthiew Klinck , from a screenplay written by Paolo Mancini and Thomas Michael . The film tells the story of two blue-collar Easter Bunnies who get fired and try their hand at an assortment of odd jobs . The film premiered in 2008 at the NATPE NextGen Film Festival and was slated for general audience release on October 24 , 2008 in the United States . The film was released in Canada on March 27 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Conrad Hubriss', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street Fighter : The Legend of Chun-Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Fighter:_The_Legend_of_Chun-Li', 'summary': "Street Fighter : The Legend of Chun-Li is a 2009 American martial arts action film released as a non-canon spin-off and theatrical tie-in to Street Fighter IV . It follows the quest of Street Fighter character Chun-Li , who is portrayed by Kristin Kreuk . Its story is before the events of the original Street Fighter as it follows Chun-Li 's personal history and her journey for justice . The film co-stars Neal McDonough as M. Bison , Chris Klein as Charlie , Michael Clarke Duncan as Balrog , and Black Eyed Peas member Taboo as Vega . The Legend of Chun-Li was released on February 27 , 2009 to mostly negative reviews and poor box office numbers ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Nash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_(Street_Fighter)', 'summary': "Charlie Nash ( チャーリー・ナッシュ , Chārī Nasshu ) is a fictional character in the Street Fighter video game series . He was first mentioned in 1991 's Street Fighter II : The World Warrior , in which he is established to be a deceased friend of Guile who was killed by M. Bison prior to the events of the game 's tournament . He made his first appearance as a playable fighter in 1995 's Street Fighter Alpha : Warriors ' Dreams , although he 's been depicted in a few Street Fighter related media with varying character designs prior to debuting in the games . He is characterized as a member of the United States Air Force charged with finding M. Bison , and destroying his organization Shadaloo . As a playable character , his fighting style is similar to Guile 's , sharing some of his signature special moves such as the Sonic Boom and the Somersault Kick ( aka Justice Shell ( SFV ) or Somersault Shell ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Six Wives of Henry Lefay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_Lefay', 'summary': "The Six Wives of Henry Lefay , also known as My Dad 's Six Wives , is a 2009 American comedy film starring Elisha Cuthbert and Tim Allen . A grieving daughter tries to arrange her father 's funeral , while putting up with all of his ex-wives . Its only theatrical release was in Israel , and it was launched straight to DVD elsewhere , including the United States and the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Stevie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Play Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Play_Dead_(2009_film)', 'summary': 'Play Dead is a 2009 black comedy film directed and co-produced by Jason Wiles , and written by Wiles and Shem Bitterman . The film stars Chris Klein , Fred Durst , and Jake Busey . Filming took place at the end of 2006 , in Ely , Nevada and Los Angeles , California . The film was ultimately released direct-to-video on September 22 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronnie Reno', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Chris_Klein_(actor)_0', 'intro': "Frederick Christopher Klein (born March 14, 1979) is an American actor who is best known for playing Chris 'Oz' Ostreicher in the American Pie comedy teen films, and more recently, the serial killer Cicada on The Flash."}
| null | null |
Who was the director of the 2001 movie in which Chris Klein played Gilbert Noble ?
|
J . B. Rogers
|
03d2c72339974e85
|
hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TV_Guide_covers_(2010s)', 'title': 'List of TV Guide covers (2010s)', 'header': ['Issue date', 'Cover subject', 'Cover type'], 'data': [{'value': '1/7/ 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_in_American_television', 'summary': 'The following is a list of events affecting American television in 2013 . Events listed include television show debuts , finales , and cancellations ; channel launches , closures , and rebrandings ; stations changing or adding their network affiliations ; and information about changes of ownership of channels or stations , controversies and carriage disputes .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter Preview , featuring Dan Stevens and Michelle Dockery of Downton Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Stevens', 'summary': "Daniel Jonathan Stevens ( born 10 October 1982 ) is an English actor . He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series Downton Abbey ( 2010-12 ) . He also starred as David in the thriller film The Guest ( 2014 ) , Sir Lancelot in the adventure film Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) , The Beast/Prince in Disney 's live action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama Marshall ( 2017 ) , and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 ) . From 2017 to 2019 , he has starred as David Haller in the FX series Legion . In 2018 , he starred in the Netflix horror-thriller Apostle ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Dockery', 'summary': 'Michelle Suzanne Dockery [ better source needed ] ( born 15 December 1981 ) is an English actress . She is best known for her leading performance as Lady Mary Crawley in the ITV television period drama series Downton Abbey ( 2010-15 ) , for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and three consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . Dockery made her professional stage debut in His Dark Materials in 2004 . For her role as Eliza Doolittle in the 2007 London revival of Pygmalion , she was nominated for the Evening Standard Award . For her role in the 2009 play Burnt by the Sun , she earned an Olivier Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Dockery has appeared in the films Hanna ( 2011 ) , Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) and Non-Stop ( 2014 ) . On television , Dockery has also played lead roles on the drama series Good Behavior and the Netflix miniseries Godless , for which she received her fourth Emmy nomination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Downton_Abbey', 'summary': 'Downton Abbey is a British historical drama television series set in the early 20th century , created and co-written by Julian Fellowes . The series first aired on ITV in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2010 , and in the United States on PBS , which supported production of the series as part of its Masterpiece Classic anthology , on 9 January 2011 . The series , set in the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey between 1912 and 1926 , depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their domestic servants in the post-Edwardian era - with the great events in history having an effect on their lives and on the British social hierarchy . Events depicted throughout the series include news of the sinking of the Titanic in the first series ; the outbreak of the First World War , the Spanish influenza pandemic , and the Marconi scandal in the second series ; the Irish War of Independence leading to the formation of the Irish Free State in the third series ; the Teapot Dome scandal in the fourth series ; and the British general election of 1923 , and the Beer Hall Putsch in the fifth series . The sixth and final series introduces the rise of the working class during the interwar period and hints at the eventual decline of the British aristocracy . Downton Abbey has received acclaim from television critics and won numerous accolades , including a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie . It was recognised by Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed English-language television series of 2011 . It earned the most nominations of any international television series in the history of the Primetime Emmy Awards , with twenty-seven in total ( after the first two series ) . It was the most watched television series on both ITV and PBS , and subsequently became the most successful British costume drama series since the 1981 television serial of Brideshead Revisited . On 26 March 2015 , Carnival Films and ITV announced that the sixth series would be the last . It aired on ITV between 20 September 2015 and 8 November 2015 . The final episode , serving as the annual Christmas special , was broadcast on 25 December 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1/14/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "John Noble , Anna Torv , and Joshua Jackson of Fringe , on the week of the series ' finale", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Noble', 'summary': "John Noble ( born 20 August 1948 ) is an Australian actor and theatre director of more than 80 plays . [ citation needed ] He is best known for his roles as Dr. Walter Bishop in the US Fox science fiction television series Fringe , and Henry Parrish in the Fox action-horror series Sleepy Hollow . His most high-profile film role was as Denethor in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy . He also provided the voice of the DC Comics supervillain Scarecrow in the 2015 video game Batman : Arkham Knight , where his character served as the main antagonist . In 2015 , he joined the main cast of the television series Elementary as Sherlock Holmes 's father . He was also cast as a doctor in the Australian TV series All Saints . In 2012 , Noble was diagnosed with osteoporosis . His charity , Noble Bones , helps to raise awareness for the disease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Torv', 'summary': "Anna Torv ( born 7 June 1979 ) is an Australian actress . She is best known for her role as FBI agent Olivia Dunham on the Fox science fiction series Fringe ( 2008-2013 ) , for which she was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series and received four Saturn Awards for Best Actress on Television . She also starred as Dr. Wendy Carr in the Netflix crime thriller series Mindhunter ( 2017-present ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joshua_Jackson', 'summary': "Joshua Jackson ( born June 11 , 1978 ) is a Canadian-American actor . He is known for his starring role as Pacey Witter in the teen drama series Dawson 's Creek ( 1998-2003 ) , Peter Bishop in the science fiction series Fringe ( 2008-2013 ) , Cole Lockhart in the drama series The Affair ( 2014-18 ) , and Mickey Joseph in the drama miniseries When They See Us ( 2019 ) . Jackson 's best known films include The Mighty Ducks film series ( 1992-96 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , The Skulls ( 2000 ) , and Shutter ( 2008 ) . For his performance in the Canadian independent film One Week ( 2008 ) , Jackson won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Fringe is an American science fiction television series created by J. J. Abrams , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci . It premiered on the Fox network on September 9 , 2008 , and concluded on January 18 , 2013 , after five seasons and 100 episodes . The series follows Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) , Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ) , and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) , all members of the fictional Fringe Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , based in Boston , Massachusetts , under the supervision of Homeland Security . The team uses fringe science and FBI investigative techniques to investigate a series of unexplained , often ghastly occurrences , which are related to mysteries surrounding a parallel universe . The series has been described as a hybrid of fantasy , procedural dramas and serials , influenced by films like Altered States and television shows such as Lost , The X-Files and The Twilight Zone . The series began as a traditional mystery-of-the-week series and became more serialized in later seasons . Most episodes contain a standalone plot , with several others also exploring the series ' overarching mythology . Critical reception was at first lukewarm but became more favorable after the first season , when the series began to explore its mythology , including parallel universes and alternate timelines . The show , along with cast and crew , were nominated for many major awards . Despite its move to the Friday night death slot and low ratings , the series developed a cult following . It also spawned two six-part comic book series , an alternate reality game , and three novels ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1/21/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Bacon of The Following', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Bacon', 'summary': "Kevin Norwood Bacon ( born July 8 , 1958 ) is an American actor and musician . His films include musical-drama film Footloose ( 1984 ) , the controversial historical conspiracy legal thriller JFK ( 1991 ) , the legal drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , the historical docudrama Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , and the mystery drama Mystic River ( 2003 ) . Bacon is also known for taking on darker roles such as that of a sadistic guard in Sleepers ( 1996 ) and troubled former child abuser in The Woodsman ( 2004 ) . He is also known for the hit comedies National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) , Diner ( 1982 ) , Tremors ( 1990 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) . His other well known films are Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , Flatliners ( 1990 ) , The River Wild ( 1994 ) , Wild Things ( 1998 ) , Stir of Echoes ( 1999 ) , Hollow Man ( 2000 ) , Frost/Nixon ( 2008 ) , X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , Black Mass ( 2015 ) and Patriots Day ( 2016 ) . He is equally prolific on television , having starred in the Fox drama series The Following ( 2013-2015 ) . For the HBO original film Taking Chance ( 2009 ) , Bacon won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award , also receiving a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . More recently Bacon portrayed the title character and was the series lead of the Amazon Prime web television series I Love Dick for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . The Guardian named him one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination . In 2003 , Bacon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry . Bacon has become associated with the concept of interconnectedness ( as in social networks ) , having been popularized by the game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon . In 2007 , he created SixDegrees.org , a charitable foundation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Following', 'summary': "The Following is an American crime thriller television series created by Kevin Williamson , and jointly produced by Outerbanks Entertainment and Warner Bros. Television . The first season follows former FBI agent Ryan Hardy ( Kevin Bacon ) trying to help recapture serial killer Joe Carroll , while Carroll 's assembled cult captures Carroll 's son from his ex-wife and sends Carroll 's messages to the world . The second season introduces Hardy 's niece , who provides help in finding Carroll after his faked death while also dealing with a new cult . The series was broadcast on the commercial broadcast television network Fox . In its first two seasons , it starred Kevin Bacon and James Purefoy in leading roles , as well as Shawn Ashmore , Natalie Zea , and Valorie Curry . The first season , comprising 15 episodes , premiered on January 21 , 2013 , and concluded on April 29 , 2013 . On March 4 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2014 , and concluded on April 28 , 2014 . The series ' renewal for a third season was announced on March 7 , 2014 , and the season premiered on March 2 , 2015 . On May 8 , 2015 , Fox canceled The Following after three seasons . The final episode aired on May 18 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1/27/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linda Gray and Patrick Duffy of Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linda_Gray', 'summary': "Linda Ann Gray ( born September 12 , 1940 ) is an American film , stage and television actress , director , producer and former model , best known for her role as Sue Ellen Ewing , the long-suffering wife of Larry Hagman 's character J.R. on the CBS television drama series Dallas ( 1978-1989 ) , for which she was nominated for the 1981 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . The role also earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations . Gray began her career in the 1960s in television commercials . In the 1970s , she appeared in numerous TV series before landing the role of Sue Ellen Ewing in 1978 . After leaving Dallas in 1989 , she appeared opposite Sylvester Stallone in the 1991 film Oscar . From 1994 to 1995 , she played a leading role in the Fox drama series Models Inc. , and also starred in TV movies , including Moment of Truth : Why My Daughter ? ( 1993 ) and Accidental Meeting ( 1994 ) . She went on to reprise the role of Sue Ellen in Dallas : J.R. Returns ( 1996 ) , Dallas : War of the Ewings ( 1998 ) , and in the TNT series Dallas ( 2012-2014 ) , which continued the original series . On stage , Gray starred as Mrs. Robinson in The Graduate in the West End of London in 2001 , then on Broadway the following year . In 2007 , she starred as Aurora Greenaway in the world premiere production of Terms of Endearment at the Theatre Royal , York and stayed with the production when it toured the United Kingdom . After the second Dallas was cancelled in 2014 , Gray again took to the stage , this time in the role of the Fairy Godmother in a London production of Cinderella ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Duffy', 'summary': "Patrick George Duffy ( born March 17 , 1949 ) is an American actor , best known for his role on the CBS primetime soap opera Dallas , where he played Bobby Ewing , the youngest son of Miss Ellie and the nicest brother of J.R. Ewing ( played by Barbara Bel Geddes and Larry Hagman respectively ) from 1978 to 1985 and from 1986 to 1991 . Duffy returned to reprise his role as Bobby in a continuation of Dallas , which aired on TNT from 2012 to 2014 . He is also well known for his role on the ABC sitcom Step by Step as Frank Lambert , from 1991 to 1998 , and for his role as Stephen Logan on the CBS daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2006-2011 ) . Duffy played the lead character 's father in the 2014 NBC sitcom Welcome to Sweden ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas_(2012_TV_series)', 'summary': "Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera developed by Cynthia Cidre and produced by Warner Horizon Television , that aired on TNT from June 13 , 2012 to September 22 , 2014 . The series was a revival of the prime time television soap opera of the same name that aired on CBS from 1978 to 1991 . The series revolved around the Ewings , a wealthy Dallas family in the oil and cattle-ranching industries . The series brought back several stars of the original series , including Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing , Linda Gray as Sue Ellen Ewing , Ken Kercheval as Cliff Barnes , and Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing . They were joined by the next generation of characters , including Josh Henderson as John Ross Ewing III , the son of J.R. and Sue Ellen Ewing ; Jesse Metcalfe as Christopher Ewing , the adopted son of Bobby and Pamela Barnes Ewing ; and Julie Gonzalo as Pamela Rebecca Barnes , the daughter of Cliff Barnes and Afton Cooper . The series was made for TNT , sister company to Warner Bros. Television , which has owned the original series since its purchase of Lorimar Television ( the original show 's production company ) in 1989 . On July 8 , 2011 , after viewing the completed pilot episode , TNT gave a green light for the series with a 10-episode order , which premiered on June 13 , 2012 . On June 29 , 2012 , TNT renewed Dallas for a second season consisting of 15 episodes , which premiered on January 28 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2013 , TNT renewed Dallas for a third season consisting of 15 episodes that premiered on Monday , February 24 , 2014 . On October 3 , 2014 , the series was cancelled by TNT after three seasons , because of the declining ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/4/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Is There Too Much TV ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Photo montage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/11/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Lincoln of The Walking Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln', 'summary': 'Andrew James Clutterbuck ( born 14 September 1973 ) , better known by his stage name Andrew Lincoln , is an English actor . His first major role was as the character Egg in the BBC drama This Life ( 1996-1997 ) . Lincoln later portrayed Simon Casey in the Channel 4 sitcom Teachers ( 2001-2003 ) and Mark in the Christmas-themed romantic comedy film Love Actually ( 2003 ) . Beginning in 2010 , Lincoln gained international fame for his portrayal of Rick Grimes , the lead character on the hit AMC post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . For his portrayal of Rick Grimes , Lincoln won the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television in 2015 and 2017 , respectively . He departed the cast of The Walking Dead in 2018 , but is set to reprise his role as Rick in a trilogy of The Walking Dead films that will be distributed by Universal Pictures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror television series for AMC based on the comic book series by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The series features a large ensemble cast as survivors of a zombie apocalypse , trying to stay alive under near-constant threat of attacks from the mindless zombies , colloquially known as walkers . However , with the fall of humanity , these survivors also face conflict from other living survivors who have formed groups and communities with their own sets of laws and morals , often leading to hostile conflict between the human communities . Andrew Lincoln played the series 's lead character , Rick Grimes , until his departure during the ninth season . Other long-standing cast members have included Norman Reedus , Steven Yeun , Chandler Riggs , Melissa McBride , Lauren Cohan , Danai Gurira , Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos . The series is exclusively broadcast on AMC in the United States and internationally through the Fox Networks Group . The series premiered on October 31 , 2010 . The tenth season premiered on October 6 , 2019 , and has been renewed for an eleventh season . AMC stated their intent to continue further development of the series and related media . A spinoff series Fear the Walking Dead premiered on August 23 , 2015 , and is renewed for a sixth season . A second spinoff , The Walking Dead : World Beyond , is set to premiere in early 2020 . AMC has announced plans for three films to follow Rick 's story after Lincoln 's departure ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/18/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar Preview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/85th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 85th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2012 and took place on February 24 , 2013 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was the first in the Academy 's 85-year history to adopt the phrase The Oscars as the ceremony 's official name during the broadcast and marketing . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer . Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time . In related events , the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1 , 2012 . On February 9 , 2013 , in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana . Life of Pi won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee . Argo won three awards , including Best Picture , the fourth film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture without its director nominated . Other winners included Les Misérables also with three awards , Django Unchained , Lincoln , and Skyfall with two , and Amour , Anna Karenina , Brave , Curfew , Inocente , Paperman , Searching for Sugar Man , Silver Linings Playbook and Zero Dark Thirty with one . The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Photo montage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/25/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timothy Olyphant of Justified', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Olyphant', 'summary': "Timothy David Olyphant ( /ˈɒlɪfənt/ OL-ih-fənt ; born May 20 , 1968 ) is an American actor and producer . He made his acting debut in an Off-Broadway theater in 1995 , in The Monogamist , and won the Theatre World Award for his performance , and then originated David Sedaris ' The Santaland Diaries in 1996 . He then branched out to film ; in the early years of his career , he was often cast in supporting villainous roles , most notably in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , A Man Apart ( 2003 ) and The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) . He came to the attention of a wider audience with his portrayal of Sheriff Seth Bullock in HBO 's western Deadwood ( 2004-2006 ) and its film continuation Deadwood : The Movie ( 2019 ) . He had starring roles in such films as Catch and Release ( 2006 ) , Hitman ( 2007 ) , A Perfect Getaway ( 2009 ) , and The Crazies ( 2010 ) , and he played the main antagonist , Thomas Gabriel , in Live Free or Die Hard ( 2007 ) . Olyphant was a recurring guest star in season two of the FX legal thriller Damages ( 2009 ) . Olyphant 's best-known performance to date has been as Deputy U.S . Marshal Raylan Givens in FX 's modern-day Kentucky western Justified ( 2010-2015 ) , for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 . Olyphant had guest appearances in numerous television sitcoms including The Office ( 2010 ) , The Mindy Project ( 2013 ) , and The Grinder ( 2015-2016 ) , for which he won a Critics ' Choice Award . He also starred in the Netflix comedy series Santa Clarita Diet ( 2017-2019 ) and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood as James Stacy ( 2019 ) . He also played himself in a brief cameo , whilst simultaneously parodying his Justified character , in the NBC award-winning show The Good Place ( 2020 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Justified_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Justified is an American crime drama television series that premiered on March 16 , 2010 , on the FX network . Developed by Graham Yost , it is based on Elmore Leonard 's short story Fire in the Hole . Timothy Olyphant portrays Raylan Givens , a tough deputy U.S . Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice , in his hometown of Harlan , Kentucky . The series is set both in Lexington , Kentucky as well as in the Appalachian mountains area of eastern Kentucky , specifically in and around Harlan . The series , comprising 78 episodes , aired over six seasons and concluded on April 14 , 2015 . Justified received critical acclaim throughout all six seasons , particularly for its acting , directing , art direction , writing , and Olyphant 's and Walton Goggins ' performances . Justified was nominated for eight Primetime Emmy Awards , with two wins , for Margo Martindale 's performance as Mags Bennett and Jeremy Davies ' performance as Dickie Bennett ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/4/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "TV 's Hottest Net ( Flix ) , with Flix crossing out work in red writing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netflix', 'summary': "Netflix , Inc. ( /ˈnɛtflɪks/ ) is an American media-services provider and production company headquartered in Los Gatos , California , founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley , California . The company 's primary business is its subscription-based streaming service which offers online streaming of a library of films and television programs , including those produced in-house . As of April 2019 , Netflix had over 148 million paid subscriptions worldwide , including 60 million in the United States , and over 154 million subscriptions total including free trials.Although Netflix has decided to end its free one-month trial offer for maximum countries on February 2020 . It is available worldwide except in mainland China ( due to local restrictions ) , Syria , North Korea , and Crimea ( due to U.S. sanctions ) . The company also has offices in the Netherlands , Brazil , India , Japan , and South Korea . Netflix is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . Netflix 's initial business model included DVD sales and rental by mail , but Hastings abandoned the sales about a year after the company 's founding to focus on the initial DVD rental business . Netflix expanded its business in 2010 with the introduction of streaming media while retaining the DVD and Blu-ray rental business . The company expanded internationally in 2010 with streaming available in Canada , followed by Latin America and the Caribbean . Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2012 , debuting its first series Lilyhammer . Since 2012 , Netflix has taken more of an active role as producer and distributor for both film and television series , and to that end , it offers a variety of Netflix Original content through its online library . By January 2016 , Netflix services operated in more than 190 countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Television_network', 'summary': 'A television network or broadcaster is a telecommunications network for distribution of television program content , whereby a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay television providers . Until the mid-1980s , television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of terrestrial networks . Many early television networks ( such as the BBC , NBC or CBC ) evolved from earlier radio networks .'}]}, {'value': 'Photo montage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/11/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spring Preview , featuring Tracy Spiridakos and Billy Burke of Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Spiridakos', 'summary': "Tracy Spiridakos ( Greek : Τρέισι Σπυριδάκος ) is a Canadian actress . She starred as Becky Richards on the Teletoon children 's comedy series Majority Rules ! from 2009-2010 . She then starred as Charlotte Charlie Matheson on the NBC post-apocalyptic science fiction series Revolution from 2012-2014 , for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . She played Annika Johnson on the A & E television drama Bates Motel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Burke_(actor)', 'summary': 'William Albert Burke ( born November 25 , 1966 ) is an American actor . He is known for his role as Charlie Swan in Twilight and its sequels . In 2011 , he played Cesaire in Red Riding Hood . In 2012 , he was cast as one of the lead characters , Miles Matheson , in the NBC science-fiction series Revolution . From 2015 to 2017 , he starred in the CBS series Zoo . He has also appeared in the supernatural horror film Lights Out ( 2016 ) and the thriller Breaking In ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Revolution_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Revolution is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction television series that ran from September 17 , 2012 until May 21 , 2014 ; it was cancelled by NBC in May 2014 . The show takes place in the post-apocalyptic near-future of the year 2027 , 15 years after the start of a worldwide , permanent electrical-power blackout in 2012 . Created by Eric Kripke and produced by J.J. Abrams ' Bad Robot Productions for the NBC network , it originally aired on Mondays at 10:00 pm ( ET ) doing well enough that NBC ordered a second season shortly after the first-season finale . Film director Jon Favreau directed the pilot episode . In October 2012 , NBC picked it up for a full season of 22 episodes , which was later reduced to 20 episodes . Season 1 of the show was filmed in and around Wilmington , North Carolina . Many of the scenes were shot in historic downtown Wilmington and on the campus of the University of North Carolina Wilmington . On April 26 , 2013 , the series was renewed by NBC for a second season of 22 episodes to air in a new time slot of Wednesdays at 8 pm . Season 2 of Revolution was filmed in and around Bartlett and Granger , Texas . The second-season premiere aired on September 25 , 2013 , and the finale aired on May 21 , 2014 . Fans started a petition to renew or relocate Revolution and as of January 2018 , the petition gathered over 101,358 signatures with a goal of 110,000 . The TV series was never renewed , but a four-part comic book series appeared in May and June 2015 , and wrapped up the story ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/18/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerry Washington and Tony Goldwyn of Scandal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerry_Washington', 'summary': "Kerry Marisa Washington ( born January 31 , 1977 ) is an American actress . She gained wide public recognition for starring as Olivia Pope , a crisis management expert , in the ABC drama series Scandal ( 2012-2018 ) . For her role , she received nominations for two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . Her portrayal of Anita Hill in the HBO television film Confirmation ( 2016 ) , earned her another Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In film , Washington is known for her roles as Della Bea Robinson in Ray ( 2004 ) , as Kay in The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) , as Alicia Masters in the live-action Fantastic Four films of 2005 and 2007 , and as Broomhilda von Shaft in Quentin Tarantino 's Django Unchained ( 2012 ) . She has also starred in the independent films Our Song ( 2000 ) , The Dead Girl ( 2006 ) , Mother and Child ( 2009 ) and Night Catches Us ( 2010 ) . Time magazine included Washington in its Time 100 list of 2014 . In 2018 , Forbes named her the eighth highest-paid television actress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Goldwyn', 'summary': 'Anthony Howard Goldwyn ( born May 20 , 1960 ) is an American actor , singer , producer , director and political activist . He portrayed Carl Bruner in Ghost , Colonel Bagley in The Last Samurai , and the voice of the title character of the Disney animated film Tarzan . He starred in the ABC legal/political drama Scandal as Fitzgerald Grant III , a fictional president of the United States , from 2012 to 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scandal_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Scandal is an American political thriller television series starring Kerry Washington . Created by Shonda Rhimes , it aired on ABC from April 5 , 2012 , until April 19 , 2018 , for 124 episodes over seven seasons . Kerry Washington 's character , Olivia Pope , is partially based on former George H.W . Bush administration press aide Judy Smith , who serves as a co-executive producer . The show takes place in Washington , D.C. and focuses on Olivia Pope 's crisis management firm , Olivia Pope & Associates ( OPA ) , and its staff , as well as staff at the White House and surrounding political scene . In addition to Kerry Washington , the show features Tony Goldwyn as Fitzgerald Grant III , the President of the United States - later a former President - and Olivia 's main love interest ; Darby Stanchfield as Abby Whelan , an assistant at OPA ( later renamed Quinn Perkins & Associates or QPA ) , and also the former White House Press Secretary and Chief of Staff ; Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins , former assistant at OPA and later head of QPA ; Guillermo Diaz as Huck , a former agent of a spy agency called B613 and assistant at QPA ; Jeff Perry as Cyrus Beene , the former White House Chief of Staff under Grant and later Vice President of the United States under Mellie Grant ; Joshua Malina as David Rosen , the Attorney General ; Bellamy Young as Mellie Grant , the ex-First Lady , a former senator , and later the President of the United States after Grant ; Scott Foley as Jake Ballard , the Director of the NSA and Olivia 's secondary love interest ; Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus Walker , a civil rights activist , who used to be an OPA assistant and White House Press Secretary ; Joe Morton as Eli Rowan Pope , Olivia 's father and the former head of B613 ; and George Newbern as Charlie , a former B613 agent who later becomes a member of QPA . The show was named a Television Program of the Year by the American Film Institute , received the Peabody Award for Excellence in Television and was honored as Outstanding Drama Series at the Image Awards . Washington has won the Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and has been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/25/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The houses of Game of Thrones ( Three covers ) * House Lannister ( Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau ) * House Stark ( Kit Harington , Richard Madden and Michelle Fairley ) * House Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_of_Thrones', 'summary': "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for HBO . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R. R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . The show was both produced and filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom . Filming locations also included Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , and Spain . The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and concluded on May 19 , 2019 , with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plots and a large ensemble cast and follows several story arcs . One arc is about the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the noble dynasties either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from it . Another focuses on the last descendant of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty , who has been exiled and is plotting a return to the throne , while another story arc follows the Night 's Watch , a brotherhood defending the realm against the fierce peoples and legendary creatures of the North . Game of Thrones attracted a record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , and international fan base . The series was acclaimed by critics for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) was criticized ; the final season received further criticism for its condensed story and creative decisions , with many considering it a disappointing conclusion . The series received 58 Primetime Emmy Awards , the most by a drama series , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 , 2016 , 2018 , 2019 . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012-2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and five nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama ( 2012 and 2015-2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/House_Lannister', 'summary': "George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels feature a sizable cast of characters . The series follows three interwoven plotlines : a dynastic war for control of Westeros by several families ; the rising threat of the superhuman Others beyond Westeros ' northern border ; and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the exiled heir of the previous ruling dynasty . The Great Houses of Westeros represent the Seven Kingdoms forged across the continent : the North , the Iron Islands , the Vale of Arryn , the Westerlands , the Stormlands , the Reach , and Dorne . A massive Wall of ice and old magic separates the Seven Kingdoms from the largely unmapped area in the most northern portion of the continent . Each chapter is narrated in the third-person limited point of view through the eyes of a single character . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , a total of 31 such characters have narrated over the course of the first five volumes of the series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Dinklage', 'summary': 'Peter Hayden Dinklage ( /ˈdɪŋklɪdʒ/ ; born June 11 , 1969 ) is an American actor and producer . Dinklage received universal acclaim for portraying Tyrion Lannister on the HBO television series Game of Thrones , for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series a record number of four times . He also received a Golden Globe for the role in 2011 as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award in 2020 . Born in Morristown , New Jersey , and raised in Brookside , Dinklage is a dwarf ( achondroplasia ) and stands 4 ft 5 in ( 1.35 m ) tall . He studied acting at Bennington College , starring in a number of amateur stage productions . His film debut was in Living in Oblivion ( 1995 ) and his breakthrough came with the comedy-drama The Station Agent ( 2003 ) . He has since appeared in Elf ( 2003 ) , Find Me Guilty ( 2006 ) , Underdog ( 2007 ) , Death at a Funeral ( 2007 ) , Penelope ( 2008 ) , The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) , X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , Pixels ( 2015 ) , and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) , which earned him his first Screen Actors Guild Award . In 2018 , he appeared as Eitri in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Avengers : Infinity War and Hervé Villechaize in the biopic film My Dinner with Hervé .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lena_Headey', 'summary': "Lena Kathren Headey ( /ˈliːnə ˈhiːdi/ LEE-nə HEE-dee ; born 3 October 1973 ) is an English actress . She is best known for her acclaimed portrayal of Cersei Lannister on the HBO fantasy drama series Game of Thrones ( 2011-2019 ) , for which she has received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations and a Golden Globe Award nomination . Headey made her film debut in the mystery drama Waterland ( 1992 ) . She continued to work steadily in British and American films and on television , before gaining further recognition with her lead performances in the films The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) and 300 ( 2007 ) . Her other film credits include The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) , Mrs Dalloway ( 1997 ) , Ripley 's Game ( 2002 ) , Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) , Dredd ( 2012 ) , The Purge ( 2013 ) , 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) , Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) , and Fighting with My Family ( 2019 ) . Outside of film , Headey starred as Sarah Connor in the science fiction television series Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( 2008-2009 ) . She provided voices for the role-playing video game Risen ( 2009 ) and the video game tie-in film Kingsglaive : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) , as well as the animated series Danger Mouse ( 2015-2017 ) and Trollhunters ( 2017-2018 ) , and puppet-animated series The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau', 'summary': "Nikolaj Coster-Waldau ( Danish pronunciation : [ nekolai̯ kʰɒstɐ ˈvæltau̯ ] ; born 27 July 1970 ) is a Danish actor , producer and screenwriter . He graduated from the Danish National School of Performing Arts in Copenhagen in 1993 . Coster-Waldau 's breakthrough performance in Denmark was his role in the film Nightwatch ( 1994 ) . Since then he has appeared in numerous films in his native Scandinavia and Europe in general , including Headhunters ( 2011 ) and A Thousand Times Good Night ( 2013 ) . In the U.S , his debut film role was in the war film Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) , playing Medal of Honor recipient Gary Gordon . He then played Detective John Amsterdam in the short-lived Fox television series New Amsterdam ( 2008 ) , as well as appearing as Frank Pike in the 2009 Fox television film Virtuality , originally intended as a pilot . He became widely known for his role as Jaime Lannister in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones , for which he received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2018 and 2019 . He is a UNDP Goodwill Ambassador , drawing public attention to critical issues such as gender equality and climate change ."}, {'url': '/wiki/House_Stark', 'summary': "George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels feature a sizable cast of characters . The series follows three interwoven plotlines : a dynastic war for control of Westeros by several families ; the rising threat of the superhuman Others beyond Westeros ' northern border ; and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the exiled heir of the previous ruling dynasty . The Great Houses of Westeros represent the Seven Kingdoms forged across the continent : the North , the Iron Islands , the Vale of Arryn , the Westerlands , the Stormlands , the Reach , and Dorne . A massive Wall of ice and old magic separates the Seven Kingdoms from the largely unmapped area in the most northern portion of the continent . Each chapter is narrated in the third-person limited point of view through the eyes of a single character . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , a total of 31 such characters have narrated over the course of the first five volumes of the series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kit_Harington', 'summary': 'Christopher Catesby Harington ( born 26 December 1986 ) , known professionally as Kit Harington , is an English actor and producer . Born in Acton , Greater London , Harington graduated from the Royal Central School of Speech & Drama in 2008 . While still at drama school , he made his professional acting debut in the National Theatre and West End with the leading role of Albert in the critically acclaimed adaptation of the play War Horse . In 2011 , Harington rose to prominence for his breakthrough role as Jon Snow in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones ( 2011-2019 ) , which brought him international recognition and several accolades , including a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor - Television Series Drama and two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2016 and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2019 . Harington has appeared in several feature films including the historical romance film Pompeii ( 2014 ) and the British period drama Testament of Youth ( 2014 ) , and he provided the voice of Eret in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Madden', 'summary': "Richard Madden ( born 18 June 1986 ) is a Scottish actor . Born and raised in Renfrewshire near Glasgow , Madden rose to prominence in 2011 for his portrayal of Robb Stark in the first three seasons of HBO 's fantasy drama Game of Thrones , for which he received the Screen International Award for Star of Tomorrow . In 2018 , he gained acclaim for his performance as a war veteran and Principal Protection Officer in the BBC thriller series Bodyguard , for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama . Madden made his screen debut as a child actor and stage debut whilst a student at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama . In 2007 , he toured with Shakespeare 's Globe company as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet , a role he reprised in the West End in 2016 . His other television and film credits include the lead role of Cosimo de ' Medici in the first season of the historical fiction series Medici ( 2016 ) , the Prince in Disney 's live-action Cinderella ( 2015 ) , John Reid in the biopic Rocketman ( 2019 ) , and a lieutenant in the epic war film 1917 ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Fairley', 'summary': 'Michelle Fairley is a Northern Irish actress , best known for as Catelyn Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones ( 2011-2013 ) , as well as her roles in USA Network series Suits ( 2013 ) , and Fox series 24 : Live Another Day ( 2014 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/House_Targaryen', 'summary': "George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels feature a sizable cast of characters . The series follows three interwoven plotlines : a dynastic war for control of Westeros by several families ; the rising threat of the superhuman Others beyond Westeros ' northern border ; and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the exiled heir of the previous ruling dynasty . The Great Houses of Westeros represent the Seven Kingdoms forged across the continent : the North , the Iron Islands , the Vale of Arryn , the Westerlands , the Stormlands , the Reach , and Dorne . A massive Wall of ice and old magic separates the Seven Kingdoms from the largely unmapped area in the most northern portion of the continent . Each chapter is narrated in the third-person limited point of view through the eyes of a single character . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , a total of 31 such characters have narrated over the course of the first five volumes of the series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emilia_Clarke', 'summary': "Emilia Isobel Euphemia Rose Clarke ( born 23 October 1986 ) is an English actress . She studied at the Drama Centre London , appearing in a number of stage productions , including one by the Company of Angels . After making her screen debut in a short film , her television debut came with a guest appearance in an episode of the British medical soap opera Doctors in 2009 . The following year , she was named as one of the UK Stars of Tomorrow by Screen International magazine for her role in the Syfy film Triassic Attack ( 2010 ) . Clarke rose to international prominence for her breakthrough role as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones ( 2011-2019 ) . The role has garnered her critical acclaim and several accolades , including three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . Clarke made her Broadway debut as Holly Golightly in a production of Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 2013 . Her film roles include Sarah Connor in the science fiction film Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) and Qi'ra in Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) . She has also starred in the romantic films Me Before You ( 2016 ) and Last Christmas ( 2019 ) . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/1/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Paré and Jon Hamm of Mad Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Paré', 'summary': 'Jessica Paré ( born December 5 , 1980 ) is a Canadian actress and singer known for her co-starring role as Megan Draper on the AMC series Mad Men . She has also appeared in the films Stardom ( 2000 ) , Lost and Delirious ( 2001 ) , Wicker Park ( 2004 ) , Suck ( 2009 ) , Hot Tub Time Machine ( 2010 ) , and Brooklyn ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jon_Hamm', 'summary': "Jonathan Daniel Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor and producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper in the AMC television drama series Mad Men ( 2007-2015 ) . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . In 2000 , he made his feature film debut in the space adventure film Space Cowboys . The next year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) . He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began in July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series - Drama in 2008 and again in 2016 , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2015 . He also directed two episodes of the show . In 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still . His first leading film role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He then had leading roles in Million Dollar Arm ( 2014 ) , Keeping Up with the Joneses ( 2016 ) , and Beirut ( 2018 ) , and supporting roles in The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) , Baby Driver ( 2017 ) , Tag ( 2018 ) , and Bad Times at the El Royale ( 2018 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in or production of Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006-2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015-2019 ) . His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Black Mirror , Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mad_Men', 'summary': "Mad Men is an American period drama television series created by Matthew Weiner and produced by Lionsgate Television . The series ran on the cable network AMC from 2007 to 2015 , lasting for seven seasons and 92 episodes . Its fictional time frame runs from March 1960 to November 1970 . Mad Men is set initially at the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in Manhattan , New York City , and later at the newly created firm of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce ( later named Sterling Cooper & Partners ) , located near the Time-Life Building at 1271 Sixth Avenue . According to the pilot episode , the phrase Mad men was a slang term coined in the 1950s by advertisers working on Madison Avenue to refer to themselves , Mad being short for Madison . ( In reality , the only documented use of the phrase prior to the series may have been in the late-1950s writings of James Kelly , an advertising executive and writer . ) The series ' main character is the womanizing advertising executive Don Draper ( played by Jon Hamm ) , who is initially the talented creative director at Sterling Cooper , and later a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce . The plot tracks the people in his personal and professional lives . As the series progresses , it depicts the changing moods and social mores of the United States throughout the 1960s . Mad Men won critical acclaim for its writing , acting , directing , visual style , and historical authenticity ; it won many awards , including 16 Emmys and 5 Golden Globes . The show was also the first basic cable series to receive the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , winning the award each year of its first four seasons ( 2008-2011 ) . It is widely regarded as one of the greatest television series of all time , and as part of the early 21st century Golden Age of Television ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/8/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "* TV Guide 's 60th Anniversary Issue , featuring Photomosaic recreations of previous covers ( 6 covers ) ** Lucille Ball of I Love Lucy ( 1/12/1957 cover ) ** William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy of Star Trek ( 3/4/1967 cover ) ** Mary Tyler Moore of The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2/26/1972 cover ) ** Bill Cosby of The Cosby Show ( 3/22/1986 cover ) ** Matthew Fox of Lost ( 1/30/2005 cover ) ** Homer Simpson of The Simpsons *The 50th anniversary of General Hospital , featuring Genie Francis and Anthony Geary as Luke and Laura ( flipside cover ; Photomosaic of 1981 photo )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Photomosaic', 'summary': 'In the field of photographic imaging , a photographic mosaic , also known under the term Photomosaic , a portmanteau of photo and mosaic , is a picture ( usually a photograph ) that has been divided into ( usually equal sized ) tiled sections , each of which is replaced with another photograph that matches the target photo . When viewed at low magnifications , the individual pixels appear as the primary image , while close examination reveals that the image is in fact made up of many hundreds or thousands of smaller images . Most of the time they are a computer-created type of montage . There are two kinds of mosaic , depending on how the matching is done . In the simpler kind , each part of the target image is averaged down to a single color . Each of the library images is also reduced to a single color . Each part of the target image is then replaced with one from the library where these colors are as similar as possible . In effect , the target image is reduced in resolution ( by downsampling ) , and then each of the resulting pixels is replaced with an image whose average color matches that pixel . In the more advanced kind of photographic mosaic , the target image is not downsampled , and the matching is done by comparing each pixel in the rectangle to the corresponding pixel from each library image . The rectangle in the target is then replaced with the library image that minimizes the total difference . This requires much more computation than the simple kind , but the results can be much better since the pixel-by-pixel matching can preserve the resolution of the target image . Originally , the term photomosaic referred to compound photographs created by stitching together a series of adjacent pictures of a scene .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucille_Ball', 'summary': "Lucille Désirée Ball ( August 6 , 1911 - April 26 , 1989 ) was an American actress , comedienne , model , entertainment studio executive and producer . She was the star of the self-produced sitcoms I Love Lucy , The Lucy Show , Here 's Lucy , and Life with Lucy , as well as comedy television specials aired under the title The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour . Ball 's career began in 1929 when she landed work as a model . Shortly thereafter , she began her performing career on Broadway using the stage names Diane Belmont and Dianne Belmont . She later appeared in several minor film roles in the 1930s and 1940s as a contract player for RKO Radio Pictures , being cast as a chorus girl or in similar roles . During this time , she met Cuban bandleader Desi Arnaz , and the two eloped in November 1940 . In the 1950s , Ball ventured into television . In 1951 , she and Arnaz created the sitcom I Love Lucy , a series that became one of the most beloved programs in television history . The same year , Ball gave birth to their first child , Lucie Arnaz , followed by Desi Arnaz Jr. in 1953 . Ball and Arnaz divorced in May 1960 , and she married comedian Gary Morton in 1961 . Following the end of I Love Lucy , Ball appeared in a Broadway musical , Wildcat , for a year from 1960 to 1961 , although the show received lukewarm reviews and had to be shut down permanently when Ball became ill for a brief time . After Wildcat , Ball reunited with I Love Lucy co-star Vivian Vance for the aforementioned Lucy Show , which Vance left in 1965 but which continued for three years with longtime friend of Ball 's Gale Gordon who already had a recurring role on the program ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I_Love_Lucy', 'summary': "I Love Lucy is an American television sitcom that originally ran on CBS from October 15 , 1951 to May 6 , 1957 , with a total of 180 half-hour episodes spanning six seasons ( including the 'lost ' original pilot and Christmas episode ) . The show starred Lucille Ball , her real-life husband Desi Arnaz , Vivian Vance , and William Frawley . It followed the life of Lucy Ricardo ( Ball ) , a middle-class housewife in New York City , who either concocted plans with her best friends ( Vance & Frawley ) to appear alongside her bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo ( Arnaz ) in his nightclub , or tried numerous schemes to mingle with , or be a part of show business . After the series ended in 1957 , a modified version continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials ; it ran from 1957 to 1960 . It was first known as The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour . I Love Lucy became the most-watched show in the United States in four of its six seasons , and it was the first to end its run at the top of the Nielsen ratings ( an accomplishment later matched only by The Andy Griffith Show in 1968 and Seinfeld in 1998 ) . As of 2011 , episodes of the show have been syndicated in dozens of languages across the world and remain popular with an American audience of 40 million each year . A colorized version of its Christmas episode attracted more than 8 million viewers when CBS aired it in prime time in 2013 , 62 years after the show premiered ; CBS has aired two to three colorized episodes each year since then , once at Christmas and again in the spring . The show , which was the first scripted television program to be shot on 35mm film in front of a studio audience , won five Emmy Awards and received numerous nominations and honors . It was the first show ever to feature an ensemble cast . It is often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential sitcoms in history . In 2012 , it was voted the 'Best TV Show of All Time ' in a survey conducted by ABC News and People magazine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Shatner', 'summary': "William Shatner OC ( born March 22 , 1931 ) is a Canadian actor , author , producer , director , screenwriter , and singer . In his seven decades of television , Shatner became a cultural icon for his portrayal of Captain James T. Kirk of the USS Enterprise in the Star Trek franchise . He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk , being a part of Star Trek , and life after Star Trek . He has also co-written several novels set in the Star Trek universe , and a series of science fiction novels called TekWar , that were adapted for television . Shatner also played the eponymous veteran police sergeant in T. J. Hooker ( 1982-1986 ) and hosted the reality-based television series Rescue 911 ( 1989-1996 ) , which won a People 's Choice Award for the Favorite New TV Dramatic Series . Shatner also appeared in seasons 4 and 5 of the NBC series 3rd Rock from the Sun as the Big Giant Head that the alien characters reported to . From 2004 until 2008 , he starred as attorney Denny Crane both in the final season of the legal drama The Practice and in its spinoff series Boston Legal , a role that earned him two Emmy Awards . He appeared in both seasons of the comical NBC real-life travelogue with other male companions of a certain age in Better Late Than Never , from 2016 to 2017 . Shatner has also pursued a career in music and spoken-word recordings since the late 1960s , having released eight albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy', 'summary': "Leonard Simon Nimoy ( /ˈniːmɔɪ/ ; March 26 , 1931 - February 27 , 2015 ) was an American actor , film director , photographer , author , singer , and songwriter . He was known for playing Spock in the Star Trek franchise , a character he portrayed in television and film for almost fifty years , from a pilot episode shot in late 1964 to his final film performance in 2013 . Nimoy began his career in his early twenties , teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s , as well as playing the title role in Kid Monk Baroni . Foreshadowing his fame as a semi-alien , he played Narab , one of three Martian invaders , in the 1952 movie serial Zombies of the Stratosphere . From 1959 to 1962 he appeared in four episodes of Wagon Train . In December 1964 , he made his first appearance in the rejected Star Trek television pilot The Cage , and went on to play the character of Spock until the end of the production run in early 1969 , followed by eight feature films and guest appearances in the various spin-off series . The character has had a significant cultural impact and earned Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations . TV Guide named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters . After the original Star Trek series , Nimoy starred in Mission : Impossible for two seasons , hosted the documentary series In Search of . , made several well-received stage appearances and played psychiatrist Doctor Kibner , the lead on-screen villian , in the 1978 remake of Invasion Of The Body Snatchers . Nimoy 's public profile as Spock was so strong that both his autobiographies , I Am Not Spock ( 1975 ) and I Am Spock ( 1995 ) , were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character . In 2015 an asteroid was named 4864 Nimoy in his honor . The documentaries For the Love of Spock and Remembering Leonard Nimoy were produced by his son and daughter respectively ; they cover his life , career , and later his illness ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series', 'summary': "Star Trek is an American science-fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise ( NCC-1701 ) and its crew . It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek : The Original Series ( TOS ) to distinguish the show within the media franchise that it began . The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy , roughly during the 2260s . The ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) , First Officer and Science Officer Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) , and Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy ( DeForest Kelley ) . Shatner 's voice-over introduction during each episode 's opening credits stated the starship 's purpose :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore', 'summary': "Mary Tyler Moore ( December 29 , 1936 - January 25 , 2017 ) was an American stage , film , and television actress , as well as a producer and social advocate . She was widely known for her prominent television sitcom roles in The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1961-1966 ) and The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1970-1977 ) . Her film work included 1967 's Thoroughly Modern Millie and 1980 's Ordinary People , the latter earning Moore a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Moore was an advocate for animal rights , vegetarianism and diabetes prevention . With her two most prominent roles challenging gender stereotypes and norms , The New York Times said Moore 's performances on [ The Mary Tyler Moore Show and The Dick Van Dyke Show ] helped define a new vision of American womanhood . The Guardian said her outwardly bubbly personality and trademark broad , toothy smile disguised an inner fragility that appealed to an audience facing the new trials of modern-day existence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show', 'summary': "The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( also known simply as Mary Tyler Moore ) is an American television sitcom starring the actress of the same name and created by James L. Brooks and Allan Burns ; it originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 1970 to March 19 , 1977 . Moore starred as Mary Richards , an unmarried , independent woman focused on her career as associate producer at the fictional WJM news program in Minneapolis . A central female character who was not married or dependent on a man was a rarity in American television in the early 1970s , leading to numerous publications citing The Mary Tyler Moore Show as groundbreaking television in the era of second-wave feminism . Ed Asner co-starred as Mary 's boss Lou Grant , alongside Valerie Harper as her friend and neighbor Rhoda Morgenstern and Cloris Leachman as her landlady Phyllis Lindstrom . Other co-stars throughout the series 's run included Gavin MacLeod , Ted Knight , Georgia Engel , and Betty White . The Mary Tyler Moore Show is remembered for its realistic and complex characters and storylines , in contrast to the simplistic characters and plots typically seen on broadcast television at that time . It was the subject of consistent critical praise and high ratings during its original run , receiving twenty-nine Primetime Emmy Awards , including for Outstanding Comedy Series three years in a row ( 1975-1977 ) ; Moore received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series three times . The series also launched three spin-offs : Rhoda ( 1974-1978 ) , Phyllis ( 1975-1977 ) , and Lou Grant ( 1977-1982 ) . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked The Mary Tyler Moore Show # 6 on its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Cosby', 'summary': "William Henry Cosby Jr. ( /ˈkɒzbi/ ; born July 12 , 1937 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , musician , author , and convicted sex offender . Cosby began his career as a stand-up comic at the hungry i in San Francisco during the 1960s . He then landed a starring role in the television show I Spy , followed by his own sitcom The Bill Cosby Show , which ran for two seasons from 1969 to 1971 . In 1972 , using the Fat Albert character developed during his stand-up routines , Cosby created , produced , and hosted the animated comedy television series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids which ran until 1985 , centering on a group of young friends growing up in an urban area . Throughout the 1970s , Cosby starred in about half a dozen films , and he occasionally returned to film later in his career . In 1976 , he earned his Doctor of Education from the University of Massachusetts Amherst . His dissertation discussed the use of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids as a teaching tool in elementary schools . Beginning in the 1980s , Cosby produced and starred in the television sitcom The Cosby Show , which aired from 1984 to 1992 and was rated as the number one show in America for 1985 through 1989 . The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African-American family . Cosby produced the spin-off sitcom A Different World , which aired from 1987 to 1993 . He also starred in The Cosby Mysteries from 1994 to 1995 and in the sitcom Cosby from 1996 to 2000 and hosted Kids Say the Darndest Things from 1998 to 2000 . Cosby 's reputation was tarnished during the mid-2010s when numerous women made sexual assault accusations against him , the earliest dating back decades ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cosby_Show', 'summary': "The Cosby Show is an American sitcom television series co-created by and starring Bill Cosby , which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20 , 1984 , until April 30 , 1992 . The show focuses on an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn , New York . The Cosby Show spent five consecutive seasons as the number-one rated show on television . The Cosby Show and All in the Family are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings to be the number-one show for five seasons . It spent all eight of its seasons in the top 20 . According to TV Guide , the show was TV 's biggest hit in the 1980s , and almost single-handedly revived the sitcom genre and NBC 's ratings fortunes . TV Guide also ranked it 28th on their list of 50 Greatest Shows . In addition , Cliff Huxtable was named as the Greatest Television Dad . In May 1992 , Entertainment Weekly stated that The Cosby Show helped to make possible a larger variety of shows with a predominantly black cast , from In Living Color to The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . The Cosby Show was based on comedy routines in Cosby 's stand-up act , which in turn were based on his family life . The show led to the spinoff A Different World , which ran for six seasons from 1987 to 1993 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Fox_(actor)', 'summary': 'Matthew Chandler Fox ( born July 14 , 1966 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on Party of Five ( 1994-2000 ) and Jack Shephard on the drama series Lost ( 2004-2010 ) , the latter of which earned him Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations . Fox has also performed in ten feature films , including We Are Marshall ( 2006 ) , Vantage Point ( 2008 ) , Alex Cross ( 2012 ) , Emperor ( 2012 ) and Bone Tomahawk ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Lost is an American drama television series that originally aired on ABC from September 22 , 2004 , to May 23 , 2010 , over six seasons , comprising a total of 121 episodes . The show contains elements of supernatural and science fiction , and follows the survivors of a commercial jet airliner flying between Sydney and Los Angeles , after the plane crashes on a mysterious island somewhere in the South Pacific Ocean . The story is told in a heavily serialized manner . Episodes typically feature a primary storyline set on the island , augmented by flashback or flashforward sequences which provide additional insight into the involved characters . Lost was created by Jeffrey Lieber , J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof , who share story writing credits for the pilot episode , which Abrams directed . Throughout the show 's run , Lindelof and Carlton Cuse served as showrunners and head writers , working together with many other executive producers and writers . Due to its large ensemble cast and the cost of filming primarily on location in Oahu , Hawaii , the series was one of the most expensive on television , with the pilot alone costing over $ 14 million . The fictional universe and mythology of Lost are expanded upon by a number of related media , most importantly , a series of short mini-episodes called Missing Pieces , and a 12-minute epilogue titled The New Man in Charge . Lost has regularly been ranked by critics as one of the greatest television series of all time . The first season had an estimated average of 16 million viewers per episode on ABC . During its sixth and final season , the show averaged over 11 million U.S. viewers per episode . Lost was the recipient of hundreds of industry award nominations throughout its run and won numerous of these awards , including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2005 , Best American Import at the British Academy Television Awards in 2005 , the Golden Globe Award for Best Drama in 2006 , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Ensemble in a Drama Series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Homer_Simpson', 'summary': "Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television , along with the rest of his family , in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night on April 19 , 1987 . Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks ' office . Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters . He named the character after his father , Homer Groening . After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show , the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17 , 1989 . As patriarch of the eponymous family , Homer and his wife Marge have three children : Bart , Lisa and Maggie . As the family 's provider , he works at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant as safety inspector . Homer embodies many American working class stereotypes : he is crude , overweight , incompetent , lazy , clumsy , dim-witted , hot-tempered , childish , and addicted to beer , junk food and watching television . However , he often tries his hardest to be a decent man and is fiercely devoted to his family , especially when they need him the most . Despite the suburban blue-collar routine of his life , he has had a number of remarkable experiences , including going to space , climbing the tallest mountain in Springfield by himself , fighting former President George H. W. Bush and winning a Grammy Award as a member of a barbershop quartet . In the shorts and earlier episodes , Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau ; however , during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show , Homer 's voice evolved to become more robust , to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Genie_Francis', 'summary': 'Eugenie Ann Genie Francis ( born May 26 , 1962 ) is an American actress . She is best known for playing the role of Laura Spencer on the television soap opera General Hospital from 1977 to present , for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2007 . Francis also appeared in the soap operas Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1989 , All My Children from 1990 to 1992 and The Young and the Restless from 2011 to 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Geary', 'summary': "Anthony Geary ( born May 29 , 1947 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing the role of Luke Spencer on the ABC daytime drama General Hospital . He originated the role of Luke in 1978 and received a record eight Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series prior to his retirement . Geary had a prominent supporting role in the Weird Al Yankovic comedy UHF ( 1989 ) ; other notable films include Johnny Got His Gun ( 1971 ) , Disorderlies ( 1987 ) , Scorchers ( 1991 ) , Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) and Fish Tank ( 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Photomosaic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Photomosaic', 'summary': 'In the field of photographic imaging , a photographic mosaic , also known under the term Photomosaic , a portmanteau of photo and mosaic , is a picture ( usually a photograph ) that has been divided into ( usually equal sized ) tiled sections , each of which is replaced with another photograph that matches the target photo . When viewed at low magnifications , the individual pixels appear as the primary image , while close examination reveals that the image is in fact made up of many hundreds or thousands of smaller images . Most of the time they are a computer-created type of montage . There are two kinds of mosaic , depending on how the matching is done . In the simpler kind , each part of the target image is averaged down to a single color . Each of the library images is also reduced to a single color . Each part of the target image is then replaced with one from the library where these colors are as similar as possible . In effect , the target image is reduced in resolution ( by downsampling ) , and then each of the resulting pixels is replaced with an image whose average color matches that pixel . In the more advanced kind of photographic mosaic , the target image is not downsampled , and the matching is done by comparing each pixel in the rectangle to the corresponding pixel from each library image . The rectangle in the target is then replaced with the library image that minimizes the total difference . This requires much more computation than the simple kind , but the results can be much better since the pixel-by-pixel matching can preserve the resolution of the target image . Originally , the term photomosaic referred to compound photographs created by stitching together a series of adjacent pictures of a scene .'}]}, {'value': '4/15/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriel Byrne of Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne', 'summary': "Gabriel James Byrne ( born 12 May 1950 ) is an Irish actor , film director , film producer , writer , cultural ambassador and audiobook narrator . His acting career began in the Focus Theatre before he joined London 's Royal Court Theatre in 1979 . Byrne 's screen debut came in the Irish drama serial The Riordans and the spin-off show Bracken . He has starred in more than 70 films for some of cinemas best known directors . For his Broadway work , he received three Tony nominations for roles in the work of Eugene O'Neill as well as the Outer Critics Circle Award for A touch of the poet . For his television work , Byrne was nominated for three Emmys . For his performance in HBO 's American drama In Treatment ( 2008-2010 ) in the role of Paul Weston , one of his most identifiable roles , he won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for two Emmy Awards and two Satellite Awards . He starred in many films , including : Excalibur ( 1981 ) , Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) , The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) , Stigmata ( 1999 ) , End of Days ( 1999 ) , Spider ( 2002 ) , Jindabyne ( 2006 ) , Vampire Academy ( 2014 ) , The 33 ( 2015 ) , and Hereditary ( 2018 ) , and co-wrote The Last of the High Kings ( 1996 ) . Byrne has also produced several films , including the Academy Award-nominated In the Name of the Father ( 1993 ) . In 2018 , Gabriel Byrne was awarded the Irish Film and Television Academy Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to Irish cinema ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Vikings is a historical drama television series created and written by Michael Hirst for the History channel . Filmed in Ireland , it premiered on March 3 , 2013 , in Canada . In January 2019 , it was announced that the 20-episode sixth season , which was ordered on September 12 , 2017 , ahead of its fifth-season premiere , would be the final season of the series . The sixth season premiered on December 4 , 2019 . A sequel series , titled Vikings : Valhalla , is currently in development for Netflix . Vikings is inspired by the sagas of Viking Ragnar Lothbrok , one of the best-known legendary Norse heroes and notorious as the scourge of England and France . The show portrays Ragnar as a farmer who rises to fame by successful raids into England , and eventually becomes a Scandinavian King , with the support of his family and fellow warriors . In the later seasons , the series follows the fortunes of his sons and their adventures in England , Scandinavia and the Mediterranean .'}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/22/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fan Favorites poll results , featuring Stephen Amell of Arrow ( New Show ) ; Jim Parsons ( actor ) of The Big Bang Theory ( Comedy and ensemble cast ) ; Nathan Fillion and Stana Katic of Castle ( Best Couple ) ; Kerry Washington of Scandal ( drama ) ; and Matt Smith of Doctor Who ( Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Amell', 'summary': 'Stephen Adam Amell ( born May 8 , 1981 ) is a Canadian actor and producer , best known for playing Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on The CW superhero series Arrow , the show that started the Arrowverse . A lifelong professional wrestling fan , he has made appearances in major professional wrestling promotions , including working a match for WWE in 2015 and for Ring of Honor in 2017 , joining the stable Bullet Club and later The Elite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , and Andrew Kreisberg based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow , a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp , and is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with other Arrowverse television series . The series premiered in the United States on The CW on October 10 , 2012 , and was primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . In January 2019 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , which premiered on October 15 , 2019 . In March , it was announced this would serve as the final season of the series , consisting of ten episodes which would contribute to the Crisis on Infinite Earths crossover event ; the series concluded in full on January 28 , 2020 . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who claimed to have spent five years shipwrecked on Lian Yu , a mysterious island in the North China Sea , before returning home to Starling City ( later renamed Star City ) to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow . Throughout the series , Oliver is joined by others , among them former soldier John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) , I.T . expert and skilled hacker Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , former assassin Sara Lance ( Caity Lotz ) , aspiring vigilante Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Oliver 's sister Thea ( Willa Holland ) , and attorney-turned-vigilante Laurel Lance ( Katie Cassidy ) . During the first five seasons of the show , characters from Oliver 's past appear in a separate story arc based on Oliver 's flashbacks . Starting with season seven , a series of flash-forwards focus on Oliver 's children William and Mia , exploring how present events would affect their future and Green Arrow 's legacy . The series takes a new look at the Green Arrow character , as well as other characters from the DC Comics universe . Although Oliver Queen / Green Arrow had been featured in the television series Smallville from 2006 to 2011 , on The CW , the producers decided to start clean and find a new actor to portray the character . Arrow has received generally positive reviews from critics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Parsons', 'summary': "James Joseph Parsons ( born March 24 , 1973 ) is an American actor and producer . Parsons is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory ( 2007-2019 ) . He has received several awards for his performance , including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy . In 2018 , Forbes estimated his annual salary to be $ 26.5 million and named him the world 's highest-paid television actor . Parsons made his Broadway debut in 2011 portraying Tommy Boatwright in the play The Normal Heart , for which he shared a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance . He reprised the role in the film adaptation of the play , and received his seventh Emmy nomination , this time in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie . In film , Parsons has voiced the lead character in Home ( 2015 ) and played supporting roles in Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) and Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory', 'summary': "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom served as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also served as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 and concluded on May 16 , 2019 , having broadcast a total of 279 episodes over 12 seasons . The show originally centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . Over time , supporting characters were promoted to starring roles , including neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , microbiologist Bernadette Rostenkowski , physicist Leslie Winkle , and comic book store owner Stuart Bloom . The show was filmed in front of a live audience and was produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory received mixed reviews from critics throughout its first season , but reception was more favorable in the second and third seasons . Later seasons saw a return to a lukewarm reception , with the show being criticized for a decline in comedic quality . Despite the mixed reviews , seven seasons of the show have ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings , ultimately reaching the no . 1 spot in its eleventh season . The show was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series from 2011 to 2014 and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series four times for Jim Parsons . In total , it won seven Emmy Awards from 46 nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Fillion', 'summary': "Nathan Fillion ( /ˈfɪliən/ ; born March 27 , 1971 ) is a Canadian-American actor , best known for the leading roles of Captain Malcolm Mal Reynolds on Firefly and its film continuation Serenity , Richard Castle on Castle and John Nolan on The Rookie . Fillion has acted in traditionally distributed films like Slither and Trucker , Internet-distributed films like Dr. Horrible 's Sing-Along Blog , television soap operas , sitcoms and theater . His voice is also featured in video games , such as the Bungie titles Halo 3 , Halo 3 : ODST , Halo : Reach , Destiny and Destiny 2 , along with the 343 Industries video game Halo 5 : Guardians . Fillion first gained recognition for his work on One Life to Live in the contract role of Joey Buchanan , for which he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series as well as for his supporting role as Johnny Donnelly in the sitcom Two Guys and a Girl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stana_Katic', 'summary': 'Stana Katic ( /ˈstɑːnə ˈkætɪk/ ; Serbo-Croatian pronunciation : [ kǎːtitɕ ] ; born 26 April 1978 ) is a Canadian-American actress and producer . She played Kate Beckett on the ABC television romantic crime series Castle ( 2009-2016 ) and Agent Emily Byrne in the thriller series Absentia ( 2017-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Castle is an American crime-comedy-drama television series , which aired on ABC for a total of eight seasons from March 9 , 2009 , to May 16 , 2016 . The series was produced jointly by Beacon Pictures and ABC Studios . Created by Andrew W. Marlowe , it primarily traces the lives of Richard Castle ( Nathan Fillion ) , a best-selling mystery novelist , and Kate Beckett ( Stana Katic ) , a homicide detective , as they solve various unusual crimes in New York City . Detective Beckett is initially infuriated at the thought of working with a writer and goes to great lengths to keep him out of her way . However , the two soon start developing feelings for each other . The overarching plot of the series focused on the romance between the two lead characters and their ongoing investigation of the murder of Beckett 's mother . On May 12 , 2016 , it was announced that despite some cast members signing one-year contracts for a potential ninth season , the show was canceled ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerry_Washington', 'summary': "Kerry Marisa Washington ( born January 31 , 1977 ) is an American actress . She gained wide public recognition for starring as Olivia Pope , a crisis management expert , in the ABC drama series Scandal ( 2012-2018 ) . For her role , she received nominations for two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . Her portrayal of Anita Hill in the HBO television film Confirmation ( 2016 ) , earned her another Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In film , Washington is known for her roles as Della Bea Robinson in Ray ( 2004 ) , as Kay in The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) , as Alicia Masters in the live-action Fantastic Four films of 2005 and 2007 , and as Broomhilda von Shaft in Quentin Tarantino 's Django Unchained ( 2012 ) . She has also starred in the independent films Our Song ( 2000 ) , The Dead Girl ( 2006 ) , Mother and Child ( 2009 ) and Night Catches Us ( 2010 ) . Time magazine included Washington in its Time 100 list of 2014 . In 2018 , Forbes named her the eighth highest-paid television actress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scandal_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Scandal is an American political thriller television series starring Kerry Washington . Created by Shonda Rhimes , it aired on ABC from April 5 , 2012 , until April 19 , 2018 , for 124 episodes over seven seasons . Kerry Washington 's character , Olivia Pope , is partially based on former George H.W . Bush administration press aide Judy Smith , who serves as a co-executive producer . The show takes place in Washington , D.C. and focuses on Olivia Pope 's crisis management firm , Olivia Pope & Associates ( OPA ) , and its staff , as well as staff at the White House and surrounding political scene . In addition to Kerry Washington , the show features Tony Goldwyn as Fitzgerald Grant III , the President of the United States - later a former President - and Olivia 's main love interest ; Darby Stanchfield as Abby Whelan , an assistant at OPA ( later renamed Quinn Perkins & Associates or QPA ) , and also the former White House Press Secretary and Chief of Staff ; Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins , former assistant at OPA and later head of QPA ; Guillermo Diaz as Huck , a former agent of a spy agency called B613 and assistant at QPA ; Jeff Perry as Cyrus Beene , the former White House Chief of Staff under Grant and later Vice President of the United States under Mellie Grant ; Joshua Malina as David Rosen , the Attorney General ; Bellamy Young as Mellie Grant , the ex-First Lady , a former senator , and later the President of the United States after Grant ; Scott Foley as Jake Ballard , the Director of the NSA and Olivia 's secondary love interest ; Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus Walker , a civil rights activist , who used to be an OPA assistant and White House Press Secretary ; Joe Morton as Eli Rowan Pope , Olivia 's father and the former head of B613 ; and George Newbern as Charlie , a former B613 agent who later becomes a member of QPA . The show was named a Television Program of the Year by the American Film Institute , received the Peabody Award for Excellence in Television and was honored as Outstanding Drama Series at the Image Awards . Washington has won the Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and has been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matt_Smith_(actor)', 'summary': "Matthew Robert Smith ( born 28 October 1982 ) is an English actor . He is best known for his roles as the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor in the BBC series Doctor Who and Prince Philip in the Netflix series The Crown , earning a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for the latter . Smith initially aspired to be a professional footballer , but spondylolysis forced him out of the sport . After joining the National Youth Theatre and studying drama and creative writing at the University of East Anglia , he became an actor in 2003 , performing in plays like Murder in the Cathedral , Fresh Kills , The History Boys , and On the Shore of the Wide World in London theatres . Extending his repertoire into West End theatre , he has since performed in the stage adaptation of Swimming with Sharks with Christian Slater , followed a year later by a critically acclaimed performance as Henry in That Face . Smith 's first television role came in 2006 as Jim Taylor in the BBC adaptations of Philip Pullman 's The Ruby in the Smoke and The Shadow in the North , while his first major role in television came as Danny in the 2007 BBC series Party Animals . Smith , who was announced as the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor in January 2009 , is the youngest person ever to play the character . He left the series at the end of the 2013 Christmas Day special , The Time of the Doctor . In film , he starred in Womb ( 2010 ) and portrayed the physical embodiment of Skynet in Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Who', 'summary': 'Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called the Doctor , an extraterrestrial being , to all appearances human , from the planet Gallifrey . The Doctor explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes while working to save civilisations and help people in need . The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006-2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007-2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009-2010 ) , and Class ( 2016 ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture . Thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor .'}]}, {'value': 'Photo montage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/29/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Usher , Adam Levine , Blake Shelton and Shakira of The Voice , featured in photos from the show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Usher Raymond IV ( born October 14 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and dancer . He was born in Dallas , Texas , but raised in Chattanooga , Tennessee until moving to Atlanta , Georgia . At the age of 12 , his mother put him in local singing competitions , before catching the attention of a music A & R from LaFace Records . He released his self-titled debut album , Usher ( 1994 ) but rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way ( 1997 ) . It spawned his first U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number-one single , Nice & Slow , among top-two singles You Make Me Wan na . and My Way . 8701 ( 2001 ) produced the number-one singles U Remind Me and U Got It Bad , as well as top-three single U Do n't Have to Call . It sold eight million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R & B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003 . Confessions ( 2004 ) established him as one of the best-selling musical artists of the 2000s decade , selling 20 million copies worldwide . Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles - Yeah ! , Burn , Confessions Part II and My Boo - it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA . Here I Stand ( 2008 ) and Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) both debuted atop of the Billboard 200 chart and respectively produced the number-one singles Love in This Club and OMG ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adam_Levine', 'summary': "Adam Noah Levine ( born March 18 , 1979 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , entrepreneur , and actor . He is the lead singer for the pop rock band Maroon 5 . Born and raised in Los Angeles , California , Levine began his musical career in 1994 , when he co-founded the band Kara 's Flowers , of which he was the lead vocalist and guitarist . The band split up after their only album , The Fourth World ( released in 1997 ) , which did not gain popularity . In 2001 , the group was reformed - with guitarist James Valentine joining the line-up - and began a new musical chapter , changing their name to Maroon 5 . In 2002 , the band released their first album , Songs About Jane , which went multi-platinum in the US . Since then , they have released five more albums : It Wo n't Be Soon Before Long ( 2007 ) , Hands All Over ( 2010 ) , Overexposed ( 2012 ) , V ( 2014 ) , and Red Pill Blues ( 2017 ) . As part of Maroon 5 , Levine has received three Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , an MTV Video Music Award , and a World Music Award . From 2011 to 2019 , Levine served as a coach on NBC 's reality talent show The Voice and won three times with a member of his team ( seasons 1 , 5 , and 9 ) . In 2012 , Levine made his acting debut as a recurring character Leo Morrison in American Horror Story : Asylum , the second season of the series American Horror Story . Levine also appeared in the films Begin Again ( 2013 ) , Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 ) , Fun Mom Dinner and The Clapper ( both 2017 ) . As an entrepreneur , Levine launched his own eponymous fragrance line in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blake_Shelton', 'summary': "Blake Tollison Shelton ( born June 18 , 1976 ) is an American country music singer and television personality . In 2001 , he made his debut with the single Austin . The lead-off single from his self-titled debut album , Austin spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . The now Platinum-certified debut album also produced two more top 20 entries ( All Over Me and Ol ' Red ) . His second and third albums , 2003 's The Dreamer and 2004 's Blake Shelton 's Barn & Grill , are gold and platinum , respectively . His fourth album , Pure BS ( 2007 ) , was re-issued in 2008 with a cover of Michael Bublé 's pop hit Home as one of the bonus tracks . His fifth album , Startin ' Fires was released in November 2008 . It was followed by the extended plays Hillbilly Bone and All About Tonight in 2010 , and the albums Red River Blue in 2011 , Based on a True Story . in 2013 , Bringing Back the Sunshine in 2014 , and If I 'm Honest in 2016 . As of November 2019 [ update ] , Shelton has charted 40 singles , including 26 number ones , 17 of which were consecutive . The 11th No . 1 ( Doin ' What She Likes ) broke the record for the most consecutive No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shakira', 'summary': "Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( /ʃəˈkɪərə/ ; Spanish : [ ʃaˈkiɾa ] ; born February 2 , 1977 ) is a Colombian singer , songwriter , dancer , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Barranquilla , she made her recording debut under Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13 . Following the commercial failure of her first two Colombian albums , Magia ( 1991 ) and Peligro ( 1993 ) , she rose to prominence in Spanish-speaking countries with her next albums , Pies Descalzos ( 1995 ) and Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) . Shakira entered the English-language market with her fifth album , Laundry Service ( 2001 ) . It sold over 13 million copies and spawned the international number-one singles Whenever , Wherever and Underneath Your Clothes . Her success was further solidified with the Spanish albums Fijación Oral , Vol . 1 ( 2005 ) , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) , and El Dorado ( 2017 ) , all of which topped the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart and were certified diamante by the Recording Industry Association of America . Meanwhile , her English albums Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 ( 2005 ) , She Wolf ( 2009 ) and Shakira ( 2014 ) were all certified gold , platinum , or multi-platinum in various countries worldwide . Some of her songs have charted at number one in multiple countries , including La Tortura , Hips Do n't Lie , Beautiful Liar , Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) , Loca , and Chantaje . Shakira served as a coach on two seasons of the American singing competition television series The Voice from 2013 to 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "The Voice is an American singing competition television series broadcast on NBC . It premiered during the spring television cycle on April 26 , 2011 , and expanded into the fall cycle with the premiere of the third season on September 10 , 2012 . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , and part of The Voice franchise it has aired seventeen seasons and aims to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 13 or over , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio-recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $ 100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the seventeen seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , Chris Blue , Chloe Kohanski , Brynn Cartelli , Chevel Shepherd , Maelyn Jarmon , and Jake Hoot . The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . The original panel featured Christina Aguilera , CeeLo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton ; the panel for the upcoming eighteenth season features Shelton , Kelly Clarkson , John Legend and Nick Jonas . Other coaches from previous seasons include Shakira , Usher , Gwen Stefani , Pharrell Williams , Miley Cyrus , Alicia Keys , and Jennifer Hudson . In the fifteenth season , Kelsea Ballerini was featured as an off-screen fifth coach for Comeback Stage contestants . Bebe Rexha took over as the Comeback Stage coach for the sixteenth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Photo montage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/6/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finale Preview , featuring Mark Harmon of NCIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Harmon', 'summary': "Thomas Mark Harmon ( born September 2 , 1951 ) is an American television and film actor . He has appeared in a wide variety of roles since the early 1970s . Initially a college football player , his role on St . Elsewhere led to his being named Sexiest Man Alive by People in 1986 . After spending the majority of the 1990s as a character actor , he played Secret Service special agent Simon Donovan in The West Wing , receiving a 2002 Emmy Award nomination for his acting in a four-episode story arc . Harmon was cast in a similar role a year later . The creator of both JAG and NCIS had seen Harmon in The West Wing and decided to cast him in NCIS . Harmon 's character of NCIS special agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of JAG . Since 2003 , Harmon has starred in NCIS as the same character ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)', 'summary': "NCIS is an American action police procedural television series , revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service . The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG ( season eight episodes 20 and 21 : Ice Queen and Meltdown ) . The show , a spin-off from JAG , premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on CBS . To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network . Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise . As of 2019 , it is the second-longest-running scripted , non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing , surpassed only by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) , and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall . NCIS was originally titled Navy NCIS ; Navy was later dropped from the title as it was redundant ( the N in NCIS stands for Naval ) . In season six , a two-part episode led to a spin-off series , NCIS : Los Angeles . A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series , NCIS : New Orleans . While initially slow in the ratings , barely cracking the Top 30 in the first two seasons , the third season showed progress , consistently ranking in the top 20 , and by its sixth season , it became a top five hit , having remained there since . In 2011 , NCIS was voted America 's favorite television show in an online Harris Poll . The series finished its tenth season as the most-watched television series in the U.S. during the 2012-13 network television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/13/2013 ( D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A salute to The Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Office_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . It aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 , lasting a total of nine seasons . It is an adaptation of the original BBC series of the same name and was adapted for American television by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It was co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle-Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . To simulate the look of an actual documentary it was filmed in a single-camera setup without a studio audience or a laugh track . The series debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and aired 201 episodes over the course of its run . The Office originally featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer , and B. J. Novak as the main cast , however , the series experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . Notable stars outside the original main cast include Ed Helms , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , James Spader , and Ellie Kemper . The Office was met with mixed reviews during its short first season , but the following seasons , especially those featuring Carell , received considerable acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year-end top TV series lists , winning several awards such as a Peabody Award in 2006 , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Golden Globe Award for Carell 's performance , and four Primetime Emmy Awards , including one for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . Later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , with many seeing Carell 's departure in season seven as a contributing factor ; however , the final season ended the series ' run with a generally positive response ."}]}, {'value': 'Photo montage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/20/2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The cast of The Big Bang Theory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory', 'summary': "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom served as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also served as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 and concluded on May 16 , 2019 , having broadcast a total of 279 episodes over 12 seasons . The show originally centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . Over time , supporting characters were promoted to starring roles , including neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , microbiologist Bernadette Rostenkowski , physicist Leslie Winkle , and comic book store owner Stuart Bloom . The show was filmed in front of a live audience and was produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory received mixed reviews from critics throughout its first season , but reception was more favorable in the second and third seasons . Later seasons saw a return to a lukewarm reception , with the show being criticized for a decline in comedic quality . Despite the mixed reviews , seven seasons of the show have ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings , ultimately reaching the no . 1 spot in its eleventh season . The show was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series from 2011 to 2014 and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series four times for Jim Parsons . In total , it won seven Emmy Awards from 46 nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Photograph', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2013', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_TV_Guide_covers_(2010s)_3', 'intro': "This is a list of issue covers of TV Guide magazine from the decade of the 2010s, from January 2010 to December 2019. This list reflects only the regular weekly or bi-weekly issues of TV Guide (no one-time-only issues), and includes covers that are national or regional in nature, along with any covers that were available exclusively to print or digital subscribers. The entries on this table include each cover's subjects and their artists (photographer or illustrator)."}
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In 2000 , the lead actor of the AMC show revolving around the ad agency of Sterling Cooper , made his film debut in what movie ?
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Space Cowboys
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Old_World_monkey_species', 'title': 'List of Old World monkey species', 'header': ['Scientific name', 'Common name', 'Classified', 'Conservation status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Allenopithecus nigroviridis', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Allen 's swamp monkey", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Allen's_swamp_monkey", 'summary': "The Allen 's swamp monkey ( Allenopithecus nigroviridis ) is a primate species categorized in its own genus Allenopithecus in the Old World monkey family . Phylogenetically , it is a sister clade to the guenons , but differs in dentition and habits . Allen 's swamp monkey was named after American zoologist Joel Asaph Allen ."}]}, {'value': '1907 Pocock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock', 'summary': "Reginald Innes Pocock F.R.S . ( 4 March 1863 - 9 August 1947 ) was a British zoologist . Pocock was born in Clifton , Bristol , the fourth son of Rev . Nicholas Pocock and Edith Prichard . He began showing interest in natural history at St. Edward 's School , Oxford . He received tutoring in zoology from Sir Edward Poulton , and was allowed to explore comparative anatomy at the Oxford Museum . He studied biology and geology at University College , Bristol , under Conwy Lloyd Morgan and William Johnson Sollas . In 1885 , he became an assistant at the Natural History Museum , and worked in the section of entomology for a year . He was put in charge of the collections of Arachnida and Myriapoda . He was also given the task to arrange the British birds collections , in the course of which he developed a lasting interest in ornithology . The 200 papers he published in his 18 years at the museum soon brought him recognition as an authority on Arachnida and Myriapoda ; he described between 300 and 400 species of millipedes alone , and also described the scorpion genus Brachistosternus . In 1904 , he left to become superintendent of the London Zoo , remaining so until his retirement in 1923 ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miopithecus talapoin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angolan talapoin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angolan_talapoin', 'summary': 'The Angolan talapoin ( Miopithecus talapoin ) , also known as the southern talapoin , is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae . Talapoins are the smallest species of Old-World monkeys .'}]}, {'value': '1774 Schreber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber', 'summary': 'Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber ( 17 January 1739 in Weißensee , Thuringia - 10 December 1810 in Erlangen ) , often styled J.C.D . von Schreber , was a German naturalist .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miopithecus ogouensis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabon talapoin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabon_talapoin', 'summary': 'The Gabon talapoin ( Miopithecus ogouensis ) , also known as the northern talapoin , is a small species of African monkey in the family Cercopithecidae . It is found in riparian habitats in Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , and western Republic of the Congo and far western Democratic Republic of Congo . It may have been introduced to Fernando Poo and the Canary Islands . Unlike the related Angolan talapoin , the Gabon talapoin has flesh-coloured ( not blackish ) ears and facial skin .'}]}, {'value': '1997 Kingdon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Kingdon', 'summary': "Jonathan Kingdon ( born 1935 in Tanzania ) is a zoologist , science author , and artist ; a research associate at the University of Oxford . He focuses on taxonomic illustration and evolution of the mammals of Africa . He is a contributor to The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing . He was awarded the 1993 Silver Medal of the Zoological Society of London , and was awarded the Royal Geographical Society 's Cherry Kearton Medal and Award in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erythrocebus patas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'patas monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patas_monkey', 'summary': 'The patas monkey ( Erythrocebus patas ) , also known as the wadi monkey or hussar monkey , is a ground-dwelling monkey distributed over semi-arid areas of West Africa , and into East Africa . It was formerly considered the only member of the genus Erythrocebus , but the Blue Nile patas monkey , previously synonymized with this species , was resurrected in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1775 Schreber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber', 'summary': 'Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber ( 17 January 1739 in Weißensee , Thuringia - 10 December 1810 in Erlangen ) , often styled J.C.D . von Schreber , was a German naturalist .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chlorocebus sabaeus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'green monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_monkey', 'summary': 'The green monkey ( Chlorocebus sabaeus ) , also known as the sabaeus monkey or the callithrix monkey , is an Old World monkey with golden-green fur and pale hands and feet . The tip of the tail is golden yellow as are the backs of the thighs and cheek whiskers . It does not have a distinguishing band of fur on the brow , like other Chlorocebus species , and males have a pale blue scrotum . Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single widespread species , Chlorocebus aethiops .'}]}, {'value': '1758 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chlorocebus aethiops', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'grivet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grivet', 'summary': 'The grivet ( Chlorocebus aethiops ) , also known as African green monkey and savannah monkey is an Old World monkey with long white tufts of hair along the sides of the face . Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single species , Cercopithecus aethiops . As here defined , the grivet is restricted to Ethiopia , Sudan , Djibouti and Eritrea . In the southern part of its range , it comes into contact with the closely related vervet monkey ( C. pygerythrus ) and Bale Mountains vervet ( C. djamdjamensis ) . Hybridization between them is possible , and may present a threat to the vulnerable Bale Mountains vervet . Unlike that species , the grivet is common and rated as Least Concern by the IUCN .'}]}, {'value': '1758 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chlorocebus djamdjamensis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bale Mountains vervet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bale_Mountains_vervet', 'summary': 'The Bale Mountains vervet ( Chlorocebus djamdjamensis ) is a terrestrial Old World monkey endemic to Ethiopia , found in the bamboo forests of the Bale Mountains . It was originally described as a subspecies of the grivet ( Chlorocebus aethiops ) . All species in Chlorocebus were formerly in the genus Cercopithecus . The Bale Mountains Vervet is one of the least known primates in Africa . The Bale Mountains Vervet avoid tree-dominated and bush land areas as their habitat . These monkeys mainly reside in the bamboo forest ( Odubullu Forest ) of the Bale mountain due their dietary specialization on bamboo , however , other factors such as climate , forest history , soil quality , and disease could are likely to play a role in their choice to inhibit this area . The Bale Mountains Vervet have a very quiet behavior and tend to flee when coming across a human being .'}]}, {'value': '1902 Neumann', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chlorocebus tantalus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'tantalus monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tantalus_monkey', 'summary': 'The tantalus monkey ( Chlorocebus tantalus ) is an Old World monkey from Africa that ranges from Ghana to Sudan . It was originally described as a subspecies of the grivet ( Chlorocebus aethiops ) . All species in Chlorocebus were formerly in the genus Cercopithecus . It is a common species with a wide range , and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of least concern . This species has three recognized subspecies :'}]}, {'value': '1841 Ogilby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Ogilby', 'summary': 'William Ogilby ( 1808-1873 ) was an Irish barrister and naturalist . Ogilby was honorary secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 1839 to 1846 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chlorocebus pygerythrus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'vervet monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vervet_monkey', 'summary': 'The vervet monkey ( Chlorocebus pygerythrus ) , or simply vervet , is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae native to Africa . The term vervet is also used to refer to all the members of the genus Chlorocebus . The five distinct subspecies can be found mostly throughout Southern Africa , as well as some of the eastern countries . Vervets were introduced to Florida , St. Kitts , and Cape Verde . These mostly herbivorous monkeys have black faces and grey body hair color , ranging in body length from about 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) for females , to about 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) for males . In addition to behavioral research on natural populations , vervet monkeys serve as a nonhuman primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans . They have been noted for having human-like characteristics , such as hypertension , anxiety , and social and dependent alcohol use . Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals , with males moving to other groups at the time of sexual maturity . The most significant [ according to whom ? ] studies done on vervet monkeys involve their communication and alarm calls , specifically in regard to kin and group recognition and particular predator sightings .'}]}, {'value': '1821 F. Cuvier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frédéric_Cuvier', 'summary': 'Georges-Frédéric Cuvier ( 28 June 1773 , Montbéliard , Doubs - 24 July 1838 , Strasbourg ) was a French zoologist and paleontologist . He was the younger brother of noted naturalist and zoologist Georges Cuvier .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chlorocebus cynosuros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'malbrouck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malbrouck', 'summary': 'The malbrouck ( Chlorocebus cynosuros ) is an Old World primate from Africa that belongs to the genus Chlorocebus . The species is sometimes classified as a subspecies of the vervet monkey ( C. pygerythrus ) , or of the widespread grivet ( C. aethiops ) .'}]}, {'value': '1786 Scopoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli', 'summary': 'Giovanni Antonio Scopoli ( sometimes Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius ) ( 3 June 1723 - 8 May 1788 ) was an Austrian physician and naturalist . His biographer Otto Guglia named him the first anational European and the Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus dryas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dryas monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dryas_monkey', 'summary': 'The Dryas monkey ( Cercopithecus dryas ) , also known as Salonga monkey , ekele , or inoko , is a little-known species of guenon found only in the Congo Basin , restricted to the left bank of the Congo River . It is now established that the animals that had been classified as Cercopithecus salongo ( the common name being Zaire Diana monkey ) were in fact Dryas monkeys . Some older sources treat the Dryas monkey as a subspecies of the Diana monkey and classify it as C. diana dryas , but it is geographically isolated from any known Diana monkey population . While the Dryas monkey had been considered data deficient , evidence suggests it is very rare and its total population possibly numbers fewer than 200 individuals . Consequently , its status was changed to critically endangered in the 2008 IUCN Red List . Along with being listed by the IUCN , this species is also listed on Appendix II of CITES . However , in January 2019 the IUCN status was changed to endangered following the discovery of this species at eight locations in Lomami National Park .'}]}, {'value': '1932 Schwarz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Schwarz_(zoologist)', 'summary': 'Ernst Schwarz ( 1 December 1889 - 23 September 1962 ) was a German zoologist , mammalogist , and herpetologist . Schwarz was born in Frankfurt and studied zoology in Munich . He worked at the Museum of Natural History in Frankfurt and the Zoological Museum in Berlin . In 1929 he became professor of Zoology at the University of Greifswald . He worked at the Natural History Museum in London from 1933 to 1937 , when he moved to the United States . He specialised in great ape species . He is often credited with having discovered the Bonobo in 1928 . Schwarz also studied amphibians and reptiles , especially European and Mediterranean vipers .'}]}, {'value': 'critically endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus diana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_monkey', 'summary': 'The Diana monkey ( Cercopithecus diana ) is an Old World monkey . The term old-world monkey refers to the family of monkeys known as Cercopithecoidea and the Diana monkey is only 1 species out of the 148 that are a part of this family .'}]}, {'value': '1758 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus roloway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'roloway monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roloway_monkey', 'summary': 'The roloway monkey ( Cercopithecus roloway ) is an endangered species of Old World monkey endemic to tropical West Africa . It was previously considered a subspecies of the Diana monkey ( C. diana ) . It is classified as Endangered due to habitat loss and continued hunting for the bushmeat trade .'}]}, {'value': '1774 Schreber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber', 'summary': 'Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber ( 17 January 1739 in Weißensee , Thuringia - 10 December 1810 in Erlangen ) , often styled J.C.D . von Schreber , was a German naturalist .'}]}, {'value': 'endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus nictitans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'greater spot-nosed monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_spot-nosed_monkey', 'summary': "The greater spot-nosed monkey or putty-nosed monkey ( Cercopithecus nictitans ) is one of the smallest Old World monkeys . It is a guenon of the C. mitis group , native to West Africa and living to some extent in rain forests , but more often in the transition zone between rain forest and savannah . It is primarily arboreal and often associates with monkeys of other species . Both their common names come from the monkeys ' prominent white nose . The greater spot-nosed monkey lives in groups consisting of one adult male , a number of adult females , and their dependent offspring . Little recent research has been conducted into its behaviour , and most has concentrated on its auditory communication . Males use three call types which have been described as 'booms ' , 'pyows ' , and 'hacks ' . These are used in a number of contexts including as alarm calls . As in some other species of monkeys , the acoustical structure of greater spot-nosed monkey alarm calls it has been argued to vary according to the kind of predator spotted . The monkey reportedly combines different sounds into a sequence , which has an entirely different meaning from the sounds out of which it is made . For instance , the sound pyow alone means another animal , like a leopard , is lurking nearby , and hack means a flying animal , like an eagle , is flying nearby , but when the two are combined , as in the sequence pyow pyow hack hack hack hack , they have an entirely different meaning : Let 's get out of here and move to another place ."}]}, {'value': '1766 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus mitis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'blue monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_monkey', 'summary': "The blue monkey or diademed monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis ) is a species of Old World monkey native to Central and East Africa , ranging from the upper Congo River basin east to the East African Rift and south to northern Angola and Zambia . It sometimes includes Sykes ' , silver , and golden monkeys as subspecies ."}]}, {'value': '1822 Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Wolf', 'summary': 'Johann Wolf ( 26 May 1765 in Nürnberg - 16 February 1824 ) was a German naturalist and ornithologist . He was a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus doggetti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'silver monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_monkey', 'summary': 'The silver monkey ( Cercopithecus doggetti ) is a species of Old World monkey found primarily in East Africa . Its range includes Burundi , Tanzania , Rwanda , Uganda , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The silver monkey was previously considered a subspecies of the blue monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '1907 Pocock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock', 'summary': "Reginald Innes Pocock F.R.S . ( 4 March 1863 - 9 August 1947 ) was a British zoologist . Pocock was born in Clifton , Bristol , the fourth son of Rev . Nicholas Pocock and Edith Prichard . He began showing interest in natural history at St. Edward 's School , Oxford . He received tutoring in zoology from Sir Edward Poulton , and was allowed to explore comparative anatomy at the Oxford Museum . He studied biology and geology at University College , Bristol , under Conwy Lloyd Morgan and William Johnson Sollas . In 1885 , he became an assistant at the Natural History Museum , and worked in the section of entomology for a year . He was put in charge of the collections of Arachnida and Myriapoda . He was also given the task to arrange the British birds collections , in the course of which he developed a lasting interest in ornithology . The 200 papers he published in his 18 years at the museum soon brought him recognition as an authority on Arachnida and Myriapoda ; he described between 300 and 400 species of millipedes alone , and also described the scorpion genus Brachistosternus . In 1904 , he left to become superintendent of the London Zoo , remaining so until his retirement in 1923 ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus kandti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'golden monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_monkey', 'summary': "The golden monkey ( Cercopithecus kandti ) is a species of Old World monkey found in the Virunga volcanic mountains of Central Africa , including four national parks : Mgahinga , in south-west Uganda ; Volcanoes , in north-west Rwanda ; and Virunga and Kahuzi-Biéga , in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo . It is restricted to highland forest , especially near bamboo . This species was previously thought to be a subspecies of the blue monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis ) , and the two are similar overall , but the golden monkey has a golden-orange patch on the upper flanks and back . Not much is known about the golden monkey 's behaviour . It lives in social groups of up to 30 individuals . Its diet consists mainly of bamboo , leaves and fruit , though it is also thought to eat insects . Due to the gradual destruction of their habitat and recent wars in their limited habitat , the golden monkey is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List ."}]}, {'value': '1905 Matschie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Matschie', 'summary': "Paul Matschie ( 11 August 1861 , Brandenburg an der Havel - 7 March 1926 , Friedenau ) was a German zoologist . He studied mathematics and natural sciences at the Universities of Halle and Berlin , afterwards working as an unpaid volunteer at the Berlin Zoological Museum under Jean Cabanis ( 1816-1906 ) . In 1892 he was in charge of the department of mammals at the museum , later becoming a curator ( 1895 ) , and in 1902 attaining the title of professor . In 1924 he was appointed second director at the museum . During the years 1891-1893 , he described 11 new species of reptiles . A species of gecko , Hemidactylus matschiei ( Tornier , 1901 ) , is named in his honor . Matschie 's tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus matschiei ) and Matschie 's galago ( Galago matschiei ) are two species of mammals which bear his name ."}]}, {'value': 'endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus albogularis', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sykes 's monkey", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sykes's_monkey", 'summary': "Sykes ' monkey ( Cercopithecus albogularis ) , also known as the white-throated monkey or Samango monkey , is an Old World monkey found between Ethiopia and South Africa , including south and east Democratic Republic of Congo . It is named after English naturalist Colonel William Henry Sykes ( 1790-1872 ) , and has been considered conspecific with the blue monkey ( which in turn has included the golden and silver monkey ) , but has a large white patch on the throat and upper chest , and a grizzled ( not blackish ) cap ."}]}, {'value': '1831 Sykes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Sykes', 'summary': 'Colonel William Henry Sykes , FRS ( 25 January 1790 - 16 June 1872 ) was an English naturalist who served with the British military in India and was specifically known for his work with the Indian Army as a politician , Indologist and ornithologist . One of the pioneers of the Victorian statistical movement , a founder of the Royal Statistical Society , he conducted surveys and examined the efficiency of army operation . Returning from service in India , he became a director of the East India Company and a member of parliament representing Aberdeen .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus mona', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mona monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mona_monkey', 'summary': 'The mona monkey ( Cercopithecus mona ) is an Old World monkey that lives in western Africa between Ghana and Cameroon . The mona monkey can also be found on the island of Grenada as it was transported to the island aboard slave ships headed to the New World during the 18th century . This guenon lives in groups of up to thirty-five in forests . It mainly feeds on fruit , but sometimes eats insects and leaves . The mona monkey has brown agouti fur with a white rump . Its tail and legs are black and the face is blue-grey with a dark stripe across the face . The mona monkey carries food in cheek pouches .'}]}, {'value': '1774 Schreber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber', 'summary': 'Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber ( 17 January 1739 in Weißensee , Thuringia - 10 December 1810 in Erlangen ) , often styled J.C.D . von Schreber , was a German naturalist .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercopithecus campbelli', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Campbell 's mona monkey", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Campbell's_mona_monkey", 'summary': "Campbell 's mona monkey , also known as Campbell 's guenon and Campbell 's monkey ( Cercopithecus campbelli ) is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae found in the Ivory Coast , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Liberia , Senegal , and Sierra Leone . It was named for Henry Dundas Campbell , in 1838 . Lowe 's mona monkey was previously considered a subspecies of Campbell 's mona monkey . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated this species as being of least concern because it has a wide range and is able to adapt to degraded habitats ."}]}, {'value': '1838 Waterhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Robert_Waterhouse', 'summary': "George Robert Waterhouse ( 6 March 1810 - 21 January 1888 ) was an English naturalist . He was a keeper at the department of geology and later curator of the Zoological Society of London 's museum ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Extant species -- Subfamily : Cercopithecinae', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Old_World_monkey_species_0', 'intro': 'Old World monkeys are all simian primates. They are more closely related to the apes than they are to the New World monkeys.'}
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What is the scientific name of the species whose common name is also known as the sabaeus monkey or the callithrix monkey ?
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Chlorocebus sabaeus
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03d6a1195ac6dbfd
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_state_highways', 'title': 'List of New Zealand state highways', 'header': ['No', 'From', 'To', 'Via', 'Length ( km )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1N', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cape Reinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Reinga', 'summary': "Cape Reinga /riˈæŋə/ ( Māori : Te Rerenga Wairua ) is the northwesternmost tip of the Aupouri Peninsula , at the northern end of the North Island of New Zealand . Cape Reinga is more than 100 km north of the nearest small town of Kaitaia . State Highway 1 extends all the way to the cape , but until 2010 was unsealed gravel road for the last 19 km . Suitable vehicles can also travel much of the way via Ninety Mile Beach and Kauaeparaoa Stream ( Te Paki Stream ) stream bed . The 'Te Rerenga Wairua ' component of the name in Māori language means the leaping-off place of spirits . The 'Reinga ' part of the name is the Māori language word meaning the underworld . Both refer to the Māori belief that the cape is the point where the spirits of the dead enter the underworld . Cape Reinga is on the tentative list of UNESCO waiting to receive World Heritage Site status . The cape is already a favourite tourist attraction , with over 120,000 visitors a year and around 1,300 cars arriving per day during peak season . Visitor numbers are growing by about five percent a year , and the increase is likely to become even more now that the road to the cape is fully sealed ."}]}, {'value': 'Interislander Wellington ferry terminal / Wellington International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Wellington International Airport ( formerly known as Rongotai Airport ) ( IATA : WLG , ICAO : NZWN ) is an international airport located in the suburb of Rongotai in Wellington , the capital city of New Zealand . It lies 3 NM or 5.5 km south-east from the city centre . It is a hub for Air New Zealand and its subsidiaries . Wellington International Airport Limited , a joint venture between Infratil and the Wellington City Council , operates the airport . Wellington is the third busiest airport in New Zealand ( after Auckland and Christchurch ) handling a total of 6,049,194 passengers in the year ending 31 March 2017 . It is the second busiest airport in New Zealand for IFR movements ( 84,070 in 2013 ) . Auckland is the busiest ( 105,403 ) with Christchurch third ( 68,764 ) . The airport , in addition to linking many New Zealand destinations with national and regional carriers , also has links to major cities in eastern Australia . It is the home of some smaller general aviation businesses , including the Wellington Aero Club which operates from the general aviation area on the western side of the runway . The airport comprises a small 110-hectare ( 270-acre ) site on the Rongotai isthmus , a stretch of low-lying land between Wellington proper and the Miramar Peninsula . It operates a single 2,081-metre ( 6,827 ft ) runway with ILS in both directions . The airport handles turboprop , narrow-body and wide-body jet aircraft movements .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaitaia , Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Taupo , Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaitaia', 'summary': 'Kaitaia ( Māori : Kaitāia ) is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula , about 160 km northwest of Whangarei . It is the last major settlement on State Highway 1 . Ahipara Bay , the southern end of Ninety Mile Beach , is 5 km west . The main industries are forestry and tourism . The population is 4,887 ( 2013 census ) , which makes it second-largest town in the Far North District , after Kerikeri . The name Kaitaia means ample food , kai being the Māori word for food . The Muriwhenua are a group of six northern Māori iwi occupying the northernmost part of the North Island surrounding Kaitaia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whangarei', 'summary': 'Whangarei ( /ˌfɒŋəˈreɪ/ , or /ˌwɒŋəˈreɪ/ ; Māori : [ faŋaˈɾɛi ] ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region . It is part of the Whangarei District , a local body created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City , Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils , to administer both the city proper and its hinterland . The city population was estimated to be 58,700 in June 2018 , an increase from 47,000 in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taupo', 'summary': 'Taupo ( /ˈtaʊpoʊ/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtoʊpɔː ] ; officially Taupō ) is a town on the shore of Lake Taupo , which occupies the caldera of the Taupo Volcano in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat of the Taupo District Council and lies in the southern Waikato Region . Taupo has a population of 24,700 ( June 2018 ) . In 1953 , Taupo was officially constituted as a borough , but from 1989 it has been administered by the Taupo District Council , the district including both Taupo itself and the surrounding hinterland . Despite this , it is occasionally referred to as a city . It is the 20th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second-largest in the Waikato Region ( behind Hamilton ) . The name Taupo , by which the town is commonly known , is the shortened version of its Māori name , Taupō-nui-a-Tia . Literally translated , Taupō-nui-a-Tia means The great cloak of Tia ; the explorer Tia discovered the lake .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': '1106', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1N is used in official documentation , SH 1 is used on maps and signs . Interislander ferry connects State Highway 1N and State Highway 1S between Wellington and Picton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interislander', 'summary': "Interislander is a road and rail ferry service across New Zealand 's Cook Strait , between Wellington in the North Island and Picton in the South Island . It is owned and operated by state-owned rail operator KiwiRail . Three roll-on roll-off ( RORO ) vessels operate the 50 nautical miles ( 93 km ; 58 mi ) route , taking about three hours to complete the crossing . The inter-island rail ferry service began in August 1962 by the New Zealand Railways Department ( NZR ) . The service primarily provided a RORO rail link between its North and South Island networks , allowing NZR to compete directly with coastal shipping companies for inter-island freight . It also provided the first RORO road link between the two islands , which saw the Wellington to Picton ferries compete with , and then completely replace , the Union Company 's Wellington-Lyttelton ferry service . Today , the Interislander service is still well patronised despite competition on the Wellington-Picton sea route with Bluebridge and from airlines , carrying around one million passengers and 230,000 vehicles per year on 5,500 sailings . In 2017 , Interislander became part of The Great Journeys of New Zealand , a new tourism brand created by KiwiRail to unite their four scenic passenger services : Interislander , Northern Explorer , Coastal Pacific and the TranzAlpine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Taupiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taupiri', 'summary': 'Taupiri is a small town of about 450 people on the eastern bank of the Waikato River in the Waikato District of New Zealand . It is overlooked by Taupiri mountain , the sacred burial ground for the Waikato tribes of the Māori people , located just to the north . Taupiri is located near the northern end of the Waikato Basin immediately south of the junction of the Mangawara Stream ( which drains the northern part of the basin ) and the Waikato River . The Waikato River then flows northward through the Taupiri Gorge between the Hākarimata Range to the south and the Taupiri Range to the north , into the Lower Waikato . State Highway 1 ( SH1 ) and the North Island Main Trunk railway line run through the town and the gorge , linking Huntly 8 kilometres to the north and Ngaruawahia 7 kilometres to the south . The intersection of SH1 and State Highway 1b ( SH1B ) is at the northern end of Taupiri . When the Ngaruawahia Bypass section of the Waikato Expressway is completed the first 2 kilometres of SH1b will become SH1 which will mean that SH1 will bypass Taupiri .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Cambridge ( Māori : Kemureti ) is a town in the Waipa District of the Waikato Region of the North Island of New Zealand . Situated 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) southeast of Hamilton , on the banks of the Waikato River , Cambridge is known as The Town of Trees & Champions . The town has a population of 19,150 , making it the largest town in the Waipa District , and third largest urban area in the Waikato ( after Hamilton and Taupo ) . Cambridge was a finalist in the 2017 and 2019 New Zealand 's Most Beautiful Large Town awards , run by Keep New Zealand Beautiful . It was awarded the title New Zealand 's Most Beautiful Large Town in October 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gordonton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern bypass of Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_2', 'summary': "State Highway 2 ( SH 2 ) runs north-south through eastern parts of the North Island of New Zealand from the outskirts of Auckland to Wellington . It runs via Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty , Gisborne , and Napier and Hastings in Hawke 's Bay . It is the second-longest highway in the North Island , after State Highway 1 , which runs the length of both of the country 's main islands . For most of its length it consists of a two-lane single carriageway , with frequent passing lanes . There are sections of expressway ( four lane dual carriageway ) at Maramarua , Tauranga and Wellington ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Pokeno Junction ( 45 km south of Auckland )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Ngauranga Interchange ( 5 km north of Wellington )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ngauranga', 'summary': "Ngauranga is a suburb of New Zealand 's capital city , Wellington , in the lower North Island . Situated on the western bank of Wellington Harbour , it lies to the north of the centre of the city . The name comes from the Maori-language ngā ūranga , meaning the landing place ( for canoes ) . The Ngauranga Railway Station was known as Ngahauranga when it opened in 1874 . It is lightly populated , and for statistical purposes is divided into Ngauranga East and Ngauranga West by Statistics New Zealand . At the 2001 New Zealand census , Ngauranga West registered a population of zero , while Ngauranga East had a population of 39 . This represented an increase of 18.2% or 6 people since the previous census in 1996 . The low population is due to Ngauranga 's rugged terrain . It includes the Ngauranga Gorge , through which State Highway 1 passes on its route out of Wellington to Porirua and the west coast . To the east , State Highway 2 runs wedged between hills and Wellington Harbour on its route from Wellington to the Hutt Valley , Wairarapa , and beyond . Alongside State Highway 2 is the Hutt Valley Line portion of the Wairarapa Line railway , which includes a station in Ngauranga served by frequent commuter trains . The North Island Main Trunk railway also passes through Ngauranga , via two tunnels of the Tawa Flat deviation , with a bridge between them crossing the Ngauranga Gorge ."}]}, {'value': 'Paeroa , Tauranga , Gisborne , Napier , Hastings , Woodville , Masterton , Hutt Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paeroa', 'summary': 'Paeroa , a small town in New Zealand , lies in the northern Waikato region of the Thames Valley . Located at the base of the Coromandel Peninsula , it is close to the junction of the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers , 20 kilometres ( 12.4 miles ) from the coast at the Firth of Thames . Paeroa had a population of 3,888 at the 2013 New Zealand census , a decrease of 87 people since the 2006 census . There were 1,836 males and 2,052 females . 75.5% were European/Pākehā , 31.3% were Māori , 3.4% were Pacific peoples and 2.6% were Asian . New Zealanders know Paeroa for its mineral springs , which used to provide the water used in a local soft drink , Lemon & Paeroa . The town stands at the intersection of State Highways 2 and 26 , and is the central service location for the Hauraki District with the town being a midway stop between Auckland , Tauranga and Rotorua . It is about half way between Auckland and Tauranga , and acts as the southern gateway to the Coromandel Peninsula , and as the western gateway to the Bay of Plenty and the Karangahake Gorge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tauranga', 'summary': "Tauranga ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtaʉɾaŋa ] ) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region and the fifth most populous city of New Zealand , with an urban population of 141,600 ( June 2018 ) . It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century , by Europeans in the early 19th century , and was constituted as a city in 1963 . The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty , on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour . The city extends over an area of 168 square kilometres ( 65 sq mi ) , and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem , on the south-western outskirts of the city ; Greerton , on the southern outskirts of the city ; Matua , west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour ; Maungatapu ; Mount Maunganui , located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty ; Otumoetai ; Papamoa , Tauranga 's largest suburb , located on the Bay of Plenty ; Tauranga City ; Tauranga South ; and Welcome Bay . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's main centres for business , international trade , culture , fashion and horticultural science . The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand 's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's fastest growing cities , with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census , and 11% between the 2006 census and the 2013 census . This rapid population growth has seen Tauranga overtake Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas to become New Zealand 's fifth-largest city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Gisborne ( Māori : Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa Great standing place of Kiwa ) is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District ( or Gisborne Region ) . It has a population of 37,200 ( June 2018 ) . The district council has its headquarters in Whataupoko , in the central city . The settlement was originally known as Turanga and renamed Gisborne in 1870 in honour of New Zealand Colonial Secretary William Gisborne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hastings ( /ˈheɪstɪŋz/ ; Māori : Heretaunga ) is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawke 's Bay , on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The population of Hastings is 70,600 ( as of June 2018 ) , with 45,000 living in the contiguous city and Flaxmere , 13,950 in Havelock North , 2,210 in Clive , and the remainder in the peri-urban area around the city . Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities . The city is the administrative centre of the Hastings District . Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres ( 2,019 sq mi ) and has 1.7% of the population of New Zealand , ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities . Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements , Hastings has grown to become one of the largest urban areas in Hawke 's Bay . Hastings District is a food production region . The fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits , pome fruit , kiwifruit and vegetables , and the area is one of New Zealand 's major red wine producers . Associated business include food processing , agricultural services , rural finance and freight . Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodville,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Woodville , previously known as The Junction is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand , 75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North . The 2013 census showed that 1401 people reside in Woodville . The town is in the Tararua District and the Manawatu-Wanganui region , although it has strong ties with the Hawke 's Bay region , of which it was once a part , but is often considered to be the northern boundary of Wairarapa . It is within the catchment area of the Manawatu River . Woodville is at the northern end of the Tararua Ranges , close to the gap between them and the Ruahine Ranges formed by the Manawatu River . Since the indefinite closure of the Manawatu Gorge , the Saddle Road now provides the easiest access between the east and west coasts of the southern North Island , and is a major transportation link . Geologic instability means the Manawatu Gorge road will never be re-opened . A new 4-lane road project was approved by the NZ Government in September 2019 . It will be built between the existing Saddle Road and the Manawatu Gorge , connecting to SH2 west of Woodville ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Masterton', 'summary': 'Masterton ( Māori : Whakaoriori ) is a large town in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and the seat of the Masterton District ( a territorial authority or local government district ) . It is the largest town in the Wairarapa , a region separated from Wellington by the Rimutaka ranges . It is 100 kilometres north-east of Wellington , 39.4 kilometres south of Eketahuna , on the Ruamahanga River . Masterton has an urban population of 22,200 , and district population of 26,300 ( June 2018 ) . Masterton businesses include services for surrounding farmers . Three new industrial parks are being developed in Waingawa , Solway and Upper Plain . The town is the headquarters of the annual Golden Shears sheep-shearing competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hutt_Valley', 'summary': "The Hutt Valley ( or 'The Hutt ' ) is the large area of fairly flat land in the Hutt River valley in the Wellington region of New Zealand . Like the river that flows through it , it takes its name from Sir William Hutt , a director of the New Zealand Company in early colonial New Zealand . The river flows roughly along the course of an active geologic fault , which continues to the south to become the main instrument responsible for the uplift of the South Island 's Southern Alps . For this reason , the land rises abruptly to the west of the river ; to the east two floodplains have developed . The higher of these is between 15 and 22 km from the mouth of the river . Beyond this , the river is briefly confined by a steep-sided gorge near Taita , before the land opens up into a long triangular plain close to the outflow into Wellington Harbour . The lower valley contains the city of Lower Hutt , administered by Hutt City Council , while the adjacent , larger but less populous city of Upper Hutt has its centre on the smaller plain above the Taita Gorge . The valley forms a major dormitory suburban area for Wellington , and is a location for manufacturing and heavy industry , educational and recreational facilities , and the region 's motor camps . Petone , on the Wellington Harbour shoreline , was proposed as the initial site for the settlement of Wellington by the New Zealand Company . However , as the chosen site was soon seen to be prone to river flooding , early settlement was relocated to Wellington . A small settlement remained at the Petone site as the whole valley was believed to be well suited as farm land . In 1846 there was fighting between Māori tribes and the Government , known as the Hutt Valley Campaign ."}]}, {'value': '968', 'urls': []}, {'value': "SH 2 was rerouted via the Hawke 's Bay Expressway in August 2019", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hawke's_Bay_Expressway", 'summary': "The Hawke 's Bay Expressway , known also as the Napier-Hastings Expressway , runs from Hawke 's Bay Airport passing through Napier and Taradale , west of Hastings , and ends at Pakipaki just south of Hastings , a total length of 24km ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_3', 'summary': "State Highway 3 ( SH 3 ) is one of New Zealand 's eight national state highways . It serves the west coast of the country 's North Island and forms a link between State Highway 1 and State Highway 2 . Distances are measured from north to south . For most of its length SH 3 is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , both in rural and urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 2 at Woodville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodville,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Woodville , previously known as The Junction is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand , 75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North . The 2013 census showed that 1401 people reside in Woodville . The town is in the Tararua District and the Manawatu-Wanganui region , although it has strong ties with the Hawke 's Bay region , of which it was once a part , but is often considered to be the northern boundary of Wairarapa . It is within the catchment area of the Manawatu River . Woodville is at the northern end of the Tararua Ranges , close to the gap between them and the Ruahine Ranges formed by the Manawatu River . Since the indefinite closure of the Manawatu Gorge , the Saddle Road now provides the easiest access between the east and west coasts of the southern North Island , and is a major transportation link . Geologic instability means the Manawatu Gorge road will never be re-opened . A new 4-lane road project was approved by the NZ Government in September 2019 . It will be built between the existing Saddle Road and the Manawatu Gorge , connecting to SH2 west of Woodville ."}]}, {'value': 'New Plymouth , Whanganui , Palmerston North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Plymouth', 'summary': "New Plymouth ( Māori : Ngāmotu ) is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . It is named after the English city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers to New Zealand migrated . The New Plymouth District , which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns , is the 10th largest district ( out of 67 ) in New Zealand , and has a population of 74,184 - about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and 1.7% of New Zealand 's population . This includes New Plymouth City ( 58,300 ) , Waitara ( 6,483 ) , Inglewood ( 3,380 ) , Oakura ( 1,359 ) , Okato ( 561 ) and Urenui ( 429 ) . The city itself is a service centre for the region 's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities ( mainly dairy farming ) as well as oil , natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production . It is also the region 's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank ( formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank ) , the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks . Notable features are the botanic gardens ( i.e . Pukekura Park ) , the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery , the 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea , the Len Lye-designed 45-metre-tall ( 148 ft ) artwork known as the Wind Wand , Paritutu Rock , and views of Mount Taranaki/Egmont . As described under awards , New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008 . The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government . Based on New Plymouth 's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians , the city received $ 3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programs to boost walking and cycling . It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive , where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard , ski , water ski and surf all in the same day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whanganui', 'summary': "Whanganui ( /ˈhwɒŋənuːi/ ; Māori : [ ɸaŋanui ] ) , also spelled Wanganui , is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The Whanganui River , New Zealand 's longest navigable waterway , runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea . Whanganui is part of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Whanganui is the ancestral home of Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and other Whanganui Māori tribes . The New Zealand Company began to settle the area in 1840 , establishing its second settlement after Wellington . In the early years most European settlers came via Wellington . Whanganui greatly expanded in the 1870s , and freezing works , woollen mills , phosphate works and wool stores were established in the town . Today , much of Whanganui 's economy relates directly to the fertile and prosperous farming hinterland . Like several New Zealand urban areas , it was officially designated a city until an administrative reorganisation in 1989 , and is now run by a District Council . Although the city was called Wanganui from 1854 , in February 2009 , the New Zealand Geographic Board recommended the spelling be changed to Whanganui . In December 2009 , the government decided that while either spelling was acceptable , Crown agencies would use the Whanganui spelling . On 17 November 2015 , Land Information New Zealand ( LINZ ) announced that Wanganui District would be renamed to Whanganui District ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmerston_North', 'summary': "Palmerston North ( /ˈpɑːmərstən/ ; Māori : Te Papa-i-Oea ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Located in the eastern Manawatu Plains , the city is near the north bank of the Manawatu River , 35 km ( 22 mi ) from the river 's mouth , and 12 km ( 7 mi ) from the end of the Manawatu Gorge , about 140 km ( 87 mi ) north of the capital , Wellington . Palmerston North is the country 's seventh-largest city and eighth-largest urban area , with an urban population of 86,600 ( June 2018 ) . The official limits of the city take in rural areas to the south , north-east , north-west and west of the main urban area , extending to the Tararua Ranges ; including the town of Ashhurst at the mouth of the Manawatu Gorge , the villages of Bunnythorpe and Longburn in the north and west respectively . The city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres ( 98,000 acres ) . The city 's location was once little more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of Māori , who called it Papa-i-Oea , believed to mean How beautiful it is . In the mid-19th century , it was settled by Europeans - originally by Scandinavians and , later , British colonists . On foundation , the British settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston , in honour of Viscount Palmerston , a former British Prime Minister . The suffix North was added in 1871 to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island . Today , the name is often informally shortened to Palmy . Early Palmerston North relied on public works and sawmilling . The west coast railway was built in 1886 , linking the town to Wellington , and Palmerston North benefited from a booming pastoral farming industry ."}]}, {'value': '489.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_3', 'summary': "State Highway 3 ( SH 3 ) is one of New Zealand 's eight national state highways . It serves the west coast of the country 's North Island and forms a link between State Highway 1 and State Highway 2 . Distances are measured from north to south . For most of its length SH 3 is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , both in rural and urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 near Waitara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitara,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Waitara is a town in the northern part of the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand . Waitara is located just off State Highway 3 , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) northeast of New Plymouth . Its population was 6312 in the 2013 census , an increase of 24 from 2006 . Waitara was the site of the outbreak of the Taranaki Wars in 1860 following the attempted purchase of land for English settlers from its Māori owners . Disputes over land that was subsequently confiscated by the Government continue to this day . The commonly accepted meaning of the name Waitara is mountain stream , though Maori legend also states that it was originally Whai-tara - path of the dart . In 1867 the settlement was named Raleigh , after Sir Walter Raleigh . It reverted to its former name with the establishment of the borough of Waitara in 1904 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 at Inglewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inglewood,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Inglewood is a town in the Taranaki Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) southeast of New Plymouth on State Highway 3 , close to Mount Taranaki/Egmont , and sits 200 metres ( 660 ft ) above sea level . The town services a mainly dairy farming region . The population was 3,246 in the 2013 census , an increase of 156 from 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Plymouth Bypass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Plymouth', 'summary': "New Plymouth ( Māori : Ngāmotu ) is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . It is named after the English city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers to New Zealand migrated . The New Plymouth District , which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns , is the 10th largest district ( out of 67 ) in New Zealand , and has a population of 74,184 - about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and 1.7% of New Zealand 's population . This includes New Plymouth City ( 58,300 ) , Waitara ( 6,483 ) , Inglewood ( 3,380 ) , Oakura ( 1,359 ) , Okato ( 561 ) and Urenui ( 429 ) . The city itself is a service centre for the region 's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities ( mainly dairy farming ) as well as oil , natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production . It is also the region 's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank ( formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank ) , the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks . Notable features are the botanic gardens ( i.e . Pukekura Park ) , the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery , the 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea , the Len Lye-designed 45-metre-tall ( 148 ft ) artwork known as the Wind Wand , Paritutu Rock , and views of Mount Taranaki/Egmont . As described under awards , New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008 . The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government . Based on New Plymouth 's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians , the city received $ 3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programs to boost walking and cycling . It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive , where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard , ski , water ski and surf all in the same day ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_4', 'summary': "State Highway 4 is the shortest of New Zealand 's eight national highways . It runs north-south across rugged hill country , forming a short cut between two points on State Highway 3 thereby avoiding Taranaki and the coasts of the North and South Taranaki Bights . Distances are measured from north to south . For most of its length SH4 is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , both in rural and urban areas . The NZ Transport Agency ( NZTA ) classifies SH 4 as a primary collector road , except between National Park ( SH 47 ) and Tohunga Junction ( SH 49 ) where it is classified an arterial road ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 at Eight Mile Junction ( 11 km south of Te Kuiti )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Kuiti', 'summary': 'Te Kuiti is a town in the north of the King Country region of the North Island of New Zealand . It lies at the junction of State Highways 3 and 30 and on the North Island Main Trunk railway , 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Hamilton . At the 2001 census it had a resident population of 4,374 , a decrease of 5.1% since 1991 . The town promotes itself as the sheep shearing capital of the world and is host to the annual New Zealand National Shearing Championships . Te Kuiti is approximately 80 km south of Hamilton and 19 km south-east of Waitomo . The area around Te Kuiti , commonly known as the King Country , gives its name to the Heartland Championship rugby team based in Te Kuiti .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 at Whanganui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whanganui', 'summary': "Whanganui ( /ˈhwɒŋənuːi/ ; Māori : [ ɸaŋanui ] ) , also spelled Wanganui , is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The Whanganui River , New Zealand 's longest navigable waterway , runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea . Whanganui is part of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Whanganui is the ancestral home of Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and other Whanganui Māori tribes . The New Zealand Company began to settle the area in 1840 , establishing its second settlement after Wellington . In the early years most European settlers came via Wellington . Whanganui greatly expanded in the 1870s , and freezing works , woollen mills , phosphate works and wool stores were established in the town . Today , much of Whanganui 's economy relates directly to the fertile and prosperous farming hinterland . Like several New Zealand urban areas , it was officially designated a city until an administrative reorganisation in 1989 , and is now run by a District Council . Although the city was called Wanganui from 1854 , in February 2009 , the New Zealand Geographic Board recommended the spelling be changed to Whanganui . In December 2009 , the government decided that while either spelling was acceptable , Crown agencies would use the Whanganui spelling . On 17 November 2015 , Land Information New Zealand ( LINZ ) announced that Wanganui District would be renamed to Whanganui District ."}]}, {'value': 'Taumarunui , Raetihi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taumarunui', 'summary': 'Taumarunui is a small town in the King Country of the central North Island of New Zealand . It is on an alluvial plain set within rugged terrain on the upper reaches of the Whanganui River , 65 km south of Te Kuiti and 55 km west of Turangi . It is under the jurisdiction of Ruapehu District and Manawatu-Wanganui Region . Its population is 4,503 ( 2013 census , this is down 11% from the 2006 census ) , making it the largest centre for a considerable distance in any direction . It is on State Highway 4 and the North Island Main Trunk railway . The name Taumarunui is reported to be the dying words of the Māori chief Pehi Turoa - taumaru meaning screen and nui big , literally translated as Big Screen , being built to shelter him from the sun , or more commonly known to mean - The place of big shelter . There are also references to Taumarunui being known as large sheltered location for growing kumara . In the 1980s publication Roll Back the Years there are some details on how Taumarunui got its name . Extract : According to Frank T Brown , who wrote in the Taumarunui Press in 1926 , the name Taumarunui is closely connected with the arrival of and conquering of that portion of the King Country by the Whanganui River natives during the 18th century . . . The war party that succeeded in capturing the principal pa and taking prisoner the chief of the district was headed by Ki Maru .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raetihi', 'summary': 'Raetihi is a town in the central North Island of New Zealand . It is located at the junction of State Highways 4 and 49 , 11 kilometres west of Ohakune . The 2013 New Zealand census recorded its population as 1,002 . This constitutes a decrease of 3.2% or 33 people since the 2006 census . 65.3% of residents identified as Māori , 55% European , 2.7% Pacific and 1.2% Asian ( some people identified themselves in several ethnic groups and as a result percentages do not add up to 100 ) . The Waimarino district stretches from Mount Ruapehu to the Wanganui River encompassing Raetihi , Pipiriki , Karioi , Horopito , Waiouru , Rangataua and Ohakune . There is evidence of Maori people living here in the fourteenth century . The Ngati Uenuku dwelled at Raetihi and Waimarino ( now National Park ) . There is little evidence of large permanent settlements but hunting parties were common during warmer months . In 1887 the Government purchased the Waimarino block from the Maori . The first European settlement was at Karioi where sheep were grazed on open tussock land . The Waimarino block proved to be a pot of gold .'}]}, {'value': '236.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_5', 'summary': "State Highway 5 ( SH 5 ) , one of New Zealand 's eight national highways , runs from State Highway 1 at Tirau , in the south Waikato , to State Highway 2 , close to the Hawke Bay coast at Bay View , 10 km north of Napier . It is the second shortest of the national highways . SH 5 is a two-lane single carriageway , except for a two-kilometre section of dual carriageway in Rotorua , and has at-grade intersections and property accesses in both rural and urban areas . The NZ Transport Agency classifies SH 5 as a regional strategic highway , except for the section concurrent with SH 1 around Taupo , where it is classified as a national strategic road ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Tirau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirau', 'summary': 'Tirau ( Māori : Tīrau ) is a small town in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand , 50 kilometres southeast of Hamilton . The town has a population of 690 ( 2013 census ) . In the Māori language , Tīrau means place of many cabbage trees . Tirau is a major junction in the New Zealand state-highway network . Just south of the township is the intersection of State Highway 1 and State Highway 5 , where traffic from Auckland and Hamilton on State Highway 1 split to go either to Rotorua on SH 5 , or continue along SH 1 to Taupo and beyond to Napier , Palmerston North and Wellington . State Highway 27 splits off State Highway 1 in the north of the town , providing a route north to the Coromandel Peninsula and an alternative route to Auckland , bypassing Hamilton . Tirau is primarily a farming town but in recent years has begun to exploit the income that comes from being at a major road junction . The small community of Okoroire ( with hot springs ) is located just north of Tirau . Okoroire railway station was over 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) to the west of the hot springs , on the Kinleith Branch , opened on 8 March 1886 and closed to passengers on 31 July 1962 and to goods on 18 August 1968 . The railway line remains open for freight .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 2 at Bay View ( 10 km north of Napier )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_View,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Bay View is a settlement in the Hawke 's Bay region of the eastern North Island of New Zealand . It lies on State Highway 2 , nine kilometres north of the city centre of Napier . The Esk River flows into the sea just to the north . Hawke 's Bay Airport and the Napier suburb of Westshore lie just to the south . Bay View has been administered by the Napier City Council since the 1989 local government reforms . William Colenso of the Church Missionary Society established a mission outstation named Bethany here . Māori transliterated Bethany as Pētane and this became the name of the area . Pētane was seized by Maori in the early 1860s with the idea of attacking Napier . The name of the area was changed to Bay View in 1924 to avoid confusion with Petone in the Wellington region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}]}, {'value': 'Rotorua and Taupo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotorua', 'summary': "Rotorua [ ˌɾɔtɔˈɾʉa ] ( Māori : Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe The second great lake of Kahumatamomoe ) is a city on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua from which the city takes its name , located in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is the seat of the Rotorua District , a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns . The majority of the Rotorua District is in the Bay of Plenty Region , but a sizeable southern section and a small western section are in the Waikato Region . Rotorua is in the heart of the North Island , 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) south of Tauranga , 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Taupo , 105 km ( 65 mi ) east of Hamilton , and 230 km ( 140 mi ) southeast of the nation 's most populous city , Auckland . Rotorua has an estimated permanent population of 59,500 , making it the country 's 10th largest urban area , and the Bay of Plenty 's second largest urban area behind Tauranga . The Rotorua District has a total estimated population of 74,000 , of which 3,600 live in the Waikato section . Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists ; the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district . It is known for its geothermal activity , and features geysers - notably the Pohutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa - and hot mud pools . This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua caldera , in which the town lies . Rotorua is home to the Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology . The Lakes of Rotorua are a collection of many lakes surrounding Rotorua ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taupo', 'summary': 'Taupo ( /ˈtaʊpoʊ/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtoʊpɔː ] ; officially Taupō ) is a town on the shore of Lake Taupo , which occupies the caldera of the Taupo Volcano in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat of the Taupo District Council and lies in the southern Waikato Region . Taupo has a population of 24,700 ( June 2018 ) . In 1953 , Taupo was officially constituted as a borough , but from 1989 it has been administered by the Taupo District Council , the district including both Taupo itself and the surrounding hinterland . Despite this , it is occasionally referred to as a city . It is the 20th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second-largest in the Waikato Region ( behind Hamilton ) . The name Taupo , by which the town is commonly known , is the shortened version of its Māori name , Taupō-nui-a-Tia . Literally translated , Taupō-nui-a-Tia means The great cloak of Tia ; the explorer Tia discovered the lake .'}]}, {'value': '247.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Share route with state highway 1 near Taupo for 9.9 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_10', 'summary': "State Highway 10 ( SH 10 ) is a road in the north of the North Island in New Zealand . At both ends it terminates at SH 1 . With the exception of SH 1 , it is the country 's northernmost state highway ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Pakaraka ( 14 km north of Kawakawa )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Awanui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awanui', 'summary': 'Awanui is an historical river port in the far north of New Zealand , on the banks of the Awanui River just before it flows into Rangaunu Bay . Awanui lies at the south end of the Aupouri Peninsula in the Far North District Council of the Northland Region , approximately 7 km north of Kaitaia . The river port has ceased operation and a recreational wharf is located at Unahi , on the shore of Rangaunu Bay , approximately 3 km north of the township . The traditional name of Awanui was Kaiwaka and Awanui proper refers to the River at Kaiwaka . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Awanui has a population of 339 , a decrease of 9 people since the 2006 census . The Tangata Whenua of the locality are represented by two neighbouring Marae . Mahimaru Marae is located on State Highway 10 , representing the Ngai Takoto hapu . Further along State Highway 10 is Kareponia Marae and the Patukoraha hapu o Ngati Kahu Iwi For much of the 20th century , Awanui was dominated by the Kaitaia Co-operative Dairy Factory , located immediately north of the township . The factory was constructed in 1926 , which included the current wharf structure at Unahi . In 1986 , the Kaitaia Co-operative merged with the neighbouring Northland Dairy Company . A sequence of such mergers would eventually form Fonterra . Given the distance away from markets , together with improved farming technology and transportation methods , these mergers eventually forced the factory at Awanui to close by the early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaeo', 'summary': 'Kaeo ( Māori : Kāeo ) is a township in the Far North District of New Zealand , located some 22 km ( 14 mi ) northwest of Kerikeri . The town takes its name from the kāeo or New Zealand freshwater mussel , which is found in the nearby rivers . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Kaeo has a population of 453 , a decrease of 42 people since the 2006 census . Sanfords Fishery factory , one of the main employers in Kaeo , closed in December 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '103.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_11', 'summary': 'State Highway 11 ( SH 11 ) is a 30 kilometre stretch of highway in the North Island of New Zealand . It links SH 10 at Puketona and SH 1 at Kawakawa . Its main destination is the Bay of Islands township of Paihia . Until 2004 , it terminated at Tohitapu Road , in southern Paihia township .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Kawakawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawakawa,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Kawakawa is a small town in the Bay of Islands area of the Northland Region of New Zealand . It had a population of 1,218 in 2013 , down by 132 from the 2006 census . Kawakawa developed as a service town when coal was found there in the 1860s , but coal mining ceased in the early 20th century . The economy is now based on farming . The town is named after the kawakawa shrub .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 10 at Puketona Junction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paihia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paihia', 'summary': "Paihia is the main tourist town in the Bay of Islands in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand . It is 60 kilometres north of Whangarei , located close to the historic towns of Russell and Kerikeri . Missionary Henry Williams named the mission station Marsden 's Vale and eventually the Paihia became the accepted name of the settlement . Nearby to the north is the historic settlement of Waitangi , and the residential and commercial area of Haruru Falls is to the west . The port and township of Opua , and the small settlement of Te Haumi , lie to the south . The population of Paihia was 1,719 in the 2013 Census , a decrease of 54 from 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_12', 'summary': 'State Highway 12 ( SH 12 ) is a New Zealand state highway in the far north of the North Island . It connects with SH 1 at both its northern and southern end . It runs close to the west coast of the Northland Region of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Ohaeawai ( 79 km south of Kaitaia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaitaia', 'summary': 'Kaitaia ( Māori : Kaitāia ) is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula , about 160 km northwest of Whangarei . It is the last major settlement on State Highway 1 . Ahipara Bay , the southern end of Ninety Mile Beach , is 5 km west . The main industries are forestry and tourism . The population is 4,887 ( 2013 census ) , which makes it second-largest town in the Far North District , after Kerikeri . The name Kaitaia means ample food , kai being the Māori word for food . The Muriwhenua are a group of six northern Māori iwi occupying the northernmost part of the North Island surrounding Kaitaia .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Brynderwyn ( 28 km north of Wellsford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellsford', 'summary': 'Wellsford is a town on the Northland Peninsula in the northern North Island of New Zealand . It is the northernmost major settlement in the Auckland Region , and is 77 kilometres northwest of the Auckland CBD . Wellsford is close to a narrowing of the Northland Peninsula caused by an arm of the Kaipara Harbour on the west coast extending inland for 20 kilometres from the body of the harbour , stretching to within 15 kilometres of the east ( Pacific Ocean ) coast . As of the 2013 census , the town had a population of 1,698 , an increase of 27 from 2006 . It is a major regional centre , being located at the junction of State Highways 1 and 16 , almost halfway between Auckland and the Northland city of Whangarei . It is the rural service town for the local areas of Tauhoa , Tapora , Wharehine , Port Albert , Te Hana , Tomarata , Te Arai , Whangaripo and Pakiri .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaikohe , Waipoua Forest , Dargaville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaikohe', 'summary': 'Kaikohe is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , situated on State Highway 12 about 260 km from Auckland . It is the largest inland town and highest community above sea level in the Northland Region . With a population of just under 4000 people it is a shopping and service centre for an extensive farming district and is sometimes referred to as the hub of the north'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waipoua_Forest', 'summary': "Waipoua Forest is a forest , on the west coast of the Northland Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It preserves some of the best examples of kauri forest remaining in New Zealand . It is notable for having two of the largest living kauri trees , Tāne Mahuta and Te Matua Ngahere . The forest was declared a sanctuary in 1952 . A community-based volunteer organisation , the Waipoua Forest Trust , helps maintain the forest . The sanctuary is bordered to the south by the 350 hectares ( 860 acres ) Professor W.R McGregor Reserve , named after W. R. McGregor ( 1894-1977 ) . In the 1940s , McGregor successfully campaigned to end logging of the forest and to have it declared a sanctuary , a status it achieved in 1952 . Today , the forest is a significant drawcard for visitors to Northland , with approximately 200,000 people visiting Tāne Mahuta every year . This has led to concerns about the health of the forest and the spread of kauri dieback disease . There are also easy walking tracks to Te Matua Ngahere and the Four Sisters , and a longer hiking track south leading past the 7th-largest kauri tree , the Yakas kauri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dargaville', 'summary': 'Dargaville ( Māori : Takiwira ) is a town in the North Island of New Zealand . It is situated on the bank of the Northern Wairoa River in the Northland region . The town is located 55 kilometres southwest of Whangarei . The population was 4,251 at the 2013 Census , a decrease of 204 since 2006 and 282 from 2001 . It is noted for the high proportion of residents of Croatian descent . The area around it is one of the chief regions in the country for cultivating kumara ( sweet potato ) and so Dargaville is known by many locals as the Kumara Capital of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': '217.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_14', 'summary': 'State Highway 14 ( SH 14 ) is a New Zealand state highway in the north of the North Island . It forms an east to west connection between SH 1 and SH 12 . It runs to the west coast of the Northland Region of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Whangarei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whangarei', 'summary': 'Whangarei ( /ˌfɒŋəˈreɪ/ , or /ˌwɒŋəˈreɪ/ ; Māori : [ faŋaˈɾɛi ] ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region . It is part of the Whangarei District , a local body created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City , Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils , to administer both the city proper and its hinterland . The city population was estimated to be 58,700 in June 2018 , an increase from 47,000 in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 12 at Dargaville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_15', 'summary': 'State Highway 15 ( SH 15 ) is a New Zealand state highway in the Northland region of the North Island . It is 126.5 km long and provides an alternative route to SH 1 between the Kaikohe and Whangarei areas ; a spur also links SH 1 with the Marsden Point Oil Refinery and Northport .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 near Lake Omapere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Omapere', 'summary': 'Lake Omapere is a small lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand . It is located just to the north of the town of Kaikohe . The lake is five km in length and covers 14 km² , but only two to three metres deep at its deepest point . The Lake Omapere Restoration and Management Project aims to develop and implement a voluntary lake management strategy that will work towards improving the health of the lake and help assist the Lake Omapere Trustees in their role as kaitiaki . In May 1845 a battle occurred during the Flagstaff War at the pā of Hone Heke at Puketutu ( Te Mawhe Pā ) on the shores of Lake Omapere .'}]}, {'value': 'Marsden Point Oil Refinery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marsden_Point_Oil_Refinery', 'summary': 'Marsden Point Oil Refinery is a 96,000 BPD refinery located at Marsden Point , Whangarei , Northland , New Zealand . It is the only oil refinery in New Zealand , and is operated by Refining NZ . The point was named after Samuel Marsden . The regional survey map shows it was called Marsden Point in 1907 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaikohe , Titoki , Maungatapere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaikohe', 'summary': 'Kaikohe is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , situated on State Highway 12 about 260 km from Auckland . It is the largest inland town and highest community above sea level in the Northland Region . With a population of just under 4000 people it is a shopping and service centre for an extensive farming district and is sometimes referred to as the hub of the north'}, {'url': '/wiki/Titoki,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Titoki ( Māori : Tītoki ) is a locality in the Mangakahia Valley of the Northland Region of New Zealand 's North Island . Whangarei is 26 km ( 16 miles ) to the east . The Wairua River passes to the east of Titoki , and the Mangakahia River to the west . A hydroelectric plant has been operating at Wairua Falls since 1916 . It was upgraded to produce 5.4 Gwh per year in 2007 . The local Korokota Marae is a tribal meeting ground of the Ngāpuhi hapū of Te Parawhau and the Ngāti Whātua hapū of Te Parawhau . It features the Tikitiki o Rangi meeting house . Mangakahia Area School is a coeducational composite school ( years 1-15 ) , with a decile rating of 3 and a roll of 157 . The school , previously called Titoki District High School , celebrated its centennial in 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maungatapere', 'summary': 'Maungatapere is a settlement in Northland , New Zealand . State Highway 14 runs through it . Whangarei is 11 km to the east , and Tangiteroria is 18 km to the south west . The settlement takes its name from a rounded volcanic peak of the same name ( a Maori name meaning meeting house by the mountain ) that lies to the southwest , and has a summit 359 meters above sea level . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Maungatapere has a population of 1,323 , an increase of 42 people since the 2006 census . Maungatapere is at the junction of State Highways 14 and 15 . Maungatapere is the antipode of the city of Tangier , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': '126.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Northland Inland Freight Route . Declared as a state highway in August 2016 which included the full section of former SH 15A . This is the second instance of this highway number being used', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_16', 'summary': "State Highway 16 ( SH 16 ) is a New Zealand state highway linking central Auckland with Wellsford , via Auckland 's Northwestern Motorway , Helensville and Kaukapakapa . It provides an alternative to State Highway 1 for traffic travelling between Auckland and parts of Northland from Wellsford northwards . Within the Auckland metropolitan area , SH 16 mostly runs along the Northwestern Motorway , the major exception being the first 2 km between the Port of Auckland and the Central Motorway Junction . Outside the Auckland metropolitan area , SH 16 is a single carriageway with at-grade intersections ."}]}, {'value': 'Port of Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Wellsford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern Motorway , Helensville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Motorway', 'summary': 'The Northwestern Motorway ( also known historically as the Auckland-Kumeu Motorway ) , part of State Highway 16 ( SH16 ) , is the major western route and secondary northern route out of Auckland in New Zealand . Twenty-one kilometres in length , the motorway runs from Stanley St in Parnell through the Central Motorway Junction , and west through urban Auckland and Waitakere before continuing northwest and terminating outside of Kumeu . Its western terminus is at Brigham Creek Road in Whenuapai . A large part of it forms the middle section of the Western Ring Route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helensville', 'summary': 'Helensville is a town in the North Island of New Zealand . It is sited 40 kilometres northwest of Auckland , close to the southern extremity of the Kaipara Harbour . State Highway 16 passes through the town , connecting it to Waimauku 16 km to the south , and Kaukapakapa about 12 km to the north-east . Parakai is 2 km to the north-west . The Kaipara River runs through the town and into the Kaipara Harbour to the north . The population was 2,643 in the 2013 Census , an increase of 111 from 2006 . Helensville is also the name of an electorate seat in the Parliament of New Zealand . The current member for Helensville is Chris Penk .'}]}, {'value': '107.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_18', 'summary': 'State Highway 18 ( SH 18 ) is a state highway that runs between the Auckland Northern Motorway ( SH 1 ) on the North Shore and the Northwestern Motorway ( SH 16 ) in Waitakere in Auckland , New Zealand . The Upper Harbour Motorway forms most of its length as of 2016 ( the exception being a two-kilometre stretch at the north-eastern end ) . SH 18 forms the northern part of the Western Ring Route , which continues from Waitakere south-east to Manukau .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Upper Harbour Highway interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 16 at Massey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massey,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Massey is a north-western suburb in the city of Auckland , New Zealand . It was formerly a northern suburb of Waitakere City , which existed from 1989 to 2010 before the city was amalgamated into Auckland Council . The suburb was named after former Prime Minister of New Zealand William Massey . Massey is a relatively large suburb and can be divided into three reasonably distinctive areas , Massey West , Massey East ( separated by the north-western motorway ) and Massey North ( situated to the north of Royal Road ) . Parts of Massey East are also known as 'Royal Heights ' , which is home to the Royal Heights shopping centre . The population was 20,085 in the 2013 census , an increase of 1,326 from 2006 . The population given is for the statistical areas of Westgate , Royal Road West , Royal Heights , Waimumu North and Waimumu South Massey is home to one secondary school , Massey High School , where the principal is former Tall Blacks captain Glen Denham as well as several primary schools , including Colwill Primary School , Lincoln Heights School , Royal Road Primary School , Massey Primary School and Don Buck Primary School . Massey is not home to Massey University , which is based in Palmerston North with its Auckland campus at Albany . The suburb features the Massey YMCA Leisure Centre , Library , as well as the Westgate shopping centre on Hobsonville Road next to the north-western motorway and NorthWest Shopping Centre ( which opened in October , 2015 ) to the north of Hobsonville Road . The local rugby club is a member of the North Harbour Rugby Union and won the championship 6 times ( 1993 , 2004 , 2005 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 ) . Former All Black Jonah Lomu signed to play for Massey in 2005 , but due to an injury was unable to play for them that season . He did however eventually make his debut for the club in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Upper Harbour Motorway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will eventually be converted to full motorway status from Albany Highway to SH 1 ( Auckland Northern Motorway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Northern_Motorway', 'summary': 'The Auckland Northern Motorway ( known locally as the Northern Motorway , and historically as the Auckland-Waiwera Motorway ) in the Auckland Region of New Zealand links central Auckland City and Puhoi in the former Rodney District via the Hibiscus Coast and North Shore . It is part of State Highway 1 . It is 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) in length , with 15 junctions . Until the end of the 1980s , it was largely associated with the Auckland Harbour Bridge as a connection between central Auckland and the North Shore , but since 1994 it has been extended to Puhoi to become the primary route between the Auckland urban area , the Hibiscus Coast satellite towns , the northern Rodney district , and Northland . Between the 1959 opening of the motorway and 1984 , tolls were collected on the Auckland Harbour Bridge , and since 2009 tolls have been collected on the Northern Gateway Toll Road , the northernmost section of the motorway , bypassing the Hibiscus Coast . The Northern Motorway sees heavy traffic , with around 170,000 vehicles crossing the Harbour Bridge each day ( 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Motorway', 'summary': "State Highway 20 , also known as the Southwestern Motorway , is a New Zealand state highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with State Highway 16 in Point Chevalier , via Mangere and Onehunga . Along with its spurs , State Highway 20A and 20B , the state highway serves Auckland Airport , the country 's largest , therefore making State Highway 20 a key arterial route connecting the airport to the wider Auckland region and most of the upper North Island . The route also forms the southern part of the Western Ring Route , a 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) motorway route bypassing central Auckland . It is the only New Zealand State Highway that is entirely motorway . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 Manukau interchange at Wiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manukau', 'summary': 'Manukau ( /ˈmɑːnʊˌkaʊ/ ) , or Manukau Central , is a suburb of South Auckland , New Zealand , centred on the Manukau City Centre business district . It is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland Central Business District , west of the Southern Motorway , south of Papatoetoe , and north of Manurewa . The industrial and commercial suburb of Wiri lies to the east and south . The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010 . Manukau Central should not be confused with the much larger Manukau City , which was the entire area administered by the city council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wiri', 'summary': "Wiri is a mostly industrial-commercial focused suburb in Auckland , New Zealand . It was formerly part of Manukau City until the merger of all of Auckland 's councils into the 'super city ' in 2010 . As of 2009 , Ports of Auckland is building an inland port / rail siding in Wiri , to connect road freight to the port facilities on the Waitemata Harbour further north . The new facility will allow Ports of Auckland to reduce the number of trucks that have to travel through the Auckland Central area by up to 100,000 trips per year . Auckland Region Women 's Corrections Facility ( ARWCF ) is located in Wiri . ARWCF is the first purpose-built womens prison in New Zealand to accommodate a growing number of female prisoners and services in the upper North Island . The facility can accommodate 286 prisoners and employs 167 staff . The adjacent Auckland South Corrections Facility is a high security mens prison which opened in 2015 . It is operated by Serco New Zealand under a Public Private Partnership with the Department of Corrections . at 20 Hautu Drive , Wiri . As part of the Auckland railway electrification project , the $ 100 million EMU maintenance and stabling depot was built on 4.4 hectares of the old Winstone Quarry in Wiri , located next to the South-Western Motorway and bordered by Roscommon and Wiri Station Roads . It was officially opened by the Mayor of Auckland on 5 July 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 16 interchange at Waterview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterview,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Waterview is a suburb of Auckland , New Zealand , located along the western side of Auckland 's isthmus . Its boundaries are Oakley Creek in the east , Heron Park in the south , the Waitemata Harbour ( and Motu Manawa ( Pollen Island ) Marine Reserve ) in the west , and the Northwestern Motorway and the Oakley Creek inlet in the north . Waterview is primarily a residential area , with its residents commuting to work . There are few shops : a dairy , laundromat , bakery , and a community-owned cafe . Community facilities are available at Point Chevalier or Avondale , 20-30 minutes walk away ."}]}, {'value': 'Southwestern Motorway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The link to the Northwestern Motorway via the Waterview Tunnel was completed in 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Motorway', 'summary': 'The Northwestern Motorway ( also known historically as the Auckland-Kumeu Motorway ) , part of State Highway 16 ( SH16 ) , is the major western route and secondary northern route out of Auckland in New Zealand . Twenty-one kilometres in length , the motorway runs from Stanley St in Parnell through the Central Motorway Junction , and west through urban Auckland and Waitakere before continuing northwest and terminating outside of Kumeu . Its western terminus is at Brigham Creek Road in Whenuapai . A large part of it forms the middle section of the Western Ring Route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterview_Tunnel', 'summary': "The Waterview Tunnel is a twin road tunnel in west Auckland , New Zealand . At 2,400 metres ( 7,900 ft ) long , it is New Zealand 's longest road tunnel . The tunnel , with three lanes of road vehicle traffic in each direction , connects State Highway 20 in the south at Mount Roskill to State Highway 16 in the west at Point Chevalier as part of the Waterview Connection . Its opening completed the Western Ring Route motorway system ."}]}, {'value': '20A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Motorway', 'summary': "State Highway 20 , also known as the Southwestern Motorway , is a New Zealand state highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with State Highway 16 in Point Chevalier , via Mangere and Onehunga . Along with its spurs , State Highway 20A and 20B , the state highway serves Auckland Airport , the country 's largest , therefore making State Highway 20 a key arterial route connecting the airport to the wider Auckland region and most of the upper North Island . The route also forms the southern part of the Western Ring Route , a 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) motorway route bypassing central Auckland . It is the only New Zealand State Highway that is entirely motorway . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SH 20 south of Walmsley Road interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Airport', 'summary': "Auckland Airport ( IATA : AKL , ICAO : NZAA ) is the largest and busiest airport in New Zealand , with over 21 million passengers in the year ended March 2019 . The airport is located near Mangere , a residential suburb , and Airport Oaks , a service hub suburb 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) south of the Auckland city centre . It is both a domestic and international hub for Air New Zealand , and as the New Zealand hub of Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways . The airport is one of New Zealand 's most important infrastructure assets , providing thousands of jobs for the region . It handled 71 per cent of New Zealand 's international air passenger arrivals and departures in 2000 . It is one of only two airports in New Zealand ( the other being Christchurch ) capable of handling Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft . It has a capacity of about 45 flight movements per hour , using a single runway that is fully Cat IIIb capable ( at a reduced rate of movements ) . In November 2007 work began on a new northern runway , to be built in several stages and to be used mainly by smaller aircraft , freeing up capacity on the main runway . The project was put on hold for at least 12 months in October 2009 , however , and deferred for a further few years in August 2010 following consultation with airlines and a review of capacity management options . The timing of the recommencement of construction of the second runway will be demand driven relative to the capacity of the existing runway . The expected completion date for the second runway is now 2025 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Motorway', 'summary': "State Highway 20 , also known as the Southwestern Motorway , is a New Zealand state highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with State Highway 16 in Point Chevalier , via Mangere and Onehunga . Along with its spurs , State Highway 20A and 20B , the state highway serves Auckland Airport , the country 's largest , therefore making State Highway 20 a key arterial route connecting the airport to the wider Auckland region and most of the upper North Island . The route also forms the southern part of the Western Ring Route , a 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) motorway route bypassing central Auckland . It is the only New Zealand State Highway that is entirely motorway . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SH 20 at Puhinui Road interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Airport', 'summary': "Auckland Airport ( IATA : AKL , ICAO : NZAA ) is the largest and busiest airport in New Zealand , with over 21 million passengers in the year ended March 2019 . The airport is located near Mangere , a residential suburb , and Airport Oaks , a service hub suburb 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) south of the Auckland city centre . It is both a domestic and international hub for Air New Zealand , and as the New Zealand hub of Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways . The airport is one of New Zealand 's most important infrastructure assets , providing thousands of jobs for the region . It handled 71 per cent of New Zealand 's international air passenger arrivals and departures in 2000 . It is one of only two airports in New Zealand ( the other being Christchurch ) capable of handling Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft . It has a capacity of about 45 flight movements per hour , using a single runway that is fully Cat IIIb capable ( at a reduced rate of movements ) . In November 2007 work began on a new northern runway , to be built in several stages and to be used mainly by smaller aircraft , freeing up capacity on the main runway . The project was put on hold for at least 12 months in October 2009 , however , and deferred for a further few years in August 2010 following consultation with airlines and a review of capacity management options . The timing of the recommencement of construction of the second runway will be demand driven relative to the capacity of the existing runway . The expected completion date for the second runway is now 2025 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern access to Auckland Airport', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_21', 'summary': 'State Highway 21 ( SH 21 ) is a short 6.7 kilometre stretch of highway in the North Island of New Zealand . It links State Highway 1 , Waikato Expressway at Tamahere and State Highway 3 at Ohaupo . Its main destination is Hamilton Airport and Mystery Creek , where the National Agricultural Fieldays are held . SH 21 was gazetted as a brand new state highway designation in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 5 km south of Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 3 5 km south of Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Airport and Mystery Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Airport_(New_Zealand)', 'summary': 'Hamilton Airport ( IATA : HLZ , ICAO : NZHN ) is an airport located 14 kilometres south of the city of Hamilton in the Waikato region , in New Zealand . It is sited at Rukuhia , which was the name of the Royal New Zealand Air Force base on that site during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mystery_Creek', 'summary': "Mystery Creek Events Centre is one of New Zealand 's biggest events centres . Located in the outskirts of Hamilton , New Zealand , it is home to many events , the largest being the National Agricultural Fieldays which is held annually in June . Mystery Creek Events Centre boasts 114 hectares of land and event versatility with multi-functional facilities and an abundance of indoor and outdoor space ensuring the centre can host all components of an event on one property . From 2004 - 2014 Mystery Creek hosted the annual Parachute Christian Music Festival and from 2015 has hosted the replacement event Festival One . It also hosts Equidays , THE Expo , the New Zealand Motorhome , Caravan & Leisure Show , the BYM Baptist Ministries Easter Camp and many more popular events . The events centre has hosted many sports including ; international netball , Davis Cup tennis matches , Rally New Zealand and boxing . Mystery Creek has been the venue for previous New Zealand Scout Jamborees and was the site of the 19th New Zealand Jamboree 2010/2011 . It is also the venue for the upcoming new Zealand Scout Jamboree ( 28 December 2019 - 7 January 2020 ) ."}]}, {'value': '6.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_22', 'summary': 'State Highway 22 ( SH 22 ) is a New Zealand state highway just south of Auckland . It connects the town of Pukekohe to the Auckland Southern Motorway .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Drury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Drury is a rural town near Auckland , in northern New Zealand . Located 36 kilometres to the south of Auckland CBD , under authority of the Auckland Council . Drury lies at the southern border of the Auckland metropolitan area , 12 kilometres to the northeast of Pukekohe , close to the Papakura Channel , an arm of the Manukau Harbour .'}]}, {'value': 'Pukekohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pukekohe', 'summary': 'Pukekohe is a town in the Auckland Region of the North Island of New Zealand . Located at the southern edge of the Auckland Region , it is in South Auckland , between the southern shore of the Manukau Harbour and the mouth of the Waikato River . The hills of Pukekohe and nearby Bombay Hills form the natural southern limit of the Auckland region . Pukekohe is located within the political boundaries of the Auckland Council , following the abolition of the Franklin District Council on 1 November 2010 . With a population of 31,400 ( June 2018 ) , Pukekohe is the 18th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second largest in the Auckland Region behind Auckland itself . Pukekohe is a rural service town for the area formerly known as the Franklin District . It has a population of 31,400 ( June 2018 ) , mainly of European descent , with significant Māori and ethnic Indian and East Asian communities . There are also a notable number of people of South African and Dutch descent . The population growth from 2007 to 2008 was 2.2 percent . The fertile volcanic soil and warm moist climate supports a large horticultural and dairy farming industry ; the Pukekohe long keeper onion is well known internationally .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The continuation south to SH 23 near Raglan has had its State Highway designation revoked', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raglan,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Raglan is a small beachside town located 48 km west of Hamilton , New Zealand on State Highway 23 . It is known for its surfing , and volcanic black sand beaches .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_23', 'summary': 'State Highway 23 ( SH 23 ) is a New Zealand state highway that connects the towns of Raglan and Hamilton .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raglan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raglan,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Raglan is a small beachside town located 48 km west of Hamilton , New Zealand on State Highway 23 . It is known for its surfing , and volcanic black sand beaches .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current -- North Island', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_Zealand_State_Highways_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of highways of the New Zealand state highway network and some touring routes. State highways are administered by the NZ Transport Agency, while all other roads are the responsibility of territorial authorities.'}
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What is the length of the highway that goes to the place that has a population of 339 in 2013 ?
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103.8
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03d6ff313c09ec01
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NBA franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Seasons', 'Team', 'Last appearance in NBA Finals', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Sacramento_Kings_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1951_NBA_Finals', 'summary': 'The 1951 NBA World Championship Series was the championship round of the 1951 NBA Playoffs , which concluded the National Basketball Association 1950-51 season . The Western Division champion Rochester Royals faced the Eastern Division champion New York Knicks in a best-of-seven series with Rochester having home-court advantage . Rochester won the first three games , two at home , but New York won the next three , two at home . It was the first BAA or NBA Finals ( spanning 1947 to 1951 ) [ a ] that extended to a seventh-game conclusion , a 4-point win by Rochester at home on Saturday , April 21 . The seven games were played in fifteen days , beginning Saturday and Sunday , April 7 and 8 , in Rochester and incorporating one game in Rochester on each following weekend . Three Wednesday or Friday games were played in New York City . The entire postseason tournament spanned 33 days in which both Rochester and New York played 14 games . The Royals appeared in their first NBA finals by defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons in the semifinals and the two-time defending champion Minneapolis Lakers in the division finals while the Knicks defeated the Boston Celtics in the semifinals and the Syracuse Nationals in the division finals . This was the first finals appearance for both teams , and the first Finals with two teams that had not made a finals appearance since the 1947 BAA Finals'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Atlanta_Hawks_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 2014-15 season was the first time the franchise won at least 60 games in a regular season , in either St. Louis or Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1961_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1961 NBA World Championship Series was the championship series of the 1961 NBA Playoffs , which concluded the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 1960-61 season . The best-of-seven series was played between the Western Conference champion St. Louis Hawks and the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics . This was the fourth and final World Championship Series meeting between the two teams . It was also Celtics ' fifth straight trip to the championship series , and they won the series against the Hawks , 4-1 . As of the 2018-19 season [ update ] , this remains the Hawks franchises [ note 1 ] last appearance in the NBA Finals , the second-longest drought behind the Kings franchise who last played in the NBA Finals in 1951 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Clippers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Clippers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Clippers are a professional basketball team based in Los Angeles , California . They play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and are a member of the NBA Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Clippers were founded in 1970 as the Buffalo Braves . They were one of three franchises that joined the NBA as an expansion team in the 1970-71 season . The Braves moved to San Diego , California after the 1977-78 season , and became known as the San Diego Clippers . For the 1984-85 NBA season , the Clippers moved north to Los Angeles and became known as the Los Angeles Clippers . On October 14 , 1970 , the Braves beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 107-92 in their first game . In the 1972 NBA Draft , the Braves selected Bob McAdoo , who later won such awards as Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player . During McAdoo 's years ( 1972-76 ) with the franchise , the Braves reached the post-season three times and had a record of nine wins and 13 losses during that time . Overall , the Clippers have qualified for the post-season fourteen times ; most recently in the 2018-19 season . They passed the first round of the playoffs five times ( 1975-76 , 2005-06 , 2011-12 , 2013-14 and 2014-15 ) . The Clippers have never won league or Conference titles ."}]}, {'value': '0 Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yyyy -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Bucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Milwaukee_Bucks_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Bucks joined the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968 season . Milwaukee 's 1971 NBA title in their 3rd year of existence marks the Bucks as the fastest team ever to go from being an entirely new franchise to being an NBA champion ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_NBA_Finals', 'summary': 'The 1974 NBA World Championship Series was the championship round of the 1973-74 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season . The Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics defeated the Western Conference champion Milwaukee Bucks 4 games to 3 to win the NBA championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Nuggets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Denver_Nuggets_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They have played for 49 seasons , 38 in the NBA and nine in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . As of the close of the 2017 season , they have never reached an NBA Finals and only been to three Western Conference Finals series .'}]}, {'value': '0 Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yyyy -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_Wizards_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Wizards , a professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards are a member of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and currently play their home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1979 NBA World Championship Series was the championship series played at the conclusion of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 1978-79 season . The Western Conference champion Seattle SuperSonics played the Eastern Conference champion Washington Bullets , with the Bullets holding home-court advantage , due to a better regular season record . The SuperSonics defeated the Bullets 4 games to 1 . The series was a rematch of the 1978 NBA Finals , which the Washington Bullets had won 4-3 . Dennis Johnson of the SuperSonics was named as the NBA Finals MVP , while Gus Williams of the SuperSonics was the top scorer , averaging 28.6 points per game . This was Seattle 's second men 's professional sports championship , following the Seattle Metropolitans ' Stanley Cup victory in the 1917 Stanley Cup Finals . Coincidentally , this series ( along with the 1978 NBA Finals ) was informally known as the George Washington series , because both teams were playing in places named after the first President of the United States ( the SuperSonics represented Seattle , the most populous city in the state of Washington , and the Bullets represented Washington , D.C. , albeit playing in nearby Landover , Maryland ) . This is the most recent time that a Western Conference team based outside of Texas or California has won an NBA title , and the last of only two occasions alongside the 1976-77 Portland Trail Blazers when a team from the present-day Northwest Division has won the league title , which is by 26 years the longest league championship drought for any division of the four major North American sports leagues . [ note 1 ] Since then , the following Western teams have gone on to win an NBA title : the Los Angeles Lakers ( ten times ) , the San Antonio Spurs ( five times ) , the Golden State Warriors ( three times ) , the Houston Rockets ( twice ) , and the Dallas Mavericks ( once ) . The remaining eighteen titles since 1980 have been won by Eastern Conference teams . [ note 2 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_Timberwolves_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association . The Timberwolves joined the NBA as an expansion team for the 1989-90 NBA season , along with the Orlando Magic .'}]}, {'value': '0 Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yyyy -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Charlotte_Hornets_seasons', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are a professional basketball club based in Charlotte , North Carolina . They are members of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , playing in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference . The original Charlotte Hornets franchise played in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before relocating to New Orleans , Louisiana and becoming the New Orleans Hornets . A new franchise , the Charlotte Bobcats , began play in the 2004-05 season . The team played for ten seasons as the Bobcats before adopting the Hornets name again starting in the 2014-15 season . The Hornets name was left available after the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the New Orleans Pelicans . As part of a deal between the Bobcats , Pelicans and NBA , the renamed Hornets reclaimed the original Hornets ' history and records from 1988 to 2002 , while all of the Hornets ' history and records from after relocation to New Orleans in 2002 through 2013 remained with the Pelicans . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations after the 2001-02 season before returning as the Bobcats in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '0 Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yyyy -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland Trail Blazers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Portland_Trail_Blazers_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association . In the team 's 49 years of existence ( through 2019 ) , the Blazers have qualified for the NBA playoffs 35 times . This includes a streak of 21 straight playoff appearances from 1983 through 2003 . The team has one NBA title , in 1977 , and appeared in the NBA Finals two other times , in 1990 and 1992 ; they are the only team in NBA history to win a championship in their franchise 's first-ever visit to the postseason . The best record posted by the team was 63-19 , in 1991 ; the worst record was 18-64 , in the team 's second season ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1992 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1991-92 NBA season , and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls took on the Western Conference champion Portland Trail Blazers for the title , with Chicago having home court advantage , as they had the best record in the NBA that season . The two teams appeared headed to face each other for most of the season and comparisons were made between Clyde Drexler and Michael Jordan throughout the season . A month earlier Sports Illustrated had even listed Drexler as Jordan 's No . 1 rival on a cover the two appeared on together before the playoffs . The media , hoping to recreate a Magic Johnson-Larry Bird type rivalry in Jordan-Drexler , compared the two throughout the pre-Finals hype . The Bulls would go on to win the series in six games . Michael Jordan was named Finals Most Valuable Player for the second year in a row , to go with his sixth straight regular season scoring title ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Phoenix_Suns_seasons', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are a professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona , United States . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Suns began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968-69 NBA season . In their inaugural season , the Suns posted a win-loss record of 16-66 . They participated in the playoffs only once in their first seven seasons . In the 1975-76 season , a rookie Alvan Adams helped the team reach its first NBA Finals , which they lost to the Boston Celtics 4-2 . Charles Barkley and Steve Nash won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the Suns . Barkley led the Suns to the 1993 NBA Finals , where they lost to the Chicago Bulls . After signing with the Suns in 2004 , Nash led the team to three straight division titles , but after reaching the Conference Finals in 2009-10 the Suns have subsequently experienced their worst period of on-court failure , missing the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons ( the franchise 's previous record playoff drought was five seasons , which happened after the team made the postseason in only their second year of existence during the 1969-70 campaign ) . Despite their failures in the 2010s , the Suns franchise has the NBA 's fourth-best all-time winning percentage , winning 54 percent of its games , as of the end of the 2015-16 season . In their first forty-three seasons , the Suns made the playoffs 29 times , posted nineteen seasons with fifty or more wins , appeared nine times in the Western Conference Finals , and advanced to the NBA Finals in 1976 and 1993 . As a result , based on their all-time winning percentage , the Suns are the most successful franchise to never win an NBA championship ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1993 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1992-93 NBA season , and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . It featured the Eastern Conference playoff champion Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan , and the Western Conference playoff champion Phoenix Suns , winners of 62 games and led by regular season MVP Charles Barkley . The Bulls became the first team since the legendary Boston Celtics of the 1960s to win three consecutive championship titles , clinching the three-peat with John Paxson 's game-winning 3-pointer that gave them a 99-98 victory in Game 6 . Remarkably , the away team won every game except for Chicago 's win at home in Game 4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Rockets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Houston_Rockets_seasons', 'summary': "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston , Texas . The Rockets play in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team was established in 1967 , and played in San Diego , California for four years , before moving to Houston , Texas . In the Rockets ' debut season , their win-loss record was 15-67 . After drafting Elvin Hayes first overall in the 1968 NBA Draft , they made their first appearance in the playoffs in 1969 . After Hayes was traded , Moses Malone replaced him . Malone won two Most Valuable Player awards during his time in Houston , and led the Rockets to the 1977 Eastern Conference finals in his first year with the Rockets . He also led the Rockets to the NBA Finals in 1981 , but they were defeated in six games by the Boston Celtics . Two years after advancing to the finals , the Rockets won a franchise-low 14 games . In 1984 , the Rockets drafted future Hall-of-Famer Hakeem Olajuwon , who led them to the 1986 Finals in his second year , in which they lost again to Boston . In the next seven seasons , they lost in the first round of the playoffs five times . They did not win their first championship until 1994 , when Olajuwon led them to a franchise-best 58 wins , and the championship ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1995 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1994-95 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season . The series pitted the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic against the defending NBA champion and Western Conference champion Houston Rockets . The pre-series hype and build-up of the Finals was centered on the meeting of the two centers opposing each other : Shaquille O'Neal of the Magic and Hakeem Olajuwon of the Rockets . Going into the series the matchup was compared to the Bill Russell-Wilt Chamberlain matchup of the 1960s . The Rockets became the first team in NBA history to beat four 50-win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . The Rockets would win a playoff-record nine road games in the 1995 playoffs . It was the second NBA Finals sweep in the 2-3-2 Finals format ( after the Detroit Pistons did so against the Los Angeles Lakers in 1989 ) . The Rockets also became the first repeat NBA Champion in history to keep the title with a sweep . In addition , the Rockets became the first team in NBA history to win the title without having home-court advantage in any of the four playoff rounds since the playoffs was expanded to a 16 team format in 1984 . Coincidentally , this feat would also be achieved by the New Jersey Devils that same year , when they won the Stanley Cup over the Detroit Red Wings . The Orlando Magic ( making their first ever NBA Finals appearance ) began the 1995 NBA Finals at home , hosting the defending champion Houston Rockets . With the Magic up 110-107 late in Game 1 , Nick Anderson missed four consecutive free throws in the closing seconds of the game , and Kenny Smith hit a three-pointer , tying the game and sending it to overtime as well as setting a new record with the most three-pointers in an NBA Finals game with seven ."}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Orlando', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memphis Grizzlies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Memphis_Grizzlies_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team was founded in 1995 as the Vancouver Grizzlies as one of two franchises that joined the NBA for the 1995-96 season . The Grizzlies moved to Memphis after the 2000-01 season .'}]}, {'value': '0 Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yyyy -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Utah_Jazz_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Jazz joined the NBA as the New Orleans Jazz , an expansion team that began play in the 1974-75 season . The Jazz relocated from New Orleans to Salt Lake City , Utah for the 1979-80 season . As of April 15 , 2015 , the Utah Jazz are the last franchise to not record a 60-loss season .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1998 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1998 playoffs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the conclusion of the 1997-98 NBA season . The Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls played against the Western Conference champion Utah Jazz , with the Jazz holding home-court advantage for the first 2 games in Salt Lake City . In a repeat of the previous year 's Finals , the Bulls won the series 4 games to 2 for their third consecutive NBA title and their sixth in eight seasons . Michael Jordan was voted the NBA Finals MVP of the series ( he also had won the award the last five times the Bulls won the Finals : 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , and 1997 ) . This would be his sixth NBA championship and sixth Finals MVP award in six full basketball seasons . This would be his final season of winning the NBA championship and Finals MVP . The 1998 Finals garnered the highest Nielsen TV ratings in NBA history at 18.7 , and even surpassed the Nielsen ratings for the 1998 World Series , marking the first time the NBA had a higher rating in its championship round than of Major League Baseball 's championship round . Until 2012 , this was the most recent final played entirely outside of either Texas or California . Until 2014 , it was the last consecutive Finals rematch between two teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bulls_seasons', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team based in Chicago , Illinois . Dick Klein founded the Bulls in 1966 after a number of other professional basketball teams in Chicago had failed . [ a ] In their 50 seasons , the Bulls have achieved a winning record 25 times , and have appeared in the NBA playoffs 34 times . They received international recognition in the 1990s when All-Star shooting guard Michael Jordan led them to their six league championships . The only two NBA franchises that have won more championships than the Bulls are the Boston Celtics ( 17 championships ) and Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) . The Bulls initially competed in the NBA 's Western Division . The Western Division was renamed the Western Conference in 1970 , and was split into the Midwest and Pacific Divisions . The Bulls played in the Midwest Division until 1980 , when they moved to the Central Division of the Eastern Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1998 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1998 playoffs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the conclusion of the 1997-98 NBA season . The Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls played against the Western Conference champion Utah Jazz , with the Jazz holding home-court advantage for the first 2 games in Salt Lake City . In a repeat of the previous year 's Finals , the Bulls won the series 4 games to 2 for their third consecutive NBA title and their sixth in eight seasons . Michael Jordan was voted the NBA Finals MVP of the series ( he also had won the award the last five times the Bulls won the Finals : 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , and 1997 ) . This would be his sixth NBA championship and sixth Finals MVP award in six full basketball seasons . This would be his final season of winning the NBA championship and Finals MVP . The 1998 Finals garnered the highest Nielsen TV ratings in NBA history at 18.7 , and even surpassed the Nielsen ratings for the 1998 World Series , marking the first time the NBA had a higher rating in its championship round than of Major League Baseball 's championship round . Until 2012 , this was the most recent final played entirely outside of either Texas or California . Until 2014 , it was the last consecutive Finals rematch between two teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Utah', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Knicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Knicks_seasons', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , better known as the New York Knicks , are a professional basketball team based in New York City that competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . An original member of the NBA , the Knicks play in the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division . In its 73 seasons , the franchise has reached the NBA Finals eight times and won two championships . As of the end of the 2018-19 season , New York has won more than 2,700 regular season games , and the team has the fourth-highest victory total in NBA history . Since 1968 , the Knicks have played home games at Madison Square Garden . One of the Basketball Association of America 's ( BAA ) eleven teams during its inaugural season , the Knicks won the league 's first game , defeating the Toronto Huskies 68-66 on November 1 , 1946 . The club qualified for the playoffs in the league 's first three seasons before the BAA merged with the National Basketball League in 1949 to form the NBA . Following the merger , New York extended its streak of playoff appearances to nine consecutive years , and reached the NBA Finals each year from 1952 to 1954 . The Knicks returned to the Finals in 1970 and defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games for the team 's first title . New York and Los Angeles faced each other again in the 1972 Finals , a series that the Lakers won four games to one . The Knicks earned their second NBA championship the following year , as they won a rematch with Los Angeles in five games . From 1988 to 2001 , the franchise reached the playoffs in fourteen consecutive seasons , but did not win an NBA title ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 1999 NBA Finals was the championship round of the shortened 1998-99 NBA season or the 1999 season , and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs took on the Eastern Conference champion New York Knicks for the title , with the Spurs holding home court advantage . The series was played under a best-of-seven format , with the first team to collect four game victories winning the series . The Spurs defeated the Knicks 4 games to 1 to win the championship . As of 2019 [ update ] , this is the last NBA Finals where neither team scored 100 or more points in any game during the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. San Antonio', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Pacers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Pacers_seasons', 'summary': 'The Indiana Pacers are a professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . They are members of the Central Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Pacers were founded in 1967 , originally as members of the American Basketball Association , where they were crowned league champions three times and made the playoffs in all of the nine seasons they participated in the league . The Pacers were led during the ABA days by two-time MVP Mel Daniels and by head coach Bobby Leonard . The 1976-77 season marked the first season of NBA play for the Pacers and the team struggled early , compared to their ABA success . The Pacers only made it to the NBA playoffs three times in their first 13 seasons . The Pacers would not win their first playoff series until the 1993-94 season , which came against the Orlando Magic . It was during this time that the Pacers were led by 1987 draft pick , Reggie Miller , who entered the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012 . Miller would play for the Pacers until the 2005 season and with his help , the Pacers would go on to win one Eastern Conference championship , four Central Division championships , and make 15 playoff appearances . Over the Pacers 49 seasons of play they have made the playoffs 32 times ( 23 in the NBA and 9 in the ABA ) . The Pacers have appeared in the NBA Eastern Conference Finals eight times ( 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 ) and advanced to the NBA Finals in 2000 , where they eventually lost to the Los Angeles Lakers 4-2 . The Pacers are one of 11 franchises to have never won an NBA championship and the only Central Division team without at least one title .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 2000 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 1999-2000 season , and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2 . Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the series , his first of three consecutive honors . The series was played under a best-of-seven format , with the Lakers holding home court advantage . Until 2008 , this was the most recent NBA Finals where both number one seeds from both conferences faced off in the finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia 76ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_76ers_seasons', 'summary': "The Philadelphia 76ers , often referred to as the Sixers , are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia . The Sixers play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In sixty-six NBA seasons , the franchise has played in the NBA Finalsnine times and never won . The Sixers have the third-highest victory total and third most playoff appearances in NBA history . Since 1996 , the Sixers have played home games at Wells Fargo Center . In 1937 , owner Daniel Biasone founded the franchise as the Syracuse Nationals , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The Nationals qualified for the playoffs three times then joined the NBA in 1949 , one of seven NBL teams to merge with the rival Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The Nationals qualified for the playoffs in every season played in Syracuse , advancing to three Finals and Losing . For the 1963-64 season , the year following the departure of the Philadelphia Warriors for San Francisco , the Syracuse Nationals relocated to Philadelphia as the 76ers . The franchise has played fifty-three seasons as the Philadelphia 76ers , with thirty-three playoff appearances and zero championships . The Sixers acquired Philadelphia-native Wilt Chamberlain in 1964 from the Warriors and defeated Chamberlain 's former team in the 1967 Finals , but suffered a sharp fall from grace due to the loss of Chamberlain to retirement and Billy Cunningham to the ABA : in 1972-73 the team won only nine games , the fewest in an 82-game NBA season . Under coaches Gene Shue and Cunningham , and the on-court leadership of forward Julius Erving , the 76ers returned as a power quite rapidly , achieving winning records in all but one season from 1975-76 to 1990-91 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 2001 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2000-01 season . The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers took on the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia 76ers for the championship , with the Lakers holding home-court advantage in a best-of-seven format . The Lakers won the series 4 games to 1 . Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was named the Most Valuable Player of the series . Allen Iverson scored 48 points in his only NBA Finals victory , as the 76ers took Game 1 107-101 in overtime , handing the Lakers their only loss of the playoffs . However , the Lakers went on to win the next four games , despite being out-shot and out-rebounded in the series . Los Angeles punished Philadelphia with their three-point shooting , which was the key to this series . In Game 3 Robert Horry hit a three-point shot in the last minute , and in the next two games the Lakers used hot 3-point shooting to build big leads and hold off late 76ers comeback attempts in games 4 and 5 , pulling away for double-digit wins to win the title ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_Orleans_Pelicans_seasons', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans are a professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The franchise began play during the 2002-03 NBA season as the New Orleans Hornets following the relocation of the Charlotte Hornets , based in Charlotte , North Carolina . After three seasons in New Orleans , Hurricane Katrina forced the franchise to temporarily relocate to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , where they spent two seasons as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The Hornets returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . The team changed its name to the New Orleans Pelicans at the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . Led by All-Star Baron Davis , the New Orleans Hornets qualified for their first post-season appearance during the 2002-03 season . They lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round . The team earned their first division title during the 2007-08 season , behind the play of All-Stars Chris Paul and David West . Finishing with a franchise-best record of 56 wins and 26 losses , the Hornets won the Southwest Division title over the defending champion San Antonio Spurs . They advanced to the Conference Semifinals , where they were defeated by the Spurs in seven games . In 16 seasons , the Pelicans have compiled an overall record of 630-715 all-time .'}]}, {'value': '0 Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'yyyy -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Nets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Brooklyn_Nets_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Brooklyn Nets professional basketball team . The Nets were founded as the New Jersey Americans in 1967 , a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . A year later , the team moved to Long Island , New York , and were renamed as the New York Nets . There , behind the play of Hall of Famer Julius Erving , the team won its only two ABA championships : in 1974 and 1976 . After the 1975-76 season , the ABA merged with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Nets were one of four franchises that joined the NBA . After a season of being the second team to represent the state of New York ( the other being the New York Knicks ) , the team moved back to New Jersey as the New Jersey Nets . In the NBA , the Nets have experienced only one period of sustained success , from the 2001-02 season to the 2006-07 season , when led by Jason Kidd they played in the postseason every year and twice reached the NBA Finals , but lost to Shaquille O'Neal-led Los Angeles Lakers in 2002 and then to Tim Duncan-led San Antonio Spurs in 2003 . After 35 seasons in New Jersey , owner Mikhail Prokhorov moved the team to the New York City borough of Brooklyn to become the Brooklyn Nets ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 2003 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2002-03 season , and the culmination of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs played the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Nets for the title , with the Spurs holding home court advantage . The series was played under a best-of-seven format . The Spurs defeated the Nets to win the series 4-2 . Spurs ' forward Tim Duncan was named the Most Valuable Player of the championship series . The series was broadcast on U.S. television on ABC , with Brad Nessler , Bill Walton , and Tom Tolbert announcing . The 2003 Finals documentary was narrated by Rodd Houston , who later narrated three other NBA Finals series . This was the first NBA Finals since 1995 to use the traditional script font in its logo ; in the intervening years , a more contemporary all-gold logo had been used with the Larry O'Brien Trophy , as well as the year and the series ' name encompassed by an oval on a black background . The series featured controversy about Tim Duncan getting a quadruple double in game 6 . [ citation needed ] On Duncan 's stat sheet , he had 21 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , and 8 blocks . However , in the third quarter , there were two instances of Duncan potentially getting a block but they were not called . [ citation needed ] The first instance was of Duncan blocking a shot before the ball traveled out of bounds before another player touched it ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. San Antonio', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Pistons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Pistons_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association . The franchise was founded in 1941 as the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons in the National Basketball League and as the Fort Wayne Pistons joined the Basketball Association of America , which was the precursor to the NBA . However , the games won and lost in the NBL are not included in the franchise total . The Pistons have had three main periods of success . In the early years of the NBA the team reached the NBA Finals twice in consecutive years before falling to the Lakers and then to the St. Louis Hawks . Following an extended era of mediocrity the Pistons , led by the Hall of Fame backcourt of Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars and nicknamed the Bad Boys for their intimidating defence , posted winning records every seasons from 1983-84 to 1991-92 , and after narrowly losing in 1988 , ended the Lakers dynasty of the 1980s the following season and repeated the following year . The Pistons third period of success , with former on-court star Dumars serving as general manager and building a top team from other franchises discards , occurred between 2001-02 and 2007-08 when the team won fifty games or more during every season , including a third NBA title in 2003-04 and a franchise record total of wins two seasons later . The Pistons have experienced two major periods of failure . Between 1956-57 and 1982-83 , the Pistons had just three winning seasons and overall had a winning percentage of .417 , culminating in a combined record of 37-127 ( win percent .226 ) in the 1979-80 and 1980-81 seasons , after which the drafting of Isiah Thomas completely revitalized the franchise . Since 2009-10 , the Pistons have only once finished out of the bottom two in their division or had a winning record . In the six seasons starting in 2009-10 the franchise had an overall record of 172 wins from 476 games or a winning percentage of .361 .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The 2005 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2004-05 season , and the culmination of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs played the defending NBA champion and Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons for the title , with the Spurs holding home court advantage and the Pistons as defending champions . The series was played under a best-of-seven format . ( Unlike the previous three rounds , the team with home court advantage hosted games one , two , six , and seven if all were necessary ) . It also marked the Pistons ' first NBA Finals loss since 1988 . The Spurs won the series four games to three in the first NBA Finals to go to a Game 7 since 1994 . The games were broadcast on ABC , with Al Michaels and Hubie Brown commentating . National radio coverage was provided by ESPN Radio through announcers Jim Durham and Dr. Jack Ramsay ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. San Antonio', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Active droughts -- NBA Finals appearance droughts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise post-season appearance droughts. This list includes the all-time and the active consecutive non-playoffs. Aside from the NBA playoff appearance droughts, this list also includes droughts of series wins, appearances in the NBA Finals and NBA championship wins. The oldest such franchise is the Suns (51 seasons), while the Royals/Kings and the Hawks have even longer championship droughts (68 and 61 seasons, respectively). Six franchises have never been to the NBA Finals, the highest number among the major North American sports. The oldest such team is the Braves/Clippers franchise (49 seasons); the Kings and the Hawks have appearance droughts that are even longer (69 and 59 seasons, respectively). The longest a franchise has gone without appearing in the playoffs at all is 15 seasons: the Braves/Clippers franchise from 1977 to 1991. Of the 19 franchises that have won an NBA championship, 8 have droughts of 36 seasons or more, which is to say that the past 36 championships have been shared among only 11 franchises: the Lakers (8), Bulls (6), Spurs (5), Celtics (3), Pistons (3), Heat (3), Warriors (3), Rockets (2), Mavericks (1), Cavaliers (1), and Raptors (1). By contrast, the other three major North American sports have each had at least 16 franchises become champions over the same period of time.'}
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For the team with the highest amount of seasons , how many days did the postseason tournament last during the finals ?
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33 days
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03d756352912bd04
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World's_Billionaires", 'title': "The World's Billionaires", 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Net worth ( USD )', 'Age', 'Nationality', 'Source ( s ) of wealth'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Gates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Gates', 'summary': "William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is an American business magnate , software developer , investor , and philanthropist . He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , president and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s . Born and raised in Seattle , Washington , Gates co-founded Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975 in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; it went on to become the world 's largest personal computer software company . [ a ] Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until stepping down as CEO in January 2000 , but he remained chairman and became chief software architect . During the late 1990s , Gates had been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive . This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the private charitable foundation that he and his wife , Melinda Gates , established in 2000 . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella . Since 1987 , he has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest documented individuals ."}]}, {'value': '$ 40.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Buffett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Buffett', 'summary': "Warren Edward Buffett ( /ˈbʌfɪt/ ; born August 30 , 1930 ) is an American business magnate , investor , and philanthropist , who is the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway . He is considered one of the most successful investors in the world and has a net worth of US $ 88.9 billion as of December 2019 , making him the fourth-wealthiest person in the world . Buffett was born in Omaha , Nebraska . He developed an interest in business and investing in his youth , eventually entering the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1947 before transferring and graduating from the University of Nebraska at the age of 19 . He went on to graduate from Columbia Business School , where he molded his investment philosophy around the concept of value investing that was pioneered by Benjamin Graham . He attended New York Institute of Finance to focus his economics background and soon after began various business partnerships , including one with Graham . He created Buffett Partnership , Ltd in 1956 and his firm eventually acquired a textile manufacturing firm called Berkshire Hathaway , assuming its name to create a diversified holding company . In 1978 , Charlie Munger joined Buffett and became vice chairman of the company . Buffett has been the chairman and largest shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway since 1970 . He has been referred to as the Oracle or Sage of Omaha by global media outlets . He is noted for his adherence to value investing and for his personal frugality despite his immense wealth . Research published at the University of Oxford characterizes Buffett 's investment methodology as falling within founder centrism - defined by a deference to managers with a founder 's mindset , an ethical disposition towards the shareholder collective , and an intense focus on exponential value creation ."}]}, {'value': '$ 37.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway', 'summary': "Berkshire Hathaway is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska , United States . The company wholly owns GEICO , Duracell , Dairy Queen , BNSF , Lubrizol , Fruit of the Loom , Helzberg Diamonds , Long & Foster , FlightSafety International , Pampered Chef , Forest River and NetJets , and also owns 38.6% of Pilot Flying J ; 26.7% of the Kraft Heinz Company , and significant minority holdings in American Express ( 17.6% ) , Wells Fargo ( 9.9% ) , The Coca-Cola Company ( 9.4% ) , Bank of America ( 6.8% ) , and Apple ( 5.22% ) . Since 2016 , the company has acquired large holdings in the major US airline carriers , and is currently the largest shareholder in United Airlines and Delta Air Lines , and a top three shareholder in Southwest Airlines and American Airlines . Berkshire Hathaway has averaged an annual growth in book value of 19.0% to its shareholders since 1965 ( compared to 9.7% from the S & P 500 with dividends included for the same period ) , while employing large amounts of capital , and minimal debt . The company is known for its control and leadership by Warren Buffett , who serves as chairman and chief executive , and by Charlie Munger , the company 's vice-chairman . In the early part of his career at Berkshire , Buffett focused on long-term investments in publicly traded companies , but more recently he has more frequently bought whole companies . Berkshire now owns a diverse range of businesses including confectionery , retail , railroads , home furnishings , encyclopedias , manufacturers of vacuum cleaners , jewelry sales , manufacture and distribution of uniforms , and several regional electric and gas utilities . According to the Forbes Global 2000 list and formula , Berkshire Hathaway is the third largest public company in the world , the tenth largest conglomerate by revenue and the largest financial services company by revenue in the world . As of February 2020 , Berkshire 's Class B stock is the seventh-largest component of the S & P 500 Index ( which is based on free-float market capitalization ) and the company is famous for having the most expensive share price in history with Class A shares costing around $ 340,000 each . This is because there has never been a stock split in its Class A shares and Buffett stated in a 1984 letter to shareholders that he does not intend to split the stock ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Slim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Slim', 'summary': "Carlos Slim Helú ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɾlos ezˈlim eˈlu ] ; born 28 January 1940 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican business tycoon , investor , philanthropist , and engineer . From 2010 to 2013 , Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by the Forbes business magazine . He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate , Grupo Carso . As of February 2020 , he is the fifth-richest person in the world according to Forbes ' listing of The World 's Billionaires , with he and his family having a net worth estimated at $ 68.9 billion . He is the richest person in Latin America . His conglomerate includes education , health care , industrial manufacturing , transportation , real estate , media , energy , hospitality , entertainment , high-technology , retail , sports and financial services . He accounts for 40% of the listings on the Mexican Stock Exchange , while his net worth is equivalent to about 6 percent of Mexico 's gross domestic product . As of 2016 , he is the largest single shareholder of The New York Times Company ."}]}, {'value': '$ 35.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'América Móvil , Grupo Carso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/América_Móvil', 'summary': 'América Móvil is a Mexican telecommunications corporation headquartered in Mexico City , Mexico . It is the seventh largest mobile network operator in terms of equity subscribers and one of the largest corporations in the world . América Móvil is a Forbes Global 2000 company . As of Q1 , 2019 , América Móvil had 277.4 million wireless subscribers , and 84.3 million fixed revenue generating units ( RGUs , consisting of fixed voice , fixed data and PayTV units ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grupo_Carso', 'summary': 'Grupo Carso or Grupo Sanborns SAB is a Mexican global conglomerate company owned by Carlos Slim . It was formed in 1990 after the merger of Corporación Industrial Carso and Grupo Inbursa . The name Carso stands for Carlos Slim and Soumaya Domit de Slim , his late wife . In May 2014 , the conglomerate had a stock market capitalisation of over $ 12 billion US dollars . In 1996 Carso Global Telecom ( which includes Telmex , Telcel and América Móvil ) separated itself from Grupo Carso .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Ellison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Ellison', 'summary': 'Lawrence Joseph Ellison ( born August 17 , 1944 ) is an American businessman , entrepreneur , and philanthropist who is a co-founder and the executive chairman and chief technology officer ( CTO ) of Oracle Corporation . As of October 2019 , he was listed by Forbes magazine as the fourth-wealthiest person in the United States and as the sixth-wealthiest in the world , with a fortune of $ 69.1 billion , increased from $ 54.5 billion in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '$ 22.5 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Oracle Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingvar Kamprad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingvar_Kamprad', 'summary': 'Feodor Ingvar Kamprad ( Swedish : [ ˈɪ̌ŋːvar ˈkǎmːprad ] ( listen ) ; 30 March 1926 - 27 January 2018 ) was a Swedish business magnate best known for founding IKEA , a multinational retail company specialising in furniture . He lived in Switzerland from 1976 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '$ 22.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'IKEA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IKEA', 'summary': "IKEA ( /aɪˈkiːə/ eye-KEE-ə , Swedish : [ ɪˈkêːa ] ) is a European multinational group that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture , kitchen appliances and home accessories , among other useful goods and occasionally home services . Founded in Sweden in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad , IKEA has been the world 's largest furniture retailer since 2008 . According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index , as of January 2018 , Kamprad was the eighth richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $ 58.7 billion . The company 's name is an acronym that consists of the founder 's initials ( Ingvar Kamprad ) plus those of Elmtaryd , the family farm where he was born , and the nearby village Agunnaryd ( his hometown in Småland , southern Sweden ) . The business is a private company owned by Inter IKEA Systems B.V. , registered in the Netherlands and controlled by the sons of its founder Ingvar Kamprad . The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture , and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity . In addition , the firm is known for its attention to cost control , operational details , and continuous product development that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent . The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure , which members of the European Parliament have alleged was designed to avoid over €1 billion in tax payments over the 2009-2014 period . It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands and Liechtenstein . As of June 2019 [ update ] , there are 433 IKEA stores operating in 52 countries and in fiscal year 2018 , €38.8 billion ( US $ 44.6 billion ) worth of IKEA goods were sold . The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and there were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA 's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016 . The company is responsible for approximately 1% of world commercial-product wood consumption , making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl Albrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Albrecht', 'summary': 'Karl Hans Albrecht ( German : [ ˈalbʁɛçt ] ; 20 February 1920 - 16 July 2014 ) was a German entrepreneur who founded the discount supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo . He was for many years the richest person in Germany . In February 2014 , he was ranked the 21st-richest person in the world by Hurun Report .'}]}, {'value': '$ 21.5 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Aldi Süd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldi', 'summary': "Aldi ( stylised as ALDI ) is the common brand of two German family-owned discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 20 countries , and an estimated combined turnover of more than €50 billion . Based in Germany , the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother 's store in Essen . The business was split into two separate groups in 1960 , that later became Aldi Nord , headquartered in Essen , and Aldi Süd , headquartered in Mülheim . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi ( a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont ) , which is pronounced [ ˈaldiː ] ( listen ) . In Germany , Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie , oHG . Aldi 's German operations consist of Aldi Nord 's 35 individual regional companies with about 2,500 stores in western , northern , and eastern Germany , and Aldi Süd 's 32 regional companies with 1,600 stores in western and southern Germany . Internationally , Aldi Nord operates in Denmark , France , the Benelux countries , Portugal , Spain and Poland , while Aldi Süd operates in Ireland , Great Britain , Hungary , Switzerland , Australia , China , Italy , Austria and Slovenia . Both Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd also operate in the United States with 1,600 stores as of 2017 ( and is the only country to have both of Aldi 's subsidiaries operating outside of Germany ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukesh Ambani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukesh_Ambani', 'summary': "Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani ( born 19 April 1957 ) is an Indian billionaire business magnate , and the chairman , managing director , and largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Ltd. ( RIL ) , a Fortune Global 500 company and India 's most valuable company by market value . According to Forbes magazine , he is the richest man in Asia and the 13th richest person in the world as of December 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 19.5 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Reliance Industries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reliance_Industries', 'summary': "Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai , Maharashtra . Reliance owns businesses across India engaged in energy , petrochemicals , textiles , natural resources , retail , and telecommunications . Reliance is one of the most profitable companies in India , the largest publicly traded company in India by market capitalization , and the largest company in India as measured by revenue after recently surpassing the government-controlled Indian Oil Corporation . On 18 October 2007 , Reliance Industries became the first Indian company to exceed $ 100 billion market capitalization . The company is ranked 106th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's biggest corporations as of 2019 . It is ranked 8th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts as of 2016 . Reliance continues to be India 's largest exporter , accounting for 8% of India 's total merchandise exports with a value of Rs 147,755 crore and access to markets in 108 countries . Reliance is responsible for almost 5% of the government of India 's total revenues from customs and excise duty . It is also the highest income tax payer in the private sector in India . In 2019 , Reliance Industries become the first Indian firm to cross Rs 9 lakh crore market valuation mark . It has become the first ever Indian company to cross Rs 10 lakh crore market capitalization ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakshmi Mittal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal', 'summary': "Lakshmi Niwas Mittal ( Hindi : [ ˈləkʃmi nɪˈʋaːs ˈmɪtːəl ] ( listen ) ; born 15 June 1950 ) is an Indian born steel magnate , based in the United Kingdom . He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal , the world 's largest steelmaking company . Mittal owns 38% of ArcelorMittal and holds an 11% stake in Queens Park Rangers F.C . In 2005 , Forbes ranked Mittal as the third-richest person in the world , making him the first Indian citizen to be ranked in the top ten in the publication 's annual list of the world 's richest people . In 2007 , Mittal was considered to be the richest Asian person in Europe . He was ranked the sixth-richest person in the world by Forbes in 2011 , but dropped to 82nd place in March 2015 . He is also the 57th-most powerful person of the 72 individuals named in Forbes ' Most Powerful People list for 2015 . His daughter Vanisha Mittal 's wedding was the second-most expensive in recorded history . Mittal has been a member of the board of directors of Goldman Sachs since 2008 . He sits on the World Steel Association 's executive committee , and is a member of the Global CEO Council of the Chinese People 's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries , the Foreign Investment Council in Kazakhstan , the World Economic Forum 's International Business Council , and the European Round Table of Industrialists . He is also a member of the board of trustees of the Cleveland Clinic . In 2005 The Sunday Times named him Business Person of 2006 , the Financial Times named him Person of the Year , and Time magazine named him International Newsmaker of the Year 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 19.3 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcelor Mittal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcelor_Mittal', 'summary': "ArcelorMittal S.A. ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ aʁsəlɔʁ mital ] ) is a multinational steel manufacturing corporation headquartered in Luxembourg City . It was formed in 2006 from the takeover and merger of Arcelor by Indian-owned Mittal Steel . ArcelorMittal is the world 's largest steel producer , with an annual crude steel production of 92.5 million metric tonnes as of 2018 [ update ] . It is ranked 123rd in the 2017 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world 's largest corporations ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theo Albrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theo_Albrecht', 'summary': "Theodor Paul Theo Albrecht ( German : [ ˈalbʁɛçt ] ; 28 March 1922 - 24 July 2010 ) was a German entrepreneur , who in 2010 was ranked by Forbes as the 31st richest person in the world , with a net worth of $ 16.7 billion . He owned and was the CEO of the Aldi Nord discount supermarket chain . In the US he owned the Trader Joe 's specialty grocery store chain . His brother Karl Albrecht owned the Aldi Süd discount supermarket chain . The two chains originally were a single family enterprise until a friendly division of assets in 1960 . Aldi Süd operates the Aldi groceries in the United States . Aldi and Trader Joe 's , while owned by the brothers , have separate and distinct ownership and operations ."}]}, {'value': '$ 18.8 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': "Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldi', 'summary': "Aldi ( stylised as ALDI ) is the common brand of two German family-owned discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 20 countries , and an estimated combined turnover of more than €50 billion . Based in Germany , the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother 's store in Essen . The business was split into two separate groups in 1960 , that later became Aldi Nord , headquartered in Essen , and Aldi Süd , headquartered in Mülheim . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi ( a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont ) , which is pronounced [ ˈaldiː ] ( listen ) . In Germany , Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie , oHG . Aldi 's German operations consist of Aldi Nord 's 35 individual regional companies with about 2,500 stores in western , northern , and eastern Germany , and Aldi Süd 's 32 regional companies with 1,600 stores in western and southern Germany . Internationally , Aldi Nord operates in Denmark , France , the Benelux countries , Portugal , Spain and Poland , while Aldi Süd operates in Ireland , Great Britain , Hungary , Switzerland , Australia , China , Italy , Austria and Slovenia . Both Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd also operate in the United States with 1,600 stores as of 2017 ( and is the only country to have both of Aldi 's subsidiaries operating outside of Germany ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Trader_Joe's", 'summary': "Trader Joe 's is an American chain of grocery stores headquartered in Monrovia , California . By 2015 , it was a competitor in fresh format grocery stores in the United States . By November 2019 , Trader Joe 's had over 503 stores nationwide in 42 states and Washington , D.C . The first Trader Joe 's store was opened by founder Joe Coulombe in 1967 in Pasadena , California . It was owned by German entrepreneur Theo Albrecht from 1979 until his death in 2010 , when ownership passed to his heirs . Albrecht 's family also owns the German supermarket chain ALDI Nord . The company has offices in Monrovia , California , and Boston , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amancio Ortega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amancio_Ortega', 'summary': "Amancio Ortega Gaona ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aˈmanθjo oɾˈteɣa ɣaˈona ] ; born 28 March 1936 ) is a Spanish billionaire businessman . He is the founder and former chairman of Inditex fashion group , best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories shops . As of December 2019 , Ortega had a net worth of $ 68.3 billion , making him the second-wealthiest person in Europe after Bernard Arnault , and the sixth-wealthiest in the world . For a brief period of time in 2015 , he was the richest man in the world , bypassing Bill Gates when his net worth peaked to $ 80 billion as Zara 's parent company , Inditexs , stock peaked . He is the head of the Ortega family and the second wealthiest retailer in the world ."}]}, {'value': '$ 18.3 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Inditex Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inditex_Group', 'summary': "Industria de Diseño Textil , S.A. ( Inditex ; /ˌɪndɪˈtɛks/ , Spanish : [ indiˈteks ] ; lit . Textile Design Industry ) is a Spanish multinational clothing company headquartered in Arteixo ( A Coruña ) in Galicia . Inditex , the biggest fashion group in the world , operates over 7,200 stores in 93 markets worldwide . The company 's flagship store is Zara , but it also owns the chains Zara Home , Massimo Dutti , Bershka , Oysho , Pull and Bear , Stradivarius and Uterqüe . The majority of its stores are corporate-owned , while franchises are mainly conceded in countries where corporate properties can not be foreign-owned . The company operates a unique business model : instead of committing a large percentage of production for the next fashion season , the company commits a small amount and uses customer feedback and an efficient production network to replenish stores with new and different products weekly . New styles are prototyped in just 5 days and 60% of the manufacturing happens locally to shorten lead-times . In Zara stores , it can take a new garment as little as 15 days to go from design and production to store shelves ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Annual rankings -- 2009', 'section_text': "In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 , the world 's billionaires lost $ 2 trillion in net worth and the list became 30% smaller than the previous year 's list . [ 42 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_wealthiest_non-inflated_historical_figures_10', 'intro': "The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the wealthiest billionaires in the world, compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes. The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars, based on their documented assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. In 2018, there was a record of 2,208 people on the list, that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S.; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women. The average net worth of the list came in at US$4.1 billion, up US$350 million from 2017. Added together, the total net worth for 2018's billionaires was US$9.1 trillion, up from US$7.67 trillion in 2017. As of 2018[update], Microsoft founder Bill Gates had topped the list 18 of the past 24 years, while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking. In 2017, Mark Zuckerberg was the only person in the top 10 billionaires list who is under the age of 50, and the only one in the top 20 billionaires list who is under the age of 40. In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as the poorest half of the human race."}
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The oldest individual on the list was named the ____ richest individual in the world in 2014. ?
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21st-richest
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball triples records', 'header': ['Player', 'Years', 'Seasons & Teams'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902 Cincinnati ; 1903 , 1912-14 Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908 , 1911-12 , 1917 Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Stovey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Stovey', 'summary': 'Harry Duffield Stovey ( December 20 , 1856 - September 20 , 1937 ) , born Harry Duffield Stowe , was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs . Born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Stovey played for 14 seasons in the majors and was appointed player-manager on two separate occasions during his career . Known today as both a prolific home run hitter and base-stealer , he led the league in both categories multiple times in his career , including a season record of 14 home runs in 1883 and a league-leading 97 stolen bases in 1890 . From 1880 to 1891 he appeared in the top 10 in home runs every year except 1887 , and led the league five times . He was the first to wear sliding pads and among the first to slide feet first .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1883 , 1888 Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) ; 1891 Boston ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(American_Association)', 'summary': 'The Philadelphia Athletics were a professional baseball team , one of six charter members of the American Association , a 19th-century major league , which began play in 1882 as a rival to the National League . The other teams were the Baltimore Orioles , Cincinnati Red Stockings , Eclipse of Louisville , Pittsburgh Alleghenys , and St. Louis Brown Stockings . The team took its name from a previous team , which played in the National Association from 1871 through 1875 and in the National League in 1876 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Connor', 'summary': 'Roger Connor ( July 1 , 1857 - January 4 , 1931 ) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player . He played for several teams , but his longest tenure was in New York , where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants . He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion . Connor hit 138 home runs during his 18-year career , and his career home run record stood for 23 years after his retirement in 1897 . Connor owned and managed minor league baseball teams after his playing days . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by its Veterans Committee in 1976 . Largely forgotten after his retirement , Connor was buried in an unmarked grave until a group of citizens raised money for a grave marker in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1886-87 New York ( NL ) ; 1894 St. Louis ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Dan Brouthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Brouthers', 'summary': "Dennis Joseph Dan Brouthers ( /ˈbruːθərz/ ; May 8 , 1858 - August 2 , 1932 ) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball whose career spanned the period from 1879 to 1896 , with a brief return in 1904 . Nicknamed Big Dan for his size , he was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) and weighed 207 pounds ( 94 kg ) , which was large by 19th-century standards . Recognized as the first great slugger in baseball history , and among the greatest sluggers of his era , he held the record for career home runs from 1887 to 1889 , with his final total of 106 tying for the fourth most of the 19th century . His career slugging percentage of .519 remained the Major League record for a player with at least 4,000 at bats until Ty Cobb edged ahead of him in 1922 . At the time of his initial retirement , he also ranked second in career triples ( 205 ) , and third in runs batted in ( 1,296 ) and hits . A dominant hitter during the prime of his career , he led ( or was in the top of ) the league in most offensive categories , including batting average , runs scored , runs batted in ( RBI ) , on-base percentage and hits . He led the league in batting average five times , the most by a 19th-century player , and his career .342 batting average still ranks ninth all-time . Brouthers is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date who have appeared in Major League games in four decades . He was also an active players ' union member , and was elected vice president of the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players . Brouthers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 by the Veterans Committee ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1887 Detroit ( NL ) ; 1892 Brooklyn ; 1894 Baltimore ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Wolverines', 'summary': 'The Detroit Wolverines were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit , Michigan . In total , they won 426 games and lost 437 , taking their lone pennant ( and winning the pre-modern World Series ) in 1887 . The team was disbanded following the 1888 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League ( founded 1876 ) from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , California , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals , the New York Giants , also in the National League , relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_(19th_century)', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Orioles were a 19th-century American Association and National League ( organized 1876 ) baseball team from 1882 to 1899 . The early ball club , which featured numerous future Hall of Famers , finished in first place three consecutive years ( 1894-1895-1896 ) and won the Temple Cup national championship series in 1896 and 1897 . Despite their success , the dominant Orioles were contracted out of the League after the 1899 season , when the N.L . reduced its number of teams and franchises from 12 to 8 , with a list of teams and cities limited to just the northeastern United States which endured for the next half-century . This controversial action resulting in the elevation of the former Western League by leaders such as Ban Johnson ( 1864-1931 ) , into a newly-organized American League in 1901 of which the new reorganized Baltimore Orioles were a prominent member for its first two seasons which waged war on the elder Nationals .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Thompson', 'summary': 'Samuel Luther Big Sam Thompson ( March 5 , 1860 - November 7 , 1922 ) was an American professional baseball player from 1884 to 1898 and with a brief comeback in 1906 . At 6 feet , 2 inches , the Indiana native was one of the larger players of his day and was known for his prominent handlebar mustache . He played as a right fielder in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Wolverines ( 1885-1888 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1889-1898 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 1906 ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 . Thompson had a .331 career batting average and was one of the most prolific run producers in baseball history . His career run batted in ( RBI ) to games played ratio of .923 ( 1,305 RBIs in 1,410 games ) remains the highest in major league history . In 1895 , Thompson averaged 1.44 RBIs per game , and his 166 RBIs in 1887 ( in only 127 games ) remained the major league record until 1921 when Babe Ruth collected 168 ( albeit in 152 games ) . Thompson still holds the major league record for most RBIs in a single month with 61 in August 1894 while playing for the Phillies . Manager Bill Watkins in 1922 called Thompson the greatest natural hitter of all time . Defensively , Thompson was known to have one of the strongest arms of any outfielder in the early decades of the game . He still ranks among the all-time major league leaders with 61 double plays from the outfield ( 16th all time ) and 283 outfield assists ( 12th all time ) . Thompson also had good speed on the base paths and , in 1889 , he became the first major league player to reach 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases in the same season .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1887 Detroit ( NL ) ; 1894-95 Philadelphia ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Wolverines', 'summary': 'The Detroit Wolverines were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit , Michigan . In total , they won 426 games and lost 437 , taking their lone pennant ( and winning the pre-modern World Series ) in 1887 . The team was disbanded following the 1888 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Williams_(second_baseman)', 'summary': "James Thomas Williams ( December 20 , 1876 - January 16 , 1965 ) was a second baseman in Major League Baseball from 1899 to 1909 . He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates , Baltimore Orioles , New York Highlanders , and St. Louis Browns . The power-hitting Williams set several records during his rookie season and led a major league in triples three times . He stood at 5 ' 9 and weighed 175 lbs ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899 Pittsburgh ; 1901-02 Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoeless_Joe_Jackson', 'summary': "Joseph Jefferson Jackson ( July 16 , 1887 - December 5 , 1951 ) , nicknamed Shoeless Joe , was an American outfielder who played Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the early 1900s . He is remembered for his performance on the field and for his association with the Black Sox Scandal , in which members of the 1919 Chicago White Sox participated in a conspiracy to fix the World Series . As a result of Jackson 's association with the scandal , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , Major League Baseball 's first commissioner , banned Jackson from playing after the 1920 season despite his exceptional play in the 1919 World Series , in which he led both teams in several statistical categories and set a World Series record with 12 base hits . Since then , Jackson 's guilt has been fiercely debated with new accounts claiming his innocence and urging Major League Baseball to reconsider his banishment . As a result of the scandal , Jackson 's career was abruptly halted in his prime , ensuring him a place in baseball lore . Jackson played for three Major League teams during his 12-year career . He spent 1908-1909 as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics and 1910 with the minor league New Orleans Pelicans before joining the Cleveland Naps at the end of the 1910 season . He remained in Cleveland through the first part of 1915 ; he played the remainder of the 1915 season through 1920 with the Chicago White Sox . Later in life , Jackson played ball under assumed names throughout the south . Jackson , who played left field for most of his career , currently has the third-highest career batting average in major league history . In 1911 , Jackson hit for a .408 average . It is still the sixth-highest single-season total since 1901 , which marked the beginning of the modern era for the sport ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912 Cleveland ; 1916 , 1920 Chicago ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': 'Earle Combs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earle_Combs', 'summary': "Earle Bryan Combs ( May 14 , 1899 - July 21 , 1976 ) was an American professional baseball player who played his entire career for the New York Yankees ( 1924-1935 ) . Combs batted leadoff and played center field on the Yankees ' fabled 1927 team ( often referred to as Murderers ' Row ) . He is one of six players on that team who have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; the other five are Waite Hoyt , Herb Pennock , Tony Lazzeri , Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth . Combs led the league in triples three times and was among the top ten in the category in several other seasons . He suffered a fractured skull and other injuries from a crash into an outfield wall in 1934 , then retired after another injury the next season . Nicknamed the Kentucky Colonel , Combs was known as a gentleman on and off the field . He remained in baseball as a coach for many years after his retirement as a player ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927-28 , 1930 New York ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}], 'section_title': '25 triples in one season -- Three or more seasons with 20 triples', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records_5', 'intro': 'There are various Major League Baseball records for triples.'}
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How many record year were had by the player who was one of the greatest sluggers of his era ?
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5
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03dd1ff9c47ef2f0
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2009 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving to'], 'data': [{'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Garcia_dos_Prazeres', 'summary': 'Felipe Garcia dos Prazeres ( born 10 January 1988 ) , simply known as Mão de Alface , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Tombense as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paraná Clube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraná_Clube', 'summary': "Paraná Clube is a Brazilian football club , established on the 19th of December , 1989 , in the Vila Capanema district of Curitiba , Paraná . It is one of several Brazilian clubs called Tricolor da Vila ( tricolored of the town ) by its fans because it has three team colors . Paraná 's three colors are red , white and blue . Apart from football , other sports sponsored at the club are bowling , futsal , martial arts , tennis , volleyball and weight-lifting ."}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlinhos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlinhos_(footballer,_born_1987)', 'summary': 'Carlos Andrade Souza ( born 23 January 1987 ) , known as Carlinhos , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for left back .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirassol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirassol_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Mirassol Futebol Clube , usually known simply as Mirassol is a Brazilian football club from Mirassol , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Dionísio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Díonísio_de_Oliveira_Alves', 'summary': 'Díonísio de Oliveira Alves ( born 18 January 1988 ) , simply known as Díonísio , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeste_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Oeste Futebol Clube , or Oeste as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team currently playing in the city of Barueri . Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state , Oeste was founded on January 25 , 1921 . They play in black and red shirts , black shorts and red socks .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrik_César_dos_Santos_Duzi', 'summary': 'Patrik César dos Santos Duzi , simply known as Patrik ( born 12 March 1988 in Franca , São Paulo ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comercial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comercial_Futebol_Clube_(Ribeirão_Preto)', 'summary': 'Comercial Futebol Clube ( SP ) , usually known simply as Comercial ( or as Comercial de Ribeirão Preto ) , is a traditional Brazilian football club from Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Recife , Pernambuco .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Anderson Salles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Salles', 'summary': 'Anderson Aparecido Salles ( born 16 February 1988 in Araçariguama , São Paulo ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Indonesian club Bhayangkara . He made his professional debut for Santos in the São Paulo State Championship against Palmeiras on January 20 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Juventus', 'summary': 'The Clube Atlético Juventus ( Latin for Youth ) , usually known simply as Juventus , is a professional Brazilian football club based in Mooca , a São Paulo neighborhood . Although it was a Campeonato Brasileiro Série B ( Taça de Prata ) winner once , Juventus nowadays competes only in São Paulo tournaments , like Campeonato Paulista . The team typically plays in maroon shirts and white shorts , and is nicknamed Moleque Travesso ( the Prankster Boy ) .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Orlando_Cardoso_de_Araújo_Filho', 'summary': 'Vladimir Orlando Cardoso de Araújo Filho ( born 16 July 1989 ) , simply known as Vladimir , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Santos as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortaleza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortaleza_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'Fortaleza Esporte Clube , usually known as Fortaleza , is primarily a football club , but is active in other sports such as futsal , handball and basketball . Fortaleza Esporte Clube is based in Fortaleza , capital of the State of Ceará , Brazil . The club was founded on October 18 , 1918 . Fortaleza is one of the most traditional [ clarification needed ] clubs in the Northeastern region of Brazil alongside Bahia , Vitória , Santa Cruz , Sport , Náutico and Ceará its biggest rival , with minor expression . Club colors are red , blue and white .'}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Trípodi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariano_Trípodi', 'summary': 'Mariano Sebastián Trípodi ( born 3 July 1987 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Metropolitano as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Mineiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Mineiro', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Mineiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi aˈtlɛtʃiku miˈneɾu ] ) , commonly known as Atlético Mineiro or Atlético , and colloquially as Galo ( pronounced [ ˈgalu ] , Rooster ) , is a professional football club based in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil . The team competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first level of Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro , the top tier state league of Minas Gerais . Atlético Mineiro is the oldest active football club in Minas Gerais , founded on 25 March 1908 by twenty-two students from Belo Horizonte . Despite having liberal , upper-class founders , the club opened its doors to players of every social class , establishing itself as a people 's club , and becoming one of the most-supported clubs in Brazil . The club 's mascot , a rooster , has been strongly associated with Atlético since its introduction in the 1930s . Over the years , the word galo ( Portuguese for rooster ) became a common nickname for the club itself . The team 's regular home kit comprises black-and-white striped shirts , with black shorts and white socks . Atlético has won the Campeonato Mineiro a record 44 times . At national level , the club has won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and has finished second on five occasions . Atlético has also won one Copa do Brasil , one Copa dos Campeões Estaduais and the Copa dos Campeões Brasileiros . In international club football , Atlético has won the Copa Libertadores and the Recopa Sudamericana once each , and a record two Copa CONMEBOL ; the team has also reached three other continental finals . The club has also competed in other sports throughout its history , with the futsal department becoming especially notable ."}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Wesley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Lopes_Beltrame', 'summary': 'Wesley Lopes Beltrame ( born 24 June 1987 ) , simply known as Wesley , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Avaí as a central or defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético-PR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Paranaense', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Garcia_dos_Prazeres', 'summary': 'Felipe Garcia dos Prazeres ( born 10 January 1988 ) , simply known as Mão de Alface , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Tombense as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa Santista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguesa_Santista', 'summary': "Associação Atlética Portuguesa , usually known as Portuguesa Santista , is a Brazilian football club based in Santos , São Paulo , founded in 1917 by the Portuguese descendants of the city . They play in red shirts , red shorts and socks . The club 's mascot is a female donkey . The club 's nickname , Briosa , was given between 1918 and 1920 , when the club competed in several amateur football festivals . Briosa means courageous , graceful , in Portuguese language ."}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Adriano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adriano_Bispo_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Adriano Bispo dos Santos ( born 29 May 1987 ) , or simply Adriano , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Imperatriz .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AD_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Filipi Souza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filipi_de_Souza_Barros', 'summary': 'Filipi de Souza Barros ( born 27 July 1987 ) , known as Filipi Souza or simply Filipi , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right back for Caldense .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uberaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uberaba_Sport_Club', 'summary': 'Uberaba Sport Club is a traditional Brazilian football club from Uberaba , Minas Gerais state . Their colors are red and white and their nicknames are Colorado and Zebu ( mascot of the team and symbol of the city of Uberaba ) .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrik_César_dos_Santos_Duzi', 'summary': 'Patrik César dos Santos Duzi , simply known as Patrik ( born 12 March 1988 in Franca , São Paulo ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uberaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uberaba_Sport_Club', 'summary': 'Uberaba Sport Club is a traditional Brazilian football club from Uberaba , Minas Gerais state . Their colors are red and white and their nicknames are Colorado and Zebu ( mascot of the team and symbol of the city of Uberaba ) .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ituano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ituano_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Ituano Futebol Clube , also known as Ituano Sociedade Civil de Futebol Ltda , or Ituano as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football club from Itu in São Paulo , founded on May 24 , 1947 . The team plays in black and red stripe shirts with white shorts and socks . In 2014 , Ituano won the São Paulo State League for the second time .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinicius Simon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinicius_Simon', 'summary': 'Vinícius Simon ( born 17 November 1986 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Confiança as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santo André', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EC_Santo_André', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Santo André , also known as Santo André , is a Brazilian football team from Santo André , São Paulo state . Santo André greatest rival is São Caetano , the other team in ABC region . The club 's mascot name is Ramalhão ( Big Ramalho ) after the bandeirante João Ramalho . João Ramalho founded the city of Santo André in 1553 ."}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiago Luís', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiago_Luís_Martins', 'summary': 'Tiago Luís Martins ( born 13 March 1989 ) , known as Tiago Luís , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Thai club Rayong as a forward .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'União Leiria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/União_Leiria', 'summary': 'União Desportiva de Leiria , commonly known as União de Leiria ( pronounced [ uniˈɐ̃w̃ dɨ lɐjˈɾiɐ ] ) , is a Portuguese football club based in Leiria , central Portugal . Founded on 6 June 1966 , it currently plays in the Campeonato de Portugal , holding home matches at Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , with a 24,000-seat capacity .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Brum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Brum', 'summary': 'Roberto Brum Vallado ( born 7 July 1978 ) , known as Brum , is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figueirense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figueirense', 'summary': 'Figueirense Futebol Clube , also known as Figueirense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiɡejˈɾẽsi ] ) , is a Brazilian football club based in Florianópolis , Santa Catarina . Their home stadium is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli , also known as Scarpelão , with a capacity of 19,584 . In the state of Santa Catarina , Figueirense is the club that more often participated in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , with 17 holdings by 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Domingos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Domingos_Nascimento_dos_Santos_Filho', 'summary': 'Domingos Nascimento dos Santos Filho ( born December 12 , 1985 in Muniz Ferreira ) , or simply Domingos , is a Brazilian central defender who plays for Aparecidense .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguesa_de_Desportos', 'summary': 'Associação Portuguesa de Desportos , usually called Portuguesa or Lusa , is a sports club , and a Brazilian football team from São Paulo in São Paulo state , founded on August 14 , 1920 by the Portuguese population of the city .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- Out on loan', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_Santos_FC_season_3', 'intro': "The 2009 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-seventh season in existence and the club's fifty consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football."}
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What is the position of the player who moved to one of the most traditional clubs in the Northeastern region of Brazil ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Paulista', 'title': '2010 Campeonato Paulista', 'header': ['Club', 'Home city', '2009 result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Botafogo-SP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botafogo_Futebol_Clube_(SP)', 'summary': 'Botafogo Futebol Clube is a Brazilian association football club based in Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo state , founded on October 12 , 1918 . The club currently competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B after achieving promotion in 2018 , and in the Campeonato Paulista .'}]}, {'value': 'Ribeirão Preto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ribeirão_Preto', 'summary': "Ribeirão Preto ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁibejˈɾɐ̃w ˈpɾetu ] ) is a municipality and a metropolitan area located in the northeastern region of São Paulo state , Brazil . Ribeirão Preto is the eighth largest municipality in the state at 650.9 km2 , with an estimated population of 674,534 in 2018 and a metropolitan area of 1,178,910 . It is situated 313 km ( 194 mi ) from the city of São Paulo and 706 km ( 439 mi ) from Brasília , the federal capital . Its mean altitude is 526.8 meters ( 1,728 feet ) high . The city 's average temperature throughout the year is 23 °C ( 73F ) and the predominant original vegetation is the Atlantic forest . The city was originated around 1856 as an agricultural region . Coffee was a primary source of income until 1929 , when it lost value compared with the industrial sector . In the second half of the 20th century , investment in areas such as health , biotechnology , bioenergy and information technology led to the city being declared a Technological Center in 2010 . These activities have caused the city to have the 30th biggest gross national ( GNP ) in Brazil . The city is also an important cultural center . The Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali Park , the Maurilio Biagi Park , Carlos Raya Park , Santa Tereza Reserve and the Zoo are important preservation areas . Pinguim Beer house , Dom Pedro Theatre and projects such as Ribeirão Preto 's Cinema Center are relevant sightseeing points , along with events such as the Agrishow Agricultural Fair , Tanabata Festival , Joao Rock Music Festival and the National Outdoor Book Fair ."}]}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bragantino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Bragantino', 'summary': 'The Clube Atlético Bragantino , or Bragantino as they were usually called , was a Brazilian football team from Bragança Paulista in São Paulo that was founded on 8 January 1928 . On 5 April 2019 the team merged with Red Bull Brasil to form Red Bull Bragantino . They played in white shirts , shorts and socks . Its home stadium was the Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid .'}]}, {'value': 'Bragança Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bragança_Paulista', 'summary': 'Bragança Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 160,665 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 512.6 km² . The elevation is 817 m. The city is famous for its traditional sausages , with several establishments claiming to sell the real Bragança sausage . Bragança has become a commuter town due to its proximity to São Paulo and Campinas . As a result , real estate is developing at a fast pace and several gated communities have sprung up all over town . The city is served by Arthur Siqueira Airport dedicated to general aviation .'}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio Prudente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_Prudente', 'summary': "Grêmio Barueri Futebol Ltda. , generally known as Grêmio Barueri , or just as Barueri , was a Brazilian football club from Barueri , São Paulo state . The club was formerly known as Grêmio Recreativo Barueri and Grêmio Prudente Futebol Ltda . The club was founded in 1989 , in the city of Barueri , on the north-western outskirts of metropolitan São Paulo . The club and the city of Barueri failed to reach an agreement about training facilities and the concession of the Arena , causing the club to move to Presidente Prudente in the countryside , about 600 km from the state capital . The move was formalized by the end of February 2010 , and it was announced that a change of insignia and kit would follow within the next weeks . The club moved back to Barueri in 2011 . The club 's home stadium was the Arena Barueri , which has a maximum capacity of about 31,452 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Presidente Prudente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidente_Prudente,_São_Paulo', 'summary': 'Presidente Prudente is a city ( município ) in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . The city has a population of 220,599 inhabitants ( IBGE/2014 ) and area of 562.8 km² . The city is named after president Prudente de Morais . Prudente is located 558 km from the city of São Paulo . Presidente Prudente is considered the sixth best city in the state of São Paulo to live in . Among 5,560 Brazilian cities , it occupies the 29th place for most promising cities to build a career .'}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ituano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ituano_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Ituano Futebol Clube , also known as Ituano Sociedade Civil de Futebol Ltda , or Ituano as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football club from Itu in São Paulo , founded on May 24 , 1947 . The team plays in black and red stripe shirts with white shorts and socks . In 2014 , Ituano won the São Paulo State League for the second time .'}]}, {'value': 'Itu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itu,_Brazil', 'summary': 'Itu is an historic municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba . The population is 167,095 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 640.72 km2 . The elevation is 583 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language , meaning big waterfall . Two rivers flow through Itu : Tietê and Jundiaí . Itu has five hospitals , eleven bank agencies and one shopping center , the Plaza Shopping Itu . Itu was founded by the Portuguese in 1610 by Domingos Fernandes . It became a parish in 1653 . In 1657 , it was elevated to a town and municipality . It became a part of Brazil in 1822 . It became a city in 1843 .'}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirassol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirassol_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Mirassol Futebol Clube , usually known simply as Mirassol is a Brazilian football club from Mirassol , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Mirassol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirassol', 'summary': 'Mirassol is a municipality in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . The city is located in the northern part of the state , 453 km from the city of São Paulo and 15 km from São José do Rio Preto . Mirassol has 53,792 inhabitants ( IBGE/2010 ) . The city belongs to the Microregion of São José do Rio Preto .'}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mogi Mirim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogi_Mirim_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube , commonly called Mogi Mirim , is a Brazilian football team from Mogi Mirim in São Paulo , founded 1 February 1932 . The team 's home ground is the Papa João Paulo II ( Pope John Paul II ) stadium , which has a capacity of 19,900 . Mogi Mirim plays in red shirts , shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': 'Mogi Mirim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogi_Mirim', 'summary': 'Mogi Mirim is a municipality located in the eastern part of São Paulo State , in Brazil . The population is 91,483 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 498 km² . The elevation is 611 m. Mogi Mirim is around 65 km from Campinas , the biggest city in the region , and 129 km from the capital São Paulo .'}]}, {'value': '16th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Monte_Azul', 'summary': 'Atlético Monte Azul , also known as Monte Azul , is a Brazilian football team from Monte Azul , São Paulo .'}]}, {'value': 'Monte Azul Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Azul_Paulista', 'summary': 'Monte Azul Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 19,304 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 263 km² . The elevation is 611 metres .'}]}, {'value': '1st ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeste_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Oeste Futebol Clube , or Oeste as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team currently playing in the city of Barueri . Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state , Oeste was founded on January 25 , 1921 . They play in black and red shirts , black shorts and red socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Itápolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itápolis', 'summary': 'Itápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 42,343 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 997 km² .'}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmeiras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras', 'summary': "Palmeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ pawˈmejɾɐs ] ) is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . Founded on 26 August 1914 , as Palestra Italia ( pronounced [ paˌlɛstɾiˈtaliɐ ] ) , but changed to the current name on 14 September 14 , 1942 . It is a popular and successful Brazilian club , with around 18 million supporters and 126,000 affiliated fans , including many Brazilians of Italian ancestry . Despite being primarily an association football team , Palmeiras competes in a number of different sports , most notably football . The football team plays in the Campeonato Paulista , the state of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as in the Brasileirão Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . Palmeiras have won 14 national competitions , making it the most successful club inside Brazil . The club 's most important titles are the 1951 Copa Rio international tournament , 1999 Copa Libertadores , 10 Brazilian National League titles ( Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ) , 2 Brasileirão Série B , 3 Brazil Cups ( Copa do Brasil ) , 1 Champions Cup ( Copa dos Campeões ) and the 1998 Copa Mercosul , as well as 5 Interstate titles ( Torneio Rio - São Paulo ) , and 22 State Championship titles ( Campeonato Paulista ) ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Jundiaí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jundiaí', 'summary': 'Jundiaí is a municipality in the state of São Paulo , in the Southeast Region of Brazil , located 57 kilometres ( 35 mi ) north of São Paulo . The population of the city is 401,896 ( 2015 est . ) , with an area of 431.21 km² . The elevation is 761 m. The GDP of the city is U $ 16.6 billion ( R $ 36.6 billion ) . The budget for 2013 is U $ 787 million ( R $ 1.63 billion ) , according to the official data of the City Hall .'}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ponte Preta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Atlética_Ponte_Preta', 'summary': "Associação Atlética Ponte Preta ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐsosjɐˈsɐ̃w ɐˈtlɛtʃikɐ ˈpõtʃi ˈpɾetɐ ] ) , commonly known as Ponte Preta , is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . Ponte Preta is also known as Macaca . Ponte Preta 's biggest rival is from the same city , Guarani , against whom matches are known as derby ( dérbi in Portuguese ) . They are known as pontepretanos . Ponte Preta is the second oldest football team established in Brazil still in activity , founded on August 11 , 1900 , the oldest being Sport Club Rio Grande , of Rio Grande do Sul ."}]}, {'value': 'Campinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campinas', 'summary': "Campinas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ kɐ̃ˈpinɐs ] , Plains or Meadows ) is a Brazilian municipality in São Paulo State , part of the country 's Southeast Region . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population is 1,080,999 , making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian city and the third most populous municipality in São Paulo state . The city 's metropolitan area , Metropolitan Region of Campinas , contains twenty municipalities with a total population of 3,656,363 people ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Portuguesa_de_Desportos', 'summary': 'Associação Portuguesa de Desportos , usually called Portuguesa or Lusa , is a sports club , and a Brazilian football team from São Paulo in São Paulo state , founded on August 14 , 1920 by the Portuguese population of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio Branco-SP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Branco_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'Rio Branco Esporte Clube , usually known simply as Rio Branco or as Rio Branco-SP , is a Brazilian football ( soccer ) club based in the city of Americana in the São Paulo state of Brazil . It plays in the Série A2 , the second division , of the Campeonato Paulista .'}]}, {'value': 'Americana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Americana,_São_Paulo', 'summary': "Americana ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ameɾiˈkɐnɐ ] ) is a municipality ( município ) located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas . The population is 229,322 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 133.91 km² . The original settlement developed around the local railway station , founded in 1875 , and the development of a cotton weaving factory in a nearby farm . After 1866 , several former Confederate citizens from the American Civil War settled in the region . Following the Civil War , slavery was abolished in the United States . In Brazil , however , slavery was still legal , making it a particularly attractive location to former Confederates , among whom was a former member of the Alabama State Senate , William Hutchinson Norris . Around three hundred of the Confederados are members of the Fraternidade Descendência Americana ( Fraternity of American Descendants ) . They meet quarterly at the Campo Cemetery . The city was known as Vila dos Americanos ( Village of the Americans ) until 1904 , when it belonged to the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste . It became a district in 1924 and a municipality in 1953 ."}]}, {'value': '2nd ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio Claro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Claro_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Rio Claro Futebol Clube , usually known simply as Rio Claro , is a Brazilian football club from Rio Claro , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Rio Claro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Claro_(São_Paulo)', 'summary': 'Rio Claro is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The elevation is 613 m. It was incorporated as the village of São João Batista do Ribeirão Claro in 1827 , and this incorporation is celebrated every year on June 24 as a municipal holiday . The name was changed later to Rio Claro . Starting in the 19th century , Rio Claro attracted large numbers of immigrants from European countries , especially from Germany , Switzerland and Italy , but also from Spain , Portugal , some Eastern European countries , and a substantial community of Christian Arabs from the then Ottoman Empire ( mostly Syrian and Lebanese ) . Japanese immigrants arrived later . There is also a large population of Afro-Brazilians . Rio Claro used to play a very important role in the railway system of São Paulo state . Rio Claro hosts one public university , UNESP , offering courses in Geology , Geography , Environmental Engineering , Mathematics , Physics , Computer Science , Physical Education , Ecology , Biology and Pedagogy ( teacher training ) .'}]}, {'value': '3rd ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santo André', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Santo_André', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Santo André , also known as Santo André , is a Brazilian football team from Santo André , São Paulo state . Santo André greatest rival is São Caetano , the other team in ABC region . The club 's mascot name is Ramalhão ( Big Ramalho ) after the bandeirante João Ramalho . João Ramalho founded the city of Santo André in 1553 ."}]}, {'value': 'Santo André', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santo_André_(São_Paulo)', 'summary': 'Santo André ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃twɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ] , Saint Andrew ) is a Brazilian municipality located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo . It is part of a group of municipalities known as Greater ABC Region . The population is 710,210 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 175.8 km² . It is the 15th most developed Brazilian city , and the eighth most developed city in the State of São Paulo , according to the UN . The city is also the fifth best city in the country to raise children .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_FC', 'summary': "Santos Futebol Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tus futʃiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known simply as Santos , is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro , a bairro in the city of Santos . It plays in the Paulistão , the State of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as the Brasileirão , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded in 1912 by the initiative of three sports enthusiasts from Santos by Raimundo Marques , Mário Ferraz de Campos , and Argemiro de Souza Júnior as a response to the lack of representation the city had in football . Since then , Santos became one of Brazil 's most successful clubs , becoming a symbol of Jogo Bonito ( English : the Beautiful Game ) in football culture , hence the motto Técnica e Disciplina ( Technique and discipline ) . The most recognized Santista anthem is the Leão do Mar written by Mangeri Neto . This was largely thanks to the Peixe 's golden generation of the 1960s which contained players such as Gilmar , Mauro Ramos , Mengálvio , Coutinho , Pepe and Pelé , named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee , and widely regarded as the best and most accomplished footballer in the game 's history . Os Santásticos , considered by some the best club team of all times , won a total of 24 titles during that decade including five consecutive Brasileirões , a feat that remains unequaled today . Os Santásticos won four competitions in 1962 , thus completing a quadruple , comprising the Paulistão , the Brasileirão , the Copa Libertadores and the European/South American Cup . Santos is one of the most successful clubs in the Brasileirão , becoming national champions on eight occasions . It has also won 21 Paulistãos , three Copa Libertadores , two Intercontinental Cups , one Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales , one Copa CONMEBOL ( the precursor of current Copa Sudamericana ) , one Copa do Brasil and one Recopa Sudamericana . On January 20 , 1998 , Santos became the first team , in any category in the world , to reach the milestone of 10,000 goals in the entire history of football and was voted by FIFA as one of the most successful clubs of the 20th century . The Peixe play their home games at the Vila Belmiro , which currently holds up to 20,120 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos,_São_Paulo', 'summary': "Santos ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɐ̃tus ] ( listen ) , Saints ) is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo , founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas . It is located mostly on the island of São Vicente , which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of São Vicente , and partially on the mainland . It is the main city in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista . The population is 433,966 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 280.67 km2 ( 108.37 sq mi ) . The city is also home to the Coffee Museum , where world coffee prices were once negotiated . There is also an association football memorial , dedicated to the city 's greatest players , which includes Pelé , who played for the Santos Futebol Clube . Its beachfront garden , 5,335 m ( 5,834 yd ) in length , figures in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest beachfront garden in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sertãozinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sertãozinho_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Sertãozinho Futebol Clube , usually known simply as Sertãozinho , is a Brazilian football club from Sertãozinho , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Sertãozinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sertãozinho', 'summary': 'Sertãozinho is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo . The population in 2005 was about 120,152 . Its area is 403 km² . The municipality consists of Sertãozinho city and two districts : Cruz das Posses and Vila Garcia . Sertãozinho is 325 km from São Paulo and 702 km from Brasília .'}]}, {'value': '4th ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'São Caetano do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Caetano_do_Sul', 'summary': 'São Caetano do Sul ( or São Caetano ) is a city in São Paulo state in Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo . The population is 158,024 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 15.33 km2 . It is the city with the highest per capita income in Brazil ( US $ 31,322.00 in 2010 ) and it also has the highest Human Development Index . It is intensely conurbated with São Paulo , Santo André and São Bernardo do Campo , causing the physical limits between cities to be lost . São Caetano do Sul , together with Ferraz de Vasconcelos , is one of two cities in the state of São Paulo that are not crossed by any state or federal highway .'}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Campeonato_Paulista_0', 'intro': "The 2010 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Profissional da Primeira Divisão - Série A1 was the 109th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Santos were crowned champions after a 5-5 tie on aggregate score against Santo André in the finals, which were held at Pacaembu. As they had ended with best campaign in the first stage, they took the trophy."}
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What was the 2009 result of the team founded on January 25 , 1921 ?
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14th
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03df1f077b0dba91
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Argentina', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Argentina', 'header': ['Club', 'City', 'Province', 'Stadium'], 'data': [{'value': 'Agropecuario Argentino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Agropecuario_Argentino', 'summary': 'Club Agropecuario Argentino is an Argentine football club sited in Carlos Casares , a city of Buenos Aires Province . Founded in 2011 , the club is one of the youngest institutions affiliated to the Argentine Football Association . The club currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Casares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Casares,_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': 'Carlos Casares ( often referred to as Casares ) is a town in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It is the head town of the Carlos Casares Partido .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Ofelia Rosenzuaig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almagro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Almagro', 'summary': 'Club Almagro is an Argentine sports club from José Ingenieros , Buenos Aires , although its headquarters are in the Almagro district . The football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'José Ingenieros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Ingenieros,_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': 'José Ingenieros is a town in Tres de Febrero Partido of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It is located in the Greater Buenos Aires urban agglomeration .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Tres de Febrero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Almagro', 'summary': 'Estadio Tres de Febrero is a multi-use stadium in José Ingenieros , Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is the home ground for Club Almagro . The stadium holds 12,500 people . It was renovated in 2000 after Almagro were promoted to the Primera División Argentina .'}]}, {'value': 'Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsenal_de_Sarandí', 'summary': "Arsenal Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾseˈnal ˈfutβol ˈkluβ ] ) , usually referred as Arsenal de Sarandí [ aɾseˈnal de saɾanˈdi ] , is an Argentine sports club from the Sarandí district of Avellaneda Partido , Greater Buenos Aires . The football team currently plays in Primera División , the top division of the Argentine football league system . The squad plays its home games at the Estadio Julio H. Grondona , named after one of the founders , which has a capacity of 16,000 . It opened in 1964 but was not used in the First Division until 2004 . The club 's colours are red and light blue , in honour of the traditional teams of Avellaneda ( Independiente and Racing ) . Arsenal won its first Primera División championship in 2012 . Until then , club 's major title had been the Copa Sudamericana won in 2007 . Apart from football , the club hosts other sports such as futsal and handball ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarandí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarandí,_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Sarandí ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saɾanˈdi ] ) is a city in the Avellaneda Partido of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is located to the south of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires . The city has an area of 54 square kilometres ( 21 sq mi ) and a population of 60,752 inhabitants ( INDEC , 2001 ) ; the second most populated locality in the partido after Avellaneda , with 18.5% of the partido 's population . The main economical activity in the area is the production of leather goods . The leather industry , especially the tanning process , is often criticized for its contamination of the Riachuelo River . The city was named after a native bush called sarandí ( Cephalanthus glabratus ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Viaducto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Julio_Humberto_Grondona', 'summary': 'Estadio Julio Humberto Grondona , or the Estadio Viaducto , is a multi-use stadium in Sarandí , Argentina . It is currently used primarily for football matches and is the home stadium of Arsenal de Sarandí . The stadium holds 18,300 people . Estadio Julio H. Grondona is famous for its chinchulines ( chitterlings ) , a popular Argentinian food sold by many vendors . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético de Rafaela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_de_Rafaela', 'summary': 'Asociación Mutual Social y Deportiva Atlético de Rafaela ( locally [ asosjaˈsjon muˈtwal soˈsjal i depoɾˈtiβa aˈtletiko ðe rafaˈela ] ; usually known simply as Atlético de Rafaela ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Rafaela , in Santa Fe Province . The club is mostly known for its professional football team , which currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Apart from football , other sports and activities practised at the institution are basketball , chess , field hockey , artistic gymnastics , paddle tennis , roller skating , skeet shooting , swimming , tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Rafaela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafaela', 'summary': 'Rafaela ( Spanish pronunciation : [ rafaˈela ] ) is a city in the province of Santa Fe , Argentina , about 96 km from the provincial capital . It is the head town of the Castellanos Department . It has a population of 99,150 per the 2010 census [ INDEC ] . The city was established in 1881 by Guillermo Lehmann , and officially became a city in 1913 . The city has grown 22.2% between 1991 and 2001 , and 18.6% in the last census period ( 2001-2011 ) according to the official data of the Population Census ( INDEC ) . The city is almost the exact antipode of Wuhu in China . The city hosts Rafaela Aerodrome airport and the Autódromo Ciudad de Rafaela race track .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province', 'summary': "The Province of Santa Fe ( Spanish : Provincia de Santa Fe , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsanta ˈfe ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the center-east of the country . Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco ( divided by the 28th parallel south ) , Corrientes , Entre Ríos , Buenos Aires , Córdoba , and Santiago del Estero . Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos , the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region . Santa Fe 's most important cities are Rosario ( population 1,193,605 ) , the capital Santa Fe ( 369,000 ) , Rafaela ( 100,000 ) , Reconquista ( 99,000 ) Villa Gobernador Gálvez ( 74,000 ) , Venado Tuerto ( 69,000 ) , and Santo Tomé ( 58,000 ) . The adult literacy rate in the province is 96.3%"}]}, {'value': 'Nuevo Monumental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nuevo_Monumental', 'summary': 'Estadio Nuevo Monumental is a stadium in Rafaela , Argentina . It is the home ground of Atlético de Rafaela . The stadium was opened in 1954 , and has a capacity of 16,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Brown', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Brown ( mostly known as Brown de Adrogué ) is an Argentine football club from the Adrogué neighborhood in Greater Buenos Aires . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Adrogué', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrogué', 'summary': 'Adrogué ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aðɾoˈɣe ] ) is a city in Greater Buenos Aires , Argentina , located 23 km south of Buenos Aires . It is the administrative headquarters for Almirante Brown Partido ( county ) . At slightly more than 30,000 inhabitants , it is a prominent residential area , with numerous cobbled streets , lush trees and several squares . In addition , it has an important commercial center , with a variety of shops and banks .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Arandilla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Córdoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Córdoba_de_Santiago_del_Estero', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Central Córdoba is an Argentine sports club based in Santiago del Estero . The club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Argentine Primera División , first division of the Argentine football league system . The club was founded by a group of railway workers and named after the Córdoba Central Railway in a similar manner to the other Central Córdoba club based in Rosario .'}]}, {'value': 'Santiago del Estero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero', 'summary': "Santiago del Estero ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðel esˈteɾo ] , Spanish for Saint-James-Upon-The-Lagoon ) is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina . It has a population of 252,192 inhabitants , ( 2010 census [ INDEC ] ) making it the twelfth largest city in the country , with a surface area of 2,116 km² . It lies on the Dulce River and on National Route 9 , at a distance of 1,042 km north-northwest from Buenos Aires . Estimated to be 455 years old , Santiago del Estero was the first city founded by Spanish settlers in the territory that is now Argentina . As such , it is nicknamed Madre de Ciudades ( Mother of Cities ) . Similarly , it has been officially declared the mother of cities and cradle of folklore . The city houses the National University of Santiago del Estero , founded in 1973 , and the Universidad Católica , founded in 1960 . Other points of interest include the city 's Cathedral , the Santo Domingo Convent , and the Provincial Archeology Museum . The Santiago del Estero Airport is located 6 kilometres north of the city , and has regular flights to Buenos Aires and San Miguel de Tucumán . The climate is subtropical with cool dry winters and wet humid summers . It receives an average annual precipitation of 600 mm , and the climate is warm . Santiago del Estero and its region are home to about 100,000 speakers of the local variety of Quechua , making it the southernmost outpost of the language of the Incas ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago del Estero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero_Province', 'summary': 'Santiago del Estero ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðel esˈteɾo ] ) , also known simply as Santiago , is a province in the north of Argentina . Neighbouring provinces , clockwise from the north , are Salta , Chaco , Santa Fe , Córdoba , Catamarca and Tucumán .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfredo Terrera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chacarita Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chacarita_Juniors', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Chacarita Juniors ( usually known simply as Chacarita ) is an Argentine football club headquartered in Villa Crespo , Buenos Aires , while the stadium is located in Villa Maipú , General San Martín Partido of Gran Buenos Aires . The squad currently plays at Argentine Primera División , the top division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Villa Maipú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villa_Maipú', 'summary': 'Villa Maipú is a localidad ( district ) of the General San Martín Partido in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . It forms part of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires . The localidad is home to Chacarita Juniors , a football club that won the 1969 Metropolitano .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio de Chacarita Juniors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensores de Belgrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensores_de_Belgrano', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Defensores de Belgrano ( usually known as Defensores de Belgrano ) is an Argentine sports club from Nuñez , Buenos Aires . The football team currently plays in Nacional B , the regionalised second division of the Argentine football league system . Defensores has never played in the top flight of Argentine football since the professional era begun , although it spent a number of seasons in Primera during the Amateur era before 1931 .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '( autonomous city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autonomous_city', 'summary': 'Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Pasquale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Morón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Morón', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Morón is an Argentine sports club located in the city of Morón , Buenos Aires . The football team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . The club was founded in 1947 under the name Club Sportivo Morón . Three years later the club joined the AFA and began playing in Tercera de Ascenso , ( now Primera B Metropolitana ) . In 1951 it changed the name to Club Deportivo Morón , which has remained since .'}]}, {'value': 'Morón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morón,_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': 'Morón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ moˈɾon ] ) is a city in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires , capital of the Morón partido , located in the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area , at 34°39′S 58°37′W / 34.650°S 58.617°W / -34.650 ; -58.617 . Located 20 km ( 13 mi ) west of Downtown Buenos Aires , Morón is easily reached via bus along Avenida Rivadavia , via National Highway 7 , and the Sarmiento railway line .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuevo Francisco Urbano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferro Carril Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferro_Carril_Oeste', 'summary': 'Club Ferro Carril Oeste , known simply as Ferro Carril Oeste or Ferro , is an Argentine sports club from the neighbourhood of Caballito , Buenos Aires . Although many activities are hosted by the club , Ferro is mostly known for its football team , currently playing in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Apart from football , Ferro Carril Oeste hosts a wide variety of sports that can be practised at the club , such as athletics , basketball , baseball , futsal , handball , field hockey , swimming , taekwondo , tennis , table tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '( autonomous city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autonomous_city', 'summary': 'Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division .'}]}, {'value': 'Arq . Ricardo Etcheverry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Ricardo_Etcheverry', 'summary': 'Estadio Arquitecto Ricardo Etcheverri is a stadium located in the Caballito district of Buenos Aires . It is the home venue of Club Ferro Carril Oeste . The stadium , opened in 1905 and located close to Caballito station of Sarmiento Line , has a current capacity of 24,442 . Inaugurated on January 2 , 1905 , Ferro Carril Oeste is the oldest football stadium of Argentina ( referring to clubs affiliated to AFA ) and the second in South America after Estadio Gran Parque Central ( home venue of Uruguayan Club Nacional de Football , built in 1900 ) . Because of being located near the geographic centre of Buenos Aires , several former clubs used it as their home venues . Some of them were Alumni , Barracas AC , San Lorenzo , Argentinos Juniors , among others . The stadium also hosted test matches played by the Argentina national rugby union team ( Los Pumas ) during the 1970s and 1980s , where Argentina played Ireland , New Zealand , France and Australia among others . In Ferro Carril Oeste , Argentina achieved notable wins over Australia ( 1979 ) and France ( 1985 ) , and a celebrated 21-21 tie vs the All Blacks in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Mendoza', 'summary': 'Club Gimnasia y Esgrima ( usually known as Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza ) is an Argentine football club located in the city of Mendoza . They currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina', 'summary': "Mendoza ( /mɛnˈdoʊzə/ , American Spanish : [ menˈdosa ] ) , officially the City of Mendoza ( Spanish : Ciudad de Mendoza ) is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina . It is located in the northern-central part of the province , in a region of foothills and high plains , on the eastern side of the Andes . As of the 2010 census [ INDEC ] , Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679 , making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country . Ruta Nacional 7 , the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago , runs through Mendoza . The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua ( the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres ) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering , hiking , horse riding , rafting , and other sports . In the winter , skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes . Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine . The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in Latin America . As such , Mendoza is one of the nine Great Wine Capitals , and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region 's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendoza_Province', 'summary': "The Province of Mendoza ( Spanish pronunciation : [ menˈdosa ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region . It borders to the north with San Juan , the south with La Pampa and Neuquén , the east with San Luis , and to the west with the republic of Chile ; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range . Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza . Covering an area of 148.827 km² , it is the seventh biggest province of Argentina with 5.35% of the country 's total area . The population for 2010 is 1,741,610 inhabitants , which makes it the fourth most populated province of the country , or 4.35% of the total national population ."}]}, {'value': 'Víctor Legrotaglie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Jujuy', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Gimnasia y Esgrima Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ximˈnasja i esˈɣɾima ] , ( usually known as Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy or GEJ ) is an Argentine sports club based in San Salvador de Jujuy , Jujuy Province . The club was founded in 1931 and is best known for its football team , which currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . The team is one of the most important football clubs in the North-West region of Argentina . It played most of the time in the Argentine second division , although it has also played at the highest level of Argentine football , the Primera Division , in some occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'San Salvador de Jujuy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Salvador_de_Jujuy', 'summary': 'San Salvador de Jujuy ( Spanish pronunciation : [ san salβaˈðoɾ ðe xuˈxui̯ ] ) , commonly known as Jujuy and locally often referred to as San Salvador , is the capital city of Jujuy Province in northwest Argentina . Also , it is the seat of the Doctor Manuel Belgrano Department . It lies near the southern end of the Humahuaca Canyon where wooded hills meet the lowlands . Its population at the 2001 census [ INDEC ] was 237,751 inhabitants . If its suburbs are included , this figure rises to around 300,000 . The current mayor is Raúl Jorge .'}]}, {'value': 'Jujuy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jujuy_Province', 'summary': 'Jujuy ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xuˈxui̯ ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the extreme northwest of the country , at the borders with Chile and Bolivia . The only neighbouring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south .'}]}, {'value': '23 de Agosto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_23_de_Agosto', 'summary': 'Estadio 23 de Agosto , also known as the Estadio La Tacita de Plata , is a multi-use stadium in San Salvador de Jujuy , Argentina . It is currently used primarily for football matches and is the home stadium of Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy . It is named after the day of the 1812 Jujuy Exodus . The stadium holds 23,200 people and was built in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guillermo Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Brown_de_Puerto_Madryn', 'summary': 'Club Social y Atlético Guillermo Brown , mostly known as Guillermo Brown or Brown de Puerto Madryn , is an Argentine sports club from Puerto Madryn in Chubut Province . The football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Madryn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Madryn', 'summary': 'Puerto Madryn ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpweɾto ˈmaðɾin ] ; Welsh : Porth Madryn ) is a city in the province of Chubut in Argentine Patagonia . It is the capital of the Biedma Department , and has about 93,995 inhabitants according to the last census in 2010 . Puerto Madryn is protected by the Golfo Nuevo , which is formed by the Península Valdés and the Punta Ninfas . It is an important centre for tourists visiting the natural attractions of the Península Valdés and the coast . A new shopping mall in the city centre has helped tourism significantly , making Puerto Madryn a more attractive place for both international and domestic tourists visiting Patagonia . It is twinned with Nefyn , a small town on the Llŷn Peninsula in North Wales , the result of its enduring link with Welsh culture since the Welsh settlement in Argentina . The first of a two-Test tour to Argentina by the Wales national rugby union team was played in 2006 in Puerto Madryn , a 27-25 win for Argentina . Puerto Madryn is home to two football clubs ; Club Social y Atlético Guillermo Brown , who play in Nacional B and Deportivo Madryn that currently play in Torneo Argentino B . A basketball team , Deportivo Puerto Madryn , plays in the Liga Nacional de Básquetbol ( LNB ) . Their home arena is known as the Deportivo Puerto Madryn Arena . El Tehuelche Airport is located 10 km ( 6 miles ) northwest of the city centre . Commercial flights from Buenos Aires , Ushuaia , and other Argentinian cities are available .'}]}, {'value': 'Chubut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chubut_Province', 'summary': "Chubut ( Welsh : Talaith Chubut ; Spanish : Provincia del Chubut IPA : [ tʃuˈβut ] ) is a province in southern Argentina , situated between the 42nd parallel south ( the border with Río Negro Province ) , the 46th parallel south ( bordering Santa Cruz Province ) , the Andes range to the west , and the Atlantic ocean to the east . The province 's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat , meaning transparent , their description of the Chubut River . The largest city is Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of the province ; it has 180,000 inhabitants . The administrative capital is Rawson ( 40,000 ) . Other important cities are Puerto Madryn , Trelew , Esquel and Sarmiento . Gaiman is a cultural and demographic centre of the region known as Y Wladfa in which Welsh-Argentines are concentrated . Of the 25,000 Welsh speakers in Argentina , 5,000 live in the Chubut region , particularly in the early Welsh settlements of Gaiman , Trelew and Trevelin ."}]}, {'value': 'Raúl Conti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Raúl_Conti', 'summary': "Estadio Raúl Conti is a multi-purpose stadium in Puerto Madryn , Argentina . It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches of the Puerto Madryn Rugby Club . The stadium 's capacity is 15,000 people . The Argentina national rugby union team have played at the ground once , winning 27-25 against Wales in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Guaraní Antonio Franco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guaraní_Antonio_Franco', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Guaraní Antonio Franco is an Argentine football club from the city of Posadas , Misiones . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second major league in Argentine Football league system . The club played at the highest level of Argentine football on 4 occasions . Guaraní A. Franco competed in the National tournaments of 1971 , 1981 , 1982 and 1985 . Guaraní was eliminated in the first round group stage in all four attempts . In 2011-12 the club won the Torneo Argentino B championship promoting to the upper division , Torneo Argentino A where it currently plays .'}]}, {'value': 'Posadas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Posadas,_Misiones', 'summary': 'Posadas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ poˈsaðas ] ) is the capital city of the Argentine province of Misiones , in its south , at the far north-east of the country on the left bank of the Paraná River , opposite Encarnación , Paraguay . The city has an area of 965 square kilometres ( 373 sq mi ) and a population of 324,756 ( 2010 census [ INDEC ] ) , and the Greater Posadas area has a population of over 359,609 according to a 2017 estimate no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } . Posadas is the provincial centre of the government , culture and the economy . Furniture , tobacco , food , textiles and construction are its most important industries . Other important economic activities are commerce and services . Posadas is connected to the Paraguayan city of Encarnación by the San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge . The port , once of great economical importance , is used for sport vessels , carrier of passengers and some boats for sand transport . The city is located on National Route 12 , some 1,300 kilometres ( 810 mi ) from Buenos Aires . The General José de San Martín Airport ( IATA : PSS , ICAO : SARP ) , at coordinates 27°22′S 55°58′W / 27.367°S 55.967°W / -27.367 ; -55.967 , is seven kilometres from the city , and features regular flights to Buenos Aires .'}]}, {'value': 'Misiones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misiones_Province', 'summary': 'Misiones ( Spanish pronunciation : [ miˈsjones ] , Missions ) is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina , located in the northeastern corner of the country in the Mesopotamia region . It is surrounded by Paraguay to the northwest , Brazil to the north , east and south , and Corrientes Province of Argentina to the southwest . This was an early area of Roman Catholic missionary activity by the Society of Jesus in what was then called the Province of Paraguay , beginning in the early 17th century . In 1984 the ruins of four mission sites in Argentina were designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Clemente Oliviera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independiente Rivadavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independiente_Rivadavia', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia ( mostly known simply as Independiente Rivadavia ) is a football club from Mendoza , Argentina . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second major league in Argentine Football league system . Independiente Rivadavia played in the Argentine Primera in 1968 , 1973 , 1977 , 1979-80 and 1982 , when the team reached the quarter-finals of the National Championship . That year Independiente was eliminated in the play-offs by the team that would later reach the Championship , Ferro Carril Oeste .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina', 'summary': "Mendoza ( /mɛnˈdoʊzə/ , American Spanish : [ menˈdosa ] ) , officially the City of Mendoza ( Spanish : Ciudad de Mendoza ) is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina . It is located in the northern-central part of the province , in a region of foothills and high plains , on the eastern side of the Andes . As of the 2010 census [ INDEC ] , Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679 , making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country . Ruta Nacional 7 , the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago , runs through Mendoza . The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua ( the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres ) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering , hiking , horse riding , rafting , and other sports . In the winter , skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes . Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine . The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in Latin America . As such , Mendoza is one of the nine Great Wine Capitals , and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region 's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendoza_Province', 'summary': "The Province of Mendoza ( Spanish pronunciation : [ menˈdosa ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region . It borders to the north with San Juan , the south with La Pampa and Neuquén , the east with San Luis , and to the west with the republic of Chile ; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range . Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza . Covering an area of 148.827 km² , it is the seventh biggest province of Argentina with 5.35% of the country 's total area . The population for 2010 is 1,741,610 inhabitants , which makes it the fourth most populated province of the country , or 4.35% of the total national population ."}]}, {'value': 'Bautista Gargantini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Bautista_Gargantini', 'summary': 'Estadio Bautista Gargantini is a multi-use stadium in Mendoza , Argentina . It is the home ground for Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia . The stadium holds 13,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Instituto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Instituto_Atlético_Central_Córdoba', 'summary': 'Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba ( commonly referred as Instituto or Instituto de Córdoba ) is an Argentine sports club from the city Córdoba , whose professional football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Famous players who have played at Instituto include Osvaldo Ardiles , Mario Alberto Kempes , José Luis Saldaño , Hugo Curioni , Alberto Beltrán , Raúl de La Cruz Chaparro , Salvador Mastrosimone , Marcelo Bielsa , Ernesto Corti , Diego Klimowicz , Mauricio Caranta , Oscar Dertycia , Alejandro Faurlín , Gonzalo Bergessio , Daniel Miliki Jiménez , Paulo Dybala , Ramón Ábila , Silvio Romero . The basketball team currently plays at Liga Nacional de Básquetbol ( LNB ) , the first division of Liga Nacional de Básquetbol league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Córdoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Córdoba,_Argentina', 'summary': "Córdoba ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) is a city in central Argentina , in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River , about 700 km ( 435 mi ) northwest of the Buenos Aires . It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires , with about 1.3 million inhabitants according to the 2010 census . It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera , who named it after Córdoba , Spain . It was one of the first Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina ( the oldest city is Santiago del Estero , founded in 1553 ) . The National University of Córdoba is the oldest university of the country and the seventh to be inaugurated in Spanish America . It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order . Because of this , Córdoba earned the nickname La Docta ( the learned ) . Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule , especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church . The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block ( Spanish : Manzana Jesuítica ) , declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century , including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university campus . The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National University of Córdoba , which has been the second-largest university in the country since the early 20th century ( after the University of Buenos Aires ) , in terms of the number of students , faculty , and academic programs . Córdoba is also known for its historical movements , such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 ( known as University Revolution in English ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Córdoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Córdoba_Province_(Argentina)', 'summary': 'Córdoba ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) is a province of Argentina , located in the center of the country . Neighboring provinces are ( clockwise from the north ) : Santiago del Estero , Santa Fe , Buenos Aires , La Pampa , San Luis , La Rioja and Catamarca . Together with Santa Fe and Entre Ríos , the province is part of the economic and political association known as the Center Region . Córdoba is the second most populous Argentine province , with 3,308,876 inhabitants , and the fifth by size , at about 165,321 km2 ( 63,831 sq mi ) . Almost 41% of its inhabitants reside in the capital city , Córdoba , and its surroundings , making it the second most populous metro area in Argentina .'}]}, {'value': 'Presidente Perón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Presidente_Perón', 'summary': 'The Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón is a multi-use stadium in Córdoba , Argentina . It is currently used primarily for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 26,535 of which 13,000 are seated and was opened in 1951 . It is named after the former Argentine president Juan Perón who loaned the club $ 1.5 million Pesos during the late 1940s to help build the stadium . The debt was then written off by Arturo Frondizi in 1959 . Before the death of Perón in 1974 the stadium was named El Estadio Monumental de Alta Córdoba . Is the home for the Argentine team Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba Coordinates : 31°23′1.32″S 64°10′49.09″W / 31.3837000°S 64.1803028°W / -31.3837000 ; -64.1803028'}]}, {'value': 'Los Andes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atletico_Los_Andes', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Los Andes is an Argentine sports club based in the Lomas de Zamora district of Greater Buenos Aires . The football team currently plays in the Primera B , the third division of the Argentine football league system . The club was founded by a group of young people in 1917 , and its name was chosen to commemorate the first balloon flight across the Andes mountain , which had happened in 1916 . Los Andes has had three runs in the Argentine Primera División : the first was in 1961 , the second time was between the 1968 and 1971 Metropolitano championships . Los Andes best ever final position was an 8° position overall in 1968 Nacional . The third run in Primera División was in 2000-01 and lasted only one season : Los Andes finished 19th out of 20 teams and was relegated to Primera B Nacional with the worst points average in the division . After some seasons in the lower divisions , in 2014 Los Andes returned to B Nacional after winning a championship of the Primera B Metropolitana , but be relegated in the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Lomas de Zamora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lomas_de_Zamora', 'summary': 'Lomas de Zamora is a city in the province of Buenos Aires , Argentina , located south of the City of Buenos Aires and within the metropolitan area of Greater Buenos Aires . It is the capital of Lomas de Zamora Partido and has a population of 111,897 .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Eduardo Gallardón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Eduardo_Gallardón', 'summary': 'Estadio Eduardo Gallardon is a multi-use stadium in Lomas de Zamora , Argentina . It is currently used mostly for football matches , and is the home stadium of Club Atlético Los Andes . The stadium has a capacity of 36,542 people , and was built in 1940 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nueva Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Nueva_Chicago', 'summary': "Nueva Chicago is an Argentine sports club based in Mataderos , a neighborhood in the west side of Buenos Aires , formerly called Nueva Chicago . Club 's nickname , El Torito ( The Little Bull ) is an allusion to 1930s legendary boxer Justo Suárez , known as El Torito de Mataderos ( The Little Bull of Mataderos ) . The club is mostly known for its football team , that currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Other sports practised at the club are basketball , boxing , field hockey , futsal , handball , roller skating and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '( autonomous city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autonomous_city', 'summary': 'Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Nueva Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nueva_Chicago', 'summary': 'Estadio Nueva Chicago is a multi-use stadium in Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is currently the home ground for Nueva Chicago . The stadium holds 28,500 .'}]}, {'value': 'Olimpo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Olimpo', 'summary': "Club Olimpo , usually referred to as Olimpo de Bahía Blanca , is an Argentine sports club based in the city of Bahía Blanca , Buenos Aires Province . The club was founded October 15th , 1910 . Its primary activity is soccer . The club is recognized in Argentina 's highest soccer league . In basketball the club participated in the Torneo Nacional de Ascenso until the 2016/2017 season , stopping due to economic problems . Olimpo is considered one of the most recognized and important institutions in southern Argentina due to the history , championships won , infrastructure , large number of sports , representation of the city of Bahía Blanca , and for its fan base . Throughout the history of the club , their basketball team has stood out . Olimpo won the Campeonato Argentino de Clubes twice , 1974 and 1978 . Until 1984 , Club Olimpo participated in the highest category for argentine basketball and participated in a sub-tournament of the Liga Nacional in 1986 . Club Olimpo´s basketball is recognized for being the only sports club from Bahía Blanca to reach a national title on the world scale . Olimpo has won 19 championships in the first division of the Asociación Bahiense de Básquetbol , making them the team which has won the most championships . Since July 3 , 1971 , Olimpo plays its games in their home stadium , Estadio Norberto Tomas , which has a capacity of 2,500 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahía Blanca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahía_Blanca', 'summary': 'Bahía Blanca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ baˈi.a ˈβlaŋka ] ; English : White Bay ) is a city in the southwest of the province of Buenos Aires , Argentina , by the Atlantic Ocean , and is the seat of government of Bahía Blanca Partido . It had 301,572 inhabitants according to the 2010 census [ INDEC ] . It is the principal city in the Greater Bahía Blanca urban agglomeration . The city has an important sea port with a depth of 45 feet ( 15 m ) , kept constant upstream almost all along the length of the bay , where the Napostá Stream drains . Bahía Blanca means White Bay . The name is due to the typical colour of the salt covering the soil surrounding the shores . The bay ( which is actually an estuary ) was seen by Ferdinand Magellan during his first circumnavigation of the world on the orders of Charles I of Spain , in 1520 , looking for a canal connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of South America .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Natalio Carminatti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Roberto_Natalio_Carminatti', 'summary': 'The Estadio Roberto Natalio Carminatti is a multi-use stadium in Bahía Blanca , Argentina . It is currently the biggest stadium of the city , and is used mostly for football matches . It is the home of Olimpo . The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 . In the 2016-17 season , Olimpo , Defensa y Justicia and Vélez Sarsfield drew an average home league attendance of 10,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Platense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Platense', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Platense is an Argentine sports club based in Florida , Buenos Aires . The club nickname is Calamar ( Squid ) after the journalist Palacio Zino said that the team moved like a squid in its ink . Although the club hosts many activities , Platense is mostly known for its football team . Despite being relegated from the Primera División in 1999 , it still remains on the top 20 of the All-time Argentine Primera División table . Platense currently competes in the Primera B Nacional , the second level of the Argentine league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida Este', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Este,_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': 'Florida Este is a city of the Vicente López Partido in the northern suburbs of Greater Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is principally a middle-class neighbourhood and is located between the cities of Olivos and Vicente López .'}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾo'βinsja de ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ; English : fair winds ) is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country , which used to be part of the province and the province 's capital until it was federalized in 1880 . Since then , in spite of bearing the same name , the province does not include Buenos Aires proper , though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882 . The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades ( the other provinces have departamentos ) . It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast , Santa Fe to the north , Córdoba to the northwest , La Pampa to the west , and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast . Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast , and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east . The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region . The province has a population of about 15.6 million people , which is 39% of Argentina 's total population . Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires . The province covers an area of 307,571 km2 ( 118,754 sq mi ) , which is about 11% of Argentina 's total area and makes it the country 's largest province ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad de Vicente López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Ciudad_de_Vicente_López', 'summary': 'Estadio Ciudad de Vicente Lopez is a multi-purpose stadium in Vicente López , Gran Buenos Aires , Argentina . Built in 1979 , the stadium holds 28,530 people and is primarily used by second division Club Atlético Platense for football matches . The address is Juan Zufriategui 2021 , Vicente López . Coordinates : 34°32′24.66″S 58°28′53.74″W / 34.5401833°S 58.4815944°W / -34.5401833 ; -58.4815944'}]}], 'section_title': 'Primera B Nacional ( 2019 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Argentina_1', 'intro': 'This is a non-exhaustive list of football clubs in Argentina, which is ordered according to the division they currently play in. There are two national divisions in Argentina (Primera Division and Primera B Nacional). Below this level, leagues are split between those for clubs directly affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (mainly clubs from Greater Buenos Aires, but also some from the rest of the Buenos Aires Province and the Santa Fe Province), and those affiliated indirectly through their local leagues to the Association (covering the rest of the country). Clubs below the Primera B Nacional who are directly affiliated play in the Primera B Metropolitana, Primera C and Primera D, while those indirectly affiliated play in the Argentino A, Argentino B and Argentino C. \n These leagues make up the first five tiers of Argentine football. Below the fifth tier, there are various regional leagues for clubs indirectly affiliated. On the other hand, clubs directly affiliated have no league below the fifth (Primera D), therefore a club relegated from the Primera D has to spend one year without playing (disaffiliated).'}
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Which stadium is located in the twelfth largest city in Argentina ?
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Alfredo Terrera
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03dfae8f17095551
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malaysia_FAM_League', 'title': '2013 Malaysia FAM League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Stadium capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Perak YBU FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perak_YBU_FC', 'summary': 'YBU FC was a team playing in Malaysia FAM League . The team is based in the city of Ipoh , Perak , Malaysia . On 2012 the team was promoted to play in Malaysia FAM League . The team ended the 2014 Malaysia FAM League season in the last place and in then withdrew from the league starting from 2015 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ipoh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ipoh', 'summary': "Ipoh ( /ˈiːpoʊ/ ) is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Perak . Located by the Kinta River , it is nearly 180 km ( 110 mi ) north of Kuala Lumpur and 123 km ( 76 mi ) southeast of George Town in neighbouring Penang . As of 2010 [ update ] , Ipoh contained a population of 657,892 , making it the third largest city in Malaysia by population . Originally a village , Ipoh began to grow rapidly in the 1880s after huge deposits of tin were discovered within its vicinity . By 1895 , it was the second largest town within the Federated Malay States , which also consisted of Selangor , Negeri Sembilan and Pahang . Ipoh was declared a city in 1988 . However , following the depletion of its tin deposits and the collapse of tin prices in the 1970s , the city suffered decades of decline and neglect . In recent years , Ipoh 's popularity as a tourist destination has been significantly boosted by efforts to conserve its British colonial-era architecture . The city is also well known for its cuisine and natural attractions , such as its limestone hills and caves within which Buddhist temples were built . In addition , Ipoh has managed to maintain its reputation as one of the cleanest cities in Malaysia . Ipoh 's location between Kuala Lumpur and George Town has made it a major land transportation hub within West Malaysia , with both the Malayan Railway 's West Coast Line and the North-South Expressway cutting through the city . Aside from the land transportation links , Ipoh is also served by the Sultan Azlan Shah Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Perak Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perak_Stadium', 'summary': 'Perak Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Perak ) is a stadium located in Kampung Simee in Ipoh , Kinta District , Perak , Malaysia . It is part of a large complex called the DBI Sports Complex , which houses a majority of sporting facilities used by players representing the state of Perak such as the Velodrome Rakyat ( cycling ) , Indera Mulia Stadium ( indoor stadium ) and the Sultan Azlan Shah Stadium ( hockey ) .'}]}, {'value': '40,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuantan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan_FA', 'summary': "Marcerra Kuantan Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Daerah Kuantan ) is a defunct Malaysian football club based in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The club was established in 1970 and began competing in the local league as Kuantan FA . In early 2018 , the club 's right was sold to Marcerra United and they decided to rename the club as Marcerra Kuantan FA as a symbol of the club 's new start . Some of the locals consider calling the club as the A.S. Roma of Malaysian Football due to the club sharing the same kit color scheme with the Serie A side . On the 21st of April 2018 , the club has officially withdrew by the orders of Football Association of Malaysia due to the ongoing off field issues . The club on the last season played in the Malaysia Premier League . The club most prestigious achievement was winning the 2014 FAM League and achieving promotion to the Malaysia Premier League . Kuantan FA won the league with two matches to spare , their first title in their 2-year FAM League participation , after a 1-1 draw with MOF FC on 20 June 2014 . Former Kuantan FA head coach , Ismail Zakaria revealed to FOX Sports Asia in an article that The situation got so bad we had to use our own transport to get to matches , because the clubs bus driver was not paid . We also got chased out of our training ground , it was shameful ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuantan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan', 'summary': "Kuantan is the state capital of Pahang , Malaysia . It is located near the mouth of the Kuantan River and faces the South China Sea . Kuantan is the 18th largest city in Malaysia based on 2010 population , and the largest city in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia . It has been expected that Kuantan will be officially declared as a city in 2020 . The administrative centre of the state of Pahang was officially relocated to Kuantan on 27 August 1955 from Kuala Lipis and was officiated by HRH Sultan Abu Bakar Ri'ayatuddin Al Muadzam Shah , the Sultan of Pahang ."}]}, {'value': 'Darulmakmur Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darulmakmur_Stadium', 'summary': '( Malay : Stadium Darul Makmur ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Kuantan , Pahang , Malaysia . It is mostly use for football matches , with a capacity of 41,895 people . The stadium has a running track , in addition to the football field . It was opened in 1970 , while capacity was increased after renovations in 1995 in conjunction with Kuantan hosting the Sukma Games in 1996 and 2012 . Aras Kuasa Stadium is also home for Pahang FC .'}]}, {'value': '40,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cebagoo FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebagoo_FC', 'summary': 'Cebagoo Football Club or Cebagoo is a Malaysian football club , based in Sepanggar , Kota Kinabalu , Sabah that formerly played in the Malaysia FAM League . After 2014 Malaysia FAM League season concluded , the club pulled from the league and focused on development of youth and grassroots program in Sabah .'}]}, {'value': 'Sepanggar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sepanggar', 'summary': 'Sepanggar is a sub-district of Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia . It is located around Sepanggar Bay which houses the Sepanggar Bay Container Terminal , a major naval base for the Royal Malaysian Navy as well as the Sepanggar Bay Oil Terminal . The main campus for Universiti Malaysia Sabah ( UMS ) , Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah , Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic and Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park ( KKIP ) , are situated here . Sepanggar is also a parliamentary constituency ( P.171 ) and is currently represented by Jumat Idris of Barisan Nasional . The constituency is further divided into the two state legislative assembly constituencies of Karambunai ( N.12 ) and Inanam ( N.13 ) . The name Sepanggar is sometimes spelled Sepangar or Sapangar .'}]}, {'value': 'UMS Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB Melayu Kedah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PB_Melayu_Kedah', 'summary': 'Kedah United FC is a Malaysian football team based in the city of Alor Setar representing the state of Kedah , Malaysia . Newly founded in 2012 , the team were registered under the name of the Kedah Malays Football Association ( KMFA ) ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Melayu Kedah Darul Aman ) . Currently they play in third-tier of the football league system in Malaysia , the Malaysia FAM League . Kedah United play their home games at Langkawi Stadium located in Kuah , a town located in Langkawi Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Kedah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kedah', 'summary': "Kedah ( Malay pronunciation : [ kəˈdɑh ] ; Jawi : قدح ) , also known by its honorific Darul Aman or Abode of Safety , [ citation needed ] is a state of Malaysia , located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia . The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km² , and it consists of the mainland and the Langkawi islands . The mainland has a relatively flat terrain , which is used to grow rice , while Langkawi is an archipelago , most of which are uninhabited islands . Kedah was previously known as Kadaram ( Tamil : கடாரம் ; kadāram ) by the ancient and medieval Tamils , Kataha or Kalahbar ( Arabic : قتح ; qataḥa or Arabic : قلحبر ; qalaḥbar ) by the Arabs , [ citation needed ] and Syburi ( Thai : ไทรบุรี ; RTGS : Sai Buri ) by the Siamese when it was under their influence . To the north , Kedah borders the state of Perlis and shares an international boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand . It borders the states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest . The state 's capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit . Other major towns include Sungai Petani , and Kulim on the mainland , and Kuah on Langkawi ."}]}, {'value': 'Jitra Mini Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malacca FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malacca_FA', 'summary': "Melaka United Soccer Association /məˈlɑːkə/ is a professional football club based in Malacca City that competes in Malaysia Super League . Founded in 1924 , the club 's home ground since then has been Hang Tuah Stadium before moving to Hang Jebat Stadium in Paya Rumput / Krubong . The club represents the state of Malacca in Malaysian football competitions . They currently play in the top division in Malaysian football , the Malaysia Super League after being promoted back-to-back as champion from 2015 Malaysia FAM League and 2016 Malaysia Premier League . The club was formerly named simply as Malacca or fully as Malacca Amateur FA and then Malacca FA before being rebranded in August 2013 as Melaka United which will be used for 2014 season onwards . The club 's current nickname is Hang Tuah , the name being synonymous with strength and intelligence . Melaka United 's regular kit colours are green and white for shirts , shorts and socks . The club 's current crest has been used since March 2014 which based from older crest with slight modern changes in design and wording ."}]}, {'value': 'Malacca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malacca', 'summary': "Malacca ( Malay : Melaka ; Tamil : மலாக்கா , simplified Chinese : 马六甲 ; traditional Chinese : 馬六甲 ; pinyin : Mǎliùjiǎ ) , dubbed The Historic State , is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula , next to the Strait of Malacca . The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the south . The exclave of Cape Rachado also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north . Its capital is Malacca City , which is 148 kilometres ( 92 miles ) southeast of Malaysia 's capital city Kuala Lumpur , 235 kilometres ( 146 miles ) northwest of Johor 's largest city Johor Bahru , and 95 km ( 59 miles ) northwest of Johor 's second largest city , Batu Pahat . This historical city centre has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008 . Although it was the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates , the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511 . The head of state is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor , rather than a Sultan . Melaka is famous for its unique history and is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia . With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes , Malacca was once a well-known international trade center in the East . Many traders anchored in Malacca , especially traders from Arabia , China and India , traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day . The harmonious life and ambience of the people of Malacca is attributed to the life of various races and ethnicities that have long existed among the local community . Malays , Malaysian Chinese , Malaysian Indians , Baba Nyonya , Kristang , Chitty and Eurasians are important ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca up to the present day ."}]}, {'value': 'Hang Tuah Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hang_Tuah_Stadium', 'summary': 'Stadium Hang Tuah or Stadium Kubu ( English : Hang Tuah Stadium or Kubu Stadium ) is a multi-use stadium in Malacca City , Malacca , Malaysia . The stadium has a capacity of 15,000 with 1,000 seating capacity at a particular time . It is mostly used for football matches and currently the home stadium for SAMB . It also serves as the second home stadium and training ground for Malacca United .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBAPP FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PBAPP_FC', 'summary': 'Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Football Club is a Malaysian football team based in the city of Penang representing the state of Pulau Pinang , Malaysia . The team is the works team of the Penang Water Supply Corporation ( Malay : Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang ) Newly founded in 2012 , the team was registered under the name of the Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Football Club ( Malay : Kelab Bolasepak Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang ) and started to play in the third-tier football league system in Malaysia , the Malaysia FAM League in the 2012 season . During the 2013 season , the club finished second in the league and were promoted to the 2014 Malaysia Premier League . After just a season , the club were relegated back to the Malaysia FAM League after finished at the bottom of the table during their debut season . After the 2015 season has over , this club does not exist anymore .'}]}, {'value': 'Penang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penang', 'summary': "Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia , by the Malacca Strait . It has two parts : Penang Island , where the capital city , George Town , is located , and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula . They are connected by Malaysia 's two longest road bridges , the Penang Bridge and the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge ; the latter is also as of May 2019 the longest oversea bridge in Southeast Asia . The second smallest Malaysian state by land mass , Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east , and Perak to the south . Penang 's population stood at nearly 1.767 million as of 2018 [ update ] , while its population density rose to 1,684/km2 ( 4,360/sq mi ) . It has among the nation 's highest population densities and is one of the country 's most urbanised states . Seberang Perai is Malaysia 's second largest city by population . Its heterogeneous population is highly diverse in ethnicity , culture , language and religion . Aside from the three main races , the Malays , Chinese , and Indians , Penang is home to significant Eurasian , Siamese and expatriate communities . George Town is also home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site . A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite or Penang Lâng ( in Penang Hokkien ) . Penang 's modern history began in 1786 , upon the establishment of George Town by Francis Light ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandaraya Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Stadium_(Penang)', 'summary': 'The City Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in George Town , Penang , Malaysia , and serves as the home stadium of the Penang state football team , Penang FA . The oldest built stadium still in use in Malaysia , it was built in 1932 by the British government . The stadium has a capacity of approximately 25,000 people and is now mainly used for football matches involving Penang FA , such as the Malaysian Super League . It is also well-known for the vociferous home support , dubbed the Keramat Roar . The stadium was the site where Mohd Faiz Subri , a Penang FA player , scored a physics-defying free kick goal during a Malaysian Super League match in 2016 . He was awarded the prestigious FIFA Puskás Award the following year for this particular effort .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penang FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penang_FA', 'summary': "Football Association of Penang ( or simply known as FA Penang ) is a Malaysian association football club based in George Town , Penang that currently plays in the Malaysia Premier League . Unofficially founded in 1920 , officially as Football Association of Penang on 21 October 1921 , the club represents the state of Penang in football tournaments . The team has traditionally worn a blue home kit . They have a long-standing rivalry with Kedah ; the two teams from the northern region of Malaysia being engaged in what has been collectively known as the Northern Region Derby . The state football team play their home matches at the 20,000 capacity City Stadium in George Town . Penang had established itself as a major force in Malaysian football between the 1950s to the 1970s . Domestically , Penang has won a record of 3 Division 1 titles , 4 Malaysia Cup titles , 5 Malaysia FAM League titles , 1 Malaysia FA Cup title and 1 Malaysia Charity Shield . At present , it is one of the 12 teams competing in the Malaysian Premier League and the first club from Malaysia won Asian title Aga Khan Gold Cup unofficial Asian Champions ' Cup 1976"}]}, {'value': 'Penang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penang', 'summary': "Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia , by the Malacca Strait . It has two parts : Penang Island , where the capital city , George Town , is located , and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula . They are connected by Malaysia 's two longest road bridges , the Penang Bridge and the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge ; the latter is also as of May 2019 the longest oversea bridge in Southeast Asia . The second smallest Malaysian state by land mass , Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east , and Perak to the south . Penang 's population stood at nearly 1.767 million as of 2018 [ update ] , while its population density rose to 1,684/km2 ( 4,360/sq mi ) . It has among the nation 's highest population densities and is one of the country 's most urbanised states . Seberang Perai is Malaysia 's second largest city by population . Its heterogeneous population is highly diverse in ethnicity , culture , language and religion . Aside from the three main races , the Malays , Chinese , and Indians , Penang is home to significant Eurasian , Siamese and expatriate communities . George Town is also home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site . A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite or Penang Lâng ( in Penang Hokkien ) . Penang 's modern history began in 1786 , upon the establishment of George Town by Francis Light ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandaraya Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Stadium_(Penang)', 'summary': 'The City Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in George Town , Penang , Malaysia , and serves as the home stadium of the Penang state football team , Penang FA . The oldest built stadium still in use in Malaysia , it was built in 1932 by the British government . The stadium has a capacity of approximately 25,000 people and is now mainly used for football matches involving Penang FA , such as the Malaysian Super League . It is also well-known for the vociferous home support , dubbed the Keramat Roar . The stadium was the site where Mohd Faiz Subri , a Penang FA player , scored a physics-defying free kick goal during a Malaysian Super League match in 2016 . He was awarded the prestigious FIFA Puskás Award the following year for this particular effort .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shahzan Muda FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahzan_Muda_FC', 'summary': 'Shahzan Muda Football Club is a Malaysian football club based in Kuantan , Pahang . The club currently plays at the Malaysia FAM League , the third tier of the Malaysian football league .'}]}, {'value': 'Temerloh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temerloh', 'summary': 'Temerloh is a municipality in Central Pahang , Malaysia . Temerloh has been proved that it is The Centre Of Peninsular Malaysia ( Malay : Temerloh Titik Tengah Semenanjung Malaysia ) T3S which actually situated at Kampung Paya Siput , Lanchang . Located about 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) from Kuala Lumpur along the Kuantan-Kuala Lumpur trunk road , Temerloh is the second largest town in Pahang after Kuantan , the state capital . It is situated at the junction of the Pahang River and the Semantan River . Today , Temerloh usually refers to the territory under the administration of Temerloh Municipal Council which includes Mentakab , Lanchang , Kuala Krau and Kerdau . An old town with some colonial buildings and shop houses , the town has prospered in recent years as a transport hub and new industrial centre . There have been many new commercial and industrial hub built in Temerloh in recent years . Cutting travel time in half , the newly completed East Coast Expressway links the town to Kuala Lumpur and Kuantan and adds to the growth of Temerloh . Temerloh has been proved that it is The Centre Of Peninsular Malaysia ( Malay : Titik Tengah Semenanjung Malaysia ) which actually situated at Kampung Paya Siput , Lanchang .'}]}, {'value': 'Temerloh Mini Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temerloh_Mini_Stadium', 'summary': 'Stadium Majlis Perbandaran Temerloh or well known as Stadium Temerloh is a multi-purpose stadium located in Temerloh , Pahang , Malaysia . It is currently used mostly for football matches , with a capacity of 10,000 people . The stadium has a running track , in addition to the football field . For the 2012 season , it is also the home for Pahang FA and Shahzan Muda FC football teams as Darulmakmur Stadium are currently unavailable due to major renovations .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tentera Darat FC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkualə , -a ˈlumpo ( r ) , -ʊ ( r ) ] ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur ( Malay : Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ) and commonly known as KL , is the national capital and largest city in Malaysia . As the global city of Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 [ update ] . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia . It is also home to the Parliament of Malaysia and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government , but these were relocated to Putrajaya in early 1999 . However , some sections of the political bodies still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of the three federal territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Towers , which have since become an iconic symbol of Malaysian development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system supported by an extensive range of public transport networks , such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and an airport rail link .'}]}, {'value': 'Football Field , Batu Kentomen Camp', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tumpat FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tumpat_FA', 'summary': 'Tumpat Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bola Sepak Jajahan Tumpat ) commonly known as Tumpat FA is a football team based in Kota Bharu , Kelantan . They play in Malaysia FAM League . In 2012 , the team was promoted to play in Malaysia FAM League . In 2014 , Tumpat FA has withdrawn from competition because financial issue . Tumpat FA is not Kelantan FA second team .'}]}, {'value': 'Tumpat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tumpat_District', 'summary': 'Tumpat ( Kelantanese : Ttupak ) is a district ( jajahan ) in Kelantan , Malaysia . Tumpat is situated at the end of the East Coast Line railway line operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu ( Malayan Railways ) which links Kelantan to the western part of Peninsular Malaysia . This strategic location makes it the transportation hub of Kelantan . Tumpat town is approximately 15 km from the state capital , Kota Bharu .'}]}, {'value': 'Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultan_Mohammad_IV_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Sultan Muhammed IV Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Sultan Muhammed IV ) is a stadium in the state of Kelantan . It is located on Jalan Mahmood , Kota Bharu , Kelantan , Malaysia , and the home of Kelantan FA , a Malaysia football team . The stadium can accommodate up to 22,000 spectators . At this time , this stadium is the largest in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia with seating capacity of 22,000 and a pitch area to meet the standards set by the National Sports Council of Malaysia is measuring 119 meters long and 100 meters wide . The stadium is always full of supporters of Kelantan FA . Therefore , it was called the Red Warriors Stadium by the fanatical supporters of Kelantan FA .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_C', 'summary': 'Harimau Muda C is the team name for the former Malaysia national under-19 club . Football Association of Malaysia managed the Malaysia U-19 team as a football club that took part in Malaysia FAM League from 2013 season . The C team is for under-19 players , while Harimau Muda B players are between 18 and 21 and Harimau Muda A players are between 20 and 22 . The team is aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and will not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . By entering Harimau Muda C in domestic competitions , FAM hopes to expose top Malaysia under-19 players to competitive matches , thus helping them prepare for international tournaments . As such , Harimau Muda C is one of a small number of football clubs in the world which places an age-restrictions on team members while playing in a national professional league . Harimau Muda C is currently playing in the Malaysia FAM League . The team is aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the Harimau Muda has disbanded by FAM which means all the player from Harimau Muda A , Harimau Muda B and Harimau Muda C will be returned to their own state . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkualə , -a ˈlumpo ( r ) , -ʊ ( r ) ] ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur ( Malay : Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ) and commonly known as KL , is the national capital and largest city in Malaysia . As the global city of Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 [ update ] . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia . It is also home to the Parliament of Malaysia and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government , but these were relocated to Putrajaya in early 1999 . However , some sections of the political bodies still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of the three federal territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Towers , which have since become an iconic symbol of Malaysian development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system supported by an extensive range of public transport networks , such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and an airport rail link .'}]}, {'value': 'various', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Team summaries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Malaysia_FAM_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 Malaysia FAM League (referred to as the FAM League) is the 61st season of the FAM League since its establishment in 1952. The league is currently the third level football league in Malaysia. The season began on 17 February 2013. Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam FC are the defending champions, having won their first league title the previous season. Penang won the league for the 5th time in the league history after beating Shahzan Muda on 2 June 2013. This is the first FAM League title Penang has won since 1957. PBAPP FC, another team from Penang, also were promoted after capturing second place.'}
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Near what river is the city that hosts Perak Stadium ?
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Kinta River
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03dfe29dddc0c826
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2004 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnasts', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Lopez , Marcela Lopez , Cibele Rosito Oliani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcela_Lopez', 'summary': "Marcela Lopez ( born October 13 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian aerobic gymnast who finished 1st in the Women 's Individual event at the 10th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships held in Ulm"}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '20.624', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raluca Elena Babaligea , Madalina Cioveie , Aurelia Ciurea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raluca_Babaligea', 'summary': 'Raluca Elena Babaligea ( born 5 April 1984 in Bucharest , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast . She won two world championship medals ( one silver and one bronze ) and two European championships medals ( one gold and one bronze ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Madalina_Cioveie', 'summary': 'Constantina Mădălina Cioveie ( born August 19 , 1983 in Târgu Jiu , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast . She won three world championships medals ( one gold , one silver , and one bronze ) and three European championships medals ( two gold and one silver ) . She also works as an aerobic gymnastics coach .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aurelia_Ciurea', 'summary': "Aurelia Ciurea ( born 17 March 1982 in Constanţa , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast . Aurelia Ciurea started artistic gymnastics at the age of 4 in her hometown Constanta . Her passion for gymnastics and her hard work ethic led her path towards achieving good results . Aurelia won the all-around title at the National Championships . Besides that , gold medals also came from beam , floor and parallel bars . Her last competition in Artistic gymnastics was the National Championship from 1997 , where she won five medals : two gold ( in floor and all around ) , two silver ( in beam and parallel bars ) and one silver ( in vault ) . Despite the fact that she was a talented gymnast , she did n't make it to the 1996 Olympic team . At that time she was too young . However , she was considered for the Olympics in 2000 . After her retirement from WAG , Aurelia started with fitness . In this sport , she won 3rd place at the National Championships in 1998 . But she wanted to do more , and in parallel Aurelia started with aerobic gymnastics , a young sport at that time ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '20.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristina Marin , Daniela Nicolai , Mirela Rusu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Marin', 'summary': 'Cristina Marin ( born 10 December 1981 in Constanţa , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast . She won three world championship medals ( two gold and one bronze ) and seven European championships medals ( four gold , two silver and one bronze ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniela_Maranduca', 'summary': 'Daniela Mărănducă Nicolai ( born June 17 , 1976 , in Constanţa , Romania ) is a retired artistic and aerobic gymnast . During her career she won nine medals at the World and European championships ( six gold , two silver and one bronze ) . She is currently a coach of the Romanian junior national artistic gymnastics team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirela_Rusu', 'summary': 'Mirela Rusu ( born 5 March 1978 in Bacău , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . She won three world championship medals ( two gold and one bronze ) and five European championships medals ( three gold and two silver ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '19.641', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velislava Milanova , Assia Ramizova , Margarita Stoyanova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '19.532', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosa Alvarez , Jonatan Canada , Israel Carrasco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '19.217', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugenia Anisimova , Maria Mamontova , Inna Soldantenko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '18.844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Chacon Molinez , C. Olivarez Arancibia , J.-P. Olivarez Arancibia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '18.717', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danica Aitken , Joanna Aitken , Kelly Aitken', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '18.703', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Trio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2004_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_3', 'intro': 'The 8th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria from June 3 to June 5, 2004.'}
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How many kilometers is the shore of the homeland of Marina Lopez ?
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7,491
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03e0eea09b201723
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants', 'title': 'List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants', 'header': ['Commune', 'Territory', 'Pop . 2013 census', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nouméa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nouméa', 'summary': "Nouméa ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ numea ] ) is the capital and largest city of the French special collectivity of New Caledonia . It is situated on a peninsula in the south of New Caledonia 's main island , Grande Terre , and is home to the majority of the island 's European , Polynesian ( Wallisians , Futunians , Tahitians ) , Indonesian , and Vietnamese populations , as well as many Melanesians , Ni-Vanuatu and Kanaks who work in one of the South Pacific 's most industrialised cities . The city lies on a protected deepwater harbour that serves as the chief port for New Caledonia . At the September 2019 census , there were 182,341 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Greater Nouméa ( French : agglomération du Grand Nouméa ) , 94,285 of whom lived in the city ( commune ) of Nouméa proper . 67.2% of the population of New Caledonia live in Greater Nouméa , which covers the communes of Nouméa , Le Mont-Dore , Dumbéa and Païta ."}]}, {'value': 'New Caledonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Caledonia', 'summary': 'New Caledonia ( /ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ; French : Nouvelle-Calédonie ) [ nb 1 ] is a special collectivity of France , currently governed under the Nouméa Accord , located in the southwest Pacific Ocean , to the south of Vanuatu , about 1,210 km ( 750 mi ) east of Australia and 20,000 km ( 12,000 mi ) from Metropolitan France . The archipelago , part of the Melanesia subregion , includes the main island of Grande Terre , the Loyalty Islands , the Chesterfield Islands , the Belep archipelago , the Isle of Pines , and a few remote islets . The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea . French people , and especially locals , refer to Grande Terre as Le Caillou ( the pebble ) . New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 km2 ( 7,172 sq mi ) divided into three provinces . The North and South Provinces are located on the New Caledonian mainland , while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of islands off the mainland . Its population of 271,407 ( October 2019 census ) consists of a mix of the original inhabitants , Kanak people , who are the majority in the North Province and the Loyalty Islands Province and people of European descent ( Caldoches and Metropolitan French ) , Polynesian people ( mostly Wallisians ) , and Southeast Asian people , as well as a few people of Pied-Noir and North African descent who are the majority in the South Province . The capital of the territory is Nouméa .'}]}, {'value': '101,909', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mamoudzou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mamoudzou', 'summary': 'Mamoudzou ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mamudzu ] ; Shimaore Comorian : Momoju ) is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte , in the Indian Ocean . Mamoudzou is the most populated commune ( municipality ) of Mayotte . It is located on Grande-Terre ( or Mahoré ) , the main island of Mayotte .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayotte', 'summary': "Mayotte ( French : Mayotte , pronounced [ majɔt ] ; Shimaore : Maore , IPA : [ maˈore ] ; Malagasy : Mahori ) is an overseas department and region of France officially named the Department of Mayotte ( French : Département de Mayotte ) . It consists of a main island , Grande-Terre ( or Maore ) , a smaller island , Petite-Terre ( or Pamanzi ) , and several islets around these two . Mayotte is part of the Comoros archipelago , located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa , between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique . The department status of Mayotte is recent and the region remains , by a significant margin , the poorest in France . Mayotte is nevertheless much more prosperous than the other countries of the Mozambique Channel , making it a major destination for illegal immigration . Mayotte 's area is 374 square kilometres ( 144 sq mi ) and , with its 270,372 people according to January 2019 official estimates , is very densely populated at 723 per km2 ( 1,872 per sq mi ) . The biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou on Grande-Terre . However , the Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi International Airport is located on the neighbouring island of Petite-Terre . The territory is also known as Maore , the native name of its main island , especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of the Comoros . Although , as a department , Mayotte is now an integral part of France , the majority of the inhabitants do not speak French as a first language , but a majority of the people 14 years and older report in the census that they can speak French ( with varying levels of fluency ) . The language of the majority is Shimaore , a Sabaki language closely related to the varieties in the neighbouring Comoros islands . The second most widely spoken native language is Kibushi , a Malagasy language , of which there are two varieties , Kibushi Kisakalava , most closely related to the Sakalava dialect of Malagasy , and Kibushi Kiantalaotra ."}]}, {'value': '58,197', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin', 'summary': 'The Collectivity of Saint Martin ( French : Collectivité de Saint-Martin ) , commonly known as simply Saint Martin ( Saint-Martin ) , is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean . With a population of 36,286 as of January 2011 ( with more recent estimates putting the population at 32,300 ) on an area of 53.2 square kilometres ( 20.5 sq mi ) , it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin , and some neighbouring islets , the largest of which is Île Tintamarre . The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten , which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2010 . This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands . Before 2007 , the French region of Saint Martin formed a part of the French overseas région and département of Guadeloupe . Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel . Its capital is Marigot .'}]}, {'value': 'Collectivity of Saint Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin', 'summary': 'The Collectivity of Saint Martin ( French : Collectivité de Saint-Martin ) , commonly known as simply Saint Martin ( Saint-Martin ) , is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean . With a population of 36,286 as of January 2011 ( with more recent estimates putting the population at 32,300 ) on an area of 53.2 square kilometres ( 20.5 sq mi ) , it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin , and some neighbouring islets , the largest of which is Île Tintamarre . The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten , which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2010 . This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands . Before 2007 , the French region of Saint Martin formed a part of the French overseas région and département of Guadeloupe . Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel . Its capital is Marigot .'}]}, {'value': '35,594', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumbéa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumbéa', 'summary': 'Dumbéa ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ dœ̃bea ] , Ndrumbea : [ ɳɖùmbea ] ) is a commune in the suburbs of Nouméa in the South Province of New Caledonia , an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean . The population of the commune was 35,873 according to the 2019 census . From 1904 to 1940 the town was linked to Nouméa by the Nouméa-Païta railway .'}]}, {'value': 'New Caledonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Caledonia', 'summary': 'New Caledonia ( /ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ; French : Nouvelle-Calédonie ) [ nb 1 ] is a special collectivity of France , currently governed under the Nouméa Accord , located in the southwest Pacific Ocean , to the south of Vanuatu , about 1,210 km ( 750 mi ) east of Australia and 20,000 km ( 12,000 mi ) from Metropolitan France . The archipelago , part of the Melanesia subregion , includes the main island of Grande Terre , the Loyalty Islands , the Chesterfield Islands , the Belep archipelago , the Isle of Pines , and a few remote islets . The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea . French people , and especially locals , refer to Grande Terre as Le Caillou ( the pebble ) . New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 km2 ( 7,172 sq mi ) divided into three provinces . The North and South Provinces are located on the New Caledonian mainland , while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of islands off the mainland . Its population of 271,407 ( October 2019 census ) consists of a mix of the original inhabitants , Kanak people , who are the majority in the North Province and the Loyalty Islands Province and people of European descent ( Caldoches and Metropolitan French ) , Polynesian people ( mostly Wallisians ) , and Southeast Asian people , as well as a few people of Pied-Noir and North African descent who are the majority in the South Province . The capital of the territory is Nouméa .'}]}, {'value': '32,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faaa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faaa', 'summary': "Faaa ( also Faa ' a or Fa ' a ' ā ; IPA : [ fa.a . ' a ] ) is a commune in the suburbs of Papeete in French Polynesia , an overseas country of France in the Pacific Ocean . Faaa is located on the island of Tahiti , in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands , themselves part of the Society Islands . At the 2017 census Faaa had a population of 29,506 , making it the most populous commune on Tahiti and in French Polynesia . Faaa has many mountains inland that can reach 1,500 m ( 5,000 ft ) . Mount Marau is an extinct volcano in the inland limits and can be seen from nearby Moorea . The area of Faaa is 9 m ( 30 ft ) above mean sea level on average . Faaa has a long history . Captain James Cook landed on Faaa when he came to Tahiti on his expedition . The commune is the political stronghold of independence leader Oscar Temaru who has served three times as president ."}]}, {'value': 'French Polynesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Polynesia', 'summary': "French Polynesia ( /ˈfrɛntʃ pɒlɪˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) ; French : Polynésie française [ pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz ] ; Tahitian : Pōrīnetia Farāni ) is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic and its sole overseas country . It is composed of 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over an expanse of more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) in the South Pacific Ocean . Its total land area is 4,167 square kilometres ( 1,609 sq mi ) . French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands : the Society Islands archipelago , composed of the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands ; the Tuamotu Archipelago ; the Gambier Islands ; the Marquesas Islands ; and the Austral Islands . Among its 118 islands and atolls , 67 are inhabited . Tahiti , which is located within the Society Islands , is the most populous island , having close to 69% of the population of French Polynesia as of 2017 [ update ] . Papeete , located on Tahiti , is the capital . Although not an integral part of its territory , Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007 . Following the Great Polynesian Migration , European explorers visited the islands of French Polynesia on several occasions . Traders and whaling ships also visited . In 1842 , the French took over the islands and established a French protectorate they called Établissements français d'Océanie ( EFO ) ( French Establishments/Settlements of Oceania ) . In 1946 , the EFO became an overseas territory under the constitution of the French Fourth Republic , and Polynesians were granted the right to vote through citizenship ."}]}, {'value': '30,094', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Punaauia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punaauia', 'summary': "Puna'auia is a commune in the suburbs of Papeete in French Polynesia , an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean . Puna'auia is located on the island of Tahiti , in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands , themselves part of the Society Islands . In the late 1890s , the French painter Paul Gauguin lived in Puna'auia . Here he painted his masterpiece Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? . The commune borders Faaa on the north and Paea on the south ."}]}, {'value': 'French Polynesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Polynesia', 'summary': "French Polynesia ( /ˈfrɛntʃ pɒlɪˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) ; French : Polynésie française [ pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz ] ; Tahitian : Pōrīnetia Farāni ) is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic and its sole overseas country . It is composed of 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over an expanse of more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) in the South Pacific Ocean . Its total land area is 4,167 square kilometres ( 1,609 sq mi ) . French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands : the Society Islands archipelago , composed of the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands ; the Tuamotu Archipelago ; the Gambier Islands ; the Marquesas Islands ; and the Austral Islands . Among its 118 islands and atolls , 67 are inhabited . Tahiti , which is located within the Society Islands , is the most populous island , having close to 69% of the population of French Polynesia as of 2017 [ update ] . Papeete , located on Tahiti , is the capital . Although not an integral part of its territory , Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007 . Following the Great Polynesian Migration , European explorers visited the islands of French Polynesia on several occasions . Traders and whaling ships also visited . In 1842 , the French took over the islands and established a French protectorate they called Établissements français d'Océanie ( EFO ) ( French Establishments/Settlements of Oceania ) . In 1946 , the EFO became an overseas territory under the constitution of the French Fourth Republic , and Polynesians were granted the right to vote through citizenship ."}]}, {'value': '28,244', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Mont-Dore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Mont-Dore_(New_Caledonia)', 'summary': 'Le Mont-Dore is a commune in the suburbs of Nouméa in the South Province of New Caledonia , an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean .'}]}, {'value': 'New Caledonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Caledonia', 'summary': 'New Caledonia ( /ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ; French : Nouvelle-Calédonie ) [ nb 1 ] is a special collectivity of France , currently governed under the Nouméa Accord , located in the southwest Pacific Ocean , to the south of Vanuatu , about 1,210 km ( 750 mi ) east of Australia and 20,000 km ( 12,000 mi ) from Metropolitan France . The archipelago , part of the Melanesia subregion , includes the main island of Grande Terre , the Loyalty Islands , the Chesterfield Islands , the Belep archipelago , the Isle of Pines , and a few remote islets . The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea . French people , and especially locals , refer to Grande Terre as Le Caillou ( the pebble ) . New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 km2 ( 7,172 sq mi ) divided into three provinces . The North and South Provinces are located on the New Caledonian mainland , while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of islands off the mainland . Its population of 271,407 ( October 2019 census ) consists of a mix of the original inhabitants , Kanak people , who are the majority in the North Province and the Loyalty Islands Province and people of European descent ( Caldoches and Metropolitan French ) , Polynesian people ( mostly Wallisians ) , and Southeast Asian people , as well as a few people of Pied-Noir and North African descent who are the majority in the South Province . The capital of the territory is Nouméa .'}]}, {'value': '27,939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koungou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koungou', 'summary': 'Koungou is the second largest commune in the French overseas department of Mayotte , in the Indian Ocean , after the capital Mamoudzou . It is composed of six villages : Majicavo Lamir , Majicavo Koropa , Koungou , Trévani , Kangani and Longoni .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayotte', 'summary': "Mayotte ( French : Mayotte , pronounced [ majɔt ] ; Shimaore : Maore , IPA : [ maˈore ] ; Malagasy : Mahori ) is an overseas department and region of France officially named the Department of Mayotte ( French : Département de Mayotte ) . It consists of a main island , Grande-Terre ( or Maore ) , a smaller island , Petite-Terre ( or Pamanzi ) , and several islets around these two . Mayotte is part of the Comoros archipelago , located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa , between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique . The department status of Mayotte is recent and the region remains , by a significant margin , the poorest in France . Mayotte is nevertheless much more prosperous than the other countries of the Mozambique Channel , making it a major destination for illegal immigration . Mayotte 's area is 374 square kilometres ( 144 sq mi ) and , with its 270,372 people according to January 2019 official estimates , is very densely populated at 723 per km2 ( 1,872 per sq mi ) . The biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou on Grande-Terre . However , the Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi International Airport is located on the neighbouring island of Petite-Terre . The territory is also known as Maore , the native name of its main island , especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of the Comoros . Although , as a department , Mayotte is now an integral part of France , the majority of the inhabitants do not speak French as a first language , but a majority of the people 14 years and older report in the census that they can speak French ( with varying levels of fluency ) . The language of the majority is Shimaore , a Sabaki language closely related to the varieties in the neighbouring Comoros islands . The second most widely spoken native language is Kibushi , a Malagasy language , of which there are two varieties , Kibushi Kisakalava , most closely related to the Sakalava dialect of Malagasy , and Kibushi Kiantalaotra ."}]}, {'value': '26,715', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Papeete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papeete', 'summary': 'Papeete ( pronounced [ pa.pe.ʔe.te ] ) is the capital city of French Polynesia , an overseas collectivity of the French Republic in the Pacific Ocean . The commune of Papeete is located on the island of Tahiti , in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands , of which Papeete is the administrative capital . The French High Commissioner also resides in Papeete . It is the primary center of Tahitian and French Polynesian public and private governmental , commercial , industrial and financial services , the hub of French Polynesian tourism and a commonly used port of call . The Windward Islands are themselves part of the Society Islands . The name Papeete , sometimes also spelled Papeete in Tahitian , [ Note 1 ] means water from a basket . The urban area of Papeete had a total population of 136,771 inhabitants at the August 2017 census , 26,926 of whom lived in the commune of Papeete proper .'}]}, {'value': 'French Polynesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Polynesia', 'summary': "French Polynesia ( /ˈfrɛntʃ pɒlɪˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) ; French : Polynésie française [ pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz ] ; Tahitian : Pōrīnetia Farāni ) is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic and its sole overseas country . It is composed of 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over an expanse of more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) in the South Pacific Ocean . Its total land area is 4,167 square kilometres ( 1,609 sq mi ) . French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands : the Society Islands archipelago , composed of the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands ; the Tuamotu Archipelago ; the Gambier Islands ; the Marquesas Islands ; and the Austral Islands . Among its 118 islands and atolls , 67 are inhabited . Tahiti , which is located within the Society Islands , is the most populous island , having close to 69% of the population of French Polynesia as of 2017 [ update ] . Papeete , located on Tahiti , is the capital . Although not an integral part of its territory , Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007 . Following the Great Polynesian Migration , European explorers visited the islands of French Polynesia on several occasions . Traders and whaling ships also visited . In 1842 , the French took over the islands and established a French protectorate they called Établissements français d'Océanie ( EFO ) ( French Establishments/Settlements of Oceania ) . In 1946 , the EFO became an overseas territory under the constitution of the French Fourth Republic , and Polynesians were granted the right to vote through citizenship ."}]}, {'value': '26,244', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lifou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lifou', 'summary': 'Lifou [ lifu ] is a commune of France in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean .'}]}, {'value': 'New Caledonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Caledonia', 'summary': 'New Caledonia ( /ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ; French : Nouvelle-Calédonie ) [ nb 1 ] is a special collectivity of France , currently governed under the Nouméa Accord , located in the southwest Pacific Ocean , to the south of Vanuatu , about 1,210 km ( 750 mi ) east of Australia and 20,000 km ( 12,000 mi ) from Metropolitan France . The archipelago , part of the Melanesia subregion , includes the main island of Grande Terre , the Loyalty Islands , the Chesterfield Islands , the Belep archipelago , the Isle of Pines , and a few remote islets . The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea . French people , and especially locals , refer to Grande Terre as Le Caillou ( the pebble ) . New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 km2 ( 7,172 sq mi ) divided into three provinces . The North and South Provinces are located on the New Caledonian mainland , while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of islands off the mainland . Its population of 271,407 ( October 2019 census ) consists of a mix of the original inhabitants , Kanak people , who are the majority in the North Province and the Loyalty Islands Province and people of European descent ( Caldoches and Metropolitan French ) , Polynesian people ( mostly Wallisians ) , and Southeast Asian people , as well as a few people of Pied-Noir and North African descent who are the majority in the South Province . The capital of the territory is Nouméa .'}]}, {'value': '22,835', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List', 'section_text': "Paris Marseille Lyon Toulouse Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes Reims Le Havre Saint-Étienne Toulon Grenoble Dijon Angers Villeurbanne Saint-Denis , Réunion Le Mans Nîmes Aix-en-Provence Brest Clermont-Ferrand Limoges Tours Amiens Metz Perpignan Besançon Boulogne-Billancourt Orléans Rouen Mulhouse Caen Saint-Denis , Seine-Saint-Denis Nancy Saint-Paul Argenteuil Montreuil Roubaix Dunkirk Tourcoing Créteil Avignon Nanterre Poitiers Fort-de-France Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Asnières-sur-Seine Pau Rueil-Malmaison La Rochelle Antibes Calais Cannes Béziers Colmar Saint-Nazaire Bourges Commune Department Region Population , 2013 Rank Paris Paris Île-de-France 2,420,069 1 Marseille Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 855,393 2 Lyon Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 500,715 3 Toulouse Haute-Garonne Occitanie 458,298 4 Nice Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 342,295 5 Nantes Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 292,718 6 Strasbourg Bas-Rhin Grand Est 275,718 7 Montpellier Hérault Occitanie 272,084 8 Bordeaux Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 243,626 9 Lille Nord Hauts-de-France 231,491 10 Rennes Ille-et-Vilaine Brittany 211,373 11 Reims Marne Grand Est 182,592 12 Le Havre Seine-Maritime Normandy 172,074 13 Saint-Étienne Loire Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 172,023 14 Toulon Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 163,760 15 Grenoble Isère Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 160,215 16 Dijon Côte-d'Or Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 153,003 17 Nîmes Gard Occitanie 150,564 18 Angers Maine-et-Loire Pays de la Loire 150,125 19 Villeurbanne Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 147,192 20 Le Mans Sarthe Pays de la Loire 144,244 21 Saint-Denis Réunion Réunion 142,442 22 Aix-en-Provence Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 141,545 23 Clermont-Ferrand Puy-de-Dôme Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 141,463 24 Brest Finistère Brittany 139,386 25 Limoges Haute-Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 135,098 26 Tours Indre-et-Loire Centre-Val de Loire 134,803 27 Amiens Somme Hauts-de-France 132,699 28 Perpignan Pyrénées-Orientales Occitanie 120,959 29 Metz Moselle Grand Est 118,634 30 Besançon Doubs Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 116,952 31 Boulogne-Billancourt Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 116,794 32 Orléans Loiret Centre-Val de Loire 114,375 33 Mulhouse Haut-Rhin Grand Est 112,063 34 Rouen Seine-Maritime Normandy 110,755 35 Saint-Denis Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 109,343 36 Caen Calvados Normandy 107,229 37 Argenteuil Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 106,817 38 Saint-Paul Réunion Réunion 104,332 39 Montreuil Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 104,139 40 Nancy Meurthe-et-Moselle Grand Est 104,072 41 Roubaix Nord Hauts-de-France 95,866 42 Tourcoing Nord Hauts-de-France 93,974 43 Nanterre Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 92,227 44 Avignon Vaucluse Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 90,305 45 Vitry-sur-Seine Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 90,075 46 Créteil Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 89,989 47 Dunkirk Nord Hauts-de-France 89,882 48 Poitiers Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 87,427 49 Asnières-sur-Seine Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 86,020 50 Courbevoie Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 85,523 51 Versailles Yvelines Île-de-France 85,272 52 Colombes Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 84,577 53 Fort-de-France Martinique Martinique 84,174 54 Aulnay-sous-Bois Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 82,634 55 Saint-Pierre Réunion Réunion 81,415 56 Rueil-Malmaison Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 79,762 57 Pau Pyrénées-Atlantiques Nouvelle-Aquitaine 77,575 58 Aubervilliers Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 77,452 59 Le Tampon Réunion Réunion 76,090 60 Champigny-sur-Marne Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 75,961 61 Antibes Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 75,456 62 Béziers Hérault Occitanie 74,811 63 La Rochelle Charente-Maritime Nouvelle-Aquitaine 74,344 64 Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 74,133 65 Cannes Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 73,325 66 Calais Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 72,520 67 Saint-Nazaire Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 68,513 68 Mérignac Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 68,386 69 Drancy Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 68,241 70 Colmar Haut-Rhin Grand Est 67,956 71 Ajaccio Corse-du-Sud Corsica 67,507 72 Bourges Cher Centre-Val de Loire 67,189 73 Issy-les-Moulineaux Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 65,662 74 Levallois-Perret Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 65,264 75 La Seyne-sur-Mer Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 64,523 76 Quimper Finistère Brittany 63,532 77 Noisy-le-Grand Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 62,834 78 Villeneuve-d'Ascq Nord Hauts-de-France 62,616 79 Neuilly-sur-Seine Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 62,346 80 Valence Drôme Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 61,767 81 Antony Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 61,727 82 Cergy Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 61,708 83 Vénissieux Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 61,636 84 Pessac Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 60,763 85 Troyes Aube Grand Est 59,671 86 Clichy Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 59,255 87 Ivry-sur-Seine Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 58,933 88 Chambéry Savoie Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 58,653 89 Lorient Morbihan Brittany 57,961 90 Les Abymes Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 57,960 91 Montauban Tarn-et-Garonne Occitanie 57,921 92 Sarcelles Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 57,533 93 Niort Deux-Sèvres Nouvelle-Aquitaine 57,393 94 Villejuif Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 57,184 95 Saint-André Réunion Réunion 56,156 96 Hyères Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 55,713 97 Saint-Quentin Aisne Hauts-de-France 55,698 98 Beauvais Oise Hauts-de-France 55,252 99 Épinay-sur-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 54,857 100 Cayenne Guyane French Guiana 54,709 101 Maisons-Alfort Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 54,470 102 Cholet Maine-et-Loire Pays de la Loire 53,890 103 Meaux Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 53,766 104 Chelles Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 53,569 105 Pantin Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 53,471 106 Évry Essonne Île-de-France 53,237 107 Fontenay-sous-Bois Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 53,124 108 Fréjus Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 53,039 109 Vannes Morbihan Brittany 53,032 110 Bondy Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 52,865 111 Le Blanc-Mesnil Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 52,797 112 La Roche-sur-Yon Vendée Pays de la Loire 52,732 113 Saint-Louis Réunion Réunion 52,656 114 Arles Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 52,566 115 Clamart Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 52,203 116 Narbonne Aude Occitanie 52,082 117 Annecy Haute-Savoie Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 52,029 118 Sartrouville Yvelines Île-de-France 51,599 119 Grasse Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 50,916 120 Laval Mayenne Pays de la Loire 50,479 121 Belfort Territoire de Belfort Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 50,196 122 Bobigny Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 49,802 123 Évreux Eure Normandy 49,722 124 Vincennes Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 49,695 125 Montrouge Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 49,656 126 Sevran Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 49,465 127 Albi Tarn Occitanie 49,432 128 Charleville-Mézières Ardennes Grand Est 48,991 129 Suresnes Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 48,066 130 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 47,904 131 Corbeil-Essonnes Essonne Île-de-France 47,632 132 Saint-Ouen Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 47,534 133 Bayonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Nouvelle-Aquitaine 47,492 134 Cagnes-sur-Mer Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 46,940 135 Brive-la-Gaillarde Corrèze Nouvelle-Aquitaine 46,794 136 Carcassonne Aude Occitanie 46,724 137 Massy Essonne Île-de-France 45,902 138 Blois Loir-et-Cher Centre-Val de Loire 45,539 139 Aubagne Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 45,303 140 Saint-Brieuc Côtes-d'Armor Brittany 45,331 141 Châteauroux Indre Centre-Val de Loire 45,209 142 Chalon-sur-Saône Saône-et-Loire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 45,166 143 Mantes-la-Jolie Yvelines Île-de-France 45,052 144 Meudon Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 45,043 145 Saint-Malo Ille-et-Vilaine Brittany 44,919 146 Châlons-en-Champagne Marne Grand Est 44,899 147 Alfortville Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 44,818 148 Sète Hérault Occitanie 44,270 149 Salon-de-Provence Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 44,263 150 Vaulx-en-Velin Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 44,087 151 Puteaux Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 43,891 152 Rosny-sous-Bois Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 43,802 153 Saint-Herblain Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 43,784 154 Gennevilliers Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 43,219 155 Le Cannet Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 43,187 156 Livry-Gargan Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 43,099 157 Saint-Priest Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 42,950 158 Istres Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 42,937 159 Valenciennes Nord Hauts-de-France 42,851 160 Choisy-le-Roi Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 42,769 161 Caluire-et-Cuire Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 42,581 162 Boulogne-sur-Mer Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 42,537 163 Bastia Haute-Corse Corsica 42,254 164 Angoulême Charente Nouvelle-Aquitaine 41,970 165 Garges-lès-Gonesse Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 41,782 166 Castres Tarn Occitanie 41,636 167 Thionville Moselle Grand Est 41,627 168 Wattrelos Nord Hauts-de-France 41,522 169 Talence Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 41,517 170 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni Guyane French Guiana 41,515 171 Douai Nord Hauts-de-France 41,189 172 Noisy-le-Sec Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 41,125 173 Tarbes Hautes-Pyrénées Occitanie 41,062 174 Arras Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 40,830 175 Alès Gard Occitanie 40,711 176 La Courneuve Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 40,678 177 Bourg-en-Bresse Ain Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 40,490 178 Compiègne Oise Hauts-de-France 40,430 179 Gap Hautes-Alpes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 40,255 180 Melun Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 40,066 181 Le Lamentin Martinique Martinique 40,040 182 Rezé Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 39,568 183 Saint-Germain-en-Laye Yvelines Île-de-France 39,547 184 Marcq-en-Barœul Nord Hauts-de-France 38,392 185 Gagny Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 39,276 186 Anglet Pyrénées-Atlantiques Nouvelle-Aquitaine 39,184 187 Draguignan Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 39,174 188 Chartres Eure-et-Loir Centre-Val de Loire 38,840 189 Bron Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 38,746 190 Bagneux Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 38,520 191 Colomiers Haute-Garonne Occitanie 38,302 192 Saint-Martin-d'Hères Isère Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 38,019 193 Pontault-Combault Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 37,847 194 Montluçon Allier Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 37,839 195 Joué-lès-Tours Indre-et-Loire Centre-Val de Loire 37,703 196 Saint-Joseph Réunion Réunion 37,550 197 Poissy Yvelines Île-de-France 37,461 198 Savigny-sur-Orge Essonne Île-de-France 37,206 199 Cherbourg-Octeville Manche Normandy 37,055 200 Montélimar Drôme Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 36,643 201 Villefranche-sur-Saône Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 36,531 202 Stains Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 36,365 203 Saint-Benoît Réunion Réunion 36,131 204 Bagnolet Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 35,984 205 Châtillon Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 35,964 206 Le Port Réunion Réunion 35,881 207 Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Essonne Île-de-France 35,868 208 Échirolles Isère Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 35,684 209 Roanne Loire Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 35,507 210 Villepinte Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 35,329 211 Saint-Chamond Loire Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 35,308 212 Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Yvelines Île-de-France 35,213 213 Auxerre Yonne Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 34,869 214 Nevers Nièvre Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 34,841 215 Neuilly-sur-Marne Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 34,756 216 La Ciotat Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 34,655 217 Tremblay-en-France Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 34,614 218 Thonon-les-Bains Haute-Savoie Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 34,610 219 Vitrolles Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 34,493 220 Haguenau Bas-Rhin Grand Est 34,419 221 Six-Fours-les-Plages Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 34,387 222 Agen Lot-et-Garonne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 34,344 223 Creil Oise Hauts-de-France 34,262 224 Annemasse Haute-Savoie Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 34,261 225 Saint-Raphaël Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 34,005 226 Marignane Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 33,986 227 Romans-sur-Isère Drôme Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 33,632 228 Montigny-le-Bretonneux Yvelines Île-de-France 33,625 229 Le Perreux-sur-Marne Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 33,480 230 Franconville Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 33,375 231 Mâcon Saône-et-Loire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 33,350 232 Saint-Leu Réunion Réunion 33,154 233 Cambrai Nord Hauts-de-France 32,852 234 Châtenay-Malabry Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 32,623 235 Sainte-Marie Réunion Réunion 32,605 236 Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 32,575 237 Houilles Yvelines Île-de-France 32,287 238 Épinal Vosges Grand Est 32,188 239 Lens Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 31,647 240 Liévin Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 31,517 241 Les Mureaux Yvelines Île-de-France 31,487 242 Schiltigheim Bas-Rhin Grand Est 31,450 243 La Possession Réunion Réunion 31,439 244 Meyzieu Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 31,438 245 Dreux Eure-et-Loir Centre-Val de Loire 31,373 246 Nogent-sur-Marne Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 31,367 247 Plaisir Yvelines Île-de-France 31,342 248 Mont-de-Marsan Landes Nouvelle-Aquitaine 31,334 249 Palaiseau Essonne Île-de-France 31,264 250 Châtellerault Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 31,262 251 Goussainville Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 31,212 252 L'Haÿ-les-Roses Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 31,201 253 Viry-Châtillon Essonne Île-de-France 31,132 254 Vigneux-sur-Seine Essonne Île-de-France 31,126 255 Chatou Yvelines Île-de-France 30,809 256 Trappes Yvelines Île-de-France 30,979 257 Clichy-sous-Bois Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 30,725 258 Rillieux-la-Pape Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 30,645 259 Villenave-d'Ornon Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 30,633 260 Maubeuge Nord Hauts-de-France 30,567 261 Charenton-le-Pont Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 30,408 262 Malakoff Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 30,304 263 Matoury Guyane French Guiana 30,244 264 Dieppe Seine-Maritime Normandy 30,214 265 Athis-Mons Essonne Île-de-France 30,094 266 Savigny-le-Temple Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 30,068 267 Périgueux Dordogne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 30,036 268 Baie-Mahault Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 30,015 269 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Meurthe-et-Moselle Grand Est 29,836 270 Pontoise Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 29,826 271 Aix-les-Bains Savoie Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 29,580 272 Cachan Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 29,462 273 Vienne Isère Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 29,325 274 Thiais Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 29,280 275 Orange Vaucluse Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 29,193 276 Saint-Médard-en-Jalles Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 29,178 277 Villemomble Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 29,165 278 Saint-Cloud Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 29,109 279 Saint-Laurent-du-Var Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 28,991 280 Yerres Essonne Île-de-France 28,797 281 Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray Seine-Maritime Normandy 28,738 282 Sotteville-lès-Rouen Seine-Maritime Normandy 28,704 283 Draveil Essonne Île-de-France 28,687 284 Le Chesnay Yvelines Île-de-France 28,640 285 Bois-Colombes Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 28,561 286 Le Plessis-Robinson Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 28,500 287 La Garenne-Colombes Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 28,498 288 Lambersart Nord Hauts-de-France 28,491 289 Soissons Aisne Hauts-de-France 28,472 290 Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 28,459 291 Carpentras Vaucluse Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 28,422 292 Villiers-sur-Marne Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 28,190 293 Vanves Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 28,170 294 Menton Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 28,100 295 Bergerac Dordogne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 28,063 296 Ermont Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 28,021 297 Bezons Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 27,855 298 Grigny Essonne Île-de-France 27,716 299 Guyancourt Yvelines Île-de-France 27,546 300 Saumur Maine-et-Loire Pays de la Loire 27,413 301 Herblay Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 27,378 302 Ris-Orangis Essonne Île-de-France 27,312 303 Villiers-le-Bel Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 27,312 304 Bourgoin-Jallieu Isère Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 27,163 305 Vierzon Cher Centre-Val de Loire 27,113 306 Le Gosier Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 26,900 307 Décines-Charpieu Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 26,826 308 Hénin-Beaumont Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 26,748 309 Fresnes Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 26,645 310 Aurillac Cantal Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 26,572 311 Sannois Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 26,557 312 Vallauris Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 26,465 313 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Bas-Rhin Grand Est 26,455 314 Alençon Orne Normandy 26,350 315 Élancourt Yvelines Île-de-France 26,290 316 Tournefeuille Haute-Garonne Occitanie 26,206 317 Bègles Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 26,104 318 Gonesse Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 26,075 319 Oullins Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 26,072 320 Brunoy Essonne Île-de-France 26,066 321 Taverny Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 25,998 322 Armentières Nord Hauts-de-France 25,978 323 Montfermeil Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 25,945 324 Rambouillet Yvelines Île-de-France 25,926 325 Villeparisis Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 25,889 326 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 25,863 327 Sucy-en-Brie Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 25,849 328 Kourou Guyane French Guiana 25,793 329 Montbéliard Doubs Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 25,697 330 Romainville Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 25,657 331 Cavaillon Vaucluse Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 25,636 332 Saint-Dizier Haute-Marne Grand Est 25,626 333 Brétigny-sur-Orge Essonne Île-de-France 25,624 334 Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 25,610 335 Saintes Charente-Maritime Nouvelle-Aquitaine 25,601 336 La Teste-de-Buch Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 25,587 337 Villeneuve-la-Garenne Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 25,466 338 Béthune Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 25,463 339 Bussy-Saint-Georges Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 25,419 340 Vichy Allier Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 25,325 341 La Garde Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 25,298 342 Agde Hérault Occitanie 25,253 343 Laon Aisne Hauts-de-France 25,219 344 Sens Yonne Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 25,018 345 Lunel Hérault Occitanie 25,006 346 Miramas Bouches-du-Rhône Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 25,002 347 Biarritz Pyrénées-Atlantiques Nouvelle-Aquitaine 24,993 348 Le Grand-Quevilly Seine-Maritime Normandy 24,967 349 Orvault Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 24,922 350 Les Ulis Essonne Île-de-France 24,914 351 Champs-sur-Marne Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 24,913 352 Rochefort Charente-Maritime Nouvelle-Aquitaine 24,761 353 Muret Haute-Garonne Occitanie 24,725 354 Sainte-Anne Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 24,653 355 Eaubonne Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 24,606 356 Étampes Essonne Île-de-France 24,502 357 Gradignan Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 24,439 358 Vernon Eure Normandy 24,064 359 Petit-Bourg Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 24,039 360 Libourne Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 23,947 361 Abbeville Somme Hauts-de-France 23,821 362 Rodez Aveyron Occitanie 23,741 363 Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 23,702 364 Torcy Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 23,669 365 Maisons-Laffitte Yvelines Île-de-France 23,565 366 Montgeron Essonne Île-de-France 23,565 367 Villeneuve-sur-Lot Lot-et-Garonne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 23,462 368 Cormeilles-en-Parisis Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 23,419 369 Épernay Marne Grand Est 23,413 370 Sèvres Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 23,404 371 Dole Jura Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 23,312 372 Le Robert Martinique Martinique 23,296 373 Le Bouscat Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 23,207 374 Blagnac Haute-Garonne Occitanie 22,969 375 Frontignan Hérault Occitanie 22,942 376 Cenon Gironde Nouvelle-Aquitaine 22,882 377 Mandelieu-la-Napoule Alpes-Maritimes Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 22,864 378 Vertou Loire-Atlantique Pays de la Loire 22,820 379 Les Lilas Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 22,819 380 Bruay-la-Buissière Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 22,802 381 Les Pavillons-sous-Bois Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 22,680 382 Chaumont Haute-Marne Grand Est 22,560 383 Roissy-en-Brie Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 22,559 384 Le Moule Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 22,456 385 Le Petit-Quevilly Seine-Maritime Normandy 22,426 386 Manosque Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 22,412 387 Saint-Mandé Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 22,398 388 Fontenay-aux-Roses Hauts-de-Seine Île-de-France 22,378 389 Orly Val-de-Marne Île-de-France 22,377 390 Le Creusot Saône-et-Loire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 22,308 391 Oyonnax Ain Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 22,258 392 La Madeleine Nord Hauts-de-France 22,243 393 Sainte-Suzanne Réunion Réunion 22,209 394 Millau Aveyron Occitanie 22,205 395 Combs-la-Ville Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 22,086 396 Fontaine Isère Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 22,066 397 Deuil-la-Barre Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 22,031 398 Coudekerque-Branche Nord Hauts-de-France 22,015 399 Auch Gers Occitanie 21,962 400 Lanester Morbihan Brittany 21,874 401 Beaune Côte-d'Or Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 21,838 402 Montigny-lès-Metz Moselle Grand Est 21,831 403 Hazebrouck Nord Hauts-de-France 21,737 404 Longjumeau Essonne Île-de-France 21,657 405 Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 21,646 406 Forbach Moselle Grand Est 21,596 407 Sarreguemines Moselle Grand Est 21,572 408 Mons-en-Barœul Nord Hauts-de-France 21,513 409 La Valette-du-Var Var Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 21,463 410 Hérouville-Saint-Clair Calvados Normandy 21,393 411 Morsang-sur-Orge Essonne Île-de-France 21,377 412 Grande-Synthe Nord Hauts-de-France 21,364 413 La Celle-Saint-Cloud Yvelines Île-de-France 21,264 414 Lisieux Calvados Normandy 21,132 415 Croix Nord Hauts-de-France 21,114 416 Dammarie-les-Lys Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 21,094 417 Vélizy-Villacoublay Yvelines Île-de-France 20,997 418 Wasquehal Nord Hauts-de-France 20,990 419 Saint-Gratien Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 20,933 420 Halluin Nord Hauts-de-France 20,915 421 Neuilly-Plaisance Seine-Saint-Denis Île-de-France 20,840 422 Montmorency Val-d'Oise Île-de-France 20,796 423 Dax Landes Nouvelle-Aquitaine 20,776 424 Lagny-sur-Marne Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 20,718 425 Le Mée-sur-Seine Seine-et-Marne Île-de-France 20,713 426 Saint-Genis-Laval Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 20,696 427 Fleury-les-Aubrais Loiret Centre-Val de Loire 20,677 428 Loos Nord Hauts-de-France 20,650 429 Gif-sur-Yvette Essonne Île-de-France 20,631 430 Denain Nord Hauts-de-France 20,549 431 Saint-Dié-des-Vosges Vosges Grand Est 20,471 432 Sainte-Rose Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 20,144 433 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge Essonne Île-de-France 20,057 434 Nouméa Mamoudzou Saint-Martin Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon : 2010 census [ 3 ] Saint-Barthélemy : 2013 census [ 4 ] Saint-Martin : 2013 census [ 5 ] Mayotte : 2012 census , [ 6 ] was not yet a department in 2010 French Polynesia : 2012 census [ 7 ] Wallis and Futuna : 2008 census [ 8 ] New Caledonia : 2014 census [ 9 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants_(2010_census)_1', 'intro': "Below is a list of communes in France (Overseas departments included) with a legal population over 20,000 as of January 2013. All figures reflect INSEE's sans doubles comptes counting method (French: population municipale)."}
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What country shares its only border with France in the West Indies French territory that has an area of 53.2 square kilometres and a commune with a hyphenated name ?
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Netherlands
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03e24d5f1320d030
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_football_programs_at_Catholic_colleges', 'title': 'List of NCAA football programs at Catholic colleges', 'header': ['School', 'Nickname', 'City', 'State', 'Conference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Dayton', 'summary': "The University of Dayton ( UD ) is a private Roman Catholic research university in Dayton , Ohio . Founded in 1850 by the Society of Mary ( Marianists ) , it is one of three Marianist universities in the nation and the second-largest private university in Ohio . The university 's campus is in the city 's southern portion and spans 388 acres on both sides of the Great Miami River . The campus is noted for the Immaculate Conception Chapel and the University of Dayton Arena . The university has 11,306 students ( 8,681 undergrad and 2,625 graduate ) from a variety of religious , ethnic and geographic backgrounds , drawn from 41 states and 38 countries . It offers more than 80 academic programs in arts and sciences , business administration , education and health sciences , engineering and law . In 2009 , UD offered what it believes to be one of the first undergraduate degree programs in human rights . The university 's notable alumni include : Ohio Lieutenant Governor Jon Husted ; humorist Erma Bombeck ; engineer David Bradley ; architect Bruce Graham ; Super Bowl-winning coaches Jon Gruden and Chuck Noll ; first female Premier of New South Wales Kristina Keneally ; sportscaster Dan Patrick ; and the 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry , Charles J. Pedersen ."}]}, {'value': 'Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_football', 'summary': "The Dayton Flyers football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Dayton located in the U.S. state of Ohio . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League . Dayton 's first football team was fielded in 1905 . The team plays its home games at the 11,000 seat Welcome Stadium in Dayton , Ohio . The Flyers are coached by Rick Chamberlin ."}]}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio', 'summary': "Dayton ( /ˈdeɪtən/ ) is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County . A small part of the city extends into Greene County . The 2018 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 140,640 , while Greater Dayton was estimated to be at 803,416 residents . This makes Dayton the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Ohio and 63rd in the United States . Dayton is within Ohio 's Miami Valley region , just north of Greater Cincinnati . Ohio 's borders are within 500 miles ( 800 km ) of roughly 60 percent of the country 's population and manufacturing infrastructure , making the Dayton area a logistical centroid for manufacturers , suppliers , and shippers . Dayton also hosts significant research and development in fields like industrial , aeronautical , and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations . Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and its place in the community . With the decline of heavy manufacturing , Dayton 's businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors . Along with defense and aerospace , healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton area 's economy . Hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $ 6.8 billion . It is estimated that Premier Health Partners , a hospital network , contributes more than $ 2 billion a year to the region through operating , employment , and capital expenditures ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League', 'summary': "The Pioneer Football League ( PFL ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a football-only conference . It has member schools that range from New York , North Carolina , and Florida in the east to California in the west . It is headquartered in St. Louis , in the same complex that also contains the offices of the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference . Unlike most other Division I FCS conferences , the Pioneer League consists of institutions that choose not to award athletic scholarships ( grants-in-aid ) to football players . Most of the PFL 's members are private schools . Morehead State University is currently the only public school in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Duquesne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duquesne_University', 'summary': "Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit ( /djuːˈkeɪn/ ) is a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . Founded by members of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit , Duquesne first opened its doors as the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost in October 1878 with an enrollment of 40 students and a faculty of six . In 1911 , the college became the first Catholic university-level institution in Pennsylvania . It is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in the world . [ citation needed ] It is named for an 18th-century governor of New France , Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville . Duquesne has since expanded to over 9,300 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained 49-acre ( 19.8 ha ) hilltop campus in Pittsburgh 's Bluff neighborhood . The school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study . The university hosts international students from more than 80 countries although most students - about 80% - are from Pennsylvania or the surrounding region . Duquesne is considered a research university with higher research activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . There are more than 93,000 living alumni of the university including two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh . The Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I. Duquesne men 's basketball appeared twice in national championship games in the 1950s and won the NIT championship in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dukes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duquesne_Dukes_football', 'summary': 'The Duquesne Dukes football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Duquesne University located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and is a member of the Northeast Conference . Duquesne has played football as a club team from 1891-1894 , 1896-1903 , 1913-1914 , and 1920-1928 , in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) from 1929-1942 and 1947-1950 , again as a club team from 1969-1978 , in NCAA Division III from 1979-1992 and in the NCAA Division I FCS from 1993-present . The Dukes have won or shared 16 conference championships in the past 25 years . The team plays its home games at the 2,200-seat Arthur J. Rooney Athletic Field in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Dukes are coached by Jerry Schmitt . The Dukes have qualified for the FCS playoffs twice due to an automatic bid for being NEC champions in 2015 at 8-3 ( 5-1 ) and again in 2018 at 8-3 ( 5-1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Fordham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fordham_University', 'summary': "Fordham University ( /ˈfɔːrdəm/ ) is a private research university in New York City . Established in 1841 and named for the Fordham neighborhood of the Bronx in which its main campus is located , Fordham is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit university in the northeastern United States , and the third-oldest university in New York State . Founded as St. John 's College by John Hughes , then a coadjutor bishop of New York , the college was placed in the care of the Society of Jesus shortly thereafter , and has since become a Jesuit-affiliated independent school under a lay board of trustees . The college 's first president , John McCloskey , was later the first Catholic cardinal in the United States . While governed independently of the Church since 1969 , every president of Fordham University since 1846 has been a Jesuit priest , and the curriculum remains influenced by Jesuit educational principles . Fordham is the only Jesuit tertiary institution in New York City . Fordham 's alumni and faculty include U.S . Senators and representatives , four cardinals of the Catholic Church , several U.S. governors and ambassadors , a number of billionaires , two directors of the CIA , Academy Award and Emmy-winning actors , royalty , a foreign head of state , a White House Counsel , a vice chief of staff of the U.S. Army , a U.S. Postmaster General , a U.S. Attorney General , the first female vice presidential candidate of a major political party in the United States , and a president of the United States . Fordham enrolls approximately 15,300 students from more than 65 countries , and is composed of ten constituent colleges , four of which are undergraduate and six of which are postgraduate , across three campuses in southern New York State : the Rose Hill campus in the Bronx , the Lincoln Center campus in Manhattan 's Upper West Side , and the Westchester campus in West Harrison , New York . In addition to these locations , the university maintains a study abroad center in London and field offices in Spain and South Africa . The university offers degrees in over 60 disciplines . The university 's athletic teams , the Rams , include a football team that boasted a win in the Sugar Bowl , two Pro Football Hall of Famers , two All-Americans , two Canadian Football League All-Stars , and numerous NFL players ; the Rams also participated in history 's first televised college football game in 1939 and history 's first televised college basketball game in 1940 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fordham_Rams_football', 'summary': "The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Patriot League . Fordham 's first football team was fielded in 1882 . The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx , New York . The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin , distant relative to the late Ed Conlin , Fordham 's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Patriot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_University', 'summary': "Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . Founded by Bishop John Carroll in 1789 as Georgetown College , the university has grown to comprise ten undergraduate and graduate schools , among which are the School of Foreign Service , School of Business , Medical School , Law School , and a campus in Qatar . Located on a hill above the Potomac River , the school 's main campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall , a National Historic Landmark . Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institution of higher education in the United States . The Jesuits have participated in the university 's academic life , both as scholars and as administrators , since 1805 . However , the university has always been governed independently of the church , and the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic . Georgetown is a highly selective school , accepting 14 percent of undergraduate applicants for its class of 2023 . The university offers degree programs in forty-eight disciplines , enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 135 countries . Georgetown 's notable alumni include U.S. Presidents , billionaires , U.S. Supreme Court Justices , as well as international royalty and heads of state . The school produces more U.S. diplomats than any other university . Georgetown is also a top feeder school for careers in finance and investment banking on Wall Street . Georgetown is home to the country 's largest student-run business , largest student-run financial institution , the oldest continuously running student theatre troupe , and one of the oldest debating societies in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Hoyas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas_football', 'summary': 'The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football . Like other sports teams from Georgetown , the team is named the Hoyas , which derives from the chant , Hoya Saxa . They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington , D.C. Their best season in the recent era was produced in 2011 when the team led by the Class of 2012 produced an 8-3 record .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Patriot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross', 'summary': 'The College of the Holy Cross , or better known simply as Holy Cross , is a private Jesuit liberal arts college in Worcester , Massachusetts . Founded in 1843 , Holy Cross is the oldest Catholic college in New England and one of the oldest in the United States . Opened as a school for boys under the auspices of the Society of Jesus , it was the first Jesuit college in New England . Today , Holy Cross is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities ( AJCU ) and is part of the Colleges of Worcester Consortium ( COWC ) . Holy Cross sports teams are called the Crusaders , and their sole color is purple ; they compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Patriot League .'}]}, {'value': 'Crusaders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_football', 'summary': 'The Holy Cross Crusaders football team is the collegiate American football program of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . The team is a member of the Patriot League , an NCAA Division I conference that participates in Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The team plays their home games at Fitton Field .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'Patriot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Incarnate Word', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Incarnate_Word', 'summary': "The University of the Incarnate Word ( UIW ) is a private Catholic university whose main campus is located in San Antonio and Alamo Heights , Texas . Founded in 1881 by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word , the university 's main campus is located on 154 acres ( 0.6 km2 ) . The university operates an all-girls high school , Incarnate Word High School , as well as a co-educational high school , St. Anthony Catholic High School . It also operates two elementary schools , St. Anthony 's and St. Peter Prince of the Apostles , through its Brainpower Connection program ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incarnate_Word_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Incarnate Word Cardinals football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of the Incarnate Word ( UIW ) located in San Antonio , Texas . The program began in 2009 and originally competed in NCAA Division II as members of the Lone Star Conference . In 2013 , the school moved to Division I . For the 2013 season , UIW competed as a member of the Southland Conference for all sports except football . Football competed with an 11-game schedule as an Independent . UIW began playing Southland football in the 2014 season . The team plays its home games at the 6,000 seat Gayle and Tom Benson Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland_Conference', 'summary': "The Southland Conference , abbreviated to SLC , is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States ( specifically Texas , Louisiana , and Arkansas ) . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; for football , it participates in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The Southland sponsors 18 sports , 10 for women and eight for men , and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators . Tom Burnett was named the Southland 's sixth commissioner on Dec. 23 , 2002 . From 1996 to 2002 , for football only , the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League . The conference 's offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Merrimack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merrimack_College', 'summary': 'Merrimack College is a private Augustinian college in North Andover , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1947 by the Order of St. Augustine with an initial goal to educate World War II veterans . The college has grown to encompass 220 acres campus and almost 40 buildings . The library is named after Rev . Vincent A. McQuade , the founder of the college .'}]}, {'value': 'Warriors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Andover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'North Andover is a town in Essex County , Massachusetts , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 28,352 .'}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University', 'summary': "Sacred Heart University ( SHU ) is a private Roman Catholic university in Fairfield , Connecticut . Sacred Heart was founded in 1963 by the Most Reverend Walter W. Curtis , Bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport , Connecticut . Sacred Heart was the first Catholic university in the United States to be staffed by the laity . Sacred Heart is the second-largest Catholic university in New England , behind Boston College , and offers more than 80 degree programs to over 8,500 students at the bachelor 's , master 's and doctoral levels . Undergraduate students study at Sacred Heart 's international campuses in Dingle , Ireland and Luxembourg , including freshmen participating in pre-fall and Freshman Fall Abroad programs . On the main campus , academic facilities include the Frank and Marisa Martire Business & Communications Center and the Center for Healthcare Education ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers_football', 'summary': "The Sacred Heart Pioneers football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Sacred Heart University located in the U.S. state of Connecticut . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Northeast Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1993 . The team plays its home games at the 13,334 seat Campus Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull , Easton , Weston , and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 59,404 . In September 2014 , Money magazine ranked Fairfield the 44th best place to live in the United States and the best place to live in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_University', 'summary': 'Saint Francis University ( SFU ) is a private Catholic liberal arts university in Loretto , Pennsylvania . It was founded in 1847 and conducted under the tradition of the Franciscan Friars of the Third Order Regular . The university is situated on 600 acres ( 243 ha ) in the forests and farmland of Loretto .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Flash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_Red_Flash_football', 'summary': "The Saint Francis Red Flash football program represents the intercollegiate football team for Saint Francis University . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Northeast Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1892.:64 The team plays its home games at the 3,500-seat DeGol Field . They are coached by Chris Villarrial ."}]}, {'value': 'Loretto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loretto,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Loretto is a borough in Cambria County , Pennsylvania , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,302 . Like the rest of Cambria County , it is part of the Johnstown , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area . Loretto is the home of Saint Francis University .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_San_Diego', 'summary': 'The University of San Diego ( USD ) is a private Roman Catholic research university in San Diego , California . Founded in July 1949 as the San Diego College for Women and San Diego University , the academic institutions merged from the California school system into University of San Diego in 1972 . Since then , the university has grown to comprise nine undergraduate and graduate schools , to include the Shiley-Marcos School of Engineering , Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies , and School of Law . USD has 79 undergraduate and graduate programs , and enrolls approximately 9,073 undergraduate , paralegal , graduate and law students .'}]}, {'value': 'Toreros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_football', 'summary': "The San Diego Toreros football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of San Diego located in the U.S. state of California . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League . San Diego 's first football team was fielded in 1956 . The team plays its home games at the Torero Stadium in San Diego , California . The Toreros are coached by Dale Lindsey ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League', 'summary': "The Pioneer Football League ( PFL ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a football-only conference . It has member schools that range from New York , North Carolina , and Florida in the east to California in the west . It is headquartered in St. Louis , in the same complex that also contains the offices of the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference . Unlike most other Division I FCS conferences , the Pioneer League consists of institutions that choose not to award athletic scholarships ( grants-in-aid ) to football players . Most of the PFL 's members are private schools . Morehead State University is currently the only public school in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Villanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova_University', 'summary': "Villanova University is a private Catholic research university in Radnor Township , Pennsylvania . Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova , the university is the oldest Catholic university in Pennsylvania and the only Augustinian university in the United States . Founded in 1842 by the Order of Saint Augustine , the university traces its roots to old Saint Augustine 's Church , Philadelphia , which the Augustinian friars founded in 1796 , and to its parish school , Saint Augustine 's Academy , which was established in 1811 . The school 's identity remains deeply rooted in its Augustinian Catholic foundation - the majority of students are Catholic , the administration is led by priests , there is a cross on every building , and all students are required to take the Augustine and Culture Seminar course their freshman year ."}]}, {'value': 'Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS , known as Division I-AA until 2006 ) . The Wildcats currently compete in the Colonial Athletic Association for football only . They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000 , with some games at PPL Park in Chester with capacity of 18,000 . They are currently led by head coach Mark Ferrante . Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Villanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Villanova is a community in the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . It straddles Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County and Radnor Township in Delaware County . It is located at the center of the Philadelphia Main Line , a series of highly affluent Philadelphia suburban towns located along the original east-west railroad tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad . It is served by the SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line regional rail train and Norristown High Speed Line . The center of the village straddles Lancaster Pike where it intersects Spring Mill . This village center contains the area 's post office for ZIP code 19085 , an office building , the Wilmington Trust Company 's Pennsylvania headquarters , and several smaller shops . In 2019 , Realtor.com named 19085 the Most Expensive Neighborhood in Pennsylvania . Calling it For East Coast elites , with a median home list price of $ 1,370,992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'CAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCAA_football_programs_at_Catholic_colleges_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of Catholic colleges of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) that have football as a varsity sport in the United States. It also includes a list of Catholic colleges and universities which previously had major football programs. For current programs, all conference affiliations are current for the next football season of 2019.'}
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Who 's the coach of the team for the school located in the U.S. 's 66th-largest city ?
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Jerry Schmitt
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03e359f6f54ef8ee
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_football_transfers_2014', 'title': 'List of Malaysian football transfers 2014', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'To club', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Wan Azraie Wan Teh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wan_Azraie_Wan_Teh', 'summary': 'Wan Muhammad Azraie bin Wan Teh ( born 7 July 1986 ) is a Malaysian footballer who last plays for Terengganu in Malaysia Super League . Wan Azraie saved an incredible four penalties as Pahang FA returned to the 2013 Malaysia Super League after an absence of one year following a 3-2 sudden-death shootout win over Kedah FA in the promotion-relegation final at the Hang Jebat Stadium in Malacca in July 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Faizal Muhammad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Faizal_Muhammad', 'summary': 'Mohd Faizal bin Muhamad ( born 3 March 1989 ) is a Malaysian football player who plays as centre-back for Malaysian club Melaka United . He is also a former member of Malaysia senior football team and Malaysia U-23 squad . In November 2010 , Faizal was called up to the Malaysia national squad by coach K. Rajagopal for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup . Malaysia won the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup title for the first time in their history . He was loaned to Terengganu FA for 2011 Malaysia Cup and helped the team reached the final before losing 2-1 to Negeri Sembilan FA . He played all 90 minutes in final , performing a great partnership with Mohd Marzuki Yusof .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Emmanuel Effa Owona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Emmanuel_Effa_Owona', 'summary': 'Jean-Emmanuel Effa Owona ( born 26 December 1983 in Cameroon ) is a Cameroonian footballer who last played as a striker for Negeri Sembilan FA in the Malaysia Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Negeri Sembilan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_FA', 'summary': "Negeri Sembilan Football Association or simply known as Negeri Sembilan is a Malaysian professional football club based in Seremban , Negeri Sembilan that competes in the Malaysia Premier League . Founded in 1923 , the club 's home ground Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium . Negeri Sembilan won their first major honour in 1948 Malaysia Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Qhairul Anwar Roslani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qhairul_Anwar_Roslani', 'summary': 'Qhairul Anwar Roslani ( born 22 January 1987 in Seremban , Negeri Sembilan ) is a Malaysian footballer currently playing for PDRM FA in Malaysia Super League as a defender . He was a member of the Negeri Sembilan FA team that made the final of the 2010 Malaysia Cup , but lost to Kelantan FA .'}]}, {'value': 'Felda United F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felda_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'FELDA United Football Club is a professional Malaysian football club based in Jengka , Pahang which is owned by Federal Land Development Authority ( FELDA ) . The club currently plays in the top division of Malaysian football , Malaysia Super League , after being crowned the 2018 Malaysia Premier League Champions to be promoted into the Super League . Known as The Fighters among the fans , FELDA United has participated in the Malaysian football league since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DRC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Wan Muhd Firdaus Wan Demi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuantan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan_FA', 'summary': "Marcerra Kuantan Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Daerah Kuantan ) is a defunct Malaysian football club based in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The club was established in 1970 and began competing in the local league as Kuantan FA . In early 2018 , the club 's right was sold to Marcerra United and they decided to rename the club as Marcerra Kuantan FA as a symbol of the club 's new start . Some of the locals consider calling the club as the A.S. Roma of Malaysian Football due to the club sharing the same kit color scheme with the Serie A side . On the 21st of April 2018 , the club has officially withdrew by the orders of Football Association of Malaysia due to the ongoing off field issues . The club on the last season played in the Malaysia Premier League . The club most prestigious achievement was winning the 2014 FAM League and achieving promotion to the Malaysia Premier League . Kuantan FA won the league with two matches to spare , their first title in their 2-year FAM League participation , after a 1-1 draw with MOF FC on 20 June 2014 . Former Kuantan FA head coach , Ismail Zakaria revealed to FOX Sports Asia in an article that The situation got so bad we had to use our own transport to get to matches , because the clubs bus driver was not paid . We also got chased out of our training ground , it was shameful ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Ahmad Abdul Fattah Abdullah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuantan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan_FA', 'summary': "Marcerra Kuantan Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Daerah Kuantan ) is a defunct Malaysian football club based in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The club was established in 1970 and began competing in the local league as Kuantan FA . In early 2018 , the club 's right was sold to Marcerra United and they decided to rename the club as Marcerra Kuantan FA as a symbol of the club 's new start . Some of the locals consider calling the club as the A.S. Roma of Malaysian Football due to the club sharing the same kit color scheme with the Serie A side . On the 21st of April 2018 , the club has officially withdrew by the orders of Football Association of Malaysia due to the ongoing off field issues . The club on the last season played in the Malaysia Premier League . The club most prestigious achievement was winning the 2014 FAM League and achieving promotion to the Malaysia Premier League . Kuantan FA won the league with two matches to spare , their first title in their 2-year FAM League participation , after a 1-1 draw with MOF FC on 20 June 2014 . Former Kuantan FA head coach , Ismail Zakaria revealed to FOX Sports Asia in an article that The situation got so bad we had to use our own transport to get to matches , because the clubs bus driver was not paid . We also got chased out of our training ground , it was shameful ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Khairan Ezuan Razali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khairan_Ezuan_Razali', 'summary': 'Khairan Ezuan Razali ( born 3 June 1986 in Kota Bharu , Kelantan ) is a Malaysian footballer who plays as a midfielder for MPKB-BRI U-Bes F.C . in Malaysia FAM League .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamsul Kamal Mohamad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamsul_Kamal_Mohamad', 'summary': 'Shamsul Kamal Bin Mohamad ( born 21 May 1989 ) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays for Kelantan United as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMRL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'G. Puaneswaran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G._Puaneswaran', 'summary': 'Puaneswaran a/l Gunasekaran ( born 27 May 1983 in Selangor ) is a Malaysian footballer who plays and for Malaysia Super League club Melaka United . Puaneswaran plays mainly as a right winger but can also plays as a right back .'}]}, {'value': 'Negeri Sembilan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_FA', 'summary': "Negeri Sembilan Football Association or simply known as Negeri Sembilan is a Malaysian professional football club based in Seremban , Negeri Sembilan that competes in the Malaysia Premier League . Founded in 1923 , the club 's home ground Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium . Negeri Sembilan won their first major honour in 1948 Malaysia Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Farderin Kadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farderin_Kadir', 'summary': 'Farderin bin Kadir ( born 30 January 1987 , in Malacca ) is a Malaysian footballer who mainly plays as a striker but can also plays as an attacking midfielder for Persib Bandung . He is also a member of the Malaysia U-23 squad and a former member of the Malaysia U-20 squad .'}]}, {'value': 'Sime Darby F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sime_Darby_F.C.', 'summary': "Sime Darby Football Club is a Malaysian football club which represents and are backed by Sime Darby Berhad , one of Malaysia 's largest conglomerates . The team has some pedigree having won the FAM Cup twice , the most recent being the 2017 Malaysia FAM League . Their previous win was in 2010 , in the same year of its incorporation ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Fahmi Izzuddin Mohd Zuki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuantan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan_FA', 'summary': "Marcerra Kuantan Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Daerah Kuantan ) is a defunct Malaysian football club based in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The club was established in 1970 and began competing in the local league as Kuantan FA . In early 2018 , the club 's right was sold to Marcerra United and they decided to rename the club as Marcerra Kuantan FA as a symbol of the club 's new start . Some of the locals consider calling the club as the A.S. Roma of Malaysian Football due to the club sharing the same kit color scheme with the Serie A side . On the 21st of April 2018 , the club has officially withdrew by the orders of Football Association of Malaysia due to the ongoing off field issues . The club on the last season played in the Malaysia Premier League . The club most prestigious achievement was winning the 2014 FAM League and achieving promotion to the Malaysia Premier League . Kuantan FA won the league with two matches to spare , their first title in their 2-year FAM League participation , after a 1-1 draw with MOF FC on 20 June 2014 . Former Kuantan FA head coach , Ismail Zakaria revealed to FOX Sports Asia in an article that The situation got so bad we had to use our own transport to get to matches , because the clubs bus driver was not paid . We also got chased out of our training ground , it was shameful ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Zul Helmi Jamaluddin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuantan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuantan_FA', 'summary': "Marcerra Kuantan Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Daerah Kuantan ) is a defunct Malaysian football club based in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The club was established in 1970 and began competing in the local league as Kuantan FA . In early 2018 , the club 's right was sold to Marcerra United and they decided to rename the club as Marcerra Kuantan FA as a symbol of the club 's new start . Some of the locals consider calling the club as the A.S. Roma of Malaysian Football due to the club sharing the same kit color scheme with the Serie A side . On the 21st of April 2018 , the club has officially withdrew by the orders of Football Association of Malaysia due to the ongoing off field issues . The club on the last season played in the Malaysia Premier League . The club most prestigious achievement was winning the 2014 FAM League and achieving promotion to the Malaysia Premier League . Kuantan FA won the league with two matches to spare , their first title in their 2-year FAM League participation , after a 1-1 draw with MOF FC on 20 June 2014 . Former Kuantan FA head coach , Ismail Zakaria revealed to FOX Sports Asia in an article that The situation got so bad we had to use our own transport to get to matches , because the clubs bus driver was not paid . We also got chased out of our training ground , it was shameful ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assistant Coach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosdi Talib', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosdi_Talib', 'summary': 'Rosdi Bin Talib ( born 11 January 1976 ) is a Malaysian former international footballer . Rosdi plays mainly as a left-back but can also plays as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Hanelang F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanelang_F.C.', 'summary': "The Terengganu Hanelang enters a club in Malaysian football competitions to represent the district of Hulu Terengganu . The team 's homebase is located at Tasik Kenyir . They recently played in the third-tier division in Malaysian football , the Malaysia FAM League ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Syed Adney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syed_Adney', 'summary': 'Syed Adney Syed Hussein ( born 29 November 1986 ) is a former Malaysian footballer who is now a football commentator in Malaysia . He was born in Liverpool , England . He has been capped by the Malaysian national team and also has played for the Malaysian Pre-Olympic squad . He has openly expressed his wish to play in the English football league , and had trials with Middlesbrough FC and Darlington FC .'}]}, {'value': 'ATM FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ATM_FA', 'summary': "Armed Forces Football Club commonly known as Armed Forces enters a team in Malaysian football competitions to represent the Malaysian Armed Forces . The club 's home stadium is the MINDEF Stadium . The club currently plays in the 3rd division of Malaysian football , the Malaysia M3 League ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Shahrul Nizam Mohd Shukri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Hasrol Syawal Hamid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Ramzi Sufian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B', 'summary': "Harimau Muda B was the club name for the former Malaysia Under-21 National Football Team and was managed by the Football Association of Malaysia . The national team played as a club under the name Harimau Muda B which took part in Malaysia Premier League from the 2007-08 season and also FA Cup Malaysia . In 2015 , Harimau Muda once again became a single team composed of former Harimau Muda A & B players . Harimau Muda B last competed in Singapore 's 2014 S. League . The team was aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the Harimau Muda has disbanded by FAM which means all the player from Harimau Muda A , Harimau Muda B and Harimau Muda C will be returned to their own state . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Nik Zul Aziz Nawawi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nik_Zul_Aziz_Nawawi', 'summary': 'Nik Zul Aziz bin Nik Nawawi ( born 7 April 1987 ) is a Malaysian footballer currently playing for Kuala Lumpur FA in Malaysia Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Terengganu FA -- Transfers out', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Malaysian_football_transfers_2014_21', 'intro': 'The following is a list of transfers for the 2014 Malaysian football.'}
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What position did the player called up to the Malaysia national squad for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup play in ?
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Defender
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03e3a96710f6ddae
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres', 'title': '10,000 metres', 'header': ['Year', 'Time', 'Athlete', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2019 , the main athletic events are the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , the 2019 IAAF World Relays , and the 2019 World Athletics Championships .'}]}, {'value': '30:17.62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sifan Hassan ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sifan_Hassan', 'summary': "Sifan Hassan ( Oromo : Siifan Hassan ; born 1 January 1993 ) is an Ethiopian-born Dutch middle- and long-distance runner . She won two gold medals at the 2019 World Championships , in the 1500 metres and 10,000 metres events , becoming the first athlete ( male or female ) in history to win both events at a single World Championships or Olympic Games . Hassan was the 2016 1500m indoor World champion . At the 2015 Beijing World Championships she won a bronze medal in the 1500m and a bronze medal in the 5000m at the 2017 London edition . In February 2019 Hassan set the world record for a 5 km road race and in July 2019 she broke the women 's mile world record ."}]}, {'value': 'Doha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doha', 'summary': "Doha ( Arabic : الدوحة , ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa , pronounced [ adˈdawħa ] ) is the capital and most populous city of the State of Qatar . It has a population of 956,460 ( 2015 ) . The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country . It is Qatar 's fastest growing city , with over 80% of the nation 's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs , [ citation needed ] and it is also the economic centre of the country . Doha was founded in the 1820s as an offshoot of Al Bidda . It was officially declared as the country 's capital in 1971 , when Qatar gained independence from being a British Protectorate . As the commercial capital of Qatar and one of the emergent financial centres in the Middle East , Doha is considered a beta-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Doha accommodates Education City , an area devoted to research and education . The city was host to the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations . It was also selected as host city of a number of sporting events , including the 2006 Asian Games , the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup . In December 2011 , the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha . Additionally , the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host many of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2018 , no world outdoor athletics championships was held . Major events held during the year included the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships , 2018 IAAF Continental Cup , 2018 IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships , and 2018 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships .'}]}, {'value': '30:41.85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pauline Kamulu ( KEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pauline_Kamulu', 'summary': "Pauline Kaveke Kamulu ( born 30 December 1994 ) is a Kenyan female long-distance runner who competes in track , road and cross country running disciplines . She was a medalist at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2018 . Raised in Machakos County , Kamulu won the Pune Half Marathon at the age of seventeen , setting a course record of 1:08:37 hours . Kamulu made her international debut as a junior at the World Cross Country Championships where she finished in eleventh place and was a non-point scorer on the winning Kenyan junior women 's team . Following this she began to compete in Japan and ran with the Route Inn Hotels corporate running team . She won the 5000 metres at the Noboeka Golden Games in 2014 and was tenth over that distance at the All-Japan Corporate Track and Field Championships later that year . She ran at the 2014 and 2015 All-Japan Women 's Corporate Ekiden Championships . She showed an aptitude for longer distances with third place at the 2015 Sanyo Women 's Half Marathon . After a quiet 2016 she set a series of personal bests in 2017 , including 1:08:04 hours for the half marathon , 8:48.27 in the 3000 metres , 14:58.82 in the 5000 m and 31:47.13 for the 10,000 metres . Her half marathon time came from a victory at the Sanyo race in Okayama and this was a new race record . Kamulu began 2018 with a win at the All-Japan Corporate Half Marathon Championships . She earned her first senior national selection in that event , being part of the Kenyan women 's team at the 2018 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Fukagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukagawa,_Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Fukagawa ( 深川市 , Fukagawa-shi ) is a city located in Sorachi Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan . As of September 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 21,618 , and the density of 41 persons per km² . The total area is 529.12 km² . Fukagawa is a small but vibrant city most known for its plentiful rice fields and apple and cherry orchards in Otoe , a township to the south of the downtown area . Fukagawa is growing largely in Otoe , anchored by its Roadside Station , which is the third-busiest in Hokkaido , according to an article in the Hokkaido Shimbun .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2017 , the foremost athletics event was the World Championships in London . The other major global-level competition in 2017 was the World Cross Country Championships .'}]}, {'value': '30:16.32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almaz Ayana ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almaz_Ayana', 'summary': 'Almaz Ayana Eba ( Amharic : አልማዝ አያና ኤባ , born 21 November 1991 ) is an Ethiopian female long-distance runner who competes in the 3000 metres , 5000 metres , and 10,000 metres events . She broke the 10,000 metres world record , set in 1993 , while winning the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . At the 2017 World Championships in London , Almaz won the gold medal in the 10,000 metres , finishing 46 seconds ahead of the runner-up .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "In 2016 , the foremost athletics events will be staged at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro . The two other major global level competitions in 2016 are the World Indoor Championships and World Half Marathon Championships . A new addition to the continental tournament schedule came in the form of the 2016 European Athletics Youth Championships . Two long-running competitions were renamed and held under new titles in 2016 . The World Junior Championships in Athletics became the 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships and the IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held as the 2016 IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships . The hosting of the two above events had to be reopened as they were affected by the suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation as a result of contraventions of the World Anti-Doping Code . As a major nation in athletics , Russia 's ban meant the absence of many world class athletes from competition . Kenya - another prominent country - was subject to a World Anti-Doping Agency plan to improve its own anti-doping infrastructure , on pain of exclusion from international events ."}]}, {'value': '29:17.45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almaz Ayana ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almaz_Ayana', 'summary': 'Almaz Ayana Eba ( Amharic : አልማዝ አያና ኤባ , born 21 November 1991 ) is an Ethiopian female long-distance runner who competes in the 3000 metres , 5000 metres , and 10,000 metres events . She broke the 10,000 metres world record , set in 1993 , while winning the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . At the 2017 World Championships in London , Almaz won the gold medal in the 10,000 metres , finishing 46 seconds ahead of the runner-up .'}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2015 , the foremost athletics event was the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing . The two other major global level competitions in 2015 are the World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Relays . The 2015 season marked the introduction of athletics at the European Games . However , this will not be a major continental event for athletics in the style of the Asian Games , as only the lower tier of the European Team Championships will be contested at the games . Major outdoor continental events will be held for the Americas ( Pan American Games ) , Africa ( All-Africa Games ) , Asia ( 2015 Asian Athletics Championships ) and Oceania ( Oceania Athletics Championships ) . The Asian Youth Athletics Championships will be inaugurated this year .'}]}, {'value': '30:49.68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gelete Burka ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gelete_Burka', 'summary': 'Gelete Burka Bati ( sometimes misspelled Burika , Oromo : Galate Burqaa Baati , Amharic : ገለቴ ቡርቃ ; born 23 January 1986 ) is an Ethiopian middle-distance and long-distance runner . She was born in Kofele in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region , the same district as double Olympic champion Haile Gebrselassie . Gelete was the short course champion at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . She is a three-time medalist at the IAAF World Indoor Championships , her best performance being a gold medal win in the 1500 m in 2008 . She is a four-time participant at the World Championships in Athletics ( 2005 to 2011 ) and represented Ethiopia at the Olympics in both 2008 and 2012 . She has also medalled on the regional stage , having been the runner-up at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics and the gold medallist at the 2007 All-Africa Games . She was the African record holder for the mile run and the indoor 1500 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Hengelo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hengelo', 'summary': 'Hengelo ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɦɛŋəloː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in the eastern part of the Netherlands , in the province of Overijssel . The city lies along the motorways A1/E30 and A35 and it has a station for the international Amsterdam - Hannover - Berlin service .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2014 there was no primary outdoor global athletics championship , as neither the Summer Olympics nor the World Championships in Athletics occurred in the year . The 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships , and the 2014 IAAF Continental Cup were the foremost global events to be held in 2014 . The 2014 IAAF World Relays marked the debut of the new international competition exclusively for relay races . The Diamond League entered its fifth year as the foremost seasonal track and field series . The 2014 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and the 2014 IAAF World Race Walking Cup were the highest level competitions for those disciplines . Major regional events which took place in 2014 include the European Championships , African Championships , and Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': '30:42.26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sally Kipyego ( KEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sally_Kipyego', 'summary': "Sally Jepkosgei Kipyego ( born 19 December 1985 ) is a Kenyan-born American long- and middle-distance runner . She was the silver medallist in the 10,000 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the silver medalist in the same race at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . She has a personal record of 30:38.35 minutes for that event and her 5000 metres best of 14:30.42 minutes makes her the second fastest Kenyan woman for the distance . She competed as part of the Texas Tech Red Raiders cross country and track and field teams under coach Wes Kittley . She became the first Kenyan woman to win a NCAA cross country individual championship , the first woman to win three consecutive NCAA Division I Cross Country titles , and the first runner to win three consecutive Big 12 Conference cross country titles . She also won three straight NCAA Indoor titles over 5000 m and was a two-time NCAA Outdoor champion . She is tied with Suzy Favor-Hamilton for the most individual championships in NCAA history . Kipyego won more individual NCAA championships in 2 years than any other runner in NCAA history . Academically , Kipyego earned a nursing degree . She runs professionally on the International Association of Athletics Federations ' ( IAAF ) World Athletics Tour . She is sponsored by Nike , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Palo Alto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California', 'summary': "Palo Alto ( /ˌpæloʊ ˈæltoʊ/ ) is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County , California , United States , in the San Francisco Bay Area . Palo Alto means tall stick in Spanish ; the city is named after a coastal redwood tree called El Palo Alto . The city was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University , following the death of his son , Leland Stanford Jr. Palo Alto includes portions of Stanford University and shares its borders with East Palo Alto , Mountain View , Los Altos , Los Altos Hills , Stanford , Portola Valley , and Menlo Park . As of the 2010 census , the city 's total resident population is 64,403 . Palo Alto is one of the five most expensive cities in the United States to live in and its residents are among the highest educated in the country . As one of the principal cities of Silicon Valley , Palo Alto is headquarters to a number of high-technology companies , including Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) , Space Systems/Loral , VMware , Tesla , Ford Research and Innovation Center , PARC , IDEO , Skype , Palantir Technologies , Houzz , and Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center . Palo Alto has also served as an incubator and is headquarters to several other prominent high-technology companies such as Apple , Google , Facebook , Logitech , Intuit , Pinterest , and PayPal ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2013 the foremost competition in athletics was the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow . The International Association of Athletics Federations will hold two other global level competitions this year : the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the 2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics . The IAAF World Cross Country Championships will return after its move to a biennial format . The Diamond League enters its fourth year as the foremost seasonal track and field series .'}]}, {'value': '30:08.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meseret Defar ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meseret_Defar', 'summary': 'Meseret Defar Tola ( Amharic : መሰረት ደፋር ; born 19 November 1983 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes chiefly in the 3000 metres and 5000 metres events . She has won medals at top-tier international competitions including Olympic and World Championship gold medals over 5000 metres . She broke the world record in the event in 2006 , broke it again in 2007 and held it until 2008 , when fellow Ethiopian Tirunesh Dibaba beat her time . In 2007 on a track in Brussels Belgium , she became the only woman , with a 2 mile run in less than 9 minutes ( 8:58.58 ) . This was an improvement on the world record by 11 seconds . Defar has been successful in the 5000 m at the Olympic Games , taking gold at the 2012 London Olympics , 2004 Athens Olympics and bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . She has experienced similar success in the World Championships , taking silver in 2005 Helsinki Championships and gold at the 2007 Osaka Championships . Defar held the indoor records for the 5000 metres , 3000 metres and two-mile run . She has dominated the 3000 m indoor event , winning four consecutive gold medals at the IAAF World Indoor Championships from 2004 to 2010 . She is also a two-time champion at the All-Africa Games , a four-time medalist at the African Championships and a two-time gold medalist at the World Junior Championships . Defar took a break from competition in 2014 in order to start a family . She vowed to return by 2015 although she did not compete in the August World Championships in Beijing .'}]}, {'value': 'Sollentuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sollentuna_Municipality', 'summary': 'Sollentuna Municipality ( Sollentuna kommun [ ˈsɔ̂lːɛnˌtʉːna kʊˈmʉːn ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden , north of Stockholm . Its seat of local government is located in Tureberg , which is a part of the Stockholm urban area . Sollentuna borders the municipalities of Solna , Sundbyberg , Stockholm , Järfälla , Upplands Väsby , Täby and Danderyd in clockwise order starting to the south .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2012 the foremost competition in athletics was the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . The International Association of Athletics Federations held four other global level competitions in 2012 : the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships , 2012 IAAF World Race Walking Cup , 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics and the 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . For the first time since 1945 , there was no global level championship for cross country running , as the IAAF World Cross Country Championships moved to a biennial format . Three of the major continental championships were held a month prior to the London Olympics : the 2012 African Championships in Athletics , 2012 European Athletics Championships and 2012 Oceania Athletics Championships . The Diamond League entered its third year as the foremost seasonal track and field series .'}]}, {'value': '30:20.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirunesh Dibaba ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba', 'summary': "Tirunesh Dibaba , also known as Tirunesh Dibaba Kenene , ( Amharic : ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ ቀነኒ ; born 1 June 1985 ) is an Ethiopian athlete who competes in long distance track events and international road races . She is the 5000 metres ( outdoor track ) world record holder . She has won three Olympic track gold medals , five World Championship track gold medals , four individual World Cross Country ( WCC ) adult titles , and one individual WCC junior title . She is nicknamed the Baby Faced Destroyer . At the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki Finland , she became the first women to win the 5000 m and 10000m at the same championship . She is the one of two women ( the other Sonia O'Sullivan ) who won the short and long course World Cross Country title at the same championship ( 2005 in Saint Galmier , France ) . With her 2003 World championship title , she became the youngest World Champion with the age of 18 years and 90 days ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2011 , the foremost athletics event was the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu . The other major global level competition held in 2011 was the World Cross Country Championships . The 2011 season marked the re-establishment of the African Cross Country Championships , an event created in response to the change of the World Cross Championships from an annual to a biennial format . It was also the first year since 1992 that the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was not held , as that competition also switched to a two-year schedule .'}]}, {'value': '30:38.35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sally Kipyego ( KEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sally_Kipyego', 'summary': "Sally Jepkosgei Kipyego ( born 19 December 1985 ) is a Kenyan-born American long- and middle-distance runner . She was the silver medallist in the 10,000 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the silver medalist in the same race at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . She has a personal record of 30:38.35 minutes for that event and her 5000 metres best of 14:30.42 minutes makes her the second fastest Kenyan woman for the distance . She competed as part of the Texas Tech Red Raiders cross country and track and field teams under coach Wes Kittley . She became the first Kenyan woman to win a NCAA cross country individual championship , the first woman to win three consecutive NCAA Division I Cross Country titles , and the first runner to win three consecutive Big 12 Conference cross country titles . She also won three straight NCAA Indoor titles over 5000 m and was a two-time NCAA Outdoor champion . She is tied with Suzy Favor-Hamilton for the most individual championships in NCAA history . Kipyego won more individual NCAA championships in 2 years than any other runner in NCAA history . Academically , Kipyego earned a nursing degree . She runs professionally on the International Association of Athletics Federations ' ( IAAF ) World Athletics Tour . She is sponsored by Nike , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Palo Alto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palo_Alto', 'summary': "Palo Alto ( /ˌpæloʊ ˈæltoʊ/ ) is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County , California , United States , in the San Francisco Bay Area . Palo Alto means tall stick in Spanish ; the city is named after a coastal redwood tree called El Palo Alto . The city was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University , following the death of his son , Leland Stanford Jr. Palo Alto includes portions of Stanford University and shares its borders with East Palo Alto , Mountain View , Los Altos , Los Altos Hills , Stanford , Portola Valley , and Menlo Park . As of the 2010 census , the city 's total resident population is 64,403 . Palo Alto is one of the five most expensive cities in the United States to live in and its residents are among the highest educated in the country . As one of the principal cities of Silicon Valley , Palo Alto is headquarters to a number of high-technology companies , including Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) , Space Systems/Loral , VMware , Tesla , Ford Research and Innovation Center , PARC , IDEO , Skype , Palantir Technologies , Houzz , and Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center . Palo Alto has also served as an incubator and is headquarters to several other prominent high-technology companies such as Apple , Google , Facebook , Logitech , Intuit , Pinterest , and PayPal ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "In 2010 there was no obvious , primary athletics championship , as neither the Summer Olympics nor the World Championships in Athletics occurred in the year . The foremost championships to be held in 2010 included : the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships , 2010 European Athletics Championships , 2010 African Championships in Athletics , and Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . Two major competitions debuted in new formats . The IAAF Diamond League - a worldwide expansion on the European-centred IAAF Golden League concept - saw a schedule of fourteen one-day meetings with some of the sport 's most prominent athletes centrally contracted to a track and field series for the first time . The second competition was the renamed IAAF Continental Cup ( formerly World Cup ) which had its format simplified : previously a contest between several countries and continents , it comprised only four teams ( Africa , the Americas , Europe and Asia/Oceania ) ."}]}, {'value': '31:04.52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meselech Melkamu ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meselech_Melkamu', 'summary': 'Meselech Melkamu ( Amharic : መሰለች መልካሙ ; born 27 April 1985 in Debre Marqos ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner . She defeated Meseret Defar to win the 5000 metres gold medal at the 2008 African Athletics Championships , but she is better known for her 29:53.80 run over 10,000 metres in 2009 , which until August 2016 ranked her second on the all-time list behind world record holder Wang Junxia . She is one of seven woman in history to break the 30-minute barrier and one of four Ethiopians to accomplish the feat . Since 2012 , she has competed in road races . She won the 2012 Frankfurt Marathon in a course record and personal best of 2:21:01 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Ostrava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ostrava', 'summary': "Ostrava ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈostrava ] , locally : [ oˈstrava ] ( listen ) ; Polish : Ostrawa , German : Ostrau ) is a city in the north-east of the Czech Republic , and the capital of the Moravian-Silesian Region . It is 15 km ( 9 mi ) from the border with Poland , at the meeting point of four rivers : the Odra , Opava , Ostravice and Lučina . In terms of both population and area Ostrava is the third largest city in the Czech Republic , the second largest city in Moravia , and the largest city in Czech Silesia . It straddles the border of the two historic provinces of Moravia and Silesia . The population is almost 300,000 people . The wider conurbation - which also includes the towns of Bohumín , Doubrava , Havířov , Karviná , Orlová , Petřvald and Rychvald - is home to about 500,000 people , making it the largest urban area in the Czech Republic apart from the capital , Prague . Ostrava grew in importance due to its position at the heart of a major coalfield , becoming an important industrial centre . It was previously known as the country 's steel heart thanks to its status as a coal-mining and metallurgical centre , but since the Velvet Revolution ( the fall of communism in 1989 ) it has undergone radical and far-reaching changes to its economic base . Industries have been thoroughly restructured , and the last coal was mined in the city in 1994 . However , remnants of the city 's industrial past are visible in the Lower Vítkovice area , a former coal-mining , coke production and ironworks complex in the city centre which retains its historic industrial architecture . Lower Vítkovice has applied for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Ostrava is home to various cultural facilities including theatres and galleries ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 2009 in athletics . The major competition of the year was the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . At the event , Usain Bolt reaffirmed himself as one of the world 's foremost athletes with world records in the 100 and 200 metres . Caster Semenya won 800 m gold at the championships , but a request that she submit to a gender verification test was made public , sparking widespread controversy and debate . Yelena Isinbayeva , a clear favourite , finished last in the pole vault competition , but rebounded with a world record a week later . Kenenisa Bekele , Sanya Richards and Isinbayeva were the winners of the last IAAF Golden League jackpot , as the series was replaced by the IAAF Diamond League in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '29:53.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meselech Melkamu ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meselech_Melkamu', 'summary': 'Meselech Melkamu ( Amharic : መሰለች መልካሙ ; born 27 April 1985 in Debre Marqos ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner . She defeated Meseret Defar to win the 5000 metres gold medal at the 2008 African Athletics Championships , but she is better known for her 29:53.80 run over 10,000 metres in 2009 , which until August 2016 ranked her second on the all-time list behind world record holder Wang Junxia . She is one of seven woman in history to break the 30-minute barrier and one of four Ethiopians to accomplish the feat . Since 2012 , she has competed in road races . She won the 2012 Frankfurt Marathon in a course record and personal best of 2:21:01 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Utrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrecht_(city)', 'summary': "Utrecht ( /ˈjuːtrɛkt/ YOO-trekt , also UK : /juːˈtrɛxt/ yoo-TREKHT , Dutch : [ ˈytrɛxt ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands , capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht . It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation , in the very centre of mainland Netherlands ; it had a population of 357,179 as of 2019 . Utrecht 's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures , several dating as far back as the High Middle Ages . It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century . It lost the status of prince-bishopric but remains the main religious centre in the country . Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age , when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country 's cultural centre and most populous city . Utrecht is host to Utrecht University , the largest university in the Netherlands , as well as several other institutions of higher education . Due to its central position within the country , it is an important transport hub for both rail and road transport ; the busiest train station in the Netherlands , Utrecht Centraal , is in the city of Utrecht . It has the second highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam . In 2012 , Lonely Planet included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world 's unsung places ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 2008 in athletics'}]}, {'value': '29:54.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirunesh Dibaba ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba', 'summary': "Tirunesh Dibaba , also known as Tirunesh Dibaba Kenene , ( Amharic : ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ ቀነኒ ; born 1 June 1985 ) is an Ethiopian athlete who competes in long distance track events and international road races . She is the 5000 metres ( outdoor track ) world record holder . She has won three Olympic track gold medals , five World Championship track gold medals , four individual World Cross Country ( WCC ) adult titles , and one individual WCC junior title . She is nicknamed the Baby Faced Destroyer . At the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki Finland , she became the first women to win the 5000 m and 10000m at the same championship . She is the one of two women ( the other Sonia O'Sullivan ) who won the short and long course World Cross Country title at the same championship ( 2005 in Saint Galmier , France ) . With her 2003 World championship title , she became the youngest World Champion with the age of 18 years and 90 days ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '31:00.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mestawet Tufa ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mestawet_Tufa', 'summary': "Mestawet Tufa ( Amharic : መስታወት ቱፋ ; born 14 September 1983 in Arsi ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner . She was the winner of the women 's 10,000 metres at the 2007 All-Africa Games and the runner up in the senior women 's race at the 2008 World Cross Country Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Valkenswaard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valkenswaard', 'summary': "Valkenswaard ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a municipality and a town in the southern Netherlands , in the Metropoolregio Eindhoven of the province of North Brabant . The municipality had a population of 30,910 in 2019 and spans an area of 56.49 km2 ( 21.81 sq mi ) of which 1.48 km2 ( 0.57 sq mi ) is water . The name Valkenswaard stems from its history of falconers , who caught wild falcons there ; valk is Dutch for falcon . It lay on a route where falcons migrated south each year . In the 17th , 18th , and 19th centuries , Valkenswaardian falconers were active at many European courts , in which falconing was a beloved pastime . Valkenswaard 's falcon-catching area has now been built over and falcons are no longer caught there . In the 19th and 20th century , a number of large cigar factories were founded in Valkenswaard , the two most renowned of which being Willem II and Hofnar . A Second World War cemetery containing 220 British soldiers was created near Valkenswaard in October 1944 . It is now maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . The spoken language is Kempenlands ( an East Brabantian dialect , which is very similar to colloquial Dutch ) . The Eurocircuit Valkenswaard is a motorsport racetrack that has hosted the European Rallycross Championship and the FIM Motocross World Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'The following events in the sport of athletics took place in 2006 :'}]}, {'value': '30:21.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elvan Abeylegesse ( TUR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvan_Abeylegesse', 'summary': "Elvan Abeylegesse , ( also formerly : Hewan Abeye ( አልቫን አበይለገሠ , Amharic ) and Elvan Can ( Turkish ) ; born September 11 , 1982 ) is an Ethiopian-born Turkish middle and long-distance running athlete who competes over distances from 1500 metres up to the marathon , and also in cross country . She is the former world record-holder for the 5000 metres , at 14:24.68 minutes . In August 2015 , the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an anti-doping test taken during the 2007 World Championships in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance , and that the athlete had been temporarily suspended pending retesting of her ' B-sample ' . If confirmed , Abeylegesse stood to lose her 2007 medal , and possibly other awards from that date . On 29 March 2017 , IAAF confirmed the positive test , expunged her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009 ( thereby stripping her of the two silver medals she had won at the 2008 Olympic Games ) , and banned her from athletics for two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Antalya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antalya', 'summary': "Antalya ( Turkish pronunciation : [ anˈtalja ] ) is the fifth-most populous city in Turkey and the capital of Antalya Province . Located on Anatolia 's southwest coast bordered by the Taurus Mountains , Antalya is the largest Turkish city on the Mediterranean coast with over one million people in its metropolitan area . The city that is now Antalya was first settled around 200 BC by the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon , which was soon subdued by the Romans . Roman rule saw Antalya thrive , including the construction of several new monuments , such as Hadrian 's Gate , and the proliferation of neighboring cities . The city has changed hands several times , including to the Seljuk Sultanate in 1207 and an expanding Ottoman Empire in 1391 . Ottoman rule brought relative peace and stability for the next five hundred years . The city was transferred to Italian suzerainty in the aftermath of World War I , but was recaptured by a newly independent Turkey in the War of Independence . Antalya is Turkey 's biggest international sea resort , located on the Turkish Riviera . Large-scale development and governmental funding has promoted tourism . A record 12.5 million tourists passed through the city in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page shows the main events during the 2005 year in the sport of athletics throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '30:15.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirunesh Dibaba ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba', 'summary': "Tirunesh Dibaba , also known as Tirunesh Dibaba Kenene , ( Amharic : ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ ቀነኒ ; born 1 June 1985 ) is an Ethiopian athlete who competes in long distance track events and international road races . She is the 5000 metres ( outdoor track ) world record holder . She has won three Olympic track gold medals , five World Championship track gold medals , four individual World Cross Country ( WCC ) adult titles , and one individual WCC junior title . She is nicknamed the Baby Faced Destroyer . At the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki Finland , she became the first women to win the 5000 m and 10000m at the same championship . She is the one of two women ( the other Sonia O'Sullivan ) who won the short and long course World Cross Country title at the same championship ( 2005 in Saint Galmier , France ) . With her 2003 World championship title , she became the youngest World Champion with the age of 18 years and 90 days ."}]}, {'value': 'Sollentuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sollentuna_Municipality', 'summary': 'Sollentuna Municipality ( Sollentuna kommun [ ˈsɔ̂lːɛnˌtʉːna kʊˈmʉːn ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden , north of Stockholm . Its seat of local government is located in Tureberg , which is a part of the Stockholm urban area . Sollentuna borders the municipalities of Solna , Sundbyberg , Stockholm , Järfälla , Upplands Väsby , Täby and Danderyd in clockwise order starting to the south .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2004 . The major competition of the year was the 2004 Summer Olympics . At the event , Yelena Isinbayeva cleared a world record 4.91 m in the pole vault . Liu Xiang won the men 's 110 metres hurdles with a world record-equalling time of 12.91 seconds , defying traditional beliefs about the physical calibre of Chinese ( and Asian ) sprint athletes . Hicham El Guerrouj capped off his prominent international career with two gold medals in the 1500 m and 5000 m. The Olympic competition in Athens was marred by an incident involving Greek Olympic medallists Konstantinos Kenteris and Ekaterini Thanou , who were alleged to have staged a motorcycle crash in order to avoid doping tests . Both athletes missed the competition and were later banned for missing three doping tests ."}]}, {'value': '30:17.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paula Radcliffe ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe', 'summary': "Paula Jane Radcliffe , MBE ( born 17 December 1973 ) is a British long-distance runner . She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) , three-time New York Marathon champion ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 ) , and 2002 Chicago Marathon winner . She was previously the fastest female marathoner of all time , and held the Women 's World Marathon Record with a time of 2:15:25 for 16 years from 2003 to 2019 when it was broken by Brigid Kosgei . Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon , half marathon and cross country . She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres and in cross country . On the track , Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres . She represented Great Britain at the Olympics in four consecutive games ( 1996 to 2008 ) , although she never won an Olympic medal . Her running has earned her a number of accolades including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , Laureus World Comeback of the Year , IAAF World Athlete of the Year , AIMS World Athlete of the Year ( three times ) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . She has also been nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions . In 2010 , she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame . She ended her competitive running career at the 2015 London Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Gateshead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gateshead', 'summary': "Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear , England , on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne . Gateshead and Newcastle are joined by seven bridges across the Tyne , including the Gateshead Millennium Bridge . The town is known for its architecture , including the Sage Gateshead , the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art . Residents of Gateshead , like the rest of Tyneside , are referred to as Geordies . Gateshead 's population in 2011 was 120,046 . Historically part of County Durham , under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough , meaning it was administered independently of the county council . Since 1974 , the town has been administered as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead within the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2003 . The foremost competition of the year was the 2003 World Championships in Athletics , followed by the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships . At regional level , athletics was featured at two major games that were held that year : the 2003 Pan American Games and the 2003 All-Africa Games .'}]}, {'value': '30:04.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berhane Adere ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berhane_Adere', 'summary': "Berhane Adere Debala ( Ge'ez : ብርሀኔ አደሬ born 21 July 1973 in Shewa ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in the 10,000 metres and the half marathon . She was world champion over 10,000 m in 2003 and world champion in the half marathon in 2002 . Berhane works for UNICEF as a goodwill ambassador for girls ' education . Berhane held the African record for 10,000 metres in a time of 30:04.18 , set at the 2003 World Championships , where she won gold . The African record was broken at the 2008 Olympics by Tirunesh Dibaba , who became the first African to run under 30 minutes . Berhane won the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2002 , and the bronze medal in the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships . She was the gold medallist over 3000 metres at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships She won the 2006 Chicago Marathon with a personal best time of 2:20:42 . She won the Chicago Marathon again in 2007 and the Dubai Marathon on 18 January 2008 . Berhane also won the 2007 Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon . She was the top female finisher in the 2010 Rock n Roll Mardi Gras Marathon , in which she recorded the fastest ever half marathon on American soil with a time of 1:07:52 , breaking her previous best by over 25 seconds . At age 36 , that should also be the Masters world record . She saw off a challenge from Ana Dulce Félix to win at the Great North Run in September , completing the half marathon in 1:08:49 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2002 . There was no primary championships that season , although continental championships were held in Africa , Asia and Europe . The foremost athletics competitions at games events occurred at the 2002 Commonwealth Games , the 2002 Asian Games and the 2002 CAC Games . The 2002 IAAF World Cup was the major global outdoor track and field event . Paula Radcliffe was among the season 's top performers , having set world records at the London and Chicago Marathons , as well becoming European and Commonwealth champion on the track ."}]}, {'value': '30:01.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paula Radcliffe ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe', 'summary': "Paula Jane Radcliffe , MBE ( born 17 December 1973 ) is a British long-distance runner . She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) , three-time New York Marathon champion ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 ) , and 2002 Chicago Marathon winner . She was previously the fastest female marathoner of all time , and held the Women 's World Marathon Record with a time of 2:15:25 for 16 years from 2003 to 2019 when it was broken by Brigid Kosgei . Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon , half marathon and cross country . She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres and in cross country . On the track , Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres . She represented Great Britain at the Olympics in four consecutive games ( 1996 to 2008 ) , although she never won an Olympic medal . Her running has earned her a number of accolades including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , Laureus World Comeback of the Year , IAAF World Athlete of the Year , AIMS World Athlete of the Year ( three times ) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . She has also been nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions . In 2010 , she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame . She ended her competitive running career at the 2015 London Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2001 . The foremost competition of the season was the 2001 World Championships in Athletics in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . The 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships was the second major track and field event that year .'}]}, {'value': '30:55.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paula Radcliffe ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe', 'summary': "Paula Jane Radcliffe , MBE ( born 17 December 1973 ) is a British long-distance runner . She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) , three-time New York Marathon champion ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 ) , and 2002 Chicago Marathon winner . She was previously the fastest female marathoner of all time , and held the Women 's World Marathon Record with a time of 2:15:25 for 16 years from 2003 to 2019 when it was broken by Brigid Kosgei . Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon , half marathon and cross country . She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres and in cross country . On the track , Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres . She represented Great Britain at the Olympics in four consecutive games ( 1996 to 2008 ) , although she never won an Olympic medal . Her running has earned her a number of accolades including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , Laureus World Comeback of the Year , IAAF World Athlete of the Year , AIMS World Athlete of the Year ( three times ) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . She has also been nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions . In 2010 , she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame . She ended her competitive running career at the 2015 London Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Barakaldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barakaldo', 'summary': 'Barakaldo ( Spanish : Baracaldo ) is a municipality located in the Biscay province in the Basque Country . Located on the Left Bank of the Estuary of Bilbao , the city is part of Greater Bilbao with a population as of the 2011 census [ update ] at 100,064 ; the latest official estimate ( for 2018 ) is 100,435 . Barakaldo has an industrial river-port heritage and has undergone significant redevelopment with new commercial and residential areas replacing the once active industrial zones .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2000 . The primary athletics competition for the 2000 season was at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '30:17.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derartu Tulu ( ETH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derartu_Tulu', 'summary': 'Derartu Tulu ( Amharic : ደራርቱ ቱሉ ; Afaan Oromo : Daraartuu Tulluu ; born March 21 , 1972 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner , who competed in track , cross country running , and road running up to the marathon distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '10,000_metres_1', 'intro': 'The 10,000 metres or the 10,000-metre run is a common long-distance track running event. The event is part of the athletics programme at the Olympic Games and the World Championships in Athletics and is common at championship level events. The race consists of 25 laps around an Olympic-sized track. It is less commonly held at track and field meetings, due to its duration. The 10,000-metre track race is usually distinguished from its road running counterpart, the 10K run, by its reference to the distance in metres rather than kilometres. The 10,000 metres is the longest standard track event. The international distance is approximately 6.2137 miles (or approximately 32,808.4 feet). Most of those running such races also compete in road races and cross country events.'}
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Which organization is the runner who ran the 10,000 metres in 30:04.18 in Paris a goodwill ambassador of ?
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UNICEF
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03e3baea40aa20df
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_curling', 'title': 'List of Olympic venues in curling', 'header': ['Games', 'Venue', 'Other sports hosted at venue for those games', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': '1924 Chamonix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1924 Winter Olympics , officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France . Originally held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics , the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix , and Haute-Savoie , France between January 25 and February 5 , 1924 . The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee , and were originally reckoned as the International Winter Sports Week . With the success of the event , it was retroactively designated by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as the I Olympic Winter Games . The tradition of holding the Winter Olympics in the same year as the Summer Olympics would continue until 1992 , after which the current practice of holding a Winter Olympics in the second year after each Summer Olympics began . Although Figure Skating had been an Olympic event in both London and Antwerp , and Ice Hockey had been an event in Antwerp , the winter sports had always been limited by the season . In 1921 , at the convention of the IOC in Lausanne , there was a call for equality for winter sports , and after much discussion it was decided to organize an international week of winter sport in 1924 in Chamonix ."}]}, {'value': 'Stade Olympique de Chamonix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_Olympique_de_Chamonix', 'summary': 'Stade Olympique de Chamonix is an equestrian stadium in Chamonix , France . It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies to the 1924 Winter Olympics along with cross-country skiing , curling , figure skating , ice hockey , military patrol , the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined , and the speed skating events . The stadium holds 45,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing , Figure skating , Ice hockey , Military patrol , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) , Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1924 Winter Olympics , two cross-country skiing events were held . The 50 km competition was held on Wednesday , 30 January 1924 and the 18 km competition was held on Saturday , 2 February 1924 . The events were also part of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships as well , which would be combined until the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Figure skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics took place at the Stade Olympique in Chamonix , France , from January 29 to January 31 , 1924 . Three figure skating events were contested : men 's singles , ladies ' singles , and pair skating . This was not the first time that figure skating had been contested at the Olympic Games , as the sport had previously been included on the programme at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . Gillis Grafström successfully defended his 1920 title . At the 1924 Winter Olympics , the figure skating events were held on a square rink rather than a rectangular one , as a last-minute change . Consequently , some competitors had difficulty adjusting their free skating programs to fit the ice surface ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The men 's ice hockey tournament at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France , was the 2nd Olympic Championship , also serving as the 2nd World Championships . The competition was held from Monday , January 28 , 1924 , to Sunday , February 3 , 1924 . Canada , represented by the Toronto Granites , defended its championship from the 1920 Summer Olympics . The United States and Great Britain took the silver and bronze respectively , while other contenders included Czechoslovakia , France , and Sweden . The Bergvall system used in the 1920 Olympics was discarded in favor of a two-level round-robin tournament . Qualifying teams were placed in pools for the opening round , with the top two teams in each pool advancing to the final round . The medals were awarded based on the record in the final round . This format would remain in use until the 1992 Winter Olympics , when the final round-robin was replaced with a medal-round single-elimination tournament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1924 Winter Olympics , in Chamonix , France , a military patrol competition was held . The Olympic results database lists the official medal winners for the event , as does the Official Report ( 1924 ) , yet several sources have incorrectly counted this competition as a demonstration event only . The event was also demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 , and 1948 , but those results are still considered unofficial . A full 36 years would pass before the modern version of the sport , biathlon , became an official Winter Olympic sport . [ nb 1 ] The competition was held on Tuesday , January 29 , 1924 . Six teams started the event , but only four finished with Italy and Poland withdrawing due to bad conditions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1924 Winter Olympics one individual Nordic combined event was contested . It was held on Saturday , February 2 , 1924 ( cross-country skiing ) and on Monday , February 4 , 1924 ( ski jumping ) . Unlike today the ski jump was the last event held . Both events were also individual medal events . The winner , Thorleif Haug was also the winner of both cross country skiing races , and the podium was identical to that in the 50 km cross country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , five speed skating events were contested , all for men . The competitions were held on Saturday , January 26 , 1924 and on Sunday , January 27 , 1924 . Charles Jewtraw won the first gold medal of the 1924 Winter Games , and Clas Thunberg and Roald Larsen each won medals in all five events , with Thunberg winning 3 gold .'}]}, {'value': '45,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Bell Arena ( demonstration )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Bell_Arena', 'summary': "The Max Bell Centre ( commonly Max Bell Arena ) is an ice hockey arena in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , in the community of Radisson Heights . It seats 2,121 for hockey , with a standing room capacity of over 3,000 . It is named after Max Bell , a philanthropist who was a prominent businessman in Calgary . It hosted curling and short-track speed skating events at the 1988 Winter Olympics , both demonstration events . Presently , the arena is home to the Calgary Canucks of the Alberta Junior Hockey League and the primary facility for the Northeast Calgary Athletic Association 's minor hockey teams . The arena also hosts Rocky Mountain Lacrosse League games . Late December , it serves as the primary venue for the Mac 's AAA midget hockey tournament . It is home to the Mac 's Tourney 's Wall of Fame featuring every tournament alumni who has gone on to play in the National Hockey League . In 2007 , the arena completed construction to add a second sheet of ice as the city of Calgary attempts to keep up with demand for ice-time in a rapidly growing city ."}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating ( demonstration )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Short track speed skating was a demonstration sport at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games . Those competition events took place at the Max Bell Arena in Calgary . This was the only time in the history of Olympic Games that the short track venue was shared with curling .'}]}, {'value': '3,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Albertville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Patinoire olympique de Pralognan-la-Vanoise ( demonstration )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patinoire_olympique_de_Pralognan-la-Vanoise', 'summary': 'Patinoire olympique de Pralognan-la-Vanoise is a 2,300-seat indoor arena located in Pralognan-la-Vanoise , France . The venue hosted the curling competitions for the 1992 Winter Olympics in neighboring Albertville . It was then a demonstration sport .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 Nagano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazakoshi Park Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakoshi_Park_Arena', 'summary': 'Kazakoshi Park Arena is an indoor arena located in Karuizawa , Nagano , Japan . Constructed in 1990 with an opening ceremony taking place in 1996 , it hosted the curling competition for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Because it was in Karuizawa , the town became the first venue to host events at both the Summer and Winter Olympics . At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Karuizawa hosted the equestrian events .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,924', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'The Ice Sheet at Ogden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ice_Sheet_at_Ogden', 'summary': 'The Ice Sheet at Ogden , also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet , is located 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden . The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a recreational training center for curling , ice hockey , and figure skating . During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 Turin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Pinerolo Palaghiaccio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinerolo_Palaghiaccio', 'summary': 'Pinerolo Palaghiaccio is a 2000-seat indoor arena located in Pinerolo , Italy . The venue hosted the curling competitions for the 2006 Winter Olympics in neighboring Turin .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillcrest_Centre', 'summary': 'The Hillcrest Centre is a community centre with ice hockey and curling rinks , and an aquatics facility , located at Hillcrest Park in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Construction started in March 2007 ; it hosted the 2009 World Junior Curling Championships prior to the Olympics . During the 2010 Olympics , it was named the Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre and had a capacity of 6,000 people to host curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics ; for the 2010 Paralympics , it hosted the Wheelchair Curling event .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice Cube Curling Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_Cube_Curling_Center', 'summary': 'The Ice Cube Curling Center ( Russian : Керлинговый Центр Ледяной куб ) is a 3,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Sochi , Russia , that opened in 2012 . It is a component of the Sochi Olympic Park . It hosted all the curling events at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the wheelchair curling events at the 2014 Winter Paralympics . It cost $ 14.0 million to build the venue , including the temporary works for the Olympics and Paralympics . It opened in 2012 . After the 2014 games , it will remain a sports arena . The venue is a portable venue , designed so that it could possibly be re-located after the end of the games .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gangneung Curling Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung_Curling_Centre', 'summary': "Gangneung Gymnasium ( 강릉실내종합체육관 ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena , located in the coastal city of Gangneung , South Korea . It was opened in 1998 for ice hockey at the 1999 Asian Winter Games . The seating capacity is 3,500 . It is converted into ice surface when needed , while the underground floor is a permanent ice rink . It was used for the 2009 World Women 's Curling Championships , 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games , 2017 World Junior Curling Championships , and 2017 World Wheelchair Curling Championship . It was used for both the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics as the venue for curling and wheelchair curling . It is the only Olympic venue in Gangneung which existed prior to the selection of PyeongChang as host city of the 2018 Winter Games . For the Games it was named the Gangneung Curling Centre ( 강릉 컬링 센터 ) . It has been renovated between October 2015 and October 2016 in preparation for the Games ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Chinese : 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) , and commonly known as Beijing 2022 , is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022 , in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province , China . Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China , the fourth Winter Olympics held in East Asia , and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . With its previous hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics , Beijing will be the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics : there are plans to utilize many of the same venues that were used for the 2008 Games , including its indoor venues , and Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the Bird 's Nest ) as ceremonies venue . Beijing is also the second national capital to host the Winter Olympics , after Oslo , Norway in 1952 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing National Aquatics Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_National_Aquatics_Center', 'summary': 'The Beijing National Aquatics Center ( simplified Chinese : 北京国家游泳中心 ; traditional Chinese : 北京國家游泳中心 ; pinyin : Běijīng guójiā yóuyǒng zhōngxīn ) , also officially known as the National Aquatics Center , and colloquially known as the Water Cube ( Chinese : 水立方 ) , is an aquatics center at the Olympic Green in Beijing , China . The facility was originally constructed to host the aquatics competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . During the Olympics - where it hosted diving , swimming , and synchronised swimming events - 25 world records were broken in swimming ( although these were attributed primarily to controversial bodyskin swimwear that was widely-adopted by competitors in Beijing ) . In July 2010 , a renovation of the facility was completed , which included the addition of a 12,000 m2 ( 130,000 sq ft ) public water park . With Beijing awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics , part of the Water Cube was renovated in 2019 to allow the hosting of curling events .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2026 Milan - Cortina d'Ampezzo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2026 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Italian : XXV Giochi olimpici invernali ) , and commonly known as Milano Cortina 2026 or Milan Cortina 2026 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 6 to 22 February 2026 in the Italian cities of Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo . Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo beat another joint bid from Swedish cities Stockholm-Åre by 47-34 votes to be elected host cities at the 134th Session of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in Lausanne , Switzerland , on 24 June 2019 . This will be the fourth Olympic Games hosted in Italy and the first hosted in Milan . It will mark the 20th anniversary of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , the 70th anniversary of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo and the 80th anniversary of the Italian Republic . This will also be the first Olympic Games featuring two host cities in its name ."}]}, {'value': 'Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_Del_Ghiaccio', 'summary': "Stadio Olimpico del Ghiaccio ( English : Olympic Ice Stadium ) was built between 1952 and 1954 , primarily as an open air Figure skating arena in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy , to hold between seven and eight thousand spectators , with the possibility of making temporary arrangements to accommodate twelve to fifteen thousand for the period of the Olympics . The venue was inaugurated on 26 October 1955 . During the 1956 Winter Olympics , the arena held the opening and closing ceremonies , the figure skating events and select ice hockey games . Sometime after 1981 , a roof was added to the structure . The stadium will host curling in the 2026 Winter Olympics and it will also host wheelchair curling in the 2026 Winter Paralympics ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The Ice Sheet at Ogden hosted the curling events for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . For the Winter Olympics , there are eleven venues that have been or will be used for curling .', 'uid': 'List_of_Olympic_venues_in_curling_0', 'intro': 'For the Winter Olympics, there are eleven venues that have been or will be used for curling.'}
| null | null |
In what city is Olympic curling be held in the venue colloquially known as `` the water cube '' ?
|
Beijing
|
03e4577d4e5e2a42
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carroll House Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carroll_House_Hotel', 'summary': 'The Carroll House Hotel on Monroe St. in Fullerton , North Dakota was built in 1889 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 . The listing included three contributing buildings which included Shingle Style architecture and Second Empire architecture . According to its NRHP nomination , the Carroll House Hotel is locally significant in the area of commerce , because it was among the first businesses located in the Fullerton community , and it is the only extant and best preserved example of a hotel and restaurant from the late nineteenth century . Also its architectural composition , one of restraint and simplicity , represents the Second Empire and Shingle styles from this period . Few changes have occurred with the building , resulting in a high degree of integrity . The hotel was named for Carrol Sweet , the son of its builder .'}]}, {'value': 'March 17 , 1994 ( # 94000221 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 N. Monroe St. 46°09′44″N 98°25′37″W / 46.162222°N 98.426944°W / 46.162222 ; -98.426944 ( Carroll House Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullerton,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Fullerton is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 54 at the 2010 census . Fullerton was founded in 1888 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dickey County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickey_County_Courthouse', 'summary': "The Dickey County Courthouse in Ellendale , North Dakota was built in 1910 . It is in Beaux Arts architecture and was designed by architects Buechner & Orth . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( 1980 ) in 1980 . Among Buechner & Orth 's designs for courthouses , this one 's design is apparently nearly identical in that of the Traill County Courthouse , with the exceptions being paired columns on its tower and differing pilasters among the second floor windows . According to its NRHP nomination , its rotunda is less exuberant in ornament than those of most other courthouses designed by Buechner & Orth ."}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 1980 ( # 80004283 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off U.S. Route 281 46°00′15″N 98°31′24″W / 46.004167°N 98.523333°W / 46.004167 ; -98.523333 ( Dickey County Courthouse )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_281', 'summary': "U.S. Route 281 ( US 281 ) is a north-south United States Numbered Highway . At 1,875 miles ( 3,018 km ) long it is the longest continuous three-digit U.S. Route . [ citation needed ] The highway 's northern terminus is at the International Peace Garden , north of Dunseith , North Dakota , at the Canadian border , where it continues as Highway 10 . The route between Dunseith and the border is shared with North Dakota Highway 3 . US 281 has two southern termini . The western terminus is at Periférico Luis Echeverría at International Blvd in Hidalgo . The southern eastern terminus of US 281 is in Brownsville , Texas , just short of the Mexican border . The two spurs come together at Cage Blvd just north of Hidalgo . Thus , US 281 is the only continuous three-digit US route to extend from the Canadian border to the Mexican border . US 281 is a child of US 81 . As a result of decommissioning portions of the parent route that have been displaced by concurrent Interstate Highways , the length of US 281 is 672 miles ( 1,081 km ) greater than that of its parent ."}]}, {'value': 'Ellendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellendale,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ellendale is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . It is the county seat of Dickey County . The population was 1,394 at the 2010 census . Ellendale was founded in 1882 . Ellendale is the home of Trinity Bible College , located on the former campus of the North Dakota State Normal and Industrial School and the Ellendale Opera House currently under renovation .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellendale Opera House Block', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellendale_Opera_House_Block', 'summary': 'The Ellendale Opera House Block on Main St. in Ellendale , North Dakota was built in 1908 . It was designed by George Issenhuth with some elements of Chicago School architecture . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 . It is significant architecturally with its community , whose older architecture has been diminished by fires .'}]}, {'value': 'April 22 , 1992 ( # 92000354 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105-111 Main St. 46°00′06″N 98°31′42″W / 46.001667°N 98.528333°W / 46.001667 ; -98.528333 ( Ellendale Opera House Block )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellendale,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ellendale is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . It is the county seat of Dickey County . The population was 1,394 at the 2010 census . Ellendale was founded in 1882 . Ellendale is the home of Trinity Bible College , located on the former campus of the North Dakota State Normal and Industrial School and the Ellendale Opera House currently under renovation .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klein and Sutmar Block', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klein_and_Sutmar_Block', 'summary': 'The Klein and Sutmar Block on Main Avenue in Oakes , North Dakota was built in 1904 . It includes Italianate architecture . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . According to its NRHP nomination , out of all of Oakes buildings , it is the single remaining building with an ornate pressed metal facade .'}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 1987 ( # 87001792 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '419 Main Ave. 46°08′21″N 98°05′38″W / 46.1391°N 98.0938°W / 46.1391 ; -98.0938 ( Klein and Sutmar Block )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakes,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Oakes is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 1,856 at the 2010 census . Oakes was founded in 1886 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter T. Noonan House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_T._Noonan_House', 'summary': 'The Walter T. Noonan House on S. Seventh St. in Oakes , North Dakota , United States , was built in 1924 . Known also as House of 29 , it was designed by Dennis & Knowle . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . The listing included two contributing buildings . According to its NRHP nomination , the house is significant as the outstanding architecturally significant residence in Oakes . The design is unmatched in Oakes on the basis of aesthetic character . The house was home of Walter Noonan , president of the North American Creamery Company , which became the largest employer in Oakes . The house was for sale in 2016 . The house re-opened in 2018 as a bed and breakfast and event venue under the name NoonanHouse.com'}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 1987 ( # 87001791 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '215 S. 7th St. 46°08′10″N 98°05′28″W / 46.1361°N 98.0910°W / 46.1361 ; -98.0910 ( Walter T. Noonan House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakes,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Oakes is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 1,856 at the 2010 census . Oakes was founded in 1886 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakes National Bank Block', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakes_National_Bank_Block', 'summary': "The Oakes National Bank Block on Main Avenue in Oakes , North Dakota was built in 1908 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . The site is located in Oakes ' central business district with retail businesses on the ground floor and office/residential space on the second floor . Its listing on the National Register was based on the structure 's outstanding quality of design and its contribution to the city 's commercial development ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 1987 ( # 87001790 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '501 Main Ave. 46°08′21″N 98°05′36″W / 46.1391°N 98.0932°W / 46.1391 ; -98.0932 ( Oakes National Bank Block )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakes,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Oakes is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 1,856 at the 2010 census . Oakes was founded in 1886 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US Post Office-Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakes_Post_Office', 'summary': 'The Oakes Post Office in Oakes , North Dakota , United States , is a post office building that was built in 1935 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 as U.S. Post Office-Oakes . The design is credited to Louis A. Simon ; building was done by the McGough Brothers .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1989 ( # 89001753 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '611 Main Ave. 46°08′21″N 98°05′29″W / 46.1391°N 98.0913°W / 46.1391 ; -98.0913 ( US Post Office-Oakes )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakes,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Oakes is a city in Dickey County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 1,856 at the 2010 census . Oakes was founded in 1886 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Stone Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitestone_Hill', 'summary': "The Battle of Whitestone Hill was the culmination of the 1863 operations against the Sioux Indians in Dakota Territory . Brigadier General Alfred Sully attacked a village September 3-5 , 1863 . The Indians in the village included Yanktonai , Santee , and Teton ( Lakota ) Sioux . Sully killed , wounded , or captured 300 to 400 Sioux , including women and children , at a cost of about 60 casualties . Sully would continue the conflict with another campaign in 1864 - Sully 's Expedition Against the Sioux in Dakota Territory ."}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 2013 ( # 13000861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kulm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kulm,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Kulm is a city in LaMoure County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 354 at the 2010 census . Kulm was founded in 1892 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Dickey County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota_10', 'intro': "There are 447 properties and historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota. There are listings in 52 of North Dakota's 53 counties."}
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The oldest Ellendale site was built with elements of which architecture ?
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Chicago School
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03e58c767f80a3ea
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Air Force Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Karol J. Bobko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karol_J._Bobko', 'summary': 'Karol Joseph Bo Bobko ( born December 23 , 1937 ) , ( Col , USAF , Ret . ) , is an American aerospace engineer , retired U.S. Air Force officer , test pilot , and a former USAF and NASA astronaut . Bobko was the first graduate of the US Air Force Academy to travel in space .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-6 ; Commanded STS-51-D and STS-51-J ; only astronaut to have flown on the maiden flight of two Space Shuttle orbiters ( Challenger and Atlantis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-6', 'summary': 'STS-6 was the sixth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger . Launched from Kennedy Space Center on 4 April 1983 , the mission deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite , TDRS-1 , into orbit , before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on 9 April . STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted , and hence was the first in which the Extravehicular Mobility Unit ( EMU ) was used .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-51-D', 'summary': "STS-51-D was the 16th flight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program , and the fourth flight of Space Shuttle Discovery . The launch of STS-51-D from Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) , Florida , on April 12 , 1985 was delayed by 55 minutes , after a boat strayed into the restricted Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) recovery zone . STS-51-D was the third shuttle mission to be extended . On April 19 , after a week-long flight , Discovery conducted the fifth shuttle landing at KSC . The shuttle suffered extensive brake damage and a ruptured tire during landing . This forced all subsequent shuttle landings to be done at Edwards Air Force Base , California , until the development and implementation of nose wheel steering made landings at KSC more feasible ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-51-J', 'summary': 'STS-51-J was the 21st NASA Space Shuttle mission and the first flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis . It launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 3 October 1985 , carrying a payload for the U.S. Department of Defense , and landed at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on 7 October .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter', 'summary': "The Space Shuttle orbiter is the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle , a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the Space Shuttle program . Operated by NASA , the U.S. space agency , this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into low Earth orbit , perform in-space operations , then re-enter the atmosphere and land as a glider , returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth . Six orbiters were built for flight : Enterprise , Columbia , Challenger , Discovery , Atlantis , and Endeavour . All were built in Palmdale , California , by the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania-based Rockwell International company . The first orbiter , Enterprise , made its maiden flight in 1977 . An unpowered glider , it was carried by a modified Boeing 747 airliner called the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and released for a series of atmospheric test flights and landings . Enterprise was partially disassembled and retired after completion of critical testing . The remaining orbiters were fully operational spacecraft , and were launched vertically as part of the Space Shuttle stack . Columbia was the first space-worthy orbiter , and made its inaugural flight in 1981 . Challenger , Discovery , and Atlantis followed in 1983 , 1984 and 1985 respectively . In 1986 , Challenger was destroyed in an accident shortly after launch . Endeavour was built as Challenger 's replacement , and was first launched in 1992 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger', 'summary': "Space Shuttle Challenger ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation : OV-099 ) was the second orbiter of NASA 's Space Shuttle program to be put into service , after Columbia . Challenger was built by Rockwell International 's Space Transportation Systems Division , in Downey , California . Its maiden flight , STS-6 , began on April 4 , 1983 . The orbiter was launched and landed nine times before breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission , STS-51-L , on January 28 , 1986 , resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members including a civilian school teacher . Challenger was the first of two orbiters that were destroyed in flight , the other being Columbia in 2003 . The accident led to a two-and-a-half-year grounding of the shuttle fleet ; flights resumed in 1988 , with STS-26 flown by Discovery . Challenger was replaced by Endeavour , which was built from structural spares ordered by NASA in the construction contracts for Discovery and Atlantis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis', 'summary': "Space Shuttle Atlantis ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation : OV - 104 ) is a Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States . Constructed by the Rockwell International company in Southern California and delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Eastern Florida in April 1985 , Atlantis is the fourth operational and the second-to-last Space Shuttle built . Its maiden flight was STS-51-J from 3 to 7 October 1985 . Atlantis embarked on its 33rd and final mission , also the final mission of a space shuttle , STS-135 , on 8 July 2011 . STS-134 by Endeavour was expected to be the final flight before STS-135 was authorized in October 2010 . STS-135 took advantage of the processing for the STS-335 Launch on Need mission that would have been necessary if STS-134 's crew became stranded in orbit . Atlantis landed for the final time at the Kennedy Space Center on 21 July 2011 . By the end of its final mission , Atlantis had orbited the Earth a total of 4,848 times , traveling nearly 126,000,000 mi ( 203,000,000 km ) or more than 525 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon . Atlantis is named after RV Atlantis , a two-masted sailing ship that operated as the primary research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1930 to 1966 ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick D. Gregory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory', 'summary': "Frederick Drew Gregory ( born January 7 , 1941 ) is a former United States Air Force pilot , military engineer , test pilot , and NASA astronaut as well as former NASA Deputy Administrator . He also served briefly as NASA Acting Administrator in early 2005 , covering the period between the departure of Sean O'Keefe and the swearing in of Michael Griffin ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-51-B ; Commanded STS-33 and STS-44 ; Former Deputy Administrator and former acting Administrator for NASA ; first African American to command any space vehicle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-B', 'summary': "STS 51-B was the 17th flight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program , and the seventh flight of Space Shuttle Challenger . The launch of Challenger on April 29 , 1985 was delayed by 2 minutes and 18 seconds , due to a launch processing failure . Challenger was initially rolled out to the pad to launch on the STS-51-E mission . The shuttle was rolled back when a timing issue emerged with the TDRS-B satellite . When STS-51-E was canceled , Challenger was remanifested with the STS-51-B payloads . The shuttle landed successfully on May 6 , 1985 , after a week-long mission ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-33', 'summary': 'STS-33 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission , during which Space Shuttle Discovery deployed a payload for the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) . STS-33 was the 32nd shuttle mission overall , the ninth flight of Discovery , the fifth shuttle mission in support of the DoD and last Shuttle launch of the 1980s . Due to the nature of the mission , specific details remain classified . Discovery lifted off from Pad B , Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) , Florida , on 22 November 1989 at 7:23 pm EST ; it landed at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on 28 November .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-44', 'summary': 'STS-44 was a Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis that launched on 24 November 1991 . It was a U.S. Department of Defense space mission .'}, {'url': '/wiki/African_American', 'summary': 'African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans ) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa . The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States . African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US , after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States . On average , African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent , and some also have Native American ancestry . According to U.S. Census Bureau data , African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities ( ≈95% ) . Immigrants from some Caribbean , Central American , and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term . African-American history starts in the 16th century , with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America , and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America . After the founding of the United States , black people continued to be enslaved , and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865 . Due to notions of white supremacy , they were treated as second-class citizens . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and only white men who owned property could vote .'}]}, {'value': 'John E. Blaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_E._Blaha', 'summary': 'John Elmer Blaha ( born August 26 , 1942 , in San Antonio , Texas ) is a retired United States Air Force colonel and a former NASA astronaut . He is a veteran of five space missions aboard the Space Shuttle and Mir . Blaha is married to the former Brenda I. Walters of St. Louis , Missouri . They have three grown children and five grandchildren .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-29 and STS-33 ; Commanded STS-43 and STS-58 , also flew a long-duration spaceflight on the Mir space station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-29', 'summary': 'STS-29 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission , during which Space Shuttle Discovery inserted a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite ( TDRS ) into Earth orbit . It was the third shuttle mission following the Challenger disaster of 1986 , and launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 13 March 1989 . STS-29 was the eighth flight of Discovery and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall ; its planned predecessor , STS-28 , was delayed until August 1989 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-33', 'summary': 'STS-33 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission , during which Space Shuttle Discovery deployed a payload for the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) . STS-33 was the 32nd shuttle mission overall , the ninth flight of Discovery , the fifth shuttle mission in support of the DoD and last Shuttle launch of the 1980s . Due to the nature of the mission , specific details remain classified . Discovery lifted off from Pad B , Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) , Florida , on 22 November 1989 at 7:23 pm EST ; it landed at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on 28 November .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-43', 'summary': 'STS-43 , the ninth mission for Space Shuttle Atlantis , was a nine-day mission whose primary goal was launching the fourth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite , TDRS-E . The flight also tested an advanced heatpipe radiator for potential use on the then-future space station and conducted a variety of medical and materials science investigations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-58', 'summary': 'STS-58 was a mission flown by Space Shuttle Columbia launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 18 October 1993 . The missions was primarily devoted to experiments concerning the physiological effects of spaceflight . This was the first in-flight use of the Portable In-flight Landing Operations Trainer simulation software . It was also the last time Columbia would land at Edwards Air Force Base .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mir', 'summary': "Mir ( Russian : Мир , IPA : [ ˈmʲir ] ; lit . peace or world ) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001 , operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia . Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996 . It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft . At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit , succeeded by the International Space Station ( ISS ) after Mir 's orbit decayed . The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology , human biology , physics , astronomy , meteorology , and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space . Mir was the first continuously inhabited long-term research station in orbit and held the record for the longest continuous human presence in space at 3,644 days , until it was surpassed by the ISS on 23 October 2010 . It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight , with Valeri Polyakov spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995 . Mir was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen-year lifespan , having the capacity to support a resident crew of three , or larger crews for short visits . Following the success of the Salyut programme , Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union 's space station programme . The first module of the station , known as the core module or base block , was launched in 1986 and followed by six further modules . Proton rockets were used to launch all of its components except for the docking module , which was installed by US Space Shuttle mission STS-74 in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Roy D. Bridges , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_D._Bridges,_Jr.', 'summary': "Roy Dubard Bridges Jr. ( born July 19 , 1943 ) is an American pilot , engineer , retired United States Air Force officer , test pilot , former NASA astronaut and the former Director of NASA 's John F. Kennedy Space Center and Langley Research Center . As a command pilot , he has over 4,460 flying hours . Bridges , is a decorated veteran of 262 combat missions during Vietnam War . And is now a retired U.S. Air Force Major General who served as the director of requirements , Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio , from June 1993 until his retirement . He is married with two adult children ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Pilot of STS-51-F ; Director of the Kennedy Space Center ( 1997-2003 ) and Director of Langley Research Center ( 2003-2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-F', 'summary': "STS-51-F ( also known as Spacelab 2 ) was the 19th flight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger . It launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on July 29 , 1985 , and landed just under eight days later on August 6 . While STS-51-F 's primary payload was the Spacelab 2 laboratory module , the payload that received the most publicity was the Carbonated Beverage Dispenser Evaluation , which was an experiment in which both Coca-Cola and Pepsi tried to make their carbonated drinks available to astronauts . A helium-cooled Infrared telescope ( IRT ) was also flown on this mission , and while it did have some problems , it observed 60% of the galactic plane in infrared light . During launch Challenger experienced multiple sensor failings in its RS-25 engines and had to perform an Abort to Orbit ( ATO ) emergency procedure . It is the only Shuttle mission to have carried out an abort after launching . As a result of the ATO , the mission was carried out at a slightly lower orbital altitude ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center', 'summary': "The John F. Kennedy Space Center ( KSC , originally known as the NASA Launch Operations Center ) , located in Merritt Island , Florida , is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers . Since December 1968 , KSC has been NASA 's primary launch center of human spaceflight . Launch operations for the Apollo , Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC . Located on the east coast of Florida , KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station ( CCAFS ) . The management of the two entities work very closely together , share resources , and even own facilities on each other 's property . Though the first Apollo flights and all Project Mercury and Project Gemini flights took off from CCAFS , the launches were managed by KSC and its previous organization , the Launch Operations Directorate . Starting with the fourth Gemini mission , the NASA launch control center in Florida ( Mercury Control Center , later the Launch Control Center ) began handing off control of the vehicle to the Mission Control Center in Houston , shortly after liftoff ; in prior missions it held control throughout the entire mission . Additionally , the center manages launch of robotic and commercial crew missions and researches food production and In-Situ Resource Utilization for off-Earth exploration . Since 2010 , the center has worked to become a multi-user spaceport through industry partnerships , even adding a new launch pad ( LC-39C ) in 2015 . There are about 700 facilities and buildings grouped across the center 's 144,000 acres ( 580 km2 ) . Among the unique facilities at KSC are the 525-foot ( 160 m ) tall Vehicle Assembly Building for stacking NASA 's largest rockets , the Launch Control Center , which conducts space launches at KSC , the Operations and Checkout Building , which houses the astronauts dormitories and suit-up area , a Space Station factory , and a 3-mile ( 4.8 km ) long Shuttle Landing Facility . There is also a Visitor Complex open to the public on site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Langley_Research_Center', 'summary': "Langley Research Center ( LaRC or NASA Langley ) located in Hampton , Virginia , United States , is the oldest of NASA 's field centers . It directly borders Langley Air Force Base and the Back River on the Chesapeake Bay . LaRC has focused primarily on aeronautical research , but has also tested space hardware at the facility , such as the Apollo Lunar Module . In addition , a number of the earliest high-profile space missions were planned and designed on-site , and Langley was considered a potential site for the NASA 's Manned Space Center prior to the eventual selection of Houston . Established in 1917 by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) , the research center devotes two-thirds of its programs to aeronautics , and the rest to space . LaRC researchers use more than 40 wind tunnels to study and improve aircraft and spacecraft safety , performance , and efficiency . Between 1958 and 1963 , when NASA ( the successor agency to NACA ) started Project Mercury , LaRC served as the main office of the Space Task Group . In September 2019 , after previously serving as associate director and deputy director , Clayton P. Turner was appointed director of NASA Langley ."}]}, {'value': 'John Casper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Casper', 'summary': 'John Howard Casper ( born July 9 , 1943 ) is an American astronaut and United States Air Force pilot .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-36 ; Commanded STS-54 , STS-62 and STS-77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-36', 'summary': 'STS-36 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission , during which Space Shuttle Atlantis carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense ( believed to have been a Misty reconnaissance satellite ) into orbit . STS-36 was the 34th shuttle mission overall , the sixth flight for Atlantis , and the fourth night launch of the shuttle program . It launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 28 February 1990 , and landed on 4 March .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-54', 'summary': 'STS-54 was a Space Transportation System ( NASA Space Shuttle ) mission using Space Shuttle Endeavour . This was the third flight for Endeavour , and was launched on 13 January 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-62', 'summary': "STS-62 was a Space Shuttle program mission flown aboard Space Shuttle Columbia . The primary payloads were the USMP-02 microgravity experiments package and the OAST-2 engineering and technology payload , both in the orbiter 's cargo bay . The two-week mission also featured a number of biomedical experiments focusing on the effects of long duration spaceflight . The landing was chronicled by the 1994 Discovery Channel special about the Space Shuttle program and served as the show 's opening . A C.F . Martin backpacker guitar was also flown aboard Columbia during the mission ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-77', 'summary': 'STS-77 was the 77th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour . The mission began from launch pad 39B from Kennedy Space Center , Florida on 19 May 1996 lasting 10 days and 40 minutes and completing 161 revolutions before landing on runway 33 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronald J. Grabe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_J._Grabe', 'summary': 'Ronald John Grabe ( born June 13 , 1945 in New York , New York ) , ( Col , USAF , Ret . ) , is a former NASA astronaut . He has earned the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross , the Air Medal with 7 Oak Leaf Clusters , the Air Force Meritorious Service Medal , the Liethen-Tittle Award ( for Outstanding Student at the USAF Test Pilot School ) , the Royal Air Force Cross , the NASA Exceptional Service Medal , and NASA Space Flight Medals .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-51-J and STS-30 ; Commanded STS-42 and STS-57', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-J', 'summary': 'STS-51-J was the 21st NASA Space Shuttle mission and the first flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis . It launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 3 October 1985 , carrying a payload for the U.S. Department of Defense , and landed at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on 7 October .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-30', 'summary': 'STS-30 was the 29th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fourth mission for Space Shuttle Atlantis . It was the fourth shuttle launch since the Challenger Disaster and the first shuttle mission since the disaster to have a female astronaut on board . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 4 May 1989 , and landed four days later on 8 May . During the mission , Atlantis deployed the Venus-bound Magellan probe into orbit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-42', 'summary': 'STS-42 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission with the Spacelab module . Liftoff was originally scheduled for 8:45 EST ( 13:45 UTC ) 22 January 1992 , but the launch was delayed due to weather constraints . Discovery successfully lifted off an hour later at 9:52 EST ( 14:52 UTC ) . The main goal of the mission was to study the effects of microgravity on a variety of organisms . The shuttle landed at 8:07 PST ( 16:07 UTC ) on 30 January 1992 on Runway 22 , Edwards Air Force Base , California . STS-42 was the first of two flights in 1992 of Discovery , the second of which occurred during STS-53 , which launched on 2 December 1992 . The mission was also the last mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery to have a seven-member crew until STS-82 , which was launched on 11 February 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-57', 'summary': 'STS-57 was a Shuttle-Spacehab mission of Space Shuttle Endeavour that launched 21 June 1993 from Kennedy Space Center , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles L. Veach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_L._Veach', 'summary': 'Charles Lacy Veach ( September 18 , 1944 - October 3 , 1995 ) was a USAF fighter pilot and NASA astronaut .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Specialist on STS-39 and STS-52', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-39', 'summary': 'STS-39 was the twelfth mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery . The primary purpose of the mission was to conduct a variety of payload experiments for the Department of Defense .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-52', 'summary': 'STS-52 was a Space Transportation System ( NASA Space Shuttle ) mission using Space Shuttle Columbia , and was launched on 22 October 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loren Shriver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loren_Shriver', 'summary': 'Loren James Shriver ( born September 23 , 1944 ) is a former NASA astronaut , aviator , and a retired US Air Force Colonel .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-51-C ; Commanded STS-31 and STS-46', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-C', 'summary': "STS-51-C was the 15th flight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program , and the third flight of Space Shuttle Discovery . It launched on January 24 , 1985 , and made the fourth shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on January 27 . STS-51-C was the first shuttle mission to deploy a dedicated United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) payload , and consequently many mission details remain classified ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-31', 'summary': "STS-31 was the 35th mission of the American Space Shuttle program , which launched the Hubble Space Telescope astronomical observatory into Earth orbit . The mission used the Space Shuttle Discovery ( the tenth for this orbiter ) , which lifted off from Launch Complex 39B on 24 April 1990 from Kennedy Space Center , Florida . Discovery 's crew deployed the Hubble telescope on 25 April , and spent the rest of the mission tending to various scientific experiments in the Shuttle 's payload bay and operating a set of IMAX cameras to record the mission . Discovery 's launch marked the first time since January 1986 that two Space Shuttles had been on the launch pad at the same time - Discovery on 39B and Columbia on 39A ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-46', 'summary': 'STS-46 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using Space Shuttle Atlantis and was launched on 31 July 1992 at 9:56:48 am EDT .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard O . Covey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_O._Covey', 'summary': 'Richard Oswalt Covey ( born August 1 , 1946 ) is a retired United States Air Force officer and former NASA astronaut .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-51-I and STS-26 ; Commanded STS-38 and STS-61', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-I', 'summary': "STS-51-I was the 20th mission of NASA 's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle Discovery . During the mission , Discovery deployed three communications satellites into orbit . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on August 27 , 1985 , and landed at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on September 3 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-26', 'summary': 'STS-26 was the 26th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the seventh flight of the orbiter Discovery . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 29 September 1988 , and landed four days later on 3 October . STS-26 was declared the Return to Flight mission , being the first mission after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of 28 January 1986 . It was the first mission since STS-9 to use the original STS numbering system , the first to have all its crew members wear pressure suits for launch and landing since STS-4 , and the first mission with bailout capacity since STS-4 . STS-26 was also the first all-veteran crew mission since Apollo 11 , with all of its crew members having flown at least one prior mission .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-38', 'summary': "STS-38 was a Space Shuttle mission by NASA using the Space Shuttle Atlantis . It was the 37th shuttle mission , and carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense . It was the 7th flight for Atlantis and the 7th flight dedicated to the Department of Defense . The mission was a 4-day mission that traveled more than 2 million miles and completed 79 revolutions . Atlantis landed at Kennedy Space Center 's Shuttle Landing Facility 's runway 33 . The launch was originally scheduled for July 1990 , but was rescheduled due to a hydrogen leak found on Space Shuttle Columbia during the STS-35 countdown . During a rollback to the Orbiter Processing Facility Atlantis was damaged during a hail storm . The eventual launch date of 15 November 1990 was set due to a payload problem . The launch window was between 18:30 and 22:30 EST . The launch occurred at 18:48 EST ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-61', 'summary': "STS-61 was the first Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission , and the fifth flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour . The mission launched on 2 December 1993 from Kennedy Space Center in Florida . The mission restored the spaceborne observatory 's vision , marred by spherical aberration , with the installation of a new main camera and a corrective optics package . This correction occurred more than three and a half years after the Hubble was launched aboard STS-31 in April 1990 . The flight also brought instrument upgrades and new solar arrays to the telescope . With its very heavy workload , the STS-61 mission was one of the most complex in the Shuttle 's history . It lasted almost 11 days , and crew members made five spacewalks ( EVAs ) , an all-time record . Even the re-positioning of Intelsat VI on STS-49 in May 1992 required only four . The flight plan allowed for two additional EVAs , which could have raised the total number to seven . The final two contingency EVAs were not made . In order to complete the mission without too much fatigue , the five extravehicular working sessions were shared between two pairs of different astronauts alternating their shifts . During the flight , mission specialist Jeff Hoffman also spun a driedel for the holiday of Chanukah to a live audience watching via satellite ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(astronaut)', 'summary': 'Guy Spence Gardner ( born January 6 , 1948 ) is a United States Air Force officer and a former astronaut . He holds the rank of colonel . He flew as pilot on two Space Shuttle missions , STS-27 and STS-35 . Gardner was also the 12th president of the Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'STS-27 , STS-35', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-27', 'summary': "STS-27 was the 27th NASA Space Shuttle mission , and the third flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis . Launching on 2 December 1988 on a four-day mission , it was the second shuttle flight after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of January 1986 . STS-27 carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense , ultimately determined to be a Lacrosse surveillance satellite . The vessel 's heat shielding was substantially damaged during lift-off , impacting the right wing , and crew members thought that they would die during reentry . This was a situation that was similar to the one that would prove fatal 15 years later on STS-107 , but compared to the damage that Columbia had sustained on STS-107 , despite Atlantis experiencing more extensive damage than Columbia had sustained , the damage was over less critical areas and the missing tile was over an antenna which gave extra protection to the wing . The mission landed successfully , although intense heat damage needed to be repaired ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-35', 'summary': 'STS-35 was the tenth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia , the 38th shuttle flight , and a mission devoted to astronomical observations with ASTRO-1 , a Spacelab observatory consisting of four telescopes . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 2 December 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Payton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Payton_(astronaut)', 'summary': 'Colonel Gary Eugene Payton , USAF , ( born June 20 , 1948 ) is an American astronaut and USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer . Payton flew on the STS-51-C mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in January 1985 which launched and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center , in Florida . STS-51C was the first dedicated Space Shuttle Department of Defense mission . Payton traveled over 1.2 million miles in 48 Earth orbits , and logged more than 73 hours in space . He is currently Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Schriever Chair in Astronautics at the United States Air Force Academy , teaching Astronautical Engineering .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Payload Specialist on STS-51-C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-C', 'summary': "STS-51-C was the 15th flight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program , and the third flight of Space Shuttle Discovery . It launched on January 24 , 1985 , and made the fourth shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on January 27 . STS-51-C was the first shuttle mission to deploy a dedicated United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) payload , and consequently many mission details remain classified ."}]}, {'value': 'Sidney M. Gutierrez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_M._Gutierrez', 'summary': 'Sidney McNeill Gutierrez ( Colonel , USAF , Ret . ) ( born June 27 , 1951 ) , is a former NASA astronaut .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-40 and commanded STS-59', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-40', 'summary': 'STS-40 , the eleventh launch of Space Shuttle Columbia , was a nine-day mission in June , 1991 . It carried the Spacelab module for Spacelab Life Sciences 1 ( SLS-1 ) , the fifth Spacelab mission and the first dedicated solely to biology . STS-40 was the first spaceflight that included three women crew members .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-59', 'summary': 'STS-59 was a Space Shuttle program mission that took place in 1994 . The launch was chronicled by the 1994 Discovery Channel special about the Space Shuttle program .'}]}, {'value': 'L. Blaine Hammond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L._Blaine_Hammond', 'summary': 'Lloyd Blaine Hammond Jr. ( born January 16 , 1952 ) is a Gulfstream test pilot , a former United States Air Force officer , and a former NASA astronaut . He flew on two Space Shuttle missions .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-39 and STS-64', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-39', 'summary': 'STS-39 was the twelfth mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery . The primary purpose of the mission was to conduct a variety of payload experiments for the Department of Defense .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-64', 'summary': 'STS-64 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission that was set to perform multiple experiment packages . STS-64 was launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 9 September 1994 , and landed back on 20 September 1994 at Edwards Air Force Base .'}]}, {'value': 'Terence T. Henricks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terence_T._Henricks', 'summary': 'Terence Thomas Tom Henricks ( born July 5 , 1952 ) is a retired colonel in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut . He served on four Space Shuttle missions .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-44 and STS-55 ; Commanded STS-70 and STS-78', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-44', 'summary': 'STS-44 was a Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis that launched on 24 November 1991 . It was a U.S. Department of Defense space mission .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-55', 'summary': 'STS-55 , or D-2 , was the 55th overall flight of the US Space Shuttle and the 14th flight of Shuttle Columbia . This flight was a multinational Spacelab flight involving 88 experiments from eleven different nations . The experiments ranged from biology sciences to simple Earth observations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-70', 'summary': 'STS-70 was the 21st flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery , and the last of 7 shuttle missions to carry a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite ( TDRS ) . This was the first shuttle mission controlled from the new mission control center room at the Johnson Space Center in Houston . STS-70 was also the first flight of the new Block 1 orbiter main engine , designed to improve both engine performance and safety . The mission was launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 13 July 1995 , only six days after the landing of sister ship Atlantis , marking the fastest turnaround between flights in the history of the program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-78', 'summary': "STS-78 was the fifth dedicated Life and Microgravity Spacelab mission for the Space Shuttle program , flown partly in preparation for the International Space Station project . The mission used the Space Shuttle Columbia , which lifted off successfully from Kennedy Space Center 's launch pad 39-B on 20 June 1996 . This marked the 78th flight of the Space Shuttle and 20th mission for Columbia ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark C. Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_C._Lee', 'summary': 'Mark Charles Lee USAF Colonel , ( born August 14 , 1952 ) is a former NASA astronaut who flew on four Space Shuttle missions . He retired from the Air Force and NASA on July 1 , 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Specialist on STS-30 , STS-64 and STS-82 ; Payload Commander of STS-47', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-30', 'summary': 'STS-30 was the 29th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fourth mission for Space Shuttle Atlantis . It was the fourth shuttle launch since the Challenger Disaster and the first shuttle mission since the disaster to have a female astronaut on board . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 4 May 1989 , and landed four days later on 8 May . During the mission , Atlantis deployed the Venus-bound Magellan probe into orbit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-64', 'summary': 'STS-64 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission that was set to perform multiple experiment packages . STS-64 was launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 9 September 1994 , and landed back on 20 September 1994 at Edwards Air Force Base .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-82', 'summary': "STS-82 was the 22nd flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery and the 82nd mission of the Space Shuttle program . It was NASA 's second mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope , during which Discovery 's crew repaired and upgraded the telescope 's scientific instruments , increasing its research capabilities and achieved the highest altitude ever attained by a STS Orbiter ( 335-nautical-mile ( 620 km ) ) . Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 11 February 1997 , returning to Earth on 21 February 1997 at Kennedy Space Center ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-47', 'summary': 'STS-47 was the 50th Space Shuttle mission of the program , as well as the second mission of Space Shuttle Endeavour . The mission mainly involved conducting experiments in life and material sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald R. McMonagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_R._McMonagle', 'summary': 'Donald Ray McMonagle ( born May 14 , 1952 ) ( Col , USAF , Ret . ) is a former astronaut and a veteran of three shuttle flights . He became the Manager , Launch Integration , at the Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on August 15 , 1997 . In this capacity he was responsible for final shuttle preparation , launch execution , and return of the orbiter to KSC following landings at any other location . He was chair of the Mission Management Team , and was the final authority for launch decision .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Specialist on STS-39 , Pilot of STS-54 and Commanded STS-66', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-39', 'summary': 'STS-39 was the twelfth mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery . The primary purpose of the mission was to conduct a variety of payload experiments for the Department of Defense .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-54', 'summary': 'STS-54 was a Space Transportation System ( NASA Space Shuttle ) mission using Space Shuttle Endeavour . This was the third flight for Endeavour , and was launched on 13 January 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-66', 'summary': "STS-66 was a Space Shuttle program mission that was flown by the Space Shuttle Atlantis . STS-66 launched on 3 November 1994 at 11:59:43.060 am EDT from Launch Pad 39-B at NASA 's Kennedy Space Center . Atlantis landed at Edwards Air Force Base on 14 November 1994 at 10:33:45 am EST ."}]}, {'value': 'William A. Pailes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_A._Pailes', 'summary': 'William Arthur Pailes ( Colonel , USAF ) ( born June 26 , 1952 ) is a former USAF astronaut in the Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program during the mid-1980s . He served as a Payload Specialist on STS-51-J Atlantis ( October 3-7 , 1985 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Payload Specialist on STS-51-J', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-J', 'summary': 'STS-51-J was the 21st NASA Space Shuttle mission and the first flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis . It launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 3 October 1985 , carrying a payload for the U.S. Department of Defense , and landed at Edwards Air Force Base , California , on 7 October .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronald M. Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_M._Sega', 'summary': 'Ronald Ron Michael Sega ( also Ronald Šega ) ( Ph.D. ) ( born December 4 , 1952 ) is professor of systems engineering and Vice President for Energy and the Environment at the Colorado State University Research Foundation , a non-profit advocacy organization supporting CSU . He is also the Vice President and Enterprise Executive for Energy and Environment at The Ohio State University . From August 2005 to August 2007 , he served as Under Secretary of the Air Force . He is a retired Major General in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut . Sega was born in Cleveland , Ohio , he is of Slovene origin . He was married to fellow astronaut Bonnie J. Dunbar . He is now married to Ann Sega and they have two sons . He has lived in both Northfield , Ohio and Colorado Springs .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Mission Specialist on STS-60 and STS-76 ; Former Undersecretary of the United States Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-60', 'summary': 'STS-60 was the first mission of the US/Russian Shuttle-Mir Program , which carried Sergei K. Krikalev , the first Russian cosmonaut to fly aboard a Space Shuttle . The mission used Space Shuttle Discovery , which lifted off from Launch Pad 39A on 3 February 1994 from Kennedy Space Center , Florida . The mission carried the Wake Shield Facility experiment and a SPACEHAB module into orbit , and carried out a live bi-directional audio and downlink link-up with the cosmonauts aboard the Russian space station Mir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-76', 'summary': "STS-76 was NASA 's 76th Space Shuttle mission , and the 16th mission for Atlantis . STS-76 launched on 22 March 1996 at 3:13 am EST ( UTC −5 ) from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39B . STS-76 lasted over 9 days , traveled about 3,800,000 miles ( 6,100,000 km ) while orbiting Earth an estimated 145 times , and landing at 5:28 am PST ( UTC −8 ) on 31 March 1996 at Edwards Air Force Base runway 22 . The flight was the third Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir , as part of the Shuttle-Mir Program , carrying astronaut Shannon Lucid to the orbital laboratory to replace NASA astronaut Norm Thagard . STS-76 also carried a SPACEHAB single module along with Lucid , and on flight day 6 Linda Godwin and Michael R. Clifford performed the first U.S. spacewalk around two docked spacecraft ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Duffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(astronaut)', 'summary': 'Brian Duffy ( born June 20 , 1953 , Boston , Massachusetts ) is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel and a former NASA astronaut . He flew aboard four Space Shuttle missions .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot of STS-45 and STS-57 ; Commanded STS-72 and STS-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-45', 'summary': 'STS-45 was a 1992 Space Shuttle mission using the Space Shuttle Atlantis . Its almost nine-day scientific mission was with a non-deployable payload of instruments . It was the 46th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th for Atlantis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-57', 'summary': 'STS-57 was a Shuttle-Spacehab mission of Space Shuttle Endeavour that launched 21 June 1993 from Kennedy Space Center , Florida .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-72', 'summary': 'STS-72 was a Space Shuttle Endeavour mission to capture and return to Earth a Japanese microgravity research spacecraft known as Space Flyer Unit ( SFU ) . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida on 11 January 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-92', 'summary': 'STS-92 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station ( ISS ) flown by Space Shuttle Discovery . STS-92 marked the 100th mission of the Space Shuttle . It was launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , 11 October 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin P. Chilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_P._Chilton', 'summary': 'Kevin Patrick Chilli Chilton ( born November 3 , 1954 ) is an American mechanical engineer , and former United States Air Force four-star General and test pilot . His last assignment was as Commander , U.S. Strategic Command from October 3 , 2007 to January 28 , 2011 . Prior to his appointment to general officer ranks , Chilton spent 11 years of his military career as a NASA astronaut . He retired from the Air Force on February 1 , 2011 , after having achieved the highest rank of any military astronaut . On January 30 , 2012 , General Chilton was named to the board of directors of Orbital Sciences Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General - only astronaut to reach 4-star rank ; Pilot of STS-49 and STS-59 ; Commanded STS-76 ; Former Commander of United States Strategic Command', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4_star_rank', 'summary': 'A four-star rank is the rank of any four-star officer described by the NATO OF-9 code . Four-star officers are often the most senior commanders in the armed services , having ranks such as ( full ) admiral , ( full ) general , or air chief marshal . This designation is also used by some armed forces that are not North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) members .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-49', 'summary': 'STS-49 was the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour . The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve an Intelsat VI satellite ( Intelsat 603 , which failed to leave low earth orbit two years before ) , attach it to a new upper stage , and relaunch it to its intended geosynchronous orbit . After several attempts , the capture was completed with the only three-person extra-vehicular activity ( EVA ) in space flight history . It would also stand until STS-102 in 2001 as the longest EVA ever undertaken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-59', 'summary': 'STS-59 was a Space Shuttle program mission that took place in 1994 . The launch was chronicled by the 1994 Discovery Channel special about the Space Shuttle program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-76', 'summary': "STS-76 was NASA 's 76th Space Shuttle mission , and the 16th mission for Atlantis . STS-76 launched on 22 March 1996 at 3:13 am EST ( UTC −5 ) from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39B . STS-76 lasted over 9 days , traveled about 3,800,000 miles ( 6,100,000 km ) while orbiting Earth an estimated 145 times , and landing at 5:28 am PST ( UTC −8 ) on 31 March 1996 at Edwards Air Force Base runway 22 . The flight was the third Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir , as part of the Shuttle-Mir Program , carrying astronaut Shannon Lucid to the orbital laboratory to replace NASA astronaut Norm Thagard . STS-76 also carried a SPACEHAB single module along with Lucid , and on flight day 6 Linda Godwin and Michael R. Clifford performed the first U.S. spacewalk around two docked spacecraft ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command', 'summary': "United States Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense . Headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska , USSTRATCOM is responsible for strategic deterrence , global strike , and operating the Defense Department 's Global Information Grid . It also provides a host of capabilities to support the other combatant commands , including strategic warning ; integrated missile defense ; and global command , control , communications , computers , intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance ( C4ISR ) . This command exists to give national leadership a unified resource for greater understanding of specific threats around the world and the means to respond to those threats rapidly ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni_2', 'intro': "The United States Air Force Academy is an undergraduate college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Air Force. The Academy was established in 1954, entered its first class in 1955, and graduated its first class in 1959. All students hold the Air Force rank of Cadet. Sports media refer to the Academy as Air Force; this usage is officially endorsed. Most cadets are admitted through a congressional appointment system. The curriculum is broad-based but has traditionally emphasized science and engineering. Before the Academy's first graduating class in 1959, the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy were the primary sources of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors, the Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces. [citation needed] Though the primary focus of the Academy is for the Air Force, some graduates are given the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard. This list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Air Force Academy. Over 410 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including: 41 Rhodes Scholars, 9 Marshall Scholars, 13 Harry S. Truman Scholars, 115 John F. Kennedy School of Government Scholars, and 31 Gerahart Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 403 general officers, 164 graduates who were killed in combat, 36 repatriated prisoners of war, 1 Medal of Honor recipient, and 2 combat aces. Thirty-nine Academy graduates have become astronauts, second among institutions of higher learning only to the United States Naval Academy with 52."}
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What month was the earliest person to graduate born in ?
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December
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_High_School', 'title': 'Pensacola High School', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': "Reubin O'Donovan Askew", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Reubin_O'Donovan_Askew", 'summary': "Reubin O'Donovan Askew ( September 11 , 1928 - March 13 , 2014 ) was an American politician , who served as the 37th governor of the U.S. state of Florida from 1971 to 1979 . He led on tax reform , civil rights , and financial transparency for public officials , maintaining an outstanding reputation for personal integrity . Born in Muskogee , Oklahoma , Askew established a legal practice in Pensacola , Florida , after graduating from the University of Florida Levin College of Law . He served as a military intelligence officer in the United States Air Force during the Korean War . Askew won election to the Florida House of Representatives in 1958 and to the Florida Senate in 1962 . He defeated incumbent Republican governor Claude R. Kirk Jr. in the 1970 gubernatorial election and won re-election in 1974 . As governor , Askew presided over the imposition of the state 's first corporate tax . He was one of the first of the New South governors and supported school desegregation . Askew is widely thought to have been one of the state 's best governors ; in 2014 the Tampa Bay Times ranked him the second best governor in Florida history and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University rated him one of the country 's top ten governors of the 20th century . Askew was the keynote speaker at the 1972 Democratic National Convention and declined an offer to serve as George McGovern 's running mate in the 1972 presidential election . Askew served as the United States Trade Representative from 1979 to 1981 . He sought the Democratic nomination in the 1984 presidential election but withdrew early in the race ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former governor of Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neal Boortz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neal_Boortz', 'summary': "Neal A. Boortz Jr. ( born April 6 , 1945 ) is an American author , former attorney , and former conservative radio host . His nationally syndicated talk show , The Neal Boortz Show , which ended in 2013 , was carried throughout the United States . It was ranked seventh in overall listeners , with more than 4.25 million per week . The content of the show included politics , current events , social issues , and topics of interest , which Boortz discussed with callers , correspondents , and guests . Boortz touched on many controversial topics . Boortz 's first involvement with radio was in the 1960s , while he was a student at Texas A & M University , working as a local on-air personality at WTAW . After moving to Georgia , he became an avid listener of Atlanta 's first talk radio station . Boortz became a regular caller to the morning talk show . When the show 's host died , it created a job opening , which Boortz actively pursued . He was initially hired on a two-week trial run , and later offered the permanent position . Boortz attended night law school , earning a law degree in 1977 . For some years he worked as both an attorney and as a talk show host ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Libertarian talk-show host', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libertarianism', 'summary': 'Libertarianism ( from Latin : libertas , meaning freedom ) , or libertarism ( from French : libertaire , meaning libertarian ) , is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle . Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy , emphasizing freedom of choice , voluntary association and individual judgement . Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power , but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems . Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power , often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions . Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of libertarianism . This is done to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital , usually along left-right or socialist-capitalist lines . Libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics such as anti-authoritarian and anti-state socialists like anarchists , especially social anarchists , but more generally libertarian communists/Marxists and libertarian socialists . These libertarians seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production , or else to restrict their purview or effects to usufruct property norms , in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management , viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty . Left-libertarian ideologies include anarchist schools of thought , alongside many other anti-paternalist , New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianism , green politics , market-oriented left-libertarianism and the Steiner-Vallentyne school . In the mid-20th century , right-libertarian ideologies such as anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opted the term libertarian to advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land , infrastructure and natural resources . The latter is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States , where it advocates civil liberties , natural law , free-market capitalism and a major reversal of the modern welfare state .'}]}, {'value': 'Webbie Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webbie_Burnett', 'summary': 'Webbie Burnett ( born November 7 , 1967 ) is a former American football defensive tackle who played ten seasons in the Arena Football League with the Orlando Predators and Toronto Phantoms . He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the eleventh round of the 1990 NFL Draft . Burnett first enrolled at the University of Florida before transferring to Western Kentucky University . He attended Pensacola High School in Pensacola , Florida . He was also a member of the Raleigh-Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football . He was named to the Arena Football League 15th Anniversary Team in 2001 . Burnett has also been head coach of the Fayetteville Guard of the American Indoor Football Association .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football player', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adron Chambers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adron_Chambers', 'summary': 'Adron Lamar Chambers ( born October 8 , 1986 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the St. Louis Cardinals .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current MLB outfielder ( St. Louis Cardinals )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MLB', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Jim Hutto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Hutto', 'summary': 'James Neamon Hutto ( born October 17 , 1947 ) is an American former professional baseball utility player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , who played for the Philadelphia Phillies ( 1970 ) and the Baltimore Orioles ( 1975 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former MLB outfielder and catcher ( Philadelphia Phillies , Baltimore Orioles )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MLB', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Levin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Levin', 'summary': "Fredric Gerson Levin ( born March 29 , 1937 ) is an American plaintiffs ' lawyer in the state of Florida , who serves as chairman of Levin , Papantonio , Thomas , Mitchell , Rafferty & Proctor , P.A , a law firm in Northwest Florida . The Fredric G. Levin College of Law at the University of Florida is named for him because of a monetary donation he made to the school in 1999 . Fred ( as he is most commonly referenced ) is best known for rewriting Florida 's Medicaid Third-Party Recovery Act to allow the State of Florida to sue and recover billions of dollars from the tobacco industry for smoking related illnesses . His flamboyant and brazen personality has resulted in him being prosecuted by The Florida Bar two times , and investigated two additional times . The life of Fred Levin was summarized in the weekly medical journal The Lancet . In its December 2014 edition , the author wrote : And Give Up Showbiz ? explores the extraordinary life of a pioneering and often controversial lawyer . Seen as an inspiring innovator by some , and a flamboyant self-promoter by others , Levin 's work was not always met with a favourable outcome . Levin was accused of two murders , and has often met with controversy because of his relentless fight for justice against big companies . His home life , while loving , was often neglected in his pursuit of business , and this is mentioned several times in the book - bringing a sense of balance to the stories . . ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Civil trial lawyer for whom the University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law is named ; lawyer and adviser to boxer Roy Jones Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Florida', 'summary': "The University of Florida ( Florida or UF ) is a public land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant research university in Gainesville , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida and traces its origins to 1853 and has operated continuously on its Gainesville campus since September 1906 . The University of Florida is the only member of the Association of American Universities in Florida . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . After the Florida state legislature 's creation of performance standards in 2013 , the Florida Board of Governors designated the University of Florida as one of the three preeminent universities among the twelve universities of the State University System of Florida . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida as the seventh ( tied ) best public university in the United States . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . It is the third largest Florida university by student population , and is the eighth largest single-campus university in the United States with 54,906 students enrolled for the fall 2018 semester . The University of Florida is home to 16 academic colleges and more than 150 research centers and institutes . It offers multiple graduate professional programs - including business administration , engineering , law , dentistry , medicine , pharmacy and veterinary medicine - on one contiguous campus , and administers 123 master 's degree programs and 76 doctoral degree programs in eighty-seven schools and departments . The university 's seal is also the seal of the state of Florida , which is on the state flag . The University of Florida 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known as the Florida Gators , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Jones_Jr.', 'summary': "Roy Levesta Jones Jr. ( born January 16 , 1969 ) is an American former professional boxer , boxing commentator , boxing trainer , rapper , and actor who holds dual American and Russian citizenship . He competed in boxing from 1989 to 2018 , and held multiple world championships in four weight classes , including titles at middleweight , super middleweight , light heavyweight and heavyweight , and is the only boxer in history to start his professional career at junior middleweight and go on to win a heavyweight title . As an amateur he represented the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics , winning a silver medal in the junior middleweight division after one of the most controversial decisions in boxing history . Jones is considered by many to be one of the best boxers of all time , pound for pound , and left his mark in the sport 's history when he won the WBA heavyweight title in 2003 , becoming the first former middleweight champion to win a heavyweight title in 106 years . Prior to that , in 1999 , he became the undisputed light heavyweight champion by unifying the WBA , WBC , and IBF titles . During his prime , Jones was known for possessing exceptional hand speed , athleticism , movement and reflexes . As of February 2018 , Jones holds the record for the most wins in unified light heavyweight title bouts in boxing history , at twelve . The Ring magazine named Jones the Fighter of the Year in 1994 , and the World Boxing Hall of Fame named him the Fighter of the Year for 2003 . He is also a three-time winner of the Best Boxer ESPY Award ( 1996 , 2000 , and 2003 ) . The Boxing Writers Association of America named him as the Fighter of the Decade for the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': 'Terrell McClain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrell_McClain', 'summary': 'Terrell McClain ( born July 20 , 1988 ) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He played college football at the University of South Florida . He has also played for the New England Patriots , Houston Texans , Dallas Cowboys , Washington Redskins , Atlanta Falcons , Arizona Cardinals , Kansas City Chiefs , and Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football player', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Shaw_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Eric Wendell Shaw ( born September 17 , 1971 ) is a former American football linebacker who played three seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Shaw attended Pensacola High School in Pensacola , Florida . He first enrolled at Florida State University before transferring to Louisiana Tech University . He was drafted by the Bengals in the twelfth round of the 1992 NFL Draft . With the Bengals from 1992 through 1994 , Shaw appeared in 28 games ( 10 starts ) . A comeback attempt in 1999 with the Shreveport Knights of the short-lived Regional Football League ended after one game due to a neck injury .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football player', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michelle Snow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Snow', 'summary': "Donnette Jé-Michelle Snow ( born March 20 , 1980 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who played most recently in the Turkish Women 's Basketball League ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WNBA basketball player and former University of Tennessee standout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WNBA', 'summary': "The Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) is a professional basketball league in the United States . It is currently composed of twelve teams . The league was founded on April 24 , 1996 , as the women 's counterpart to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and league play started in 1997 . The regular season is played from May to September , with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July and the WNBA Finals at the end of September until the beginning of October . Starting in 2020 , a midseason tournament , the Commissioner 's Cup , will be added , with regular-season Cup games played through early July followed by a final match in August . Five WNBA teams have direct NBA counterparts and play in the same arena : Indiana Fever , Los Angeles Sparks , Minnesota Lynx , New York Liberty , and Phoenix Mercury . The Atlanta Dream , Chicago Sky , Connecticut Sun , Dallas Wings , Las Vegas Aces , Seattle Storm , and Washington Mystics do not share an arena with a direct NBA counterpart , although four of the seven ( the Dream , the Sky , the Wings , and the Mystics ) share a market with an NBA counterpart , and the Storm shared an arena and market with an NBA team at the time of its founding . The Dream , the Sky , the Sun , the Wings , the Aces , the Sparks , and the Storm are all independently owned ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tennessee', 'summary': "The University of Tennessee ( The University of Tennessee , Knoxville ; UT Knoxville ; UTK ; or UT ) is a public research university in Knoxville , Tennessee . Founded in 1794 , two years before Tennessee became the 16th state , it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system , with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges . It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries . In its 2020 universities ranking , U.S. News & World Report ranked UT 104th among all national universities and 44th among public institutions of higher learning . Seven of its alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars . James M. Buchanan , M.S . '41 , received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics . UT 's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory , established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT-Battelle partnership , allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students . Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy , the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility , and the University of Tennessee Arboretum , which occupies 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of nearby Oak Ridge and features hundreds of species of plants indigenous to the region . The university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee . The University of Tennessee is the only university in the nation to have three presidential papers editing projects . The university holds collections of the papers of all three U.S. presidents from Tennessee - Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , and Andrew Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Kay Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kay_Stephenson', 'summary': "George Kay Stephenson ( born December 17 , 1944 ) is an American former college and professional football player and current coach , whose latter career has seen him work in four different professional leagues . Stephenson played quarterback for the American Football League 's San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills . He finished his playing career in 1974 in the World Football League with the Jacksonville Sharks before entering the coaching ranks ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football player', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Webb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Webb_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Floyd Webb ( born May 23 , 1979 ) , is a former Major League Baseball pitcher . He played in MLB from 2004-2005 for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . In 2007 , Webb played for the Chicago Cubs Triple-A affiliate , the Iowa Cubs , and became a free agent after the season . In 2008 , Webb pitched for the Pensacola Pelicans of the independent American Association .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former MLB pitcher ( Tampa Bay Rays )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MLB', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays', 'summary': "The Tampa Bay Rays are an American professional baseball team based in St. Petersburg , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) East division . Since its inception , the team 's home venue has been Tropicana Field . Following nearly three decades of unsuccessfully trying to gain an expansion franchise or enticing existing teams to relocate to the Tampa Bay Area , an ownership group led by Vince Naimoli was approved on March 9 , 1995 . The Tampa Bay Devil Rays began play in the 1998 Major League Baseball season . Their first decade of play , however , was marked by futility ; they finished in last place in the AL East in all but the 2004 season , when they finished second to last . Following the 2007 season , Stuart Sternberg , who had purchased controlling interest in the team from Vince Naimoli two years earlier , changed the team 's name from Devil Rays to Rays , now meant to primarily refer to a burst of sunshine rather than a manta ray , though a manta ray logo remains on the uniform sleeves . The 2008 season saw the Tampa Bay Rays post their first winning season , their first AL East championship , and their first pennant ( defeating the rival Boston Red Sox in the ALCS ) , though they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies in that year 's World Series . Since then , the Rays have played in the postseason in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2019 . The Tampa Bay Rays ' chief rivals are the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees . Regarding the former , there have been several notable on-field incidents . The Rays also have an intrastate interleague rivalry with the National League ( NL ) 's Miami Marlins ( originally the Florida Marlins ) , whom they play in the Citrus Series ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Whiten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Whiten', 'summary': "Mark Anthony Whiten ( born November 25 , 1966 ) , is an American former professional baseball outfielder and switch-hitting batter , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Toronto Blue Jays ( 1990-1991 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1991-1992 , 1998-2000 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 1993-1994 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1995 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1996 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 1996 ) , Seattle Mariners ( 1996 ) , and New York Yankees ( 1997 ) . He became known by the nickname Hard-Hittin ' Mark Whiten ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Major League Baseball player who is famous for hitting 4 home runs in one game for the St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Damarious Randall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damarious_Randall', 'summary': 'Damarious Wayne Randall ( born August 29 , 1992 ) is an American football safety for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Arizona State and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornerback for the Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Browns', 'summary': "The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland . Named after original coach and co-founder Paul Brown , they compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The Browns play their home games at FirstEnergy Stadium , which opened in 1999 , with administrative offices and training facilities in Berea , Ohio . The Browns ' official club colors are brown , orange , and white . They are unique among the 32 member franchises of the NFL in that they do not have a logo on their helmets . The franchise was founded in 1945 by Brown and businessman Arthur B. McBride as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . The Browns dominated the AAFC , compiling a 47-4-3 record in the league 's four seasons and winning its championship in each . When the AAFC folded after the 1949 season , the Browns joined the NFL along with the San Francisco 49ers and the original Baltimore Colts . The team won a championship in their inaugural NFL season , as well as in the 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 seasons , and in a feat unequaled in any of the North American major professional sports , played in their league championship game in each of the Browns ' first ten years of existence . From 1965 to 1995 , they qualified to play in the NFL playoffs 14 times , but did not win another championship or play in the Super Bowl during that period . In 1995 , owner Art Modell , who had purchased the Browns in 1961 , announced plans to move the team to Baltimore . After threats of legal action from the city of Cleveland and fans , a compromise was reached in early 1996 that allowed Modell to establish the Baltimore Ravens as a new franchise while retaining the contracts of all Browns personnel ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Pensacola_High_School_0', 'intro': 'Pensacola High School is a secondary school located near downtown Pensacola, Florida, United States. The school celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2001 and graduated its 100th class of seniors in 2005; however, the school has not always been at its current location. It was moved to Maxwell Street in 1952. In 1969, a fire gutted the previous school building on Lee Square, prompting its demolition. Currently, it is the oldest secondary school in Pensacola. The school is part of the Escambia County School District. A former principal, Norm Ross, is the deputy superintendent of schools for the county. Currently, the principal is David Williams, a former NBA player who previously served as Assistant Principal of Grounds and Maintenance. After Hurricane Ivan, which struck the Pensacola area on September 16, 2004, Pensacola High School was damaged. While large renovations were needed, the school remained open and in operation. The gymnasium, which had only recently been remodeled, was demolished in June 2005. The auditorium was rebuilt in the spring of 2007, and the gymnasium was rebuilt in time for the 2008-2009 school year.'}
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What is the birth date of the 2005 Pensacola High School graduate ?
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October 8 , 1986
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03e7e3e3f23078d8
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_carrier', 'title': 'Helicopter carrier', 'header': ['Country', 'Navy', 'In service', 'In reserve', 'Under construction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Australian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force . Following the Federation of Australia in 1901 , the ships and resources of the separate colonial navies were integrated into a national force , called the Commonwealth Naval Forces . Originally intended for local defence , the navy was granted the title of 'Royal Australian Navy ' in 1911 , and became increasingly responsible for defence of the region . Britain 's Royal Navys Australian Squadron was assigned to the Australia Station and provided support to the RAN . The Australian and New Zealand governments helped to fund the Australian Squadron until 1913 , while the Admiralty committed itself to keeping the Squadron at a constant strength . The Australian Squadron ceased on 4 October 1913 , when RAN ships entered Sydney Harbour for the first time . The Royal Navy continued to provide blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the early years of the Second World War . Then , rapid wartime expansion saw the acquisition of large surface vessels and the building of many smaller warships . In the decade following the war , the RAN acquired a small number of aircraft carriers , the last of which was decommissioned in 1982 . Today , the RAN consists of 48 commissioned vessels , 3 non-commissioned vessels and over 16,000 personnel . The navy is one of the largest and most sophisticated naval forces in the South Pacific region , with a significant presence in the Indian Ocean and worldwide operations in support of military campaigns and peacekeeping missions . The current Chief of Navy is Vice Admiral Michael Noonan ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazilian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazilian_Navy', 'summary': "The Brazilian Navy ( Portuguese : Marinha do Brasil ) is the naval service branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces , responsible for conducting naval operations . The Brazilian Navy is the largest navy in South America and in Latin America , and the second largest navy in the Americas , after the United States Navy . The navy was involved in Brazil 's war of independence from Portugal . Most of Portugal 's naval forces and bases in South America were transferred to the newly independent country . In the initial decades following independence , the country maintained a large naval force and the navy was later involved in the Cisplatine War , the River Plate conflicts , the Paraguayan War as well as other sporadic rebellions that marked Brazilian history . By the 1880s the Brazilian Imperial Navy was the most powerful in South America . After the 1893 naval rebellion , there was a hiatus in the development of the navy until 1905 , when Brazil acquired two of the most powerful and advanced dreadnoughts of the day which sparked a dreadnought race with Brazil 's South American neighbours . The Brazilian Navy participated in both World War I and World War II , engaging in anti-submarine patrols in the Atlantic . The modern Brazilian Navy includes British-built guided missile frigates ( FFG ) , locally built corvettes ( FFL ) , coastal diesel-electric submarines ( SSK ) and many other river and coastal patrol craft ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': "People 's Liberation Army Navy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Navy", 'summary': "The People 's Liberation Army Navy ( Chinese : 中国人民解放军海军 ) , also known as the PLA Navy or PLAN , is the naval warfare branch of the People 's Liberation Army , which is the armed wing of the Communist Party of China and , by default , the national armed forces of the People 's Republic of China . The PLAN can trace its lineage to naval units fighting during the Chinese Civil War and was established in September 1950 . Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , the Soviet Union provided assistance to the PLAN in the form of naval advisers and export of equipment and technology . Until the late 1980s , the PLAN was largely a riverine and littoral force ( brown-water navy ) . However , by the 1990s , following the fall of the Soviet Union and a shift towards a more forward-oriented foreign and security policy , the leaders of the Chinese military were freed from worrying over land border disputes , and instead turned their attention towards the seas . This led to the development of the People 's Liberation Army Navy into a green-water navy by 2009 . Before the 1990s the PLAN had traditionally played a subordinate role to the People 's Liberation Army Ground Force . In 2008 , General Qian Lihua confirmed that China plans to operate a small fleet of aircraft carriers in the near future , but for the purpose of regional defence as opposed to global reach . As of 2013 PLA officials have also outlined plans to operate in the first and second island chains . Chinese strategists term the development of the PLAN from a green-water navy into a regional blue-water defensive and offensive navy . The People 's Liberation Army Navy is composed of five branches ; the Submarine Force , the Surface Force , the Coastal Defense Force , the Marine Corps and the Naval Air Force . With a personnel strength of 255,000 servicemen and women , including 10,000 marines and 26,000 naval air force personnel , it is the second largest navy in the world in terms of tonnage , only behind the United States Navy , and has the largest number of major combatants of any navy ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 4 planned )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Egyptian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egyptian_Navy', 'summary': "The Egyptian Navy ( Arabic : القوات البحرية المصرية , lit . Egyptian Navy Forces ) , also known as the Egyptian Naval Force , is the maritime branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces . It is the largest navy in the Middle East and Africa , and is the sixth largest in the world measured by the number of vessels . The navy 's missions include protection of more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea , defense of approaches to the Suez Canal , and support for army operations . The majority of the modern Egyptian Navy was created with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1960s . The navy received ships in the 1980s from China and other , western , sources . In 1989 , the Egyptian Navy had 18,000 personnel as well as 2,000 personnel in the Coast Guard ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'French Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Navy', 'summary': "The French Navy ( French : Marine Nationale , lit . National Navy ) , informally La Royale , is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces . Dating back to 1624 , the French Navy is one of the world 's oldest naval forces . It has participated in conflicts around the globe and played a key part in establishing the French colonial empire . The French Navy consists of six main branches and various services : the Force d'Action Navale , the Forces Sous-marines ( FOST , ESNA ) , French Naval Aviation , the Fusiliers Marins ( including Commandos Marine ) , the Marins Pompiers , and the Maritime Gendarmerie . As of June 2014 , the French Navy employed a total of 36,776 personnel along with 2,800 civilians . Its reserve element consisted of 4,827 personnel of the Operational Reserve . As a blue-water navy , it operates a wide range of fighting vessels , which include the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle , various aeronaval forces , attack submarines and ballistic missile submarines , frigates , patrol boats and support ships ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Navy', 'summary': "The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian Armed Forces . The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy . The Chief of Naval Staff , a four-star admiral , commands the navy . The Indian Navy traces its origins back to the East India Company 's Marine which was founded in 1612 to protect British merchant shipping in the region . In 1793 , the British East India Company established its rule over eastern part of the Indian subcontinent i.e . Bengal , but it was not until 1830 that the colonial navy was titled as His Majesty 's Indian Navy . When India became a republic in 1950 , the Royal Indian Navy as it had been named since 1934 was renamed to Indian Navy . The primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation 's maritime borders , and in conjunction with other Armed Forces of the union , act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory , people or maritime interests of India , both in war and peace . Through joint exercises , goodwill visits and humanitarian missions , including disaster relief , Indian Navy promotes bilateral relations between nations . As of June 2019 , Indian Navy has 67,252 personnel in service and has a fleet of 137 warships and 235 aircraft . As of March 2018 , the operational fleet consists of one aircraft carrier , one amphibious transport dock , eight landing ship tanks , eleven destroyers , fourteen frigates , one nuclear-powered attack submarine , one ballistic missile submarine , fifteen conventionally-powered attack submarines , twenty-two corvettes , one mine countermeasure vessel , four fleet tankers and various other auxiliary vessels ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( 4 planned total )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force', 'summary': "The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( 海上自衛隊 , Kaijō Jieitai ) , JMSDF , also referred to as the Japanese navy , is the maritime warfare branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces , tasked with the naval defense of Japan . The JMSDF was formed following the dissolution of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) after World War II . The JMSDF has a fleet of 154 ships and 346 aircraft and consists of approximately 45,800 personnel . Its main tasks are to maintain control of the nation 's sea lanes and to patrol territorial waters . It also participates in UN-led peacekeeping operations ( PKOs ) and Maritime Interdiction Operations ( MIOs ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Russian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Navy', 'summary': "The Russian Navy ( Russian : Военно-морской флот Российской Федерации ( ВМФ России ) , lit . Military-Maritime Fleet of the Russian Federation ) is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces . It has existed in various forms since 1696 , the present iteration of which was formed in January 1992 when it succeeded the Navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( which had itself succeeded the Soviet Navy following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late December 1991 ) . The first iteration of the Russian Navy was established by Peter the Great ( Peter I ) in October 1696 . Ascribed to him is the oft quoted statement : A ruler that has but an army has one hand , but he who has a navy has both . The symbols of the Russian Navy , the St. Andrew 's ensign ( seen to the right ) , and most of its traditions were established personally by Peter I . Neither Jane 's Fighting Ships nor the International Institute for Strategic Studies list any standard ship prefixes for the vessels of the Russian Navy . The U.S. government sometimes uses the exonymous prefix RFS ( for Russian Federation Ship ) . However , the Russian Navy itself does not use this convention . The Russian Navy possesses the vast majority of the former Soviet naval forces , and currently comprises the Northern Fleet , the Russian Pacific Fleet , the Russian Black Sea Fleet , the Russian Baltic Fleet , the Russian Caspian Flotilla , Naval Aviation , and the Coastal Troops ( consisting of the naval infantry and the Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops ) . A rearmament program approved in 2007 placed the development of the navy on an equal footing with the strategic nuclear forces for the first time in Soviet and Russian history . This program , covering the period until 2015 , expected to see the replacement of 45 percent of the inventory of the Russian Navy ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( 3 planned total )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Korea Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy', 'summary': "The Republic of Korea Navy ( ROKN ; Korean : 대한민국 해군 ) , also known as the ROK Navy or South Korean Navy , is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces , responsible for naval and amphibious operations . The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps , which functions as a branch of the Navy . The ROK Navy has about 70,000 regular personnel including 29,000 Republic of Korea Marines . There are about 150 commissioned ships with the ROK Navy . The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft . The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles . The Republic of Korea Navy was established as the Marine Defense Group on November 11 , 1945 after Korea was liberated from the Empire of Japan on August 15 , 1945 . Since the Korean War , the South Korean navy had concentrated its efforts on building naval forces to counteract the North Korean navy . As South Korea 's economy grew , the ROK Navy was able to locally build larger and better equipped fleets to deter aggression , to protect the sea lines of communication , and to support the nation 's foreign policy . As part of its mission , the ROK Navy has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century . The ROK Navy aims to become a blue-water navy in the 2020s ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Spanish Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Navy', 'summary': "The Spanish Navy ( Spanish : Armada Española ) is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world . The Spanish navy was responsible for a number of major historic achievements in navigation , the most famous being the discovery of America by Spain and the first global circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano . For several centuries , it played a crucial logistical role in the Spanish Empire and defended a vast trade network across the Atlantic Ocean between the Americas and Europe and across the Pacific Ocean between Asia and the Americas . The Spanish Navy was the most powerful maritime force in the world in the 16th and 17th centuries and possibly the world 's largest navy at the end of the 16th century and in the early 17th century [ vague ] . Reform under the Bourbon dynasty improved its logistical and military capacity in the 18th century , for most of which Spain possessed the world 's third largest navy . In the 19th century , the Spanish Navy built and operated one of the first military submarines , made important contributions in the development of destroyer warships , and again achieved a first global circumnavigation , this time by an ironclad vessel . Today the Spanish Navy is one of the most important in the world , and one of the only nine naval forces on the planet capable of projecting an important level of force in their own hemisphere The main bases of the Spanish Navy are located in Rota , Ferrol , San Fernando and Cartagena ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Thai Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Thai Navy ( Abrv : RTN , ทร . ; Thai : กองทัพเรือไทย , RTGS : kong thap ruea thai ) , Thailand 's naval warfare force , was established in 1906 . It was modernised by the Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse ( 1880-1923 ) who is known as the father of the Royal Thai Navy . Its has a structure that includes the naval fleet , Royal Thai Marine Corps , and Air and Coastal Defence Command . The RTN headquarters is at Sattahip Naval Base . The navy operates three naval area commands ( NAC ) : Northern Gulf of Thailand ( First NAC ) ; Southern Gulf of Thailand ( Second NAC ) ; and the Andaman Sea ( Indian Ocean ) ( Third NAC ) . The RTN also has two air wings and one flying unit on its aircraft carrier ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Turkish Naval Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces', 'summary': 'The Turkish Naval Forces ( Turkish : Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri ) , or Turkish Navy ( Turkish : Türk Donanması ) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces . The navy can trace its lineage back to the first Turkish fleets to sail the Aegean in the late 11th century , the fleets of the Anatolian beyliks in the 14th century , and , more immediately , to the Ottoman Navy . However , the modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920 , when it was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . Since July 1949 , the service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces . In 2008 , the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600 ; this figure included an Amphibious Marines Brigade as well as several Special Forces and Commando detachments . As of early 2015 , the navy operates a wide variety of ships and 51 maritime aircraft .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 11 planned total )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Helicopter carriers by country', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Helicopter_carrier_0', 'intro': "A helicopter carrier is a type of aircraft carrier whose primary purpose is to operate helicopters. A helicopter carrier has a large flight deck that occupies a large part of the ship, which can extend the full length of the ship like HMS Ocean of the Royal Navy (RN), or only partway, usually aft, as in the Soviet Navy's Moskva class, the Chinese Navy's Type 0891A or the Royal Fleet Auxiliary's (RFA) RFA Argus. It often also has a hangar deck for the storage of aircraft. Pure helicopter carriers are difficult to define in the 21st century. The advent of STOVL aircraft such as the Harrier Jump Jet, and now the F-35, have complicated the classification; the United States Navy's Wasp class, for instance, carries six to eight Harriers as well as over 20 helicopters. Only smaller carriers unable to operate the Harrier and older pre-Harrier-era carriers can be regarded as true helicopter carriers. In many cases, other carriers, able to operate STOVL aircraft, are classified as light aircraft carriers. Other vessels, such as the Wasp class, are also capable of embarking troops such as marines and landing them ashore; they are classified as amphibious assault ships. Helicopter carriers have been used as anti-submarine warfare carriers and amphibious assault ships. HMS Hermes and two of her sisters were 22,000 ton fleet carriers converted to commando carriers only able to operate helicopters. Hermes was later converted to a STOVL carrier."}
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What navy is the second largest navy in the world in terms of tonnage and has two carriers in service ?
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People 's Liberation Army Navy
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03e9fc43e6ff8ad1
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frithiof Mårtensson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frithiof_Mårtensson', 'summary': 'Folke Frithiof Martens Mårtensson ( 19 May 1884 - 20 June 1956 ) was a Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden . He won the middleweight contests at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London and at the unofficial 1909 European Championships in Malmö . After 1909 Mårtensson moved to Copenhagen for training as a dental technician and in 1913 to the United States . Two years later he returned to Stockholm , where he died in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling ( Greco-Roman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , nine wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were four weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and five weight classes in freestyle wrestling . Greco-Roman reappeared for the first time since the 1896 Summer Olympics , with weight classes for the first time . The number of classes in freestyle was reduced from 7 to 5 , with the light fly , fly , and welterweight classes dropped but the middleweight added . The addition of the 4 Greco-Roman classes brought the total number of events in wrestling up to 9 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's middleweight", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_middleweight", 'summary': 'The Greco-Roman middleweight was one of four Greco-Roman wrestling weight classes contested on the Wrestling at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . Like all other wrestling events , it was open only to men . The middleweight was the second-lightest weight class , allowing wrestlers up to 73 kilograms ( 161 lb ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Swedish men 's team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team", 'summary': "The men 's team was one of two gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . Each team was composed of between 16 and 40 gymnasts , with a time limit of 30 minutes for the performance . Free gymnastics and hand apparati were allowed . A total of 480 points was possible ."}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , two gymnastics events were contested . No nation was successful in winning more than one medal .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team", 'summary': "The men 's team was one of two gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . Each team was composed of between 16 and 40 gymnasts , with a time limit of 30 minutes for the performance . Free gymnastics and hand apparati were allowed . A total of 480 points was possible ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hjalmar Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansson', 'summary': 'Carl Hjalmar August Johansson ( 20 January 1874 - 30 September 1957 ) was a Swedish pioneer diver , swimmer and track and field athlete who competed at the 1906 , 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics . Johansson was 32 years old when he competed in three different events at the 1906 Intercalated Games , firstly he entered the 100 m freestyle swimming , where he came fourth in his heat so qualifying for the final the next day , in the final there was nine swimmers and Johansson finished eighth , the same day he competed in the standing long jump event and jumped 2.690 metres to finish 19th out of 30 . Finally he competed in his favoured event the combined platform diving event , where he finished in sixth place out of 24 divers . Two years later at the 1908 Summer Olympics he won a gold medal in the 10 m diving platform beating three other Swedish divers and an American in the final , and was eliminated in the heats of 200 m breaststroke . In 1912 , aged 38 , he won a silver medal in the plain high diving finishing behind fellow Swede Erik Adlerz who was just 19 years old , he also finished fourth in the 10 m platform . Johansson significantly contributed to designing the Olympic code for conduct of diving competitions . He also invented diving styles , such as the Swedish Swallow . He won the Swedish diving title from 1897 to 1912 , except for two years when he was studying in London , and the British title from 1907 to 1913 . In 1982 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an honor diver/contributor .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , two diving events were contested , both for men only . The competition was held on Tuesday July 14 , 1908 and Friday July 24 , 1908 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 m platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10_metre_platform", 'summary': "The men 's 10 metre platform , also known as the high diving competition , was one of two diving events on the diving at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme , along with the men 's 3 metre springboard . The competition was actually held from both 10 metre and 5 metre platforms . Divers performed a running plain dive and a backward somersault from the 5 metre board , a running plain dive and a standing plain dive from the 10 metre board , and three dives of the competitor 's choice from the 10 metre board . The competition was held from Monday 20 to Friday 24 July 1908 . Twenty-four divers from six nations competed ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulrich Salchow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow', 'summary': 'Karl Emil Julius Ulrich Salchow ( 7 August 1877 - 19 April 1949 ) was a Swedish figure skater , who dominated the sport in the first decade of the 20th century . Salchow won the World Figure Skating Championships ten times , from 1901 to 1905 , and from 1907 to 1911 . This is still a record , which he shares with Sonja Henie who also won 10 titles in the 1920s and 1930s , and with Irina Rodnina who won 10 titles in the 1960s and 1970s . Salchow did not compete in the 1906 World Championships that were held in Munich , as he feared that he would not be judged fairly against Gilbert Fuchs of Germany . When figure skating was first contested at the Summer Olympic Games in London ( 1908 ) , Salchow also won the title with ease , became one of the oldest figure skating Olympic champions . In addition , Salchow won the European Championships a record nine times ( 1898-1900 , 1904 , 1906-1907 , 1909-1910 , 1913 ) and placed second in the World Championships three times . In 1909 , Ulrich Salchow first landed a jump in competition in which he took off on the back inside edge , and landed on the back outside edge of his other foot . This jump is now known as the Salchow jump in his honor . After his competitive days , Salchow remained active in the sport , and was president of the International Skating Union ( ISU ) from 1925 to 1937 . Furthermore , he was the chairman of AIK in Stockholm between 1928 and 1939 - the leading Swedish club in football , ice-hockey , bandy , tennis and other sports . Ulrich Salchow was married to the dentist Dr. Anne-Elisabeth Salchow . Salchow died in Stockholm at the age of 71 and was interred there at Norra begravningsplatsen .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Four figure skating events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , but they were held in October 1908 , six months after most of the other Olympic events at the 1908 Games . The figure skating competition took place at the Prince 's Skating Club , in the district of Knightsbridge . It was the first time that a winter sport had ever been included in the Olympic Games , sixteen years before the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix . The number of competitors was very low , with two events having only three entrants , guaranteeing a medal for participation ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar Swahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Swahn', 'summary': 'Oscar Gomer Swahn ( 20 October 1847 - 1 May 1927 ) was a Swedish shooter who competed at three Olympic games and won six medals , including three gold . Swahn holds records as the oldest Olympian at the time of competition , the oldest person to win gold , and the oldest person to win an Olympic medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw fifteen shooting events . Most of the events were held at Bisley , Surrey while the trap shooting events were held at Uxendon .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's single-shot running deer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_single-shot_running_deer", 'summary': "The men 's single-shot 100 meter running deer competition was one of 15 shooting sports events on the Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . A deer-shaped target made 10 runs of 75 feet ( 22.86 meters ) , with the shooter firing one shot during each run . The runs lasted about 4 seconds each and took place 110 yards ( 100.584 meters ) distant from the shooter . There were three concentric circles on the target , with the smallest counting for 4 points , the middle for 3 , and the outermost for 2 . A hit outside the circles but still on the target ( except on the haunch ) counted for 1 point . The maximum possible score was thus 40 points ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arvid Knöppel Ernst Rosell Alfred Swahn Oscar Swahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arvid_Knöppel', 'summary': 'Arvid Knöppel ( 7 March 1867 - 7 March 1925 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won the gold medal in the team single-shot running deer event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Rosell', 'summary': 'Ernst Oscar Rosell ( 3 December 1881 - 26 July 1953 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won the gold medal in the team running deer , single shots event . In the 1908 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Swahn', 'summary': 'Alfred Gomer Swahn ( 20 August 1879 - 16 March 1931 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908 , 1912 , 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics . He won nine medals : three gold , three silver and three bronze . He is the son of Oscar Swahn , an Olympic shooter who competed alongside his son at the 1908 , 1912 and 1920 Olympics and won six medals . 1908 London In 1908 Swahn was a member of the Swedish team which won the gold medal in the team running deer , single shots competition . He also participated in the individual trap event and finished 25th . 1912 Stockholm At the 1912 Summer Olympics he won two gold medals in running deer , single shots event . One in the individual and one in the team competition . He also participated in the following events :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Swahn', 'summary': 'Oscar Gomer Swahn ( 20 October 1847 - 1 May 1927 ) was a Swedish shooter who competed at three Olympic games and won six medals , including three gold . Swahn holds records as the oldest Olympian at the time of competition , the oldest person to win gold , and the oldest person to win an Olympic medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw fifteen shooting events . Most of the events were held at Bisley , Surrey while the trap shooting events were held at Uxendon .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team single-shot running deer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_single-shot_running_deer", 'summary': "The men 's team single-shot 100 meter running deer competition was one of 15 shooting sports events on the Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . Teams consisted of four shooters . A deer-shaped target made 10 runs of 75 feet ( 23.86 meters ) , with the shooter firing one shot during each run . The runs lasted about 4 seconds each and took place 110 yards ( 100.584 meters ) distant from the shooter . There were three concentric circles on the target , with the smallest counting for 4 points , the middle for 3 , and the outermost for 2 . A hit outside the circles but still on the target ( except on the haunch ) counted for 1 point . The maximum possible score was thus 40 points per shooter , or 160 for the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Lemming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Lemming', 'summary': 'Eric Otto Valdemar Lemming ( 22 February 1880 - 5 June 1930 ) was a Swedish track and field athlete who competed at the 1900 , 1906 , 1908 and 1912 Olympics in a wide variety of events , which mostly involved throwing and jumping . He had his best results in the javelin throw , which he won at the 1906-1912 Games , and in which he set multiple world records between 1899 and 1912 . His last record , measured at 62.32 m , was ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as the first official world record . Javelin throw was not part of the 1900 Olympics , where Lemming finished fourth in the hammer throw , high jump and pole vault . At the 1906 Intercalated Games he won a gold medal in the javelin throw and three bronze medals , in the shot put , tug of war and ancient pentathlon , which consisted of a standing long jump , discus throw ( ancient style ) , javelin throw , 192 m run , and a Greco-Roman wrestling match . He also finished fourth in the discus throw and stone throwing contests . At the 1908 Olympics , Lemming won two gold medals in two types of javelin throw , and finished eighth in the hammer throw . He won another gold medal in the javelin at his last Olympics in 1912 , where his half-brother Oscar placed tenth in pentathlon . Lemming died on 5 June 1930 at the age of 50 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded . Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting . The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the British Amateur Athletic Association .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's javelin throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_javelin_throw", 'summary': "The men 's javelin throw was one of six throwing events on the Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme in London . The javelin was required to be held in the middle . The competition was held on 17 July 1908 . 16 throwers from six nations competed ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Lemming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Lemming', 'summary': 'Eric Otto Valdemar Lemming ( 22 February 1880 - 5 June 1930 ) was a Swedish track and field athlete who competed at the 1900 , 1906 , 1908 and 1912 Olympics in a wide variety of events , which mostly involved throwing and jumping . He had his best results in the javelin throw , which he won at the 1906-1912 Games , and in which he set multiple world records between 1899 and 1912 . His last record , measured at 62.32 m , was ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as the first official world record . Javelin throw was not part of the 1900 Olympics , where Lemming finished fourth in the hammer throw , high jump and pole vault . At the 1906 Intercalated Games he won a gold medal in the javelin throw and three bronze medals , in the shot put , tug of war and ancient pentathlon , which consisted of a standing long jump , discus throw ( ancient style ) , javelin throw , 192 m run , and a Greco-Roman wrestling match . He also finished fourth in the discus throw and stone throwing contests . At the 1908 Olympics , Lemming won two gold medals in two types of javelin throw , and finished eighth in the hammer throw . He won another gold medal in the javelin at his last Olympics in 1912 , where his half-brother Oscar placed tenth in pentathlon . Lemming died on 5 June 1930 at the age of 50 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded . Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting . The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the British Amateur Athletic Association .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle javelin", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_freestyle_javelin", 'summary': "The men 's freestyle javelin throw was one of six throwing events on the Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme in London . The javelin could be held anywhere . The competition was held on July 15 , 1908 . 33 throwers from nine nations competed ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauritz Andersson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauritz_Andersson', 'summary': 'Mauritz Olof Andersson ( 22 September 1886 - 1 November 1971 ) was a middleweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden . He competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1908 . Four years later he was eliminated in the fourth round .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling ( Greco-Roman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , nine wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were four weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and five weight classes in freestyle wrestling . Greco-Roman reappeared for the first time since the 1896 Summer Olympics , with weight classes for the first time . The number of classes in freestyle was reduced from 7 to 5 , with the light fly , fly , and welterweight classes dropped but the middleweight added . The addition of the 4 Greco-Roman classes brought the total number of events in wrestling up to 9 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's middleweight", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_middleweight", 'summary': 'The Greco-Roman middleweight was one of four Greco-Roman wrestling weight classes contested on the Wrestling at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . Like all other wrestling events , it was open only to men . The middleweight was the second-lightest weight class , allowing wrestlers up to 73 kilograms ( 161 lb ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl Malmström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Malmström', 'summary': 'Karl Fritiof Malmström ( 27 December 1875 - 6 September 1938 ) was a Swedish diver . He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the 3 m springboard and 10 m platform and won the silver medal in the platform .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , two diving events were contested , both for men only . The competition was held on Tuesday July 14 , 1908 and Friday July 24 , 1908 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 m platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10_metre_platform", 'summary': "The men 's 10 metre platform , also known as the high diving competition , was one of two diving events on the diving at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme , along with the men 's 3 metre springboard . The competition was actually held from both 10 metre and 5 metre platforms . Divers performed a running plain dive and a backward somersault from the 5 metre board , a running plain dive and a standing plain dive from the 10 metre board , and three dives of the competitor 's choice from the 10 metre board . The competition was held from Monday 20 to Friday 24 July 1908 . Twenty-four divers from six nations competed ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Johansson', 'summary': "Richard Johansson ( 18 June 1882 - 24 July 1952 ) was a Swedish figure skater . He won the silver medal in the men 's singles competition at the 1908 London Olympics . He was part of the Swedish medal sweep there . He also skated in pairs with Gertrud Ström and won the bronze at the 1909 World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Four figure skating events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , but they were held in October 1908 , six months after most of the other Olympic events at the 1908 Games . The figure skating competition took place at the Prince 's Skating Club , in the district of Knightsbridge . It was the first time that a winter sport had ever been included in the Olympic Games , sixteen years before the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix . The number of competitors was very low , with two events having only three entrants , guaranteeing a medal for participation ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Hellström Edmund Thormählen Erik Wallerius Eric Sandberg Harald Wallin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hellström', 'summary': 'Carl Leopold Hellström ( 10 December 1864 , Gothenburg - 4 July 1962 ) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won a silver medal as crew member of the Swedish Vinga in the 8 metre class . Four years later he was part of the Swedish boat Kitty , which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edmund_Thormählen', 'summary': 'Edmund Gustaf Thormählen ( 21 July 1865 - 13 November 1946 ) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics . He was a crew member of the Swedish boat Vinga , which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erik_Wallerius', 'summary': 'Erik G. Wallerius ( April 16 , 1878 - May 7 , 1967 ) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won a silver medal as crew member of the Swedish Vinga in the 8 metre class . Four years later he was part of the Swedish boat Kitty , which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Sandberg', 'summary': 'Eric G. Sandberg ( December 19 , 1884 - December 8 , 1966 ) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won a silver medal as a crew member of the Swedish Vinga in the 8 metre class . Four years later he was part of the Swedish boat Kerstin , which won the bronze medal in the 6 metre class .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harald_Wallin', 'summary': 'Johan Harald Alfred Wallin ( 27 February 1887 - 16 June 1946 ) was a Swedish sailor who competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he was a crew member of the Swedish boat Vinga , which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class . Four years later he was a crew member of the Swedish boat Kitty which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of the 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program of 1908 was open for a total of five sailing classes ( disciplines ) , but actually only four Sailing events were contested . The planned venue of all races , named matches , was Ryde , Isle of Wight .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 8 metre class", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_8_metre_class', 'summary': 'The 8 Metre was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics program in Ryde . Three races were scheduled . 26 sailors , on 5 boats , from 3 nation competed .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Per-Olof Arvidsson Janne Gustafsson Axel Jansson Gustaf Adolf Jonsson Claës Rundberg Gustav-Adolf Sjöberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Per-Olof_Arvidsson', 'summary': 'Per-Olof Arvidsson ( 18 December 1864 - 30 August 1947 ) was a Swedish shooter who competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics in eight events in total . He won a silver medal in the team free rifle 1908 and a gold in 1912 , in the 100 m team running deer , single shots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Janne_Gustafsson', 'summary': 'Johan Janne Gustafsson ( 2 May 1883 - 24 September 1942 ) was a Swedish shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won the silver medal in the team free rifle event . In the 300 metre free rifle competition as well as in the team military rifle event he finished fifth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Axel_Jansson', 'summary': 'Carl Axel Jansson ( 24 April 1882 - 22 September 1909 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won the silver medal in the team free rifle event . In the team military rifle event he finished fifth and in the 300 metre free rifle competition he finished seventh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gustaf_Adolf_Jonsson', 'summary': 'Gustaf Adolf Jonsson ( 26 June 1879 - 30 April 1949 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908 , the 1912 and the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won the silver medal in the team free rifle event . In the team military rifle event he finished fifth and in the 300 metre free rifle competition he finished 15th . Four years later he won the gold medal as member of the Swedish free rifle . In the 300 metre free rifle , three positions event he finished eleventh and in the 300 metre military rifle , three positions competition he finished 16th . In 1920 he won the bronze medal as part of the Swedish 600 metre military rifle , prone team . In the 300 and 600 metre team military rifle , prone event he finished sixth . He also participated in the 300 metre military rifle , prone competition and in the 600 metre military rifle , prone event but his exact place is unknown .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claës_Rundberg', 'summary': 'Claës J. Rundberg ( 14 November 1874 - 27 May 1958 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he won the silver medal in the team free rifle event . He was also a member of the Swedish team which finished fifth in the team military rifle event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_Sjöberg', 'summary': 'Gustav-Adolf Sjöberg ( 22 March 1865 - 31 October 1937 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he was a member of the Swedish team which won the silver medal in the free rifle team event . He also finished fourth in the 300 metre free rifle competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw fifteen shooting events . Most of the events were held at Bisley , Surrey while the trap shooting events were held at Uxendon .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team free rifle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Carlberg Vilhelm Carlberg Johan Hübner von Holst Franz-Albert Schartau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Carlberg', 'summary': 'Gustaf Eric Carlberg ( 5 April 1880 - 14 August 1963 ) was a Swedish Army officer , diplomat , sport shooter , fencer , and modern pentathlete who competed at the 1906 , 1908 , 1912 and 1924 Olympics alongside his twin brother Vilhelm .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vilhelm_Carlberg', 'summary': 'Gustaf Vilhelm Carlberg ( 5 April 1880 - 1 October 1970 ) was a Swedish Army officer and sports shooter . He competed at the 1906 , 1908 , 1912 and 1924 Olympics and won three gold , four silver and one bronze medals . With three gold and two silver medals he was the most successful athlete at the 1912 Olympics . In 1913 , he won two medals at the ISSF World Shooting Championships . His twin brother Eric competed alongside Gustaf at all those four Olympics . Vilhelm and Eric were the youngest of four children of a veterinarian , who died when they were 12 years old . The twins became military officers in 1901 and retired in the rank of major . In 1911 they became physical education instructors . Besides shooting , Vilhelm was a keen gymnast , who took part in the exhibition at the 1906 Olympics and helped organizing gymnastics events at the 1912 Games . In 1921 Vilhelm married the singer Elsa Reuter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johan_Hübner_von_Holst', 'summary': 'Johan Hübner von Holst ( 22 August 1881 - 13 June 1945 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1906 , 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1906 he won the silver medal in the 30 metre duelling pistol event . He also participated in the following events :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franz-Albert_Schartau', 'summary': 'Frans-Albert Vaksal Schartau ( 13 July 1877 - 6 June 1943 ) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908 and the 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he was a member of the Swedish team that won the silver medal in the team small-bore rifle competition . He also took part in the following events :'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw fifteen shooting events . Most of the events were held at Bisley , Surrey while the trap shooting events were held at Uxendon .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team small-bore rifle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_small-bore_rifle", 'summary': "The men 's team small-bore rifle was one of 15 events on the Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . Teams consisted of four shooters . Regulation of the equipment used in the event was done through proscribing ammunition weighing more than 140 grains , with a velocity of more than 1,450 feet per second , or having a hard metal base . Each shooter fired 40 shots , half at 50 yards and half at 100 yards . Maximum score for a shot was 5 points , giving a maximum total possible of 200 points per shooter or 800 per team ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Andersson Erik Bergvall Pontus Hanson Harald Julin Torsten Kumfeldt Axel Runström Gunnar Wennerström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Andersson_(water_polo)', 'summary': 'Robert Theodor Andersson ( 18 October 1886 , Stockholm - 2 March 1972 ) was a Swedish water polo player , diver , and freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1906 Summer Olympics , in the 1908 Summer Olympics , in the 1912 Summer Olympics , and in the 1920 Summer Olympics . He was part of the Swedish team , which was able to win three consecutive medals . He also competed in several swimming events from 1906 to 1920 . In 1906 , 1908 and 1912 he also participated in diving competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erik_Bergvall', 'summary': 'Erik Gustaf Bergvall ( April 7 , 1880 - February 4 , 1950 ) was a Swedish water polo player , journalist and sports official . He also promoted the Bergvall system , a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912 , 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pontus_Hanson', 'summary': 'Pontus Hanson ( 24 May 1894 - 4 December 1962 ) was a Swedish water polo player and swimmer , who won a bronze medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the 200 m breaststroke . In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver in 1912 . His brother Sven competed in the 200 m breaststroke at the 1912 Olympics . Hanson worked as a government official , and in parallel took active part in the development of swimming in Sweden , acting as a sports functionary in 1905-1922 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harald_Julin', 'summary': 'Harald Sigfrid Alexander Julin ( 27 March 1890 - 31 July 1967 ) was a Swedish swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1906 , 1908 , 1912 and 1920 Olympics . In 100 m freestyle swimming he won a bronze medal in 1908 , and failed to reach the finals in 1906 and 1912 ; he finished fifth in the 4×250 m freestyle relay in 1906 . In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver at the 1912 Summer Olympics in his native Stockholm . His sons Åke and Rolf also became Olympic water polo players . Julle came from a rich family . Besides water sports he was a fan of motor racing , working as a secretary of the Royal Automobile Club and helping organize several racing events . He later joined the national sports federation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Torsten_Kumfeldt', 'summary': 'Karl Torsten Kumfeldt ( 4 January 1886 - 2 May 1966 ) was a Swedish water polo goalkeeper and breaststroke swimmer . He competed in water polo at the 1908 , 1912 and 1920 Summer Olympics and won one silver and two bronze medals . In 1908 he also took part in the 200 m breaststroke event . Kumfeldt won seven national water polo titles with his club Stockholm KK . Between 1910 and 1912 he was secretary of the Swedish Swimming Federation , and spent much effort on preparing swimming venues for the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Axel_Runström', 'summary': 'Axel Wilhelm Runström ( October 15 , 1883 - August 10 , 1943 ) was a Swedish water polo player and diver who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1908 he was part of the Swedish water polo team , which was able to win the bronze medal . But In the diving platform event he was eliminated in the first round . In 1912 he was eliminated in the first round of the 3 metre springboard event , but was able to finish sixth in the plain high diving competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gunnar_Wennerström', 'summary': 'Gunnar Wennerström ( June 27 , 1879 - 1931 ) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics . He was part of the Swedish water polo team , which was able to win the bronze medal . In the 1500 metres freestyle event he was eliminated in the first round . Also he was part of the Swedish 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay team .'}]}, {'value': 'Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , a water polo tournament was contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's competitionGD", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics , a water polo tournament was contested .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Märtha Adlerstråhle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Märtha_Adlerstråhle', 'summary': 'Anna Märtha Vilhelmina Adlerstråhle ( 16 June 1868 - 4 January 1956 ) was a Swedish tennis player . Aged 40 she won a bronze medal in the indoor singles competition at the 1908 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Six tennis events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Indoor tennis events , on what were officially called 'covered courts ' , were held for the first time , along with the usual outdoor events . Women 's tennis returned , with women 's singles ( but not women 's doubles or mixed doubles ) and indoor women 's singles . The indoor events were held at the covered courts of the Queens Club and began on May 6 , 1908 , ahead of the official start of the Games while the outdoor tournament was played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Worple Road from July 6 through July 11 , 1908 . In total 50 players , 40 men and 10 women , competed . Five nations made their tennis debuts , while five more returned to competition for a total of ten nations . Two players , Les Poidevin and Wimbledon champion Anthony Wilding were nominated for Australasia but through administrative bungling they were not entered ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's indoor singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_indoor_singles", 'summary': "The indoor women 's singles was one of six lawn tennis events on the Tennis at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wollmar Boström Gunnar Setterwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wollmar_Boström', 'summary': "Wollmar Filip Boström ( 15 June 1878 - 7 November 1956 ) was a Swedish diplomat and tennis player . He competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics in singles and men 's doubles and won a bronze medal in the doubles in 1908 , finishing fifth in three other events . He was son to Governor of Södermanland County Filip Boström and nephew to Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström . In 1903 he started working at the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In 1909-13 he served as president of the Swedish Tennis Association , and in 1918-22 was a cabinet secretary . From 1925 till 1945 he was the Swedish minister in Washington ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gunnar_Setterwall', 'summary': "Carl Gunnar Emanuel Setterwall ( 18 August 1881 - 26 February 1928 ) was a Swedish tennis player who won four Olympic medals . In 1908 he won a bronze in the men 's indoor doubles , alongside Wollmar Boström . Four years later he won three more medals . In the mixed doubles ( with Sigrid Fick ) and indoor doubles ( with Carl Kempe ) tournament he reached the final but lost both times . Sigrid Fick was also his partner in the mixed indoor event and together they won a bronze medal . Setterwall 's father , also named Carl , was a multimillionaire controlling much of iron works during the railway 's development in Scandinavia . His son followed in his steps , eventually taking over the family firm ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Six tennis events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Indoor tennis events , on what were officially called 'covered courts ' , were held for the first time , along with the usual outdoor events . Women 's tennis returned , with women 's singles ( but not women 's doubles or mixed doubles ) and indoor women 's singles . The indoor events were held at the covered courts of the Queens Club and began on May 6 , 1908 , ahead of the official start of the Games while the outdoor tournament was played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Worple Road from July 6 through July 11 , 1908 . In total 50 players , 40 men and 10 women , competed . Five nations made their tennis debuts , while five more returned to competition for a total of ten nations . Two players , Les Poidevin and Wimbledon champion Anthony Wilding were nominated for Australasia but through administrative bungling they were not entered ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's indoor doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_indoor_doubles", 'summary': "The indoor men 's doubles was one of six lawn tennis events on the Tennis at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harald Julin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harald_Julin', 'summary': 'Harald Sigfrid Alexander Julin ( 27 March 1890 - 31 July 1967 ) was a Swedish swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1906 , 1908 , 1912 and 1920 Olympics . In 100 m freestyle swimming he won a bronze medal in 1908 , and failed to reach the finals in 1906 and 1912 ; he finished fifth in the 4×250 m freestyle relay in 1906 . In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver at the 1912 Summer Olympics in his native Stockholm . His sons Åke and Rolf also became Olympic water polo players . Julle came from a rich family . Besides water sports he was a fan of motor racing , working as a secretary of the Royal Automobile Club and helping organize several racing events . He later joined the national sports federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , six swimming events were contested . These were the first Olympic Games in which a 100-metre pool had been especially constructed ( inside the main stadium 's track and field oval ) . Previous Olympic events were swum in open water ( 1896 : The Mediterranean Sea , 1900 : The Seine River , 1904 : an artificial lake ) . Only men participated in the swimming events . The competitions were held from Monday , July 13 , 1908 , to Saturday , July 25 , 1908 . All six of the 1908 events became staples of the Olympic swimming programme , and have been contested at every edition of the Games since . The 50 m , 200 m , and 800 m freestyle events were dropped from the previous edition ( though the 50 m and 200 m would later return ) , the relay was lengthened from 4×50 yards to 4×200 m , and the 400 m breaststroke was shortened to 200 metres . Canada and Finland made their first appearances in swimming , while Austria , Hungary , and the United States continued their streaks of appearing each time . Fourteen nations competed in all , with 100 swimmers entering the events ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_100_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre freestyle was one of six swimming events on the swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . It was the shortest of the three individual freestyle events , as the 50 yard freestyle had been dropped after its one appearance on the 1904 Summer Olympics programme . The 100 metre event was contested for the third time after it had been held at the 1896 and 1906 Olympics . The 1904 Olympics saw a 100-yard event . The competition was held on Friday July 17 , 1908 and Monday July 20 , 1908 . Thirty-four swimmers from twelve nations competed . These were the first Olympic Games in which a 100-metre pool had been especially constructed ( inside the main stadium 's track and field oval ) . Previous Olympic events were swum in open water ( 1896 : The Mediterranean Sea , 1900 : The Seine River , 1904 : an artificial lake ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pontus Hanson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontus_Hanson', 'summary': 'Pontus Hanson ( 24 May 1894 - 4 December 1962 ) was a Swedish water polo player and swimmer , who won a bronze medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the 200 m breaststroke . In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver in 1912 . His brother Sven competed in the 200 m breaststroke at the 1912 Olympics . Hanson worked as a government official , and in parallel took active part in the development of swimming in Sweden , acting as a sports functionary in 1905-1922 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , six swimming events were contested . These were the first Olympic Games in which a 100-metre pool had been especially constructed ( inside the main stadium 's track and field oval ) . Previous Olympic events were swum in open water ( 1896 : The Mediterranean Sea , 1900 : The Seine River , 1904 : an artificial lake ) . Only men participated in the swimming events . The competitions were held from Monday , July 13 , 1908 , to Saturday , July 25 , 1908 . All six of the 1908 events became staples of the Olympic swimming programme , and have been contested at every edition of the Games since . The 50 m , 200 m , and 800 m freestyle events were dropped from the previous edition ( though the 50 m and 200 m would later return ) , the relay was lengthened from 4×50 yards to 4×200 m , and the 400 m breaststroke was shortened to 200 metres . Canada and Finland made their first appearances in swimming , while Austria , Hungary , and the United States continued their streaks of appearing each time . Fourteen nations competed in all , with 100 swimmers entering the events ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m breaststroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_200_metre_breaststroke", 'summary': "The men 's 200 metre breaststroke was one of 6 swimming events on the Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme . It was the only breaststroke event on the schedule . 1908 was the first appearance of the 200 metre breaststroke , as 1904 had seen the introduction of the stroke to Olympic competition with the 400 metre event ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arvid Spångberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arvid_Spångberg', 'summary': 'Arvid Fredrik Sparven Spångberg ( April 3 , 1890 - May 11 , 1959 ) was a Swedish diver and bandy player . He competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics . He was born in Stockholm and died in New York City . He won the bronze medal in the 10 metre platform event .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , two diving events were contested , both for men only . The competition was held on Tuesday July 14 , 1908 and Friday July 24 , 1908 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 m platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10_metre_platform", 'summary': "The men 's 10 metre platform , also known as the high diving competition , was one of two diving events on the diving at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme , along with the men 's 3 metre springboard . The competition was actually held from both 10 metre and 5 metre platforms . Divers performed a running plain dive and a backward somersault from the 5 metre board , a running plain dive and a standing plain dive from the 10 metre board , and three dives of the competitor 's choice from the 10 metre board . The competition was held from Monday 20 to Friday 24 July 1908 . Twenty-four divers from six nations competed ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sweden_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Sweden competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. It was the third appearance of the European nation, which had missed only the 1904 Summer Olympics.'}
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Which wrestling athlete died most recently ?
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Mauritz Andersson
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03ea504b960db072
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters', 'title': 'List of Delta Sigma Theta chapters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chartered', 'Institution', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Xi Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 4 , 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Institute of Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The Georgia Institute of Technology , commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or , in the state of Georgia , as Tech , is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta , Georgia . It is part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah , Georgia ; Metz , France ; Athlone , Ireland ; Shenzhen , China ; and Singapore . The school was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States . Initially , it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering . By 1901 , its curriculum had expanded to include electrical , civil , and chemical engineering . In 1948 , the school changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute and research university . Today , Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units , with emphasis on science and technology . It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering , computing , business administration , the sciences and design . Georgia Tech is ranked tied for 5th among all public national universities in the United States , tied for 4th in the Best Undergraduate Engineering Schools ranking , tied for 29th among all collegiate institutions in the National Universities category by U.S. News & World Report as of the 2020 rankings , and 34th among global universities in the world by Times Higher Education as of the 2019 rankings . Student athletics , both organized and intramural , are a part of student and alumni life . The school 's intercollegiate competitive sports teams , the four-time football national champion Yellow Jackets , and the nationally recognized fight song Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech , have helped keep Georgia Tech in the national spotlight . Georgia Tech fields eight men 's and seven women 's teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winthrop University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winthrop_University', 'summary': "Winthrop University ( Winthrop or WU ) is a public university in Rock Hill , South Carolina . It was founded in 1886 by David Bancroft Johnson , who served as the superintendent of Columbia , South Carolina , schools . He received a $ 1,500 grant from Robert Charles Winthrop , a Boston philanthropist and chair of the Peabody Education Board in Massachusetts . The school was originally established in Columbia to educate young women to teach in the public schools . Winthrop has developed into a university offering undergraduate and graduate degrees through five colleges and schools . It has enrollment of about 6,000 students . The majority of Winthrop 's students are from South Carolina , with out-of-state and foreign students accounting for 13% of undergraduate enrollment . The 100-acre ( 40.5 ha ) main academic and residential campus is located in Rock Hill , 25 miles ( 40 km ) southwest of Charlotte , North Carolina and 71 miles ( 114 km ) north of Columbia , South Carolina . Fielding athletic teams known as Winthrop Eagles , the university participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I level as a member of Big South Conference . The athletic program is known for its success in volleyball , basketball , soccer , and tennis ."}]}, {'value': 'Rock Hill , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Rock Hill is the largest city in York County , South Carolina , United States and the fifth-largest city in the state . It is also the fourth-largest city of the Charlotte metropolitan area , behind Charlotte , Concord , and Gastonia ( all located in North Carolina , unlike Rock Hill ) . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 66,154 . In 2018 , the population had increased to 74,309 . As of 2017 , the total population of Rock Hill corporate limits was estimated at 117,375 people . The city is located approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Charlotte and approximately 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Columbia . Rock Hill offers scenic riverfront views along the Catawba River and is home to numerous nature trails , restaurants , and thirty-one parks which are used for both national and local events . Its historic downtown consist of twelve contiguous buildings built as early as 1840 offering dining and retail options . The city is also home to three colleges , including Winthrop University , a public liberal arts university founded in 1886 which enrolls nearly 6,000 students annually .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 20 , 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Island , NY City-Wide 1978-1987 , Hofstra University 1988-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Island,_NY', 'summary': "Long Island ( locally : /lɔːŋˈɡaɪˌlənd/ ) is a densely populated island in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York , in the northeastern United States , beginning at New York Harbor approximately 0.35 miles ( 0.56 km ) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean . The island comprises four counties ; Kings and Queens Counties ( the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , respectively ) and Nassau County share the western third of the island , while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two-thirds . More than half of New York City 's residents now live on Long Island , in Brooklyn , and in Queens . However , many people in the New York metropolitan area ( even in Brooklyn and Queens ) colloquially use the term Long Island ( or the Island ) to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk Counties , and conversely , employ the term the City to mean Manhattan alone . Broadly speaking , Long Island may refer both to the main island and the surrounding outer barrier islands . North of the island is Long Island Sound , across which lie Westchester County , New York , and the state of Connecticut . Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island . To the west , Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River . To the extreme southwest , it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay , the Narrows , and Lower New York Bay . To the east lie Block Island - which belongs to the State of Rhode Island - and numerous smaller islands . Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States , Long Island extends 118 miles ( 190 km ) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point , with a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles ( 37 km ) between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast . With a land area of 1,401 square miles ( 3,630 km2 ) , Long Island is the 11th-largest island in the United States and the 149th-largest island in the world - larger than the 1,214 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) of the smallest U.S. state , Rhode Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hofstra_University', 'summary': "Hofstra University is a private university in Hempstead , New York . Long Island 's largest private university , Hofstra originated in 1935 as an extension of New York University ( NYU ) under the name Nassau College - Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead , Long Island . It became independent Hofstra College in 1939 and gained university status in 1963 . Comprising ten schools , including the Northwell School of Medicine and Deane School of Law , Hofstra is noted for a series of prominent Presidential conferences and hosting several United States presidential debates ."}]}, {'value': 'Hempstead , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hempstead_(village),_New_York', 'summary': "The Incorporated Village of Hempstead is located in the Town of Hempstead , Nassau County , New York , United States . The population was 53,891 at the 2010 census , but by 2017 had reached 55,806 according to the U.S. Census Bureau estimate . It is the most densely populated village in New York . Hempstead Village is the site of the seventeenth-century town spot from which English and Dutch settlers developed the Town of Hempstead , the Town of North Hempstead , and ultimately Nassau County . Several of Nassau County 's most historically valuable buildings are in the Village of Hempstead , including Town of Hempstead Town Hall ( built in 1918 ) , Carman-Irish Hall at 160 Marvin Avenue ( built about 1700 ) , St. George 's Episcopal Church ( 319 Front Street , erected 1822 ) , St. George 's Rectory ( 217 Peninsula Boulevard , built 1793 ) , and the United Methodist Church at 40 Washington Street ( erected 1855 ) . The Carman-Irish Hall is occupied by American Legion Post 390 . The church structures have been in continuous use by their congregations since they were built . Christ 's First Presbyterian Church at 353 Fulton Avenue is Nassau County 's oldest Presbyterian congregation , and one of the earliest in the United States , having been founded in 1644 by Richard Denton . Jackson Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church , housed at 60 Peninsula Boulevard since the mid-1950s , was established between 1825 and 1840 . It is one of the county 's oldest African American congregations . Diversity has long been a characteristic of Hempstead . While it was majority white until the mid-twentieth century , Hempstead had a significant black population from about 1651 onward , in addition to the native peoples still living on Long Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of West Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_West_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of West Alabama ( UWA ) is a public university in Livingston , Alabama . Founded in 1835 , the school began as a church-supported school for young women called Livingston Female Academy . The original Board of Trustees of Livingston Female Academy was selected in 1836 , and four of the seven board members were Presbyterians . The university serves students in several academic colleges and divisions on a 600-acre ( 2.4 km2 ) campus in west-central Alabama . UWA offers a wide arrangement of degree programs including associate , bachelor 's , master 's , educational specialist , and educational doctorate degrees . Its athletics teams , known as the West Alabama Tigers , are members of the Gulf South Conference and compete in the NCAA 's Division II in all sports except two . The men 's and women 's rodeo teams compete in the Ozark Region of the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Livingston , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Livingston,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Livingston is a city in Sumter County , Alabama , United States . By an act of the state legislature , it was incorporated on January 10 , 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 3,485 , up from 3,297 in 2000 . The city is the county seat of Sumter County , and the home of the University of West Alabama . It was named in honor of Edward Livingston , of the Livingston family of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Atlantic University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University', 'summary': 'Florida Atlantic University ( FAU or Florida Atlantic ) is a public university with its main campus in Boca Raton , Florida and satellite campuses in Dania Beach , Davie , Fort Lauderdale , Jupiter , and Fort Pierce . FAU belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida and serves South Florida , which has more than five million people and spans more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) of coastline . Florida Atlantic University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university offers more than 170 undergraduate and graduate degree programs within its 10 colleges . Florida Atlantic opened in 1964 as the first public university in southeast Florida , offering only upper-division and graduate level courses . Initial enrollment was only 867 students , increasing in 1984 when the university admitted its first lower-division undergraduate students . As of 2018 [ update ] , enrollment has grown to over 30,000 students representing 140 countries , 50 states , and the District of Columbia . Since its inception , Florida Atlantic has awarded more than 110,000 degrees to nearly 153,160 alumni . Since 2004 , FAU has undertaken an effort to increase its academic and research standings while also evolving into a more traditional university . The university has raised admissions standards , increased research funding , built new facilities , and established notable partnerships with major research institutions . Changes include an on-campus stadium , additional on-campus housing , and the establishment of a College of Medicine in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Raton , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida', 'summary': "Boca Raton ( /rəˈtoʊn/ rə-TOHN ) , often referred to as simply Boca , is the southernmost city in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It was first incorporated on August 2 , 1924 as Bocaratone , and then incorporated as Boca Raton in 1925 . It is one of the wealthiest communities in South Florida . The 2018 population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau was 99,244 . However , approximately 200,000 people with a Boca Raton postal address live outside its municipal boundaries , in newer developments such as West Boca Raton . As a business center , the city experiences significant daytime population increases . Boca Raton is 43 miles ( 69 km ) north of Miami and is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which had a population of 6,012,331 people as of 2015 . Boca Raton is home to the main campus of Florida Atlantic University and the corporate headquarters of Office Depot , ADT , Cancer Treatment Centers of America , and Bluegreen Corporation . It is also home to the Evert Tennis Academy , owned by former professional tennis player Chris Evert . Boca Town Center , an upscale shopping center in central Boca Raton , is the largest indoor mall in Palm Beach County . The downtown is centered around Mizner Park . Many buildings in the area have a Mediterranean Revival or Spanish Colonial Revival architectural theme , initially inspired by Addison Mizner , a resort architect who heavily influenced the city 's early development ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeastern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_University_(Washington,_D.C.)', 'summary': 'Southeastern University was a private , non-profit undergraduate and graduate institution of higher education located in southwestern Washington , D.C . The university lost its accreditation from the Middle States Commission on Higher Education on August 31 , 2009 . The Commission reported that the college lacked rigor and was losing faculty , enrollment and financial stability . The 130-year-old school ceased offering classes after an extended summer session in 2009 . The closure was very likely linked to the Great Recession . Southeastern University was established by YMCA and chartered by an Act of Congress in 1879 . It had degree programs in Criminal Justice , Child Development , Public Administration , Business Management , Accounting , Finance , Liberal Studies , Computer Science , and Allied Health , a program initiated in 2006 at Greater Southeast Community Hospital . There were also certificate programs in entrepreneurship , property management , real estate , Web development , and others . It was a member of the Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area but lost this affiliation after the fall 2009 semester . Through the spring of 2009 , Southeastern University had a total enrollment of about 870 students , with 222 of those students pursuing postgraduate degrees . About 77% were locally based , and a majority were female , but there was also a significant international enrollment . International enrollment had been in decline after the Sept. 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , when the student population shifted from international students to primarily low-income District residents .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington , District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_District_of_Columbia', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 6 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Southern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Southern_University', 'summary': "Georgia Southern University ( GS ) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia . Its flagship campus is in Statesboro , and other locations include the Armstrong Campus in Savannah and the Liberty Campus in Hinesville . Founded in 1906 as a land grant college , Georgia Southern is the fifth largest institution in the University System of Georgia and is the largest center of higher education within the southern half of Georgia . The institution offers over 140 different academic majors in a comprehensive array of baccalaureate , masters , and doctoral programs . The university has a combined enrollment of approximately 27,000 students from all 50 states and approximately 85 nations . Georgia Southern is classified as a Doctoral and Research Institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , plus a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia . On the Statesboro Campus is the Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball , Jr. Raptor Center , an educational and research facility that is home to Georgia Southern 's bald eagle mascot as well as 85 other birds , 67 reptiles , 70 amphibians , and eight mammals . The university also manages the Effingham Wetlands , some 1,400 acres donated by the Southeastern Trust for Parks and Land ( STPAL ) with the express purpose of creating a vibrant living laboratory . The George-Anne , the university 's flagship publication , is published twice a week during academic semesters . There are also magazines published by students , such as The Reflector , a student interest news magazine of Georgia Southern University and , until 2016 , The Miscellany , a literary arts magazine composed of submissions from the student body and university community . Georgia Southern University 's intercollegiate sports teams , known as the Eagles , compete in the Sun Belt Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Statesboro , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Statesboro,_Georgia', 'summary': "Statesboro is the largest city and county seat of Bulloch County , Georgia , United States , located in the southeastern part of the state . Statesboro is home to the flagship campus of Georgia Southern University and is part of the Savannah-Hinesville-Statesboro Combined Statistical Area . As of 2018 , the Statesboro Micropolitan Statistical Area , which consists of Bulloch County , had an estimated population of 74,722 . The city had an estimated 2018 population of 31,667 . Statesboro is the largest Micropolitan Statistical Area in Georgia . It is the largest city in the Magnolia Midlands Region . The city was chartered in 1803 , starting as a small trading community providing basic essentials for surrounding cotton plantations . This drove the economy throughout the 19th century , both before and after the U.S. Civil War . In 1906 , Statesboro and area leaders joined together to bid for and win the First District A & M School , a land grant college that eventually developed into Georgia Southern University . Statesboro inspired the blues song Statesboro Blues , written by Blind Willie McTell in the 1920s , and covered in a well-known version by the Allman Brothers Band . In 2017 , Statesboro was selected in the top three of the national America 's Best Communities competition and was named one of nine Georgia live , work , play cities by the Georgia Municipal Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 9 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholls State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholls_State_University', 'summary': "Nicholls State University is a public university in Thibodaux , Louisiana . Founded in 1948 , Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System of universities . Originally named Francis T. Nicholls Junior College , the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls , a former governor of Louisiana and member of the Louisiana Supreme Court . The 287-acre ( 1.16 km2 ) campus , once part of Acadia Plantation , fronts on Bayou Lafourche , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) southwest of New Orleans and 60 miles ( 97 km ) southeast of Baton Rouge . Its oldest structure , Elkins Hall , was completed in 1948 and is on the National Register of Historic Places . Nicholls is located in the Acadiana region . It is also within the geographical bounds of the Mississippi River Delta , and close to the Mississippi River , its distributaries , Louisiana 's wetlands , and the Gulf of Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Thibodaux , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Thibodaux ( /ˈtɪbədoʊ/ TIB-ə-doh ) is a city in and the parish seat of Lafourche Parish , Louisiana , United States , along the banks of Bayou Lafourche in the northwestern part of the parish . The population was 14,567 at the 2010 census . Thibodaux is a principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . Thibodaux is nicknamed Queen City of Lafourche .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Iota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 10 , 1979 Chapter no longer City-Wide as of 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of South Carolina Upstate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Upstate', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) is a public university in Spartanburg , South Carolina . Founded in 1967 and formerly known as the University of South Carolina Spartanburg , the institution changed its name in the summer of 2004 . It offers bachelor 's and master 's degrees for students in the Upstate and surrounding areas . One of four accredited four-year schools in the University of South Carolina System , it is home to approximately 6,000 students and 340 full-time faculty . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Spartanburg , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Spartanburg is a city in and the seat of Spartanburg County , South Carolina , United States , and the 12th-largest city by population in the state . The city of Spartanburg has a municipal population of 37,013 , and Spartanburg County has an urban population of 180,786 as of the 2010 census . For a time , the Office of Management and Budget grouped Spartanburg and Union Counties together as the Spartanburg Metropolitan Statistical Area , but as of 2018 the OMB defines only Spartanburg County as the Spartanburg MSA . Spartanburg is the second-largest city in the greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Combined Statistical Area , which has a population of 1,385,045 as of 2014 . It is part of a 10-county region of northwestern South Carolina known as The Upstate , and is located 98 miles ( 158 km ) northwest of Columbia , 80 miles ( 130 km ) west of Charlotte , North Carolina , and about 190 miles ( 310 km ) northeast of Atlanta , Georgia . Spartanburg is the home of Wofford College , Converse College , USC Upstate , Spartanburg Methodist College , and Spartanburg Community College . It is also the site of headquarters for Denny 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Polytechnic State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University', 'summary': "California Polytechnic State University ( California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , or Cal Poly ) is a public university in San Luis Obispo , California . It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system . The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor 's and 39 master 's degrees . Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2018 Cal Poly has 21,037 undergraduate and 775 graduate students . The academic focus is fostering a comprehensive undergraduate education , combining technical and professional curricula with the arts and humanities . The university is located in San Luis Obispo , California , often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States , with many alumni in Silicon Valley . The university 's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'San Luis Obispo , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California', 'summary': "San Luis Obispo ( /sæn ˌluːɪs əˈbɪspoʊ/ ; SLO ( /sloʊ/ ) for short , is a city in the U.S. state of California , located 190 miles ( 310 km ) north of Los Angeles in Southern California 's Central Coast region . The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census . The population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010 . Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra , San Luis Obispo is one of California 's oldest European-founded communities . Serra 's original mission was named after the 13th-century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse . The city , locally referred to as San Luis , SLO , or SLO Town ( as its county is also referred to as SLO ) is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County and is adjacent to California Polytechnic State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California State University , Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton', 'summary': "California State University , Fullerton ( CSUF or Cal State Fullerton ) is a public university in Fullerton , California . With a total enrollment of about 40,400 , it has the largest student body of the 23-campus California State University ( CSU ) system , and its approximately 5,800 graduate student body is also the largest in the CSU and one of the largest in all of California . As of Fall 2016 , the school had 2,083 faculty , of which 782 were on the tenure track . The university offers 109 degrees : 57 bachelor 's degrees and 52 graduate degrees , including three doctorates . CSUF is a Hispanic-serving institution and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution ( AANAPISI ) . The university is nationally accredited in art , athletic training , business , chemistry , communications , communicative disorders , computer science , dance , engineering , music , nursing , public administration , public health , social work , teacher education and theater . Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $ 2.26 billion to the California and local economy , and sustains nearly 16,000 jobs statewide . CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans . They compete in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Fullerton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullerton,_California', 'summary': 'Fullerton ( /ˈfʊlərtən/ ) is a city located in northern Orange County , California , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 135,161 . Fullerton was founded in 1887 . It secured the land on behalf of the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway . Historically it was a center of agriculture , notably groves of Valencia oranges and other citrus crops ; petroleum extraction ; transportation ; and manufacturing . It is home to numerous higher educational institutions , particularly California State University , Fullerton and Fullerton College . From the mid-1940s through the late 1990s , Fullerton was home to a large industrial base made up of aerospace contractors , canneries , paper products manufacturers , and is considered to be the birthplace of the electric guitar , due in a large part to Leo Fender . The headquarters of Vons , which is owned by Albertsons , is located in Fullerton near the Fullerton-Anaheim line .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': 'New Brunswick , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County , New Jersey , United States , in the New York City metropolitan area . The city is the county seat of Middlesex County , and the home of Rutgers University . New Brunswick is on the Northeast Corridor rail line , 27 miles ( 43 km ) southwest of Manhattan , on the southern bank of the Raritan River . As of 2018 , New Brunswick had a Census-estimated population of 56,100 , representing a 3.1% increase from the 55,181 people enumerated at the 2010 United States Census , which in turn had reflected an increase of 6,608 ( +13.6% ) from the 48,573 counted in the 2000 Census . Due to the concentration of medical facilities in the area , including Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Saint Peter 's University Hospital , as well as Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey 's Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick is known as both the Hub City and the Healthcare City . The corporate headquarters and production facilities of several global pharmaceutical companies are situated in the city , including Johnson & Johnson and Bristol-Myers Squibb . New Brunswick is noted for its ethnic diversity . At one time , one quarter of the Hungarian population of New Jersey resided in the city and in the 1930s one out of three city residents was Hungarian . The Hungarian community continues as a cohesive community , with the 3,200 Hungarian residents accounting for 8% of the population of New Brunswick in 1992 . Growing Asian and Hispanic communities have developed around French Street near Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal Poly Pomona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Poly_Pomona', 'summary': "California State Polytechnic University , Pomona ( Cal Poly Pomona , CPP , or Cal Poly [ Note 1 ] ) is a public polytechnic university in Pomona , California . It is one of two polytechnic universities in the California State University system . Cal Poly Pomona began as the southern campus of the California Polytechnic School ( today known as Cal Poly San Luis Obispo ) in 1938 when the Voorhis School for Boys and its adjacent farm in the city of San Dimas were donated by Charles Voorhis and his son Jerry Voorhis . Cal Poly 's southern campus grew further in 1949 when the University of California , W.K . Kellogg Institute also known as W.K . Kellogg Institute of Animal Husbandry - University of California , Pomona in the neighboring city of Pomona , which had belonged to Will Keith Kellogg , was acquired from the University of California . Cal Poly Pomona , then known as Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis , and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo continued operations under a unified administrative control until they became independent from one another in 1966 . Cal Poly Pomona currently offers bachelor 's degrees in 94 majors , 39 master 's degrees , 13 teaching credentials and a doctorate across 9 distinct academic colleges . The university is one among a small group of polytechnic universities in the United States which tend to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts and applied sciences . Its sports teams are known as the Cal Poly Pomona Broncos and play in the NCAA Division II as part of the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The Broncos sponsor 10 varsity sports and have won 14 NCAA national championships . Current and former Cal Poly Pomona athletes have won 7 Olympic medals ( 3 gold , 1 silver , and 3 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pomona , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomona,_California', 'summary': "Pomona ( /pəˈmoʊnə/ ) is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley , between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 149,058 . The California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , also known as Cal Poly Pomona or merely as Cal Poly , main campus lies mostly within Pomona 's city limits ; some campus areas lie within San Dimas and Walnut 's city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Omicron', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Marion University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Marion_University', 'summary': 'Francis Marion University ( formerly Francis Marion College ) is a public liberal arts university located six miles ( 11 km ) east of Florence , South Carolina . It is named in honor of American Revolutionary War hero Brigadier General Francis Marion .'}]}, {'value': 'Florence , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Florence /ˈflɒrəns/ is a city in , and the county seat of , Florence County , South Carolina , United States . It is probably best known for being the intersection of Interstate 95 and Interstate 20 , of the latter of which it is at the eastern terminus . It is the county seat of Florence County and the primary city within the Florence metropolitan area . The area forms the core of the historical Pee Dee region of South Carolina , which includes the eight counties of northeastern South Carolina , along with sections of southeastern North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population of Florence was 37,056 , and the estimated population in 2018 was 37,625 . Florence is one of the major cities in South Carolina . In 1965 , Florence was named an All-American City , presented by the National Civic League . The city was founded as a railroad hub and became the junction of three major railroad systems , including the Wilmington and Manchester , the Northeastern , and the Cheraw and Darlington .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Pi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albany , New York City-Wide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_New_York', 'summary': 'Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation .'}]}, {'value': 'Albany , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_New_York', 'summary': 'Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Rho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 28 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_College', 'summary': 'Morris College ( MC ) is a private , Baptist historically black college in Sumter , South Carolina . It was founded and is operated by the Baptist Educational and Missionary Convention of South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Sumter , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge City-Wide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Upsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham-Southern College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham–Southern_College', 'summary': 'Birmingham-Southern College ( BSC ) is a private liberal arts college in Birmingham , Alabama , United States . Founded in 1856 , the college is affiliated with the United Methodist Church and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . More than 1300 students from 33 states and 16 foreign countries attend the college . Birmingham-Southern has a 13:1 student-faculty ratio , and 96% of full-time faculty hold a doctorate or the highest degree in their field .'}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Xi Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of North Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of North Alabama ( UNA ) is a public university in Florence , Alabama . It is the state 's oldest four-year public university . Occupying a 130-acre ( 0.5 km2 ) campus in a residential section of Florence , UNA is located within a four-city area that also includes Tuscumbia , Sheffield and Muscle Shoals . The four cities compose a metropolitan area with a combined population of 140,000 people . The University of North Alabama was founded as LaGrange College in 1830 . It was reestablished in 1872 as the first state-supported teachers college south of the Ohio River . A year later , it became one of the nation 's first coeducational colleges ."}]}, {'value': 'Florence , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence,_Alabama', 'summary': "Florence is a city in Lauderdale County , Alabama , United States , in the state 's northwest corner . According to the 2010 census , the city 's population was 39,319 . Florence is the largest and principal city of the Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Statistical Area ( which includes Muscle Shoals , Sheffield , and Tuscumbia metropolitan areas in Colbert and Lauderdale counties ) . Florence is considered northwestern Alabama 's primary economic hub . Annual tourism events include the W. C. Handy Music Festival in the summer and the Renaissance Faire in the fall . Landmarks in Florence include the Rosenbaum House , the only Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home located in Alabama . Florence and Lauderdale County had one hospital , Eliza Coffee Memorial Hospital . ECM was a 358-bed facility owned by RCCH HealthCare Partners in Brentwood , Tennessee . In 2010 RCCH HealthCare Partners announced that they would build a new hospital in Florence . The hospital was completed in December 2018 . The type of municipal government is mayor-council ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Chi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California State University Fresno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University_Fresno', 'summary': "California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) is a public university in Fresno , California . It is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system . The university had a Fall 2018 enrollment of 24,995 students . It offers bachelor 's degrees in 60 areas of study , 45 master 's degrees , 3 doctoral degrees , 12 certificates of advanced study , and 2 different teaching credentials . The university 's unique facilities include an on-campus planetarium , on-campus raisin and wine grape vineyards , and a commercial winery , where student-made wines have won over 300 awards since 1997 . Members of Fresno State 's nationally ranked Top 10 Equestrian Team have the option of housing their horses on campus , next to indoor and outdoor arenas . Fresno State has a 50,000-square-foot ( 4,600 m2 ) Student Recreation Center and the third-largest library ( by square footage ) in the California State University system . The university is classified as a doctoral university with moderate research activity in the Carnegie Classification , as of the February 1 , 2016 update ."}]}, {'value': 'Fresno , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno,_California', 'summary': "Fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh ; Spanish for ash tree ) is a city in and the county seat of Fresno County , California , United States . It covers about 112 square miles ( 290 km2 ) in the center of the San Joaquin Valley , the southern portion of California 's Central Valley . Named for the abundant ash trees lining the San Joaquin River , Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the Central Pacific Railroad before it was incorporated in 1885 . The city has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley , with much of the surrounding areas in the Metropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production . The population of Fresno grew from 134,000 in 1960 to 428,000 in 2000 . With a census-estimated 2018 population of 530,093 , Fresno is the fifth-most populous city in California , the most populous inland city in California , and the 34th-most populous city in the nation . Fresno is near the geographical center of California . It lies approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) north of Los Angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , Sacramento , and 185 miles ( 300 km ) southeast of San Francisco . Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to the north , Kings Canyon National Park is 60 miles ( 100 km ) to the east , and Sequoia National Park is 75 miles ( 120 km ) to the southeast ."}]}], 'section_title': "Chapters Beginning With `` Xi ''", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters_14', 'intro': "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. was founded on January 13, 1913 at Howard University, and began to expand its membership early on when it chartered Beta Chapter at Wilberforce University in 1914, Gamma Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania in 1918 and Delta Chapter at the University of Iowa in 1919. Delta Sigma Theta continues to Charter new chapters at both the Collegiate and Alumnae level. Individual Chapters are Chartered, not Founded, as only the Perpetual body was founded, and the founding occurred in 1913. Delta Sigma Theta has more than 940 Chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Liberia, Bermuda, Jamaica, The Bahamas, South Korea and Nigeria. The sorority's chapters are organized into seven regions and further sub-divided by state. While initially Alumnae / Graduate Chapters were named using the Greek Alphabet, the perpetual body of Delta Sigma Theta voted at the Twenty-Fourth National Convention, held in Detroit, Michigan on December 26-30, 1956, to abandon this practice. Following the vote, the Greek Letter names for the Alumnae Chapters are no longer in use or recognized by the Grand Chapter. Alumnae Chapters are instead named using their Geographic Location. This list includes Active, Inactive, Reassigned, and Retired undergraduate Chapters."}
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How many students are enrolled in the school that has a charter date of April 1978 ?
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6,000 students
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03eb5297b05f48bb
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships', 'title': '2000 World Junior Figure Skating Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'SP', 'FS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aliona Savchenko / Stanislav Morozov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aliona_Savchenko', 'summary': 'Aljona Savchenko ( Ukrainian : Олена Валентинівна Савченко , Olena Valentynivna Savčenko ; German Romanization : Aljona Sawtschenko , sometimes Aliona Savchenko ; born 19 January 1984 ) is a Ukrainian-born German pair skater . One of the most decorated pair skaters , she is the 2018 Olympic Champion and two-time Olympic bronze medalist ( 2010 , 2014 ) , a six-time World Champion and a five-time Grand Prix Final champion . With partner Bruno Massot , she is the 2018 Olympic champion , the 2018 World Champion , a two-time European silver medalist , the 2017-18 Grand Prix Final champion , and a two-time German national champion ( 2016 , 2018 ) . The pair hold the world record for best free skate score and best total score , and they are the first pair skaters to break 160 points in the free skate . With former partner Robin Szolkowy , she is the 2010 and 2014 Olympic bronze medalist , a five-time World champion ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ) , a four-time European champion ( 2007-2009 , 2011 ) , a four-time Grand Prix Final champion ( 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 ) , and an eight-time German national champion ( 2004-2009 , 2011 , 2014 ) . Savchenko and Szolkowy received the first 10.0 component scores ever given by a judge under the ISU Judging System . Savchenko originally represented Ukraine with Dmitri Boyenko and later Stanislav Morozov . With Morozov , she was the 2000 World Junior champion , the 1999-2000 Junior Grand Prix Final champion , and a two-time Ukrainian national champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanislav_Morozov', 'summary': 'Stanislav Oleksandrovych Morozov ( Ukrainian : Станіслав Олександрович Морозов ; Russian : Станислав Александрович Морозов , born 1 February 1979 ) is a former pair skater who competed for Ukraine and now works as a coach in Russia . With partner Tatiana Volosozhar , he was a four-time ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 ) Ukrainian national champion . They placed 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 8th at the 2010 Winter Olympics , and as high as 4th place at Worlds and Europeans .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julia Obertas / Dmitri Palamarchuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Obertas', 'summary': 'Julia Nikolayevna Obertas , married name : Horak ( Russian : Юлия Николаевна Обертас , Ukrainian : Юлія Обертас ; born 19 June 1984 ) is a former pair skater who represented Ukraine until 2000 and then Russia until the end of her career . She is best known for her partnership with Sergei Slavnov , with whom she competed from 2003 to 2007 . They are the 2005 European silver medalists . Earlier , she competed with Alexei Sokolov for Russia and Dmytro Palamarchuk for Ukraine . With Palamarchuk , she became a two-time ( 1998-1999 ) World Junior champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dmitri_Palamarchuk', 'summary': 'Dmytro ( Dmitri ) Palamarchuk ( Ukrainian : Дмитро Паламарчук , born December 17 , 1979 ) is a Ukrainian figure skating coach and retired pair skater . With former partner Julia Obertas , he is a two-time World Junior champion ( 1998 , 1999 ) and two-time Junior Grand Prix Final champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julia Shapiro / Alexei Sokolov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Shapiro', 'summary': 'Julia Shapiro ( born 16 December 1984 ) is a former pair skater who competed for Russia and Israel . Early in her career , she represented Russia with Igor Petrov , Alexei Sokolov , and Dmitri Khromin . With Sokolov , she is the 2000 World Junior bronze medalist . From 2002-05 , Shapiro competed with Vadim Akolzin for Israel . They achieved their best ISU Championship result , tenth , at the 2005 European Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Sokolov', 'summary': 'Alexei Vladimirovich Sokolov ( Russian : Алексей Владимирович Соколов ; born 15 January 1979 ) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitor . With Julia Obertas , he won two Grand Prix medals and placed within the top ten at two ISU Championships . He is the 1998 World Junior silver medalist with Svetlana Nikolaeva and the 2000 World Junior bronze medalist with Julia Shapiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Dan / Zhang Hao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Dan', 'summary': 'Zhang Dan ( simplified Chinese : 张丹 ; traditional Chinese : 張丹 ; pinyin : Zhāng Dān ; born 4 October 1985 ) is a Chinese pair skater . With Zhang Hao , she is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist , a four-time ( 2005 bronze , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 silver ) World medalist , and a two-time ( 2005 , 2010 ) Four Continents champion . Zhang Dan retired from competition in May 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Hao_(figure_skater)', 'summary': 'Zhang Hao ( Chinese : 张昊 ; pinyin : Zhāng Hào ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ ʈʂáŋ xâu ] ; born July 6 , 1984 ) is a Chinese pair skater . With current partner Yu Xiaoyu , he is the 2016-17 Grand Prix Final silver medalist , 2017 Asian Winter Games champion and 2018 Chinese national champion . With former partner Peng Cheng , he is the 2015 Four Continents silver medalist . With former partner Zhang Dan , he is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist , a four-time ( 2005 bronze , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 silver ) World medalist , and a two-time ( 2005 , 2010 ) Four Continents champion .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amanda Magarian / Jered Guzman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amanda_Magarian', 'summary': 'Amanda Magarian ( born March 1 , 1984 in Fresno , CA ) is an American retired pair skater . Most notably , she skated with Jered Guzman for several years and won the pewter medal at the 2000 U.S . Figure Skating Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jered_Guzman', 'summary': 'Jered Guzman ( born September 12 , 1981 in Garden Grove , California ) is an American retired competitive pair skater . From 1992 to 1998 , he teamed with Natalie Vlandis , capturing the gold medal at the 1996 U.S . Junior Championships and finishing fifth at the 1998 U.S . Figure Skating Championships . He then joined forces with Amanda Magarian for several years , with a fourth-place finish for the pair at the 2000 Nationals . After that partnership ended , he briefly skated with Jennifer Don .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Riabchuk / Stanislav Zakharov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elena_Riabchuk', 'summary': "Elena Riabchuk ( Russian : Елена Рябчук ; born 27 July 1985 ) is a former pair skater who competed for Russia . She is the 2002 World Junior champion with partner Stanislav Zakharov . She was hospitalized for a couple of weeks in the summer of 2000 after her partner 's blade struck her head while practicing a side-by-side spin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanislav_Zakharov', 'summary': 'Stanislav Vladimirovich Zakharov ( Russian : Станислав Владимирович Захаров ; born 31 August 1981 ) is a Russian former pair skater . He is the 2002 World Junior champion with partner Elena Riabchuk . In the summer of 2000 , his blade struck Riabchuk during a side-by-side spin , putting her in hospital for a couple of weeks .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milica Brozovic / Anton Nimenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milica_Brozovic', 'summary': 'Milica Brozović , sometimes Meliza Brozovich , ( born 17 October 1983 ) is a former competitive pair skater . Skating with Anton Nimenko for Russia , she became the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist and won four ISU Junior Grand Prix medals . Representing Slovakia with Vladimir Futáš , she won silver at the 2004 Ondrej Nepela Memorial . She competed in the final segment at four ISU Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anton_Nimenko', 'summary': 'Anton Valeryevich Nimenko ( Russian : Антон Валерьевич Нименко ; born 17 October 1980 ) is a Russian figure skating coach and former competitor . As a pair skater with Milica Brozović , he is the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist and a four-time medalist on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series . They also competed at two World Junior Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chantal Poirier / Craig Buntin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chantal_Poirier', 'summary': 'Chantal Poirier ( born December 25 , 1985 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . With Craig Buntin , she won two medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series and qualified for the 1999-2000 JGP Final , where they placed sixth . They represented Canada at the 2000 World Junior Championships and finished eighth . After their partnership ended , Poirier teamed up with Ian Moram , with whom she competed together for two seasons . They received one senior Grand Prix assignment , the 2001 Skate Canada International , where they placed seventh , and won the bronze medal at the 2001 Golden Spin of Zagreb . Poirier also competed as a single skater but had no notable international appearances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Craig_Buntin', 'summary': 'Craig Buntin ( born May 27 , 1980 ) is a Canadian former pair skater . He is the co-founder and CEO of Sportlogiq , an AI-powered sports analytics company based in Montreal , Quebec . With former partner Meagan Duhamel , he is the 2009 Canadian silver medallist , the 2008 & 2010 Canadian bronze medallist , and the 2010 Four Continents bronze medallist . With Valérie Marcoux , he represented Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics , where they placed 11th .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktoria Shklover / Valdis Mintals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktoria_Shklover', 'summary': 'Viktoria Shklover ( born 18 January 1984 ) is an Estonian pair skater . Early in her career , she competed with Aleksandr Bulogin . From 1998 through 2002 , she competed with Valdis Mintals . They were the 1998-2002 Estonian national champions . They competed twice at the World Junior Championships , and three times at the World and European Championships . Their highest placement at an ISU Championship was 10th at the 2000 and 2001 European Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valdis_Mintals', 'summary': 'Valdis Mintals ( born 11 December 1979 in Tallinn ) is an Estonian pair skater . With partner Ekaterina Nekrassova , he is a multiple Estonian national champion . They competed at the World , European , and World Junior Championships before ending their partnership in 1998 . From 1998 through 2002 , Mintals competed with Viktoria Shklover . They were the 1998-2002 Estonian national champions . They competed twice at the World Junior Championships , and three times at the World and European Championships . Their highest placement at an ISU Championship was 10th at the 2000 and 2001 European Championships . Early in his career , Mintals competed in single skating . Following his retirement in 2002 from competitive skating , Mintals performed in touring ice shows and ice theater .'}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claudia Rauschenbach / Robin Szolkowy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Rauschenbach', 'summary': 'Claudia Rauschenbach ( born 14 October 1984 in Karl-Marx-Stadt ) is a German pair skater . With former partner Robin Szolkowy , she is the 2001 German national champion and 1999 & 2000 junior national champion . She is the daughter of Anett Pötzsch and Axel Witt and the stepdaughter of Axel Rauschenbach . She is the niece of two-time Olympic champion Katarina Witt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robin_Szolkowy', 'summary': 'Robin Szolkowy ( born 14 July 1979 ) is a German pair skater . With partner Aliona Savchenko , he is the 2010 and 2014 Olympic bronze medalist , a five-time World champion ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ) , a four-time European champion ( 2007-2009 , 2011 ) , a four-time Grand Prix Final champion ( 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 ) , and an eight-time German national champion ( 2004-2009 , 2011 , 2014 ) . Savchenko and Szolkowy scored the first 10.0 ever given by a judge under the ISU Judging System .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ding Yang / Ren Zhongfei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ding_Yang', 'summary': 'Ding Yang ( simplified Chinese : 丁扬 ; traditional Chinese : 丁揚 ; pinyin : Dīng Yáng ; born May 10 , 1984 in Harbin , Heilongjiang , China ) is a Chinese pair skater . She competed with Ren Zhongfei . They are the 2005 Chinese national champions . They are the 2002 World Junior bronze medalists and the 2003 World Junior silver medalists . Although they attempted the throw quadruple toe loop in international competition , they never successfully landed it cleanly and it was never ratified .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ren_Zhongfei', 'summary': 'Ren Zhongfei ( simplified Chinese : 任重飞 ; traditional Chinese : 任重飛 ; pinyin : Rèn Zhòngfēi ; born August 28 , 1982 in Harbin , Heilongjiang , China ) is a Chinese pair skater . He competed with Ding Yang . They are the 2005 Chinese national champions . They are the 2002 World Junior bronze medalists and the 2003 World Junior silver medalists . Although they attempted the throw quadruple toe loop in international competition , they never successfully landed it cleanly and it was never ratified .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Riskova / Vladimir Futas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Riskova', 'summary': 'Diana Rišková ( born 22 October 1984 ) is a Slovak former competitive pair skater . With Vladimir Futáš , she competed at three World Junior Championships and won silver at the 2000 ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Futas', 'summary': "Vladimir Futáš ( born 20 August 1979 ) is a figure skater who represented Slovakia in men 's singles and pairs . As a pair skater , he competed in the final segment at a total of six ISU Championships . He skated with Diana Rišková , Maria Guerassimenko , Milica Brozović , and Oľga Beständigová ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larissa Spielberg / Craig Joeright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa_Spielberg', 'summary': 'Larisa B. Spielberg Joeright ( born December 22 , 1980 ) is an American former competitive pair skater . With her husband , Craig Joeright , she is the 2002 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion and 2000 U.S. national bronze medalist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Craig_Joeright', 'summary': 'Craig Budan Joeright ( born September 19 , 1978 ) is an American former competitive pair skater . With his wife , Larisa Spielberg , he is the 2002 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion and 2000 U.S. national bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabrina Lefrançois / Jérôme Blanchard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabrina_Lefrançois', 'summary': 'Sabrina Lefrançois ( born 22 November 1980 ) is a French former pair skater . With Nicolas Osseland , she placed fourth at the 1997 World Junior Championships , 12th at the 1997 European Championships , and 17th at the 1998 Winter Olympics . She later competed with Jérôme Blanchard and won the 2004 French national title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jérôme_Blanchard', 'summary': 'Jérôme Blanchard ( born 20 July 1981 ) is a French former pair skater . With Sabrina Lefrançois , he is the 2004 French national champion . He also competed for one season with Maria Mukhortova .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Waldstein / Garrett Lucash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrett_Lucash', 'summary': 'Garrett Lucash ( born September 21 , 1978 in Attleboro , Massachusetts ) is an American pair skater . With partner Katie Orscher , he is the 2005 U.S. national champion and 2005 Four Continents bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Toombs / James Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Johnson_(figure_skater)', 'summary': "James Henry Johnson ( 1874 - 15 November 1921 ) was a British pair skater competitive during the early days of modern figure skating . He and partner Phyllis Johnson won the silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics , the first Olympics to include figure skating events . The Johnsons also participated in the first official World Figure Skating Championships pairs ' competition , placing second behind Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger of Germany . The Johnsons finished first in 1909 , third in 1910 , and first again in 1912 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Krasiltseva / Artem Znachkov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Krasiltseva', 'summary': 'Maria Krasiltseva ( born 16 November 1981 ) is a former pair skater who competed with Alexander Chestnikh and Artem Znachkov for Armenia . With Chestnikh , she placed 19th at the 1998 Winter Olympics . With Znachkov , she placed 20th at the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Artem_Znachkov', 'summary': 'Artem Znachkov ( born January 19 , 1979 ) is a former pair skater who competed with Maria Krasiltseva for Armenia . They teamed up in 1998 and represented Armenia at the 2002 Winter Olympics , where they placed 20th .'}]}, {'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Corne / Richard Rowlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Shabanov / Artem Knyazev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artem_Knyazev', 'summary': 'Artem Knyazev ( Russian : Артём Князев ; born 16 May 1980 ) is an Uzbekistani former pair skater . He competed for much of his career with Marina Aganina . They became the 2004-05 Uzbekistani national champions and competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan', 'summary': "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatjana Zaharjeva / Jurijs Salmanov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latvia', 'summary': "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Pairs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2000_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships_2', 'intro': "The 2000 World Junior Figure Skating Championships was held from March 5 to 12 in Oberstdorf, Germany. Medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Due to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B."}
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What rank is the skaters whose country 's capital and largest city is Tashkent ?
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19
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03eb54b18fd96e91
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Wolves', 'title': 'Iowa Wolves', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'NBA team', 'Date ( s ) called up and contract ( s ) signed'], 'data': [{'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Courtney Sims', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtney_Sims', 'summary': "Courtney Sims ( born October 21 , 1983 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He is a 6'11 ( 211 cm ) tall center ."}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Suns', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Suns compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division , and are the only team in their division not based in California . The Suns play their home games at the Talking Stick Resort Arena . The franchise began play in 1968 as an expansion team , and their early years were shrouded in mediocrity , but their fortunes changed in the 1970s , where , after partnering long-term guard Dick Van Arsdale and center Alvan Adams with Paul Westphal , the Suns reached the 1976 NBA Finals , in what is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . However , after failing to capture a championship , the Suns would rebuild around Walter Davis for a majority of the 1980s , until the acquisition of Kevin Johnson in 1988 . Under Johnson , and after trading for perennial NBA All-Star Charles Barkley , and combined with the output of Tom Chambers and Dan Majerle , the Suns reached the playoffs for a franchise-record thirteen consecutive appearances and remained a regular title contender throughout the 1990s , and reached the 1993 NBA Finals . However , the team would again fail to win a championship , and entered into another period of mediocrity until the early part of the 2000s . In 2004 , the Suns reacquired Steve Nash , and immediately returned into playoff contention . With Nash , Shawn Marion , and Amar ' e Stoudemire , and under head coach Mike D'Antoni , the Suns became renowned worldwide for their quick , dynamic offense , which led them to tie a franchise record in wins in the 2004-05 season . Two more top two Conference placements followed , but the Suns again failed to attain an NBA championship , and were forced into another rebuild . The Suns own the NBA 's seventh-best all-time winning percentage , and have the second highest winning percentage of any teams to have never won an NBA championship . 10 Hall of Famers have played for Phoenix , while two Suns , Barkley and Nash , have won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the team ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 2009 : Signed to a 10-day contract February 13 , 2009 : Signed to a second 10-day contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Tolliver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Tolliver', 'summary': 'Anthony Lamar Tolliver ( born June 1 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Creighton University . He went to high school at Kickapoo High School .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets', 'summary': "The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002-03 season when then-owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' name , history , and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 16 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 610-686 , and has qualified for the playoffs seven times . Their achievements include two playoff series victories and one division title ."}]}, {'value': 'January 21 , 2009 : Signed to a 10-day contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartier Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartier_Martin', 'summary': 'Cartier Alexander Martin ( /kɑːrˈtiːeɪ/ ; [ citation needed ] born November 20 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for SAN-EN NeoPhoenix of the Japanese B.League . He played college basketball for Kansas State .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte Bobcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Bobcats', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Hornets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team is largely owned by retired NBA player Michael Jordan , who acquired a controlling interest in the team in 2010 . The Hornets play their home games at the Spectrum Center in Uptown Charlotte . The original Hornets franchise was established in 1988 as an expansion team , owned by George Shinn . In 2002 , Shinn 's franchise relocated to New Orleans and became the New Orleans Hornets . In 2004 , the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats , which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time . In 2013 , the New Orleans franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans , ultimately returning the Hornets name , records , and official history ( spanning from 1988 to 2002 ) to Charlotte . The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 2009 : Signed to a 10-day contract February 8 , 2009 : Signed to a second 10-day contract February 18 , 2009 : Signed for the remainder of the season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Demetris Nichols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demetris_Nichols', 'summary': "Demetris Nichols ( born September 4 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Sidigas Avellino of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) . He can play at both the small forward and power forward positions . Nichols played college basketball with the Syracuse Orange men 's basketball team , and has been a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers , Chicago Bulls , and New York Knicks of the NBA ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Knicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Knicks', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ."}]}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2009 : Signed to a 10-day contract March 17 , 2009 : Signed to a second 10-day contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Courtney Sims ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtney_Sims', 'summary': "Courtney Sims ( born October 21 , 1983 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He is a 6'11 ( 211 cm ) tall center ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Knicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Knicks', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ."}]}, {'value': 'March 23 , 2009 : Signed to a 10-day contract April 2 , 2009 : Signed to a second 10-day contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartier Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartier_Martin', 'summary': 'Cartier Alexander Martin ( /kɑːrˈtiːeɪ/ ; [ citation needed ] born November 20 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for SAN-EN NeoPhoenix of the Japanese B.League . He played college basketball for Kansas State .'}]}, {'value': 'Golden State Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors', 'summary': "The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in San Francisco . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . Founded in 1946 in Philadelphia , the Warriors moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1962 and took the city 's name , before changing its geographic moniker to Golden State in 1971 . [ b ] They play their home games at the Chase Center . The Warriors won the inaugural Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) championship in 1947 , [ c ] and won again in 1956 , led by Hall of Fame trio Paul Arizin , Tom Gola , and Neil Johnston . After a brief rebuilding period after the trade of star Wilt Chamberlain , the team moved to San Francisco . In 1975 , star players Jamaal Wilkes and Rick Barry powered the Warriors to their third championship , largely considered one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . The team struggled in the 1980s , then became playoff regulars at the turn of the decade with stars Tim Hardaway , Mitch Richmond , and Chris Mullin , nicknamed Run TMC . The team returned to championship glory in 2015 , led by Stephen Curry , Klay Thompson , and Draymond Green ; they won again in 2017 and 2018 , with the help of former MVP Kevin Durant . Nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of W 's , the Warriors hold several NBA records : best regular season , most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) , and best postseason run . Curry and Thompson are among the greatest backcourts of all time . Only the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics have more NBA championships ."}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 2010 : Signed to a 10-day contract January 20 , 2010 : Signed to a second 10-day contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Othyus Jeffers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Othyus_Jeffers', 'summary': 'Othyus Jeffers ( born August 5 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . Jeffers played college basketball with the University of Illinois at Chicago for two years , before transferring to Robert Morris University for his senior season . He then started his professional career with the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League , a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the NBA . He has had stints with three prior NBA teams : the Utah Jazz , the San Antonio Spurs , and the Washington Wizards . He has also spent a short stint in Italy with NGC Cantù .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Jazz', 'summary': "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ."}]}, {'value': 'March 3 , 2010 : Signed to a 10-day contract March 14 , 2010 : Signed to a second 10-day contract March 23 , 2010 : Signed for the remainder of the season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartier Martin ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartier_Martin', 'summary': 'Cartier Alexander Martin ( /kɑːrˈtiːeɪ/ ; [ citation needed ] born November 20 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for SAN-EN NeoPhoenix of the Japanese B.League . He played college basketball for Kansas State .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Wizards', 'summary': "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': 'March 30 , 2010 : Signed to a 10-day contract April 9 , 2010 : Signed for the remainder of the season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl Barron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Barron', 'summary': 'Earl Daniel Barron Jr. ( born August 14 , 1981 ) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA G League . He previously played college basketball for the University of Memphis and had stints in the NBA with multiple teams , including the 2006 NBA Finals champion Miami Heat .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Knicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Knicks', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2010 : Signed to a 10-day contract April 12 , 2010 : Signed for the remainder of the season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 NBA Development League season is the tenth season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . One expansion franchise , the Texas Legends , joined the 15 returning teams from the previous season . The season started with the 2010 NBA Development League Draft , which was held on November 1 , 2010 . Former NBA second-round draft pick Nick Fazekas was selected first overall by the Reno Bighorns . The regular season began on November 18 , 2010 , and ended on April 4 , 2011 . The Iowa Energy had the best regular season record with 37 wins and 13 losses . They also won the Eastern Conference , while the Reno Bighorns won the Western Conference with the second-best regular season record with 34 wins and 16 losses . The regular season set a new record on total attendance of 1,125,583 , a 7.9% increase from the previous season . The playoffs started on April 6 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Othyus Jeffers ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Othyus_Jeffers', 'summary': 'Othyus Jeffers ( born August 5 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . Jeffers played college basketball with the University of Illinois at Chicago for two years , before transferring to Robert Morris University for his senior season . He then started his professional career with the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League , a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the NBA . He has had stints with three prior NBA teams : the Utah Jazz , the San Antonio Spurs , and the Washington Wizards . He has also spent a short stint in Italy with NGC Cantù .'}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio Spurs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'March 4 , 2011 : Signed to a 10-day contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 NBA Development League season is the tenth season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . One expansion franchise , the Texas Legends , joined the 15 returning teams from the previous season . The season started with the 2010 NBA Development League Draft , which was held on November 1 , 2010 . Former NBA second-round draft pick Nick Fazekas was selected first overall by the Reno Bighorns . The regular season began on November 18 , 2010 , and ended on April 4 , 2011 . The Iowa Energy had the best regular season record with 37 wins and 13 losses . They also won the Eastern Conference , while the Reno Bighorns won the Western Conference with the second-best regular season record with 34 wins and 16 losses . The regular season set a new record on total attendance of 1,125,583 , a 7.9% increase from the previous season . The playoffs started on April 6 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Othyus Jeffers ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Othyus_Jeffers', 'summary': 'Othyus Jeffers ( born August 5 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . Jeffers played college basketball with the University of Illinois at Chicago for two years , before transferring to Robert Morris University for his senior season . He then started his professional career with the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League , a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the NBA . He has had stints with three prior NBA teams : the Utah Jazz , the San Antonio Spurs , and the Washington Wizards . He has also spent a short stint in Italy with NGC Cantù .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Wizards', 'summary': "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': 'March 17 , 2011 : Signed to a 10-day contract March 27 , 2011 : Signed to a second 10-day contract April 6 , 2011 : Signed for the remainder of the season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 NBA Development League season is the tenth season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . One expansion franchise , the Texas Legends , joined the 15 returning teams from the previous season . The season started with the 2010 NBA Development League Draft , which was held on November 1 , 2010 . Former NBA second-round draft pick Nick Fazekas was selected first overall by the Reno Bighorns . The regular season began on November 18 , 2010 , and ended on April 4 , 2011 . The Iowa Energy had the best regular season record with 37 wins and 13 losses . They also won the Eastern Conference , while the Reno Bighorns won the Western Conference with the second-best regular season record with 34 wins and 16 losses . The regular season set a new record on total attendance of 1,125,583 , a 7.9% increase from the previous season . The playoffs started on April 6 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marqus Blakely', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marqus_Blakely', 'summary': 'Marqus Austin Blakely ( born October 22 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Blackwater Elite of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . He played college basketball for Vermont .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Rockets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Rockets', 'summary': "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976-77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980-81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40-42 record . Despite their losing record , they qualified for the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'April 13 , 2011 : Signed for the remainder of the season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 NBA Development League season is the 11th season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . The 2011-12 season will be competed by 16 teams . The Los Angeles D-Fenders , after spending one season inactive , joined the 15 returning teams from the previous season . The Utah Flash ceased operation at the end of the previous season and would not be playing in the 2011-12 season . The New Mexico Thunderbirds relocated to Canton , Ohio and were renamed as the Canton Charge . This season , an all-time high nine teams will have single-affiliation partnerships with NBA teams , up from four in the previous season . Five of them , the Austin Toros , the Canton Charge , the Dakota Wizards , the Los Angeles D-Fenders and the Tulsa 66ers , are owned by their NBA affiliates . Four teams , the Erie BayHawks , the Rio Grande Valley Vipers , the Springfield Armor and the Texas Legends , have a hybrid single-affiliation partnership with NBA teams , where their basketball operations are controlled by their NBA affiliates . The other seven teams are affiliated with three NBA teams each .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartier Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartier_Martin', 'summary': 'Cartier Alexander Martin ( /kɑːrˈtiːeɪ/ ; [ citation needed ] born November 20 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for SAN-EN NeoPhoenix of the Japanese B.League . He played college basketball for Kansas State .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Wizards', 'summary': "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': 'March 28 , 2012 : Signed to a 10-day contract', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- NBA call-ups', 'section_text': 'Anthony Tolliver was called up to the New Orleans Hornets during the 2008–09 season . A call-up occurs when a player is signed by an NBA team . A D-League player is usually signed to a 10-day contract , a short-term contract which lasts ten days , and is available to be used starting January 5 . A player can only sign two 10-day contracts with the same team in one season . If the team wants to retain the player after the second 10-day contract expires , the team has to sign the player for the remainder of the season . [ 46 ]', 'uid': 'Iowa_Energy_0', 'intro': 'The Iowa Wolves are an American professional basketball team based in Des Moines, Iowa. They are owned by and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves as of the 2017-18 season. They play in the Western Conference in the NBA G League, a minor league basketball organization run by the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Wolves play their home games at the Wells Fargo Arena. From 2007 to 2017, the team was known as the Iowa Energy in the NBA Development League (D-League) until being purchased and renamed by the Timberwolves. They broke the D-league attendance record on their first ever home game with 8,842 fans. They later set the record again in game two of the 2011 D-League Finals with an attendance of 14,036 fans. They won the 2011 D-League Finals, defeating the Rio Grande Valley Vipers two-games-to-one.'}
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Where did the Hornets player go to college ?
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Creighton University
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03eb6fdade7a4223
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Hills_Country_Club', 'title': 'Oakland Hills Country Club', 'header': ['Year', 'Tournament', 'Winner', "Winner 's share ( $ )"], 'data': [{'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Open', 'summary': "The Western Open was a professional golf tournament in the United States , for most of its history an event on the PGA Tour . The tournament 's founding in 1899 actually pre-dated the start of the Tour , which is generally dated from 1916 , the year the PGA of America was founded . The Western Open , organized by the Western Golf Association , was first played in September 1899 at the Glen View Club in Golf , Illinois the week preceding the U.S. Open . At the time of its final edition in 2006 , it was the third-oldest active PGA Tour tournament , after the British Open ( 1860 ) and U.S. Open ( 1895 ) . The tournament was held a total of 103 times over the course of 108 years . The event was not held in 1900 , nor in 1918 because of World War I , and not from 1943-1945 because of World War II . Golfers from the United States won the tournament 77 times , and players from Scotland won it 15 times . Walter Hagen had the most victories with five wins , and 17 other players won the event at least twice . Two amateurs also won the tournament : Chick Evans in 1910 and Scott Verplank in 1985 . Beginning in 2007 , the Western Open was renamed the BMW Championship , part of the FedEx Cup playoff series , and played with the PGA Tour 's point system as the sole qualification standard . It is no longer open to amateurs . Title sponsorship was introduced in 1987 , and included Beatrice , Centel , Sprint , Motorola , Advil , Golf Digest , and Cialis ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Brady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Brady_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Michael Joseph Brady ( April 15 , 1887 - December 3 , 1972 ) was an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924_U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': "The 1924 U.S. Open was the 28th U.S. Open , held June 5-6 at Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Cyril Walker , a relatively unknown Englishman , won his only major title at the South Course , three strokes ahead of runner-up Bobby Jones , the defending champion . After the first two rounds of play on Thursday , Jones shared the lead with Bill Mehlhorn , with Walker a shot back . Walker shot a third consecutive 74 in the third round to tie Jones after 54 holes , with Mehlhorn one back . Jones and Mehlhorn , playing ahead of Walker in the final round , both played poorly , each carding 78 . Leading by three on the 15th , Walker made bogey but then responded with a birdie on 16 . He parred the final two holes to secure the championship . This was the high point of Walker 's golf career . He never won another significant title , and it was his only top ten finish in the U.S. Open ; his next best finish in a major was the semifinals of the PGA Championship in 1921 . A heavy drinker , Walker wound up working as a caddy and a dishwasher ; unable to afford a room , he died in a New Jersey jail cell of pneumonia in 1948 at age 56 . This was the first of nine major championships held at the South Course through 2017 ; six U.S . Opens and three PGA Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': 'The United States Open Championship , commonly known as the U.S. Open , is the annual open national championship of golf in the United States . It is the third of the four major championships in golf , and is on the official schedule of both the PGA Tour and the European Tour . Since 1898 the competition has been 72 holes of stroke play ( 4 rounds on an 18-hole course ) , with the winner being the player with the lowest total number of strokes . It is staged by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) in mid-June , scheduled so that , if there are no weather delays , the final round is played on the third Sunday . The U.S. Open is staged at a variety of courses , set up in such a way that scoring is very difficult , with a premium placed on accurate driving . As of 2019 the U.S. Open awards a $ 12.5 million purse , the largest of all 4 major championships and tied for largest of all PGA Tour events ( The Players Championship also with $ 12.5 million ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyril Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_Walker', 'summary': 'Cyril Walker ( September 18 , 1892 - August 6 , 1948 ) was an English professional golfer born in Manchester who emigrated to the United States in 1914 . Walker won the 1924 U.S. Open at Oakland Hills Country Club , while playing out of Englewood Golf Club in New Jersey . He beat defending champion Bobby Jones by three strokes . This was his only top ten finish in seven appearances at the U.S. Open . He was a small man , weighing only 118 pounds ( 54 kg ) . Walker won six PGA events between 1917 and 1930 . He also won the Indiana Open in 1916 . In 1928 , he became the pro at the Saddle River Golf and Country Club in Paramus , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1937_U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': 'The 1937 U.S. Open was the 41st U.S. Open , held June 10-12 at the South Course of Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Ralph Guldahl won the first of his two consecutive U.S . Opens , two strokes ahead of runner-up Sam Snead , making his U.S. Open debut . Snead opened with a 69 to share the lead with Denny Shute . Through 54 holes , Snead and Guldahl trailed Ed Dudley by a stroke . During the final round on Saturday afternoon , Dudley shot a 76 and fell out of contention , while Snead birdied the last to finish with a 71 and a 283 total . Guldahl , playing well behind Snead , holed a 65-foot ( 20 m ) putt for eagle at 8 , then a birdie from 25 feet ( 8 m ) at 9 . After bogeys at 10 and 11 , he rallied with birdies on the next two holes . He then went even on his last five holes to finish with a 69 and a 281 total , two better than Snead and a stroke better than the previous tournament record , set the previous year by Tony Manero . Two years earlier , Guldahl had become so frustrated with the game that he quit to become a carpenter . After deciding to return to the game , he went through a period of dominance throughout the late-1930s . He won the Western Open , then considered on-par with the major championships , three years in a row ; was runner-up in the Masters Tournament in 1937 and 1938 before winning in 1939 ; and successfully defended this U.S. Open title in 1938 .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Open', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph Guldahl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Guldahl', 'summary': 'Ralph J. Guldahl ( November 22 , 1911 - June 11 , 1987 ) was an American professional golfer , one of the top five players in the sport from 1936 to 1940 . He won sixteen PGA Tour-sanctioned tournaments , including three majors ( two U.S . Opens and one Masters ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1951_U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': "The 1951 U.S. Open was the 51st U.S. Open , held June 14-16 at the South Course of Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Ben Hogan won his second consecutive U.S. Open title , two strokes ahead of runner-up Clayton Heafner . Hogan missed the 1949 U.S. Open due to an automobile accident ; this was his third title in his last three attempts . The South Course , dubbed The Monster , played exceptionally tough for the first three rounds . No player was able to break par the first two days , and Jimmy Demaret 's 70 was the only score to equal par in Saturday morning 's third round . Sam Snead owned the first round lead at 71 ( +1 ) , while Bobby Locke led after the second round at 144 ( +4 ) and shared the lead with Demaret after the third at 218 ( +8 ) . Two strokes back after a 71 in the third round on Saturday morning , Hogan played one of the finest rounds in U.S. Open history that afternoon . Even-par on the front nine , he birdied the 10th and 13th holes . After a bogey at 14 , he responded with another birdie at 15 . At the 72nd hole , Hogan hit his approach shot on the par-4 to 15 feet ( 5 m ) and sank the birdie putt to post a 67 ( −3 ) , the lowest round of the week , one of two sub-par rounds for the round ( and championship ) . His 287 ( +7 ) was two ahead of Heafner , who shot 69 , the only other round under 70 . At the trophy presentation , Hogan uttered the famous quote : I 'm glad I brought this course - this monster - to its knees ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Open', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Hogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Hogan', 'summary': 'William Ben Hogan ( August 13 , 1912 - July 25 , 1997 ) was an American professional golfer who is generally considered to be one of the greatest players in the history of the game . Hogan is notable for his profound influence on golf swing theory and his legendary ball-striking ability . His nine career professional major championships tie him with Gary Player for fourth all-time , trailing only Jack Nicklaus ( 18 ) , Tiger Woods ( 15 ) and Walter Hagen ( 11 ) . He is one of only five golfers to have won all four major championships : the Masters Tournament , The Open ( despite only playing once ) , the U.S. Open , and the PGA Championship . The other four are Nicklaus , Woods , Player , and Gene Sarazen .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1961_U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': 'The 1961 U.S. Open was the 61st U.S. Open , held June 15-17 at the South Course of Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham , Michigan , a suburb north of Detroit . Gene Littler shot a final round 68 for 281 ( +1 ) to win his sole major title , one stroke ahead of runners-up Bob Goalby and Doug Sanders , the 54-hole leader . Amateur Jack Nicklaus tied for fourth at age 21 , the second of his three consecutive top-4 finishes at the U.S. Open . The runner-up the previous year , he turned professional in November and won the first of four U.S. Open titles the following year . Defending champion Arnold Palmer made the cut on the number at 149 ( +9 ) , then shot even-par twice and climbed into a tie for 14th place , eight strokes behind Littler . Four-time champion Ben Hogan also tied for 14th , the only time since 1940 that he was outside the top ten at this major . This course was the site of his third title a decade earlier in 1951 , a rare successful defense . Hogan did not enter for five years and made his final U.S. Open appearances in 1966 and 1967 . The South Course previously hosted the U.S. Open in 1924 , 1937 , and 1951 . It later hosted in 1985 and 1996 , and the PGA Championship in 1972 , 1979 , and 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Open', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gene Littler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Littler', 'summary': "Gene Alec Littler ( July 21 , 1930 - February 15 , 2019 ) was an American professional golfer and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame . Known for a solid temperament and nicknamed Gene the Machine for his smooth rhythmical swing , he once said that , Golf is not a game of great shots . It 's a game of the best misses . The people who win make the smallest mistakes ."}]}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_PGA_Championship', 'summary': "The 1972 PGA Championship was the 54th PGA Championship , played August 3-6 at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Gary Player won his second PGA Championship with a total of 281 ( +1 ) , two strokes ahead of runners-up Tommy Aaron and Jim Jamieson . It was the sixth of Player 's nine major titles , but his first in over four years . The PGA Championship returned to the month of August in 1972 after being played in late February in 1971 in Florida . Defending champion Jack Nicklaus , winner of the year 's Masters and U.S. Open and runner-up in the British Open , finished six strokes back in a tie for thirteenth place . He regained the title the following year . It was the fifth major championship held on the South Course , which previously hosted the U.S. Open in 1924 , 1937 , 1951 , and 1961 . It later hosted the PGA Championship in 1979 and 2008 , the U.S. Open in 1985 and 1996 , and the Ryder Cup in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'PGA Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PGA_Championship', 'summary': "The PGA Championship ( often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States ) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers ' Association of America . It is one of the four major championships in professional golf . It was formerly played in mid-August on the third weekend before Labor Day weekend , serving as the fourth and final major of the golf season . Beginning in 2019 , the tournament is played in May on the weekend before Memorial Day , as the season 's second major . It is an official money event on the PGA Tour , European Tour , and Japan Golf Tour , with a purse of $ 11 million for the 100th edition in 2018 . In line with the other majors , winning the PGA gains privileges that improve career security . PGA champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( Masters Tournament , U.S. Open , and The Open Championship ) and The Players Championship for the next five years , and are eligible for the PGA Championship for life . They receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and on the European Tour for the following seven seasons . The PGA is the only one of the four majors to be a tournament almost exclusively for professional players . The PGA Championship has been held at various venues . Some of the early sites are now quite obscure , but in recent years , the event has generally been played at a small group of celebrated courses ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Player', 'summary': 'Gary Player DMS , OIG ( born 1 November 1935 ) is a South African retired professional golfer who is widely considered to be one of the greatest golfers ever . During his career , Player won nine major championships on the regular tour and nine major championships on the Champions Tour . At the age of 29 , Player won the 1965 U.S. Open and became the only non-American to win all four majors in a career , known as the career Grand Slam . At the time , he was the youngest player to do this , though Jack Nicklaus ( 26 ) and Tiger Woods ( 24 ) subsequently broke this record . Player became only the third golfer in history to win the Career Grand Slam , following Ben Hogan and Gene Sarazen , and only Nicklaus and Woods have performed the feat since . Player has won 163 tournaments on six continents over seven decades and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974 . Nicknamed the Black Knight , Mr . Fitness , and the International Ambassador of Golf , Player is also a renowned golf course architect with more than 400 design projects on five continents throughout the world . He has also authored or co-written 36 golf books . His business interests are exclusively represented by Black Knight International , which includes Gary Player Design , Player Real Estate , The Player Foundation , Gary Player Academies , and Black Knight Enterprises , aspects of which include licensing , events , publishing , wine , apparel and memorabilia . GPG operates The Player Foundation , which has a primary objective of promoting underprivileged education around the world . In 1983 , The Player Foundation established the Blair Atholl Schools in Johannesburg , South Africa , which has educational facilities for more than 500 students from kindergarten through eighth grade .'}]}, {'value': '45,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_PGA_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1979 PGA Championship was the 61st PGA Championship , played August 2-5 at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . After a double-bogey on the 72nd hole , David Graham won the first of his two major titles on the third hole of a sudden-death playoff with Ben Crenshaw . Through 17 holes in the final round , Graham was seven-under , with seven birdies and ten pars . Of the 21 holes he played Sunday , nine were birdies . After 54 holes , Rex Caldwell was the leader at 203 ( −7 ) , Crenshaw was two strokes back and Graham four behind at 207 ( −3 ) , all in search of their first major title . It was the fifth runner-up finish for Crenshaw in a major , and second consecutive . He later won two majors , both at the Masters , in 1984 and 1995 ; Graham won his second at the U.S. Open in 1981 at Merion . Three-time champion Sam Snead set the record for the oldest player to make the cut in a major . He was 67 years , 2 months , and 7 days of age at the cut and finished 42nd at 288 ( +8 ) . He won in 1942 , 1949 , and 1951 , all in match play . It was the sixth major championship held on the South Course , which previously hosted the PGA Championship in 1972 and the U.S. Open in 1924 , 1937 , 1951 , and 1961 . It later hosted the U.S. Open in 1985 and 1996 , the PGA Championship in 2008 , and the Ryder Cup in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'PGA Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Graham_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Anthony David Graham , AM ( born 23 May 1946 ) is a former professional golfer from Australia . He won eight times on the PGA Tour , including two major championships .'}]}, {'value': '60,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Senior_PGA_Tour', 'summary': 'The 1981 Senior PGA Tour was the second season since the Senior PGA Tour officially began in 1980 ( it was renamed the Champions Tour in 2003 and adopted its current name of PGA Tour Champions in 2016 ) . The season consisted of seven official money events with purses totalling $ 1,024,000 , including two majors . Miller Barber won the most tournaments , three . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Senior Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Senior_Open', 'summary': "The U.S. Senior Open is one of the five major championships in senior golf , introduced 40 years ago in 1980 . It is administered by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) and is recognized as a major championship by both the PGA Tour Champions and the European Senior Tour . The lower age limit was 55 in 1980 , but it was lowered to 50 for the second edition in 1981 , which is the standard limit for men 's senior professional golf tournaments . By definition , the event is open to amateurs , but has been dominated by professionals ; through 2019 , all editions have been won by pros . Like other USGA championships , it has been played on many courses throughout the United States . Allen Doyle became the oldest U.S. Senior Open Champion in 2006 , winning two weeks before his 58th birthday . The total purse was the highest of any senior tour event until the Posco E & C Songdo Championship in South Korea , a Champions Tour event in 2010 and 2011 with a $ 3 million purse , but had a lower winner 's share ( $ 450,000 ) . The U.S. Senior Open is again the highest purse on the PGA Tour Champions ; in 2016 it was $ 3.75 million , and champion Gene Sauers earned $ 675,000 . The purse in 2017 is anticipated to be $ 4 million , yielding a winner 's share of $ 720,000 . Like other senior majors , players must walk the course unless they receive a medical exemption to use a cart . Winners gain entry into the following year 's U.S. Open . The playoff format was modified for 2018 , reduced from three to two aggregate holes , followed by sudden death ."}]}, {'value': 'Arnold Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnold_Palmer', 'summary': "Arnold Daniel Palmer ( September 10 , 1929 - September 25 , 2016 ) was an American professional golfer who is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most charismatic players in the sport 's history . Dating back to 1955 , he won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and the circuit now known as PGA Tour Champions . Nicknamed The King , he was one of golf 's most popular stars and seen as a trailblazer , the first superstar of the sport 's television age , which began in the 1950s . Palmer 's social impact on behalf of golf was perhaps unrivaled among fellow professionals ; his humble background and plain-spoken popularity helped change the perception of golf from an elite , upper-class pastime ( private clubs ) to a more populist sport accessible to middle and working classes ( public courses ) . Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , and Gary Player were The Big Three in golf during the 1960s ; they are widely credited with popularizing and commercializing the sport around the world . In a career spanning more than six decades , he won 62 PGA Tour titles from 1955 to 1973 . He is fifth on the Tour 's all-time victory list , trailing only Tiger Woods , Sam Snead , Jack Nicklaus , and Ben Hogan . He won seven major titles in a six-plus-year domination from the 1958 Masters to the 1964 Masters . He also won the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998 , and in 1974 was one of the 13 original inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '26,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': 'The 1985 U.S. Open was the 85th U.S. Open , held June 13-16 at the South Course of Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Andy North , the 1978 champion , won his second U.S. Open title by a stroke over runners-up Dave Barr , Chen Tze-chung , and Denis Watson . Chen had a historic beginning to the U.S. Open . In his first three rounds , he established a new course record at Oakland Hills with a 65 , made the first double-eagle in U.S. Open history , and established both 36 and 54-hole scoring records . Heading into the final round , he owned a one-stroke advantage over North , who shot 65 in the second round and 70 in the third . Chen increased his lead over North to four shots after just four holes of play . But at the 5th hole , disaster struck for Chen as he suffered one of the biggest single-hole blowups in tournament history . His approach shot found the greenside rough , and when he attempted to chip out he accidentally double-hit the ball . Assessed a stroke penalty , Chen then three-putted for a quadruple-bogey 8 . Unnerved by the mistake , Chen proceeded to bogey the next three holes , and North took a one-stroke lead over Barr at the turn . Chen recovered with a birdie at 12 , and after North bogeyed 9 , 10 , and 11 , he found himself back in a share of the lead . North , however , would be the last man standing .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Open', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_North', 'summary': 'Andrew Stewart North ( born March 9 , 1950 ) is an American professional golfer who had three wins on the PGA Tour , including the U.S. Open twice .'}]}, {'value': '103,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Senior_PGA_Tour', 'summary': 'The 1991 Senior PGA Tour was the 12th season since the Senior PGA Tour officially began in 1980 ( it was renamed the Champions Tour in 2003 and PGA Tour Champions in 2016 ) . The season consisted of 37 official money events with purses totalling $ 18,925,000 , including four majors . Mike Hill won the most tournaments , five . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Senior Open ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Nicklaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus', 'summary': "Jack William Nicklaus ( born January 21 , 1940 ) , nicknamed The Golden Bear , is an American retired professional golfer . He is widely considered to be one of the greatest golfers of all time . Over a quarter-century , he won a record 18 major championships , three more than second-placed Tiger Woods . Nicklaus focused on the major championships - Masters Tournament , U.S. Open , Open Championship and PGA Championship - and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events . He competed in 164 major tournaments , more than any other player , and finished with 73 PGA Tour victories , third behind Sam Snead ( 82 ) and Woods ( 82 ) . Nicklaus won the U.S . Amateur in 1959 and 1961 and finished second in the 1960 U.S. Open , two shots behind Arnold Palmer . Nicklaus turned professional at age 21 toward the end of 1961 . He earned his first professional victory at the 1962 U.S. Open , defeating Palmer by three shots in a next-day 18-hole playoff and launching a rivalry between golf superstars . In 1966 , Nicklaus became the first player to win the Masters Tournament two years running ; he also won The Open Championship , becoming at age 26 the youngest player to win all four golf majors . He won another Open Championship in 1970 . Between 1971 and 1980 , he won nine more major championships , overtook Bobby Jones ' record of 13 majors , and became the first player to complete double and triple career grand slams ."}]}, {'value': '110,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_U.S._Open_(golf)', 'summary': "The 1996 U.S. Open was the 96th U.S. Open , held June 13-16 at Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Steve Jones won his only major title , one stroke ahead of runners-up Tom Lehman and Davis Love III . Jones went through an incredible journey just to get to Oakland Hills . He had won four PGA Tour events , the last in 1989 , but in November 1991 he was involved in a dirt bike accident that threatened to end his career . He separated his shoulder and sprained an ankle , as well as suffering ligament damage in his left ring finger . Jones was sidelined for three years , not making it back on tour until 1994 . His win here came in his first U.S. Open since 1991 , and he was the first champion to go through sectional qualifying since tour rookie Jerry Pate in 1976 . After this win , Jones won three additional events on tour . This was the eighth major championship at the South Course , which previously hosted the U.S. Open in 1924 , 1937 , 1951 , 1961 , and 1985 , and the PGA Championship in 1972 and 1979 . It later hosted the PGA Championship in 2008 . It was Lehman 's third close call in a major ( 1994 Masters , 1995 U.S. Open ) ; he regrouped and won the next , The Open Championship in England . Love won the PGA Championship the following year at Winged Foot ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Open ( 6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Jones_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Steven Glen Jones ( born December 27 , 1958 ) is an American professional golfer , best known for winning the U.S. Open in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '425,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_golf', 'summary': 'The 2002 PGA Tour season was played from January 3 to November 4 . The season consisted of 49 official money events . Tiger Woods won the most tournaments , five , and there were 18 first-time winners . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Amateur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Amateur_Championship_(golf)', 'summary': "The United States Amateur Championship , commonly known as the U.S . Amateur , is the leading annual golf tournament in the United States for amateur golfers . It is organized by the United States Golf Association and is currently held each August over a 7-day period . In 1894 there were two tournaments called the National Amateur Championship . One of them was played at Newport Country Club and was won by William G. Lawrence , and the other took place at St Andrew 's Golf Club and was won by Laurence B. Stottard . This state of affairs prompted Charles B. Macdonald of the Chicago Golf Club to call for the creation of a national governing body to authorize an official national championship , and the Amateur Golf Association of the United States , which was soon to be renamed the United States Golf Association , was formed on December 22 of that year . In 1895 it organized both the first U.S . Amateur Championship and the first U.S. Open , both of which were played at Newport Country Club . There are no age or gender restrictions on entry , but players must have a handicap index of 2.4 or less . Originally , entry was restricted to members of USGA-affiliated private clubs ( and , presumably , international players who were members of private clubs affiliated with their nations ' golf governing bodies ) , a restriction that was not lifted until 1979 . The tournament consists of two days of stroke play , with the leading 64 competitors then playing a knockout competition held at match play to decide the champion . All knockout matches are over 18 holes except for the final , which consists of 36 holes , separated into morning and afternoon 18-hole rounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Barnes', 'summary': 'Richard Kyle Barnes ( born February 6 , 1981 ) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Ryder_Cup', 'summary': 'The 35th Ryder Cup Matches were held September 17-19 , 2004 , in the United States at the South Course of Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . The European team won the competition by a margin of 18½ to 9½ points , The victory margin was the largest by a European team in the history of the event , and the largest by either side since 1981 , when Team USA defeated Team Europe by the same score . It was also the largest margin of defeat for the USA since the competition started in 1927 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryder Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryder_Cup', 'summary': "The Ryder Cup is a biennial men 's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States . The competition is contested every two years with the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe . The Ryder Cup is named after the English businessman Samuel Ryder who donated the trophy . The event is jointly administered by the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe , the latter a joint venture of the PGA European Tour ( 60% ) , the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland ( 20% ) , and the PGAs of Europe ( 20% ) . Originally contested between Great Britain and the United States , the first official Ryder Cup took place in the United States in 1927 at Worcester Country Club in Worcester , Massachusetts . The home team won the first five contests , but with the competition 's resumption after the Second World War , repeated American dominance eventually led to a decision to extend the representation of Great Britain and Ireland to include continental Europe from 1979 . The inclusion of continental European golfers was partly prompted by the success of a new generation of Spanish golfers , led by Seve Ballesteros and Antonio Garrido . In 1973 the official title of the British Team had been changed from Great Britain to Great Britain and Ireland , but this was simply a change of name to reflect the fact that golfers from the Republic of Ireland had been playing in the Great Britain Ryder Cup team since 1953 , while Northern Irish players had competed since 1947 . Since 1979 , Europe has won eleven times outright and retained the Cup once in a tied match , with eight American wins over this period . In addition to players from Great Britain and Ireland , the European team has included players from Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and Sweden . The Ryder Cup , and its counterpart the Presidents Cup , remain exceptions within the world of professional sports because the players receive no prize money despite the contests being high-profile events that bring in large amounts of money in television and sponsorship revenue . The current holders are Europe who won in 2018 at the Albatros Course at Le Golf National in Guyancourt , south-west of Paris , by a score of 17½ to 10½ ."}]}, {'value': 'Team Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_PGA_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2008 PGA Championship was the 90th PGA Championship , played from August 7-10 at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . Pádraig Harrington won his second consecutive major and third overall , two strokes ahead of runners-up Ben Curtis and Sergio García . He earned $ 1.35 million for the victory , and became the first European-born winner of the PGA Championship in 78 years , last accomplished in the match play era by Tommy Armour of Scotland in 1930 ( by then a naturalized U.S. citizen ) . Harrington was the first winner from Ireland , and the first European to win The Open Championship and the PGA Championship in the same year . It was the ninth major championship contested at the South Course and the first in twelve years , when Steve Jones won the 1996 U.S. Open . The PGA Championship returned to The Monster for the first time in 29 years ; the 1979 event was won by David Graham . Tiger Woods , the two-time defending champion , did not compete due to rehabilitation for a season-ending knee surgery following his playoff victory in the U.S. Open in June . The South Course previously hosted the PGA Championship in 1972 and 1979 , the U.S. Open in 1924 , 1937 , 1951 , 1961 , 1985 , and 1996 , and the Ryder Cup in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'PGA Championship ( 3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pádraig Harrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pádraig_Harrington', 'summary': 'Pádraig Peter Harrington ( born 31 August 1971 ) is an Irish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour and the PGA Tour . He won three major championships : The Open Championship in 2007 and 2008 and the PGA Championship , also in 2008 . He spent over 300 weeks in the top-10 of the world rankings , and reached a career-high ranking of third in July 2008 . He is the captain of the European team for the 2020 Ryder Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1,350,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_golf', 'summary': 'This article summarizes the highlights of professional and amateur golf in the year 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Amateur ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curtis Luck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curtis_Luck', 'summary': 'Curtis Luck ( born 9 August 1996 ) is an Australian professional golfer from Cottesloe , Western Australia . In March 2017 he became the number one ranked amateur golfer in the world , heading the World Amateur Golf Ranking . He held that ranking before turning professional in April .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Major tournaments hosted', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Oakland_Hills_Country_Club_0', 'intro': 'Oakland Hills Country Club is a private golf club in the central United States, located in Bloomfield Township, Michigan, a suburb northwest of Detroit. It consists of two 18-hole courses designed by Donald Ross: the South Course (1918) and the North Course (1923). Oakland Hills has hosted many prestigious professional golf tournaments throughout its history, including six U.S. Opens and three PGA Championships, the 2004 Ryder Cup and the 2002 and 2016 U.S. Amateur on its South Course.'}
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How much in money in dollars did the player nicknamed The King win ?
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26,000
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03eb7154725a76a3
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_runs_batted_in_leaders', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner ( s )', 'RBI', 'Team ( s )', 'Runner ( s ) -up', '2nd RBI'], 'data': [{'value': '1901', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1901_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1901 Major League Baseball season , involved the inaugural season of the American League . The eight franchises that comprised the AL that year were the original Baltimore Orioles , the Boston Americans , the Chicago White Stockings , the Cleveland Blues , the Detroit Tigers , the original Milwaukee Brewers , the Philadelphia Athletics and the original Washington Senators .'}]}, {'value': 'Nap Lajoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nap_Lajoie', 'summary': "Napoleon Lajoie ( /ˈlæʒəweɪ/ ; September 5 , 1874 - February 7 , 1959 ) , also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed The Frenchman , was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Philadelphia Phillies , Philadelphia Athletics ( twice ) , and Cleveland Naps between 1896 and 1916 . He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909 . Lajoie was signed to the National League 's ( NL ) Phillies in 1896 . By the beginning of the twentieth century , however , the upstart American League ( AL ) was looking to rival the supremacy of the NL and in 1901 , Lajoie and dozens of former National League players joined the American League . National League clubs contested the legality of contracts signed by players who jumped to the other league but eventually , Lajoie was allowed to play for Connie Mack 's Athletics . During the season , Lajoie set the all-time American League single-season mark for the highest batting average ( .426 ) . : p.76 : p.88 One year later , Lajoie went to the Cleveland Bronchos where he would play until the 1915 season when he returned to play for Mack and the Athletics . While with Cleveland , Lajoie 's popularity led to locals electing to change the club 's team name from Bronchos to Napoleons ( Naps for short ) , which remained until after Lajoie departed Cleveland and the name was changed to Indians ( the team 's present-day name ) . Lajoie led the AL in batting average five times in his career and four times recorded the highest number of hits . During several of those years with the Naps he and Ty Cobb dominated AL hitting categories and traded batting titles with each other , most notably coming in 1910 , when the league 's batting champion was not decided until well after the last game of the season and after an investigation by American League President Ban Johnson . Lajoie in 1914 joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner as the only major league players to record 3,000 career hits ."}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Freeman', 'summary': 'John Frank Buck Freeman ( October 30 , 1871 - June 25 , 1949 ) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century . Listed at 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) and 169 lb ( 77 kg ) , he both batted and threw left-handed . Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era , his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season .'}]}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1902_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1902 Major League Baseball season , involved the Milwaukee Brewers moving to St. Louis and becoming the St. Louis Browns , and the Chicago Orphans were renamed as the Cubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Freeman', 'summary': 'John Frank Buck Freeman ( October 30 , 1871 - June 25 , 1949 ) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century . Listed at 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) and 169 lb ( 77 kg ) , he both batted and threw left-handed . Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era , his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season .'}]}, {'value': '121', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Americans', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Hickman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Hickman', 'summary': 'Charles Taylor Hickman ( March 4 , 1876 - April 19 , 1934 ) was a professional baseball player . He played all or part of twelve seasons in Major League Baseball as a utility player for the Boston Beaneaters ( 1897-99 ) , New York Giants ( 1900-01 ) , Boston Americans ( 1902 ) , Cleveland Bronchos/Naps ( 1902-04 and 1908 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1904-05 ) , Washington Senators ( 1905-07 ) and Chicago White Sox ( 1907 ) . He died in Morgantown , West Virginia at the age of 57 .'}]}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1903_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1903 Major League Baseball season , saw the relocation of the original Baltimore Orioles to New York City , and become the Highlanders , the last relocation in MLB until 1953 , when the Boston Braves moved to Milwaukee , along with the playing of the first modern World Series with the Boston Americans defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Freeman', 'summary': 'John Frank Buck Freeman ( October 30 , 1871 - June 25 , 1949 ) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century . Listed at 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) and 169 lb ( 77 kg ) , he both batted and threw left-handed . Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era , his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season .'}]}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Americans', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Hickman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Hickman', 'summary': 'Charles Taylor Hickman ( March 4 , 1876 - April 19 , 1934 ) was a professional baseball player . He played all or part of twelve seasons in Major League Baseball as a utility player for the Boston Beaneaters ( 1897-99 ) , New York Giants ( 1900-01 ) , Boston Americans ( 1902 ) , Cleveland Bronchos/Naps ( 1902-04 and 1908 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1904-05 ) , Washington Senators ( 1905-07 ) and Chicago White Sox ( 1907 ) . He died in Morgantown , West Virginia at the age of 57 .'}]}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1904_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1904 Major League Baseball season . No World Series was held this season . The St. Louis Browns played eleven consecutive games against the Detroit Tigers at Bennett Park in Detroit - the longest regular season homestand in Major League history .'}]}, {'value': 'Nap Lajoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nap_Lajoie', 'summary': "Napoleon Lajoie ( /ˈlæʒəweɪ/ ; September 5 , 1874 - February 7 , 1959 ) , also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed The Frenchman , was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Philadelphia Phillies , Philadelphia Athletics ( twice ) , and Cleveland Naps between 1896 and 1916 . He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909 . Lajoie was signed to the National League 's ( NL ) Phillies in 1896 . By the beginning of the twentieth century , however , the upstart American League ( AL ) was looking to rival the supremacy of the NL and in 1901 , Lajoie and dozens of former National League players joined the American League . National League clubs contested the legality of contracts signed by players who jumped to the other league but eventually , Lajoie was allowed to play for Connie Mack 's Athletics . During the season , Lajoie set the all-time American League single-season mark for the highest batting average ( .426 ) . : p.76 : p.88 One year later , Lajoie went to the Cleveland Bronchos where he would play until the 1915 season when he returned to play for Mack and the Athletics . While with Cleveland , Lajoie 's popularity led to locals electing to change the club 's team name from Bronchos to Napoleons ( Naps for short ) , which remained until after Lajoie departed Cleveland and the name was changed to Indians ( the team 's present-day name ) . Lajoie led the AL in batting average five times in his career and four times recorded the highest number of hits . During several of those years with the Naps he and Ty Cobb dominated AL hitting categories and traded batting titles with each other , most notably coming in 1910 , when the league 's batting champion was not decided until well after the last game of the season and after an investigation by American League President Ban Johnson . Lajoie in 1914 joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner as the only major league players to record 3,000 career hits ."}]}, {'value': '102', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Naps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Naps', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': 'Buck Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Freeman', 'summary': 'John Frank Buck Freeman ( October 30 , 1871 - June 25 , 1949 ) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century . Listed at 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) and 169 lb ( 77 kg ) , he both batted and threw left-handed . Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era , his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season .'}]}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1905_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1905 Major League Baseball season , had the second modern World Series . The New York Giants defeated the Philadelphia Athletics to win the World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Harry Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Davis_(1900s_first_baseman)', 'summary': 'Harry H. Davis ( July 19 , 1873 - August 11 , 1947 ) was a Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the New York Giants ( 1895-96 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1896-98 ) , Louisville Colonels ( 1898 ) , Washington Senators ( 1898-99 ) , Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901-11 , 1913-17 ) , and Cleveland Naps ( 1912 ) .'}]}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Lave Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lave_Cross', 'summary': "Lafayette Napoleon Cross ( May 12 , 1866 - September 6 , 1927 ) was an American professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball as a third baseman from 1887 to 1907 . Cross played most of his 21-year career with Philadelphia-based teams in four different leagues . One of the sport 's top all-around players in the years surrounding the turn of the 20th century , when he retired he ranked fifth in major league history in hits ( 2,644 ) and runs batted in ( 1,371 ) , ninth in doubles ( 411 ) and total bases ( 3,466 ) , and third in games played ( 2,275 ) and at bats ( 9,064 ) . Cross also excelled as a defensive player . After beginning his major league career as a catcher , he led third basemen in fielding percentage five times , and ended his career with nearly every fielding record at that position : games ( 1,721 ) , putouts ( 2,306 ) , assists ( 3,706 ) , total chances ( 6,406 ) , and fielding average ( .938 ) ; his 212 double plays ranked third behind Billy Nash and Arlie Latham . He captained the Philadelphia Athletics teams which captured two of the first five American League pennants ."}]}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1906_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1906 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Harry Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Davis_(1900s_first_baseman)', 'summary': 'Harry H. Davis ( July 19 , 1873 - August 11 , 1947 ) was a Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the New York Giants ( 1895-96 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1896-98 ) , Louisville Colonels ( 1898 ) , Washington Senators ( 1898-99 ) , Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901-11 , 1913-17 ) , and Cleveland Naps ( 1912 ) .'}]}, {'value': '96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Nap Lajoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nap_Lajoie', 'summary': "Napoleon Lajoie ( /ˈlæʒəweɪ/ ; September 5 , 1874 - February 7 , 1959 ) , also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed The Frenchman , was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Philadelphia Phillies , Philadelphia Athletics ( twice ) , and Cleveland Naps between 1896 and 1916 . He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909 . Lajoie was signed to the National League 's ( NL ) Phillies in 1896 . By the beginning of the twentieth century , however , the upstart American League ( AL ) was looking to rival the supremacy of the NL and in 1901 , Lajoie and dozens of former National League players joined the American League . National League clubs contested the legality of contracts signed by players who jumped to the other league but eventually , Lajoie was allowed to play for Connie Mack 's Athletics . During the season , Lajoie set the all-time American League single-season mark for the highest batting average ( .426 ) . : p.76 : p.88 One year later , Lajoie went to the Cleveland Bronchos where he would play until the 1915 season when he returned to play for Mack and the Athletics . While with Cleveland , Lajoie 's popularity led to locals electing to change the club 's team name from Bronchos to Napoleons ( Naps for short ) , which remained until after Lajoie departed Cleveland and the name was changed to Indians ( the team 's present-day name ) . Lajoie led the AL in batting average five times in his career and four times recorded the highest number of hits . During several of those years with the Naps he and Ty Cobb dominated AL hitting categories and traded batting titles with each other , most notably coming in 1910 , when the league 's batting champion was not decided until well after the last game of the season and after an investigation by American League President Ban Johnson . Lajoie in 1914 joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner as the only major league players to record 3,000 career hits ."}]}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1907_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1907 Major League Baseball season . The Chicago Cubs defeated the Detroit Tigers 4-0-1 to win the World Series . The Philadelphia Phillies set a Major League record for the fewest at bats by a team in a season - 4,725 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Socks Seybold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socks_Seybold', 'summary': 'Ralph Orlando Socks Seybold ( November 23 , 1870 - December 22 , 1921 ) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball . He played over parts of nine seasons with the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Athletics . Known as a power hitter , Seybold set the American League record for home runs in 1902 , which would not be broken until 1919 . He stood at 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) and weighed 200 lbs .'}]}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1908_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1908 Major League Baseball season . The Chicago Cubs defeated the Detroit Tigers 4-1 to win the World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1909_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1909 Major League Baseball season . The Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Detroit Tigers 4-3 to win the World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1910_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1910 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1911_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1911 Major League Baseball season was the last season in which none of the current 30 MLB stadiums were in use . The oldest current ballpark is Fenway Park , opened in 1912 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '127', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '115', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': "1912 Major League Baseball season . Harper 's Weekly conducted a detailed accounting of the expenses of Major League clubs , and came up with a figure of around $ 175,000 to $ 200,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_Run_Baker', 'summary': "John Franklin Home Run Baker ( March 13 , 1886 - June 28 , 1963 ) was an American professional baseball player . A third baseman , Baker played in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1922 , for the Philadelphia Athletics and the New York Yankees . Although he never hit more than a dozen home runs in a season ( Ned Williamson hit 27 in 1884 ) and only hit 93 homers in his career ( Roger Connor hit 138 ) , Baker has been called the original home run king of the majors . Baker was a member of the Athletics ' $ 100,000 infield . He helped the Athletics win the 1910 , 1911 and 1913 World Series . After a contract dispute , the Athletics sold Baker to the Yankees , where he and Wally Pipp helped the Yankees ' offense . Baker appeared with the Yankees in the 1921 and 1922 World Series , though the Yankees lost both series , before retiring . Baker led the American League in home runs from 1911 to 1914 . He had a batting average over .300 in six seasons , had three seasons with more than 100 runs batted in , and two seasons with over 100 runs scored . Baker 's legacy has grown over the years , and he is regarded by many as one of the best power hitters of the deadball era . During his 13 years as a major league player , Baker never played a single inning at any position other than third base . Baker was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Duffy Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duffy_Lewis', 'summary': "George Edward Duffy Lewis ( April 18 , 1888 - June 17 , 1979 ) , born in San Francisco , California , was a left fielder and right-handed batter who played Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox ( 1910-17 ) , New York Yankees ( 1919-20 ) and Washington Senators ( 1921 ) . Lewis attended Saint Mary 's College of California ."}]}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1913_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1913 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_Run_Baker', 'summary': "John Franklin Home Run Baker ( March 13 , 1886 - June 28 , 1963 ) was an American professional baseball player . A third baseman , Baker played in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1922 , for the Philadelphia Athletics and the New York Yankees . Although he never hit more than a dozen home runs in a season ( Ned Williamson hit 27 in 1884 ) and only hit 93 homers in his career ( Roger Connor hit 138 ) , Baker has been called the original home run king of the majors . Baker was a member of the Athletics ' $ 100,000 infield . He helped the Athletics win the 1910 , 1911 and 1913 World Series . After a contract dispute , the Athletics sold Baker to the Yankees , where he and Wally Pipp helped the Yankees ' offense . Baker appeared with the Yankees in the 1921 and 1922 World Series , though the Yankees lost both series , before retiring . Baker led the American League in home runs from 1911 to 1914 . He had a batting average over .300 in six seasons , had three seasons with more than 100 runs batted in , and two seasons with over 100 runs scored . Baker 's legacy has grown over the years , and he is regarded by many as one of the best power hitters of the deadball era . During his 13 years as a major league player , Baker never played a single inning at any position other than third base . Baker was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '117', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Stuffy McInnis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuffy_McInnis', 'summary': "John Phalen Stuffy McInnis ( September 19 , 1890 - February 16 , 1960 ) was a first baseman and manager in Major League Baseball . McInnis gained his nickname as a youngster in the Boston suburban leagues , where his spectacular playing brought shouts of that 's the stuff , kid . From 1909-27 , McInnis played for the Philadelphia Athletics ( 1909-17 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1918-21 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1922 ) , Boston Braves ( 1923-24 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1925-26 ) and Philadelphia Phillies ( 1927 ) . He batted and threw right-handed ."}]}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1914_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1914 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stuffy McInnis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuffy_McInnis', 'summary': "John Phalen Stuffy McInnis ( September 19 , 1890 - February 16 , 1960 ) was a first baseman and manager in Major League Baseball . McInnis gained his nickname as a youngster in the Boston suburban leagues , where his spectacular playing brought shouts of that 's the stuff , kid . From 1909-27 , McInnis played for the Philadelphia Athletics ( 1909-17 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1918-21 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1922 ) , Boston Braves ( 1923-24 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1925-26 ) and Philadelphia Phillies ( 1927 ) . He batted and threw right-handed ."}]}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1915_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1915 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Veach Sam Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Veach', 'summary': "Robert Hayes Bobby Veach ( June 29 , 1888 - August 7 , 1945 ) was an American baseball player from 1910 to 1930 including 14 seasons in the major leagues . He was the starting left fielder for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1923 and also played for the Boston Red Sox ( 1924-1925 ) , New York Yankees ( 1925 ) and Washington Senators ( 1925 ) . Veach hit for both power and average . He compiled a .310 career batting average and finished second to Ty Cobb for the 1919 American League batting title with a .355 average . He also led the American League in runs batted in ( RBIs ) three times ( 1915 , 1917 , and 1918 ) and was among the league leaders 10 times . Nobody in baseball had as many RBIs or extra base hits as Veach from 1915 to 1922 . Veach was also among the best defensive outfielders of his era , regularly ranking among the league leaders in putouts , range factor , and fielding percentage . Despite being one of the most productive hitters in baseball during his years in Detroit , Veach played in the shadows of three Detroit outfielders who won 16 batting titles and were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cobb in center field and Sam Crawford followed by Harry Heilmann in right field . Detroit 's 1915 outfield consisting of Veach , Cobb , and Crawford has been ranked by baseball historian and statistician Bill James as the greatest outfield in history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sam_Crawford', 'summary': 'Samuel Earl Crawford ( April 18 , 1880 - June 15 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Wahoo Sam , was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Crawford batted and threw left-handed , stood 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) . Born in Wahoo , Nebraska , he had a short minor league baseball career before entering the majors with the Cincinnati Reds in 1899 . He played for the Reds until 1902 . Crawford then joined the Detroit Tigers and played for Detroit from 1903 to 1917 . He was one of the greatest sluggers of his era , leading his league in home runs twice and in runs batted in three times . He still holds the MLB record for most career triples , with 309 . While with the Tigers , Crawford played alongside superstar Ty Cobb , and the two had an intense rivalry while also helping Detroit win three American League championships from 1907 to 1909 . After his MLB career ended , Crawford moved to California , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a player and umpire in the Pacific Coast League and was a coach at the University of Southern California . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1916_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1916 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Del Pratt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Del_Pratt', 'summary': 'Derrill Burnham Del Pratt ( January 10 , 1888 - September 30 , 1977 ) was a star running back for the University of Alabama before becoming a professional baseball player . Pratt signed with the St. Louis Browns in 1912 . He was a star second baseman in the American League for over a decade , but also saw some action at first base , shortstop , third base and the outfield .'}]}, {'value': '103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Wally Pipp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wally_Pipp', 'summary': "Walter Clement Pipp ( February 17 , 1893 - January 11 , 1965 ) was an American professional baseball player . A first baseman , Pipp played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Detroit Tigers , New York Yankees , and Cincinnati Reds between 1913 and 1928 . After appearing in 12 games for the Tigers in 1913 and playing in the minor leagues in 1914 , he was purchased by the Yankees before the 1915 season . They made him their starting first baseman . He and Home Run Baker led an improved Yankee lineup that led the league in home runs . He led the American League in home runs in 1916 and 1917 . With Babe Ruth , Bob Meusel , Joe Dugan , and Waite Hoyt , the Yankees won three consecutive American League pennants from 1921 through 1923 , and won the 1923 World Series . In 1925 , he lost his starting role to Lou Gehrig , after which he finished his major league career with Cincinnati . Pipp is considered to be one of the best power hitters of the dead ball era . Pipp is now best remembered as the man who lost his starting role to Lou Gehrig at the beginning of Gehrig 's streak of 2,130 consecutive games ."}]}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1917_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1917 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Veach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Veach', 'summary': "Robert Hayes Bobby Veach ( June 29 , 1888 - August 7 , 1945 ) was an American baseball player from 1910 to 1930 including 14 seasons in the major leagues . He was the starting left fielder for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1923 and also played for the Boston Red Sox ( 1924-1925 ) , New York Yankees ( 1925 ) and Washington Senators ( 1925 ) . Veach hit for both power and average . He compiled a .310 career batting average and finished second to Ty Cobb for the 1919 American League batting title with a .355 average . He also led the American League in runs batted in ( RBIs ) three times ( 1915 , 1917 , and 1918 ) and was among the league leaders 10 times . Nobody in baseball had as many RBIs or extra base hits as Veach from 1915 to 1922 . Veach was also among the best defensive outfielders of his era , regularly ranking among the league leaders in putouts , range factor , and fielding percentage . Despite being one of the most productive hitters in baseball during his years in Detroit , Veach played in the shadows of three Detroit outfielders who won 16 batting titles and were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cobb in center field and Sam Crawford followed by Harry Heilmann in right field . Detroit 's 1915 outfield consisting of Veach , Cobb , and Crawford has been ranked by baseball historian and statistician Bill James as the greatest outfield in history ."}]}, {'value': '103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Happy Felsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happy_Felsch', 'summary': 'Oscar Emil Happy Felsch ( August 22 , 1891 - August 17 , 1964 ) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago White Sox from 1915 to 1920 . He is best known for his involvement in the 1919 Black Sox scandal .'}]}, {'value': '102', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1918 Major League Baseball season featured a reduced schedule due to American participation in World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Veach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Veach', 'summary': "Robert Hayes Bobby Veach ( June 29 , 1888 - August 7 , 1945 ) was an American baseball player from 1910 to 1930 including 14 seasons in the major leagues . He was the starting left fielder for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1923 and also played for the Boston Red Sox ( 1924-1925 ) , New York Yankees ( 1925 ) and Washington Senators ( 1925 ) . Veach hit for both power and average . He compiled a .310 career batting average and finished second to Ty Cobb for the 1919 American League batting title with a .355 average . He also led the American League in runs batted in ( RBIs ) three times ( 1915 , 1917 , and 1918 ) and was among the league leaders 10 times . Nobody in baseball had as many RBIs or extra base hits as Veach from 1915 to 1922 . Veach was also among the best defensive outfielders of his era , regularly ranking among the league leaders in putouts , range factor , and fielding percentage . Despite being one of the most productive hitters in baseball during his years in Detroit , Veach played in the shadows of three Detroit outfielders who won 16 batting titles and were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cobb in center field and Sam Crawford followed by Harry Heilmann in right field . Detroit 's 1915 outfield consisting of Veach , Cobb , and Crawford has been ranked by baseball historian and statistician Bill James as the greatest outfield in history ."}]}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'George Burns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Burns_(first_baseman)', 'summary': "George Henry Burns ( January 31 , 1893 - January 7 , 1978 ) , nicknamed Tioga George , was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) who played for five American League ( AL ) teams from 1914 to 1929 . One of the league 's top right-handed batters of the 1920s , he was named the AL Most Valuable Player in 1926 with the Cleveland Indians after batting .358 and setting a major league record with 64 doubles . A career .307 hitter , he retired with 2,018 hits , then the third-highest total by an AL right-handed hitter . His 1,671 games at first base were the most by an AL right-handed player until 1940 ; he still ranks third in league history ."}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1919_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1919 Major League Baseball season , is best remembered for the Black Sox Scandal , in which the Chicago White Sox threw ( purposely lost ) the World Series to the Cincinnati Reds , 5-3 , in order to illegally gain money from gambling . This scandal resulted in commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banning eight players from baseball for life . The season began on April 19 , 1919 , when the Brooklyn Robins defeated the Boston Braves 5-2 at Braves Field in the first game of a double header . The regular season ended on September 29 with the New York Yankees defeating the Philadelphia Athletics 4-2 at Shibe Park , with the infamous 1919 World Series opening two days later in Cincinnati .'}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Veach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Veach', 'summary': "Robert Hayes Bobby Veach ( June 29 , 1888 - August 7 , 1945 ) was an American baseball player from 1910 to 1930 including 14 seasons in the major leagues . He was the starting left fielder for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1923 and also played for the Boston Red Sox ( 1924-1925 ) , New York Yankees ( 1925 ) and Washington Senators ( 1925 ) . Veach hit for both power and average . He compiled a .310 career batting average and finished second to Ty Cobb for the 1919 American League batting title with a .355 average . He also led the American League in runs batted in ( RBIs ) three times ( 1915 , 1917 , and 1918 ) and was among the league leaders 10 times . Nobody in baseball had as many RBIs or extra base hits as Veach from 1915 to 1922 . Veach was also among the best defensive outfielders of his era , regularly ranking among the league leaders in putouts , range factor , and fielding percentage . Despite being one of the most productive hitters in baseball during his years in Detroit , Veach played in the shadows of three Detroit outfielders who won 16 batting titles and were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cobb in center field and Sam Crawford followed by Harry Heilmann in right field . Detroit 's 1915 outfield consisting of Veach , Cobb , and Crawford has been ranked by baseball historian and statistician Bill James as the greatest outfield in history ."}]}, {'value': '101', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1920 Major League Baseball season , was the first to be presided over by the newly created office of Baseball Commissioner . In the wake of the Black Sox scandal , the credibility of baseball had been tarnished with the public and fans and the owners of the teams clamored for credibility to be restored . A three-person National Commission ran the major and minor leagues - composed of the American League President , National League President , and one team owner - but the owners felt that creating one position with near-unlimited authority was the answer . In the World Series , the Cleveland Indians triumphed over the Brooklyn Robins , 5-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Babe Ruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babe_Ruth', 'summary': "George Herman Babe Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 - August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat , he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .690 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the last two still stand as of 2019 [ update ] . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its first five inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86-year championship drought and popularized the Curse of the Bambino superstition ."}]}, {'value': '137', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'George Sisler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Sisler', 'summary': "George Harold Sisler ( March 24 , 1893 - March 26 , 1973 ) , nicknamed Gorgeous George , was an American professional baseball first baseman and player-manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the St. Louis Browns , Washington Senators and Boston Braves . He managed the Browns from 1924 through 1926 . Sisler played college baseball for the University of Michigan and was signed by the St. Louis Browns as a free agent in 1915 . He won the American League batting title in 1920 and 1922 . In 1920 he set the major league record for hits with 257 which stood for 84 years and had a batting average of .407 ( the seventh highest after 1900 ) . In 1922 he won the AL Most Valuable Player Award , he finished with a batting average of .420 which is the third highest batting average ever recorded after 1900 . An attack of sinusitis in 1923 caused Sisler 's play to decline , but he continued to play in the majors until 1930 . After Sisler retired as a player , he worked as a major league scout and aide . A two time batting champion , Sisler led the league in hits twice , triples twice , and stolen bases four times . He collected 200 or more hits six times in his career , and had a batting average of over .300 a total of 13 times throughout his career . His career batting average of .340 is the 16th highest of all time , Sisler was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939 ."}]}, {'value': '122', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'American League', 'section_text': '.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { display : flex ; flex-direction : column } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { display : flex ; flex-direction : row ; clear : left ; flex-wrap : wrap ; width:100% ; box-sizing : border-box } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { margin:1px ; float : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader { clear : both ; font-weight : bold ; text-align : center ; align-self : center ; background-color : transparent ; width:100% } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : left ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center { text-align : center ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left { text-align : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right { text-align : right } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center { text-align : center } @ media all and ( max-width:720px ) { .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; max-width : none ! important ; align-items : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { justify-content : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { float : none ! important ; max-width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; text-align : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : center } } Detroit Tigers teammates Ty Cobb , Sam Crawford , and Bobby Veach won nine of the twelve American League RBI titles from 1907 to 1918 . Babe Ruth held the single-season RBI record from 1921 to 1927 , holds the second-most RBI titles with six , and has the second-most career RBI . Hank Greenberg , Hall of Famer and 4-time RBI leader Mark Teixeira led the American League in RBI in 2009 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_runs_batted_in_champions_0', 'intro': "In baseball, a run batted in (RBI) is awarded to a batter for each runner who scores as a result of the batter's action, including a hit, fielder's choice, sacrifice fly, bases loaded walk, or hit by pitch. A batter is also awarded an RBI for scoring himself upon hitting a home run. In Major League Baseball (MLB), a player in each league[L] wins the RBI crown or RBI title each season by hitting the most runs batted in that year. The first RBI champion in the National League (NL) was Deacon White; in the league's inaugural 1876 season, White hit 60 RBIs for the Chicago White Stockings. The American League (AL) was established in 1901, and Hall of Fame second baseman Nap Lajoie led that league with 125 RBIs for the Philadelphia Athletics. Over the course of his 27-season career, Cap Anson led the NL in RBI eight times. Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner have the second- and third-most RBI titles, respectively: Ruth with six, and Wagner with five. Several players are tied for the most consecutive seasons led with three: Anson (twice), Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, Ruth, Joe Medwick, George Foster, and Cecil Fielder. Notably, Matt Holliday won the NL title in 2007 by one RBI over Ryan Howard, only overtaking Howard due to his performance in the 2007 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game. Had Howard won the 2007 title, he would have led the NL in a record four consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2009. The most recent champions are José Abreu in the American League, and Anthony Rendon in the National League. Sam Thompson was the first to set a single-season RBI record that stood for more than three seasons, hitting 166 in 1887."}
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Lave Cross was the Runner ( s ) -up for the year when The New York Giants defeated which team to win the World Series ?
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the Philadelphia Athletics
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03ebebf114f26263
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_20)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 20)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'December 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Keira Knightley , Masi Oka , High-Tech Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keira_Knightley', 'summary': "Keira Christina Knightley , OBE ( /ˈkɪərə ˈnaɪtli/ ; born 26 March 1985 ) is a British actress . She has been nominated for two British Academy Film Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and two Academy Awards . Knightley began acting as a child on television and made her feature film debut in 1995 , before making her breakthrough with the 2002 film Bend It Like Beckham . She then starred in the 2003 fantasy swashbuckler film Pirates of the Caribbean , playing Elizabeth Swann , a role that she would reprise in the subsequent films of the franchise . A significant turning point came in her career when Knightley received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for starring as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) . She became known for starring in several other period dramas , including Atonement ( 2007 ) , The Duchess ( 2008 ) , A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) , Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) , and Colette ( 2018 ) . Knightley received her second nomination for the Academy Award for portraying Joan Clarke in the historical drama The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) . Her contemporary film roles were in the romantic comedy Begin Again ( 2013 ) , the action thriller Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) , and the adventure film Everest ( 2015 ) . On stage , Knightley has appeared on the West End in Martin Crimp 's 2009 production of The Misanthrope , which earned her a nomination for a Laurence Olivier Award . She also starred as the eponymous heroine in the 2015 Broadway production of Thérèse Raquin . She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama and charity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Masi_Oka', 'summary': "Masayori Masi Oka ( 岡 政偉 , Oka Masayori , b . 1974 ) is an American actor , occasional rapper , producer and digital effects artist of Japanese descent who became widely known for his role on NBC 's Heroes as Hiro Nakamura and in CBS 's Hawaii Five-0 as Doctor Max Bergman ."}]}, {'value': 'December 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Mario Lopez , Ben Affleck , High-Tech Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lopez', 'summary': "Mario Lopez Jr. ( born October 10 , 1973 ) is an American actor and entertainment journalist . He has appeared on several television series , in films , and on Broadway . He is known for his portrayal of A.C. Slater on Saved by the Bell and Saved by the Bell : The College Years . He has appeared in numerous projects since , including the third season of Dancing with the Stars and as host for the syndicated entertainment news magazine show Extra . He has also hosted America 's Best Dance Crew for MTV . In 2012 , he co-hosted the second season of American version of The X Factor with Khloé Kardashian , and was the sole host for the third and final season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Affleck', 'summary': 'Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt ( born August 15 , 1972 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . His accolades include two Academy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards . He began his career as a child when he starred in the PBS educational series The Voyage of the Mimi ( 1984 , 1988 ) . He later appeared in the independent coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused ( 1993 ) and various Kevin Smith films , including Mallrats ( 1995 ) Chasing Amy ( 1997 ) and Dogma ( 1999 ) . Affleck gained wider recognition when he and childhood friend Matt Damon won the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for writing Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) , which they also starred in and winning the latter at the age of 25 , he became the youngest winner in the category . He then established himself as a leading man in studio films , including the sci-fi disaster film Armageddon ( 1998 ) , the romantic comedy Forces of Nature ( 1999 ) , the war drama Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) , and the spy thriller The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) . After a career downturn , during which he appeared in Daredevil and Gigli ( both 2003 ) , Affleck received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance in the noir biopic Hollywoodland ( 2006 ) . His directorial debut , Gone Baby Gone ( 2007 ) , which he also co-wrote , was well received . He then directed , co-wrote , and starred in the crime drama The Town ( 2010 ) . For the political thriller Argo ( 2012 ) , which he directed , co-produced , and starred in , Affleck won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director , and the Golden Globe , BAFTA , and Academy Award for Best Picture . He starred in the psychological thriller Gone Girl in 2014 and played the superhero Batman in both Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) and Justice League ( 2017 ) including an appearance in Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) . His subsequent acting commitments were in the action thrillers The Accountant ( 2016 ) and Triple Frontier ( 2019 ) , and he directed , wrote , and acted in the gangster drama Live by Night ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'December 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Jason Leigh , Laura Linney , High-Tech Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Jason_Leigh', 'summary': "Jennifer Jason Leigh ( born Jennifer Leigh Morrow ; February 5 , 1962 ) is an American actress . She began her career on television during the 1970s before making her film breakthrough as Stacy Hamilton in Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) . She later received critical praise for her performances in Miami Blues ( 1990 ) , Last Exit to Brooklyn ( 1990 ) , Backdraft ( 1991 ) , Single White Female ( 1992 ) , and Short Cuts ( 1993 ) . Leigh was nominated for a Golden Globe for her portrayal of Dorothy Parker in Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle ( 1994 ) . She starred in a 1995 film written by her mother , screenwriter Barbara Turner , titled Georgia . In 2001 , she co-wrote and co-directed a film with Alan Cumming titled The Anniversary Party . In 2002 , Leigh appeared in the neo-noir crime drama film Road to Perdition . In 2007 , she starred in the family drama film Margot at the Wedding . She had a recurring role on the Showtime comedy-drama series Weeds as Jill Price-Gray . In 2015 , she received critical acclaim for her voice work as Lisa in Charlie Kaufman 's Anomalisa , and for her role as Daisy Domergue in Quentin Tarantino 's The Hateful Eight , for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Since 2017 , she has starred in the Netflix comedy-drama series Atypical . For her stage work , Leigh was nominated for a Drama Desk award for her Off-Broadway performance as Beverly Moss in Mike Leigh 's Abigail 's Party ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Linney', 'summary': "Laura Leggett Linney ( born February 5 , 1964 ) is an American actress and singer . She is the recipient of several awards , including two Golden Globe Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards , and has been nominated for three Academy Awards and four Tony Awards . Linney made her Broadway debut in 1990 before going on to receive Tony Award nominations for the 2002 revival of The Crucible , the original Broadway productions of Sight Unseen ( 2004 ) and Time Stands Still ( 2010 ) , and the 2017 revival of The Little Foxes . On television , she won her first Emmy Award for the television film Wild Iris ( 2001 ) , and had subsequent wins for the sitcom Frasier ( 2003-04 ) and the miniseries John Adams ( 2008 ) . From 2010 to 2013 , she starred in the Showtime series The Big C , which won her a fourth Emmy in 2013 , and in 2017 she began starring in the Netflix crime series Ozark . Linney is also an established film actress . She made her film debut with a minor role in Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) and went on to receive Academy Award nominations for the dramas You Can Count On Me ( 2000 ) , Kinsey ( 2004 ) , and The Savages ( 2007 ) . Her other films include Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , The Truman Show ( 1998 ) , Mystic River and Love Actually ( both 2003 ) , The Squid and the Whale ( 2005 ) , The Nanny Diaries ( 2007 ) , Hyde Park on Hudson ( 2012 ) , Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) , Sully and Nocturnal Animals ( both 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'December 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Megan Mullally , Rob Morrow , High-Tech Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megan_Mullally', 'summary': "Megan Mullally ( born November 12 , 1958 ) is an American actress , comedian and singer . She played Karen Walker on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace ( 1998-2006 , 2017-present ) , for which she received eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , winning twice in 2000 and 2006 . She also received nominations for numerous other accolades for her portrayal , including seven consecutive Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series , winning three times in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 , as well as receiving four Golden Globe Award nominations . From 2006 to 2007 , Mullally hosted the talk show The Megan Mullally Show . Since then , she has been a series regular on several television series , such as In the Motherhood , Party Down , Childrens Hospital , and Breaking In . She has also appeared in guest spots and recurring roles on other comedy series , including Parks and Recreation , Happy Endings , Bob 's Burgers , 30 Rock , Up All Night , Boston Legal , and The New Adventures of Old Christine . In addition to television , Mullally has also ventured into film , with appearances in Smashed ( 2012 ) , The Kings of Summer ( 2013 ) and Why Him ? ( 2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Morrow', 'summary': 'Robert Alan Morrow ( born September 21 , 1962 ) is an American actor and director . He is known for his portrayal of Dr. Joel Fleischman on Northern Exposure , a role that garnered him three Golden Globe and two Emmy nominations for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series , and later for his role as FBI agent Don Eppes on Numb3rs .'}]}, {'value': 'December 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Ted McGinley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_McGinley', 'summary': "Theodore Martin McGinley ( born May 30 , 1958 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Jefferson D'Arcy on the television sitcom Married . with Children and as Charley Shanowski on the ABC sitcom Hope & Faith . He was also a late regular on Happy Days , Dynasty and The Love Boat . He is also known for playing the villainous role of Stan Gable in the film Revenge of the Nerds and several made-for-television sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'Holly Hunter , Blake Lewis , High-Tech Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holly_Hunter', 'summary': 'Holly Hunter ( born March 20 , 1958 ) is an American actress and producer . For her performance as Ada McGrath in the 1993 drama film The Piano , she won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , and Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress . She was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Broadcast News ( 1987 ) , and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Firm ( 1993 ) and again for Thirteen ( 2003 ) . A seven-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee , Hunter won for Roe vs. Wade ( 1989 ) , and The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom ( 1993 ) . She also starred in the TNT drama series Saving Grace ( 2007-10 ) . Her other film roles include Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) , Always ( 1989 ) , Home for the Holidays ( 1995 ) , Crash ( 1996 ) , O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) , The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , its sequel Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , and The Big Sick ( 2017 ) , which earned her a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blake_Lewis', 'summary': 'Blake Colin Lewis ( born July 21 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and beatboxer who was the runner-up on the sixth season of American Idol . His major label debut album A.D.D . ( Audio Day Dream ) was released on December 4 , 2007 through 19 Recordings and Arista Records . On October 30 , 2007 , his first single Break Anotha was released . The album landed on number ten on the U.S . Billboard 200 as its highest peak position with 97,500 copies sold in its debut , and has sold over 350,000 copies . After the release of his second single How Many Words , which peaked at number eight on the U.S . Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs , Lewis was dropped by Arista Records . Lewis eventually signed with Tommy Boy Records . His second album , Heartbreak on Vinyl , was released on October 6 , 2009 . The first single Sad Song was released on July 21 , 2009 . The album charted at number 135 on the U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'December 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Lee , Jim Cramer , Josh Groban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Lee_(actor)', 'summary': 'Jason Michael Lee ( born April 25 , 1970 ) is an American actor , producer , writer , photographer and former professional skateboarder . He is best known for his role as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl , for which he was nominated for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy TV series in 2005 and 2006 by The Golden Globes . His other credits include David Seville in the live action/CGI film series , Alvin and the Chipmunks , and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles . He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats , Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Jersey Girl , Clerks II , and Cop Out , and has starred in Kissing a Fool , Almost Famous , Heartbreakers , Stealing Harvard , A Guy Thing , Monster House and Underdog . A former professional skateboarder , Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards , a company that manufactures and distributes skateboard decks , equipment and apparel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Cramer', 'summary': 'James J. Cramer ( born February 10 , 1955 ) is an American television personality , and host of Mad Money on CNBC . He is a former hedge fund manager as well as a best-selling author and a co-founder of TheStreet.com .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Josh_Groban', 'summary': "Joshua Winslow Groban ( born February 27 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer , who is known for his unusually dusky tenor voice . His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum , and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States , with over 22.3 million records . As of 2012 [ update ] , he had sold over 25 million records worldwide . Groban originally studied acting , but moved to singing as his voice developed . Groban attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts , a free public school on the campus of California State University , Los Angeles , where students receive a conservatory-style education . David Foster called Groban to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet , The Prayer , with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards . Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show . Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor 's Gray Davis ' 1999 inauguration . He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show 's creator , David E. Kelley , performing You 're Still You for the 2001 season four finale . In 2017 , he made his Broadway debut as Pierre Bezukhov in Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 , to critical acclaim and a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination . His performance at the 72nd Tony Awards earned him two Primetime Emmy nominations , one for Outstanding Live Variety Special and one for Original Music and Lyrics for the song This One 's for You . Groban co-starred as Tony Caruso Jr. in the Netflix original series , The Good Cop ."}]}, {'value': 'December 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Voight , Lucas Grabeel , Mannheim Steamroller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Voight', 'summary': "Jon Voight ( /vɔɪt/ ; born December 29 , 1938 ) is an American actor . He is the winner of one Academy Award , having been nominated for four . He has also won four Golden Globe Awards and has so far been nominated for eleven . He is the father of actress Angelina Jolie and actor James Haven . Voight came to prominence in the late 1960s with his Oscar-nominated performance as Joe Buck , a would-be gigolo in Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) . During the 1970s , he became a Hollywood star with his portrayals of a businessman mixed up with murder in Deliverance ( 1972 ) ; a paraplegic Vietnam veteran in Coming Home ( 1978 ) , for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor ; and a penniless ex-boxing champion in the remake of The Champ ( 1979 ) . His output became sparse during the 1980s and early 1990s , although he won the Golden Globe and was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance as the ruthless bank robber Oscar Manny Manheim in Runaway Train ( 1985 ) . Voight made a comeback in Hollywood during the mid-1990s , starring in Michael Mann 's crime epic Heat ( 1995 ) opposite Robert De Niro and Al Pacino . He portrayed Jim Phelps in Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) , a corrupt NSA agent in Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) , and the unscrupulous attorney Leo F. Drummond in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) , which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Voight gave critically acclaimed biographical performances during the 2000s , appearing as legendary sportscaster Howard Cosell in Ali ( 2001 ) for which his supporting performance was nominated for the Academy Award , the Golden Globe and a Critics Choice Award , and also as Nazi officer Jürgen Stroop in Uprising ( 2001 ) , as Franklin D. Roosevelt in Michael Bay 's Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) and as Pope John Paul II in the eponymous miniseries ( 2005 ) . Voight also appears in Showtime 's Ray Donovan TV series , now in its seventh season as Mickey Donovan , a role that brought him newfound critical and audience acclaim and his fourth Golden Globe win in 2014 . On November 21 , 2019 , he was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Donald Trump ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Grabeel', 'summary': "Lucas Stephen Grabeel ( /ˈɡreɪbiːl/ GRAY-beel ; born November 23 , 1984 ) is an American actor , film producer , singer , and songwriter . He is best known for roles such as Ryan Evans in the High School Musical film series , as Ezra Chase in The Adventures of Food Boy ( 2008 ) and as Ethan Dalloway in the third and fourth installments of the Halloweentown series : Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) and Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) . He also appeared as a young Lex Luthor and Conner Kent in the television series Smallville . Grabeel played Toby Kennish in the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth . He also provided the voice of Deputy Peck in the Disney Junior TV series Sheriff Callie 's Wild West ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mannheim_Steamroller', 'summary': 'Mannheim Steamroller is an American neoclassical new-age music group founded by Chip Davis that is known primarily for its Fresh Aire series of albums , which blend classical music with elements of new age and rock , and for its modern recordings of Christmas music . The group has sold 28 million albums in the U.S. alone .'}]}, {'value': 'December 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Will Smith , Rick Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Smith', 'summary': 'Willard Will Carroll Smith Jr. ( born September 25 , 1968 ) , is an American actor and rapper . In April 2007 , Newsweek called him the most powerful actor in Hollywood . Smith has been nominated for five Golden Globe Awards and two Academy Awards , and has won four Grammy Awards . In the late 1980s , Smith achieved modest fame as a rapper under the name The Fresh Prince . In 1990 , his popularity increased dramatically when he starred in the NBC television series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , which ran for six seasons from 1990 to 1996 . After the series ended , Smith transitioned from television to film and went on to star in numerous blockbuster films . He is the only actor to have eight consecutive films gross over $ 100 million in the domestic box office , eleven consecutive films gross over $ 150 million internationally , and eight consecutive films in which he starred open at the number one spot in the domestic box office tally . Smith has been ranked as the most bankable star worldwide by Forbes . As of 2014 , 17 of the 21 films in which he has had leading roles have accumulated worldwide gross earnings of over $ 100 million each , with five taking in over $ 500 million each in global box office receipts . As of 2016 , his films have grossed $ 7.5 billion at the global box office . For his performances as boxer Muhammad Ali in Ali ( 2001 ) and stockbroker Chris Gardner in The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2006 ) , Smith received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rick_Springfield', 'summary': "Richard Lewis Springthorpe ( born 23 August 1949 ) , known professionally as Rick Springfield , is an Australian musician and actor . He was a member of the pop rock group Zoot from 1969 to 1971 , then started his solo career with his debut single Speak to the Sky reaching the top 10 in Australia in mid-1972 , when he moved to the United States . He had a No . 1 hit with Jessie 's Girl in 1981 in both Australia and the U.S. , for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance . He followed with four more top 10 U.S. hits , I 've Done Everything for You , Do n't Talk to Strangers , Affair of the Heart and Love Somebody . Springfield 's two U.S. top 10 albums are Working Class Dog ( 1981 ) and Success Has n't Spoiled Me Yet ( 1982 ) . As an actor , he starred in the television series High Tide , from 1994 to 1997 , and has appeared in supporting roles in Ricki and the Flash and True Detective ( both in 2015 ) . He portrayed Dr. Noah Drake on the daytime drama General Hospital , from 1981 to 1983 and during 2005 to 2008 and 2012 , returning in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary with son and actor Liam Springthorpe . He played a depraved version of himself in Californication ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , Springfield published his autobiography , Late , Late at Night : A Memoir . In 2016 he starred as Vince Vincente/Lucifer in season 12 of The CW series Supernatural . In 2017 , he starred as Pastor Charles in the American Horror Story episode entitled Winter of Our Discontent ."}]}, {'value': 'December 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Hilary Swank , America 's Next Top Model , Darlene Love", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilary_Swank', 'summary': "Hilary Ann Swank ( born July 30 , 1974 ) is an American actress and film producer . She is the recipient of numerous awards for her career , including two Academy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , two Critics ' Choice Awards , and a Screen Actors Guild Award . Swank made her film debut with a minor role in Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1992 ) , before receiving her breakthrough role in the fourth installment of The Karate Kid franchise , The Next Karate Kid ( 1994 ) . On television , she starred as Carly Reynolds on the eighth season of the Fox teen drama Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1997-1998 ) . Swank received widespread critical acclaim for her performance as Brandon Teena , a trans man in the biographical drama film Boys Do n't Cry ( 1999 ) , for which she received her first Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . For her portrayal of Maggie Fitzgerald in Clint Eastwood 's sports drama film Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) , Swank received her second Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . Swank has also starred in other films , including The Gift ( 2000 ) , Insomnia ( 2002 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 ) , Red Dust ( 2004 ) , The Reaping ( 2007 ) , P.S . I Love You ( 2007 ) , Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) , Amelia ( 2009 ) , Conviction ( 2010 ) , New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) , The Homesman ( 2014 ) , You 're Not You ( 2014 ) , and Logan Lucky ( 2017 ) . In 2018 , she portrayed Gail Getty on the FX television series Trust ."}, {'url': "/wiki/America's_Next_Top_Model", 'summary': "America 's Next Top Model ( abbreviated ANTM and Top Model ) is an American reality television series and interactive competition in which a number of aspiring models compete for the title of America 's Next Top Model and a chance to begin their career in the modeling industry . Created by Tyra Banks , who also serves as an executive producer , and developed by Ken Mok and Kenya Barris , the series premiered in May 2003 , and aired semiannually until 2012 , then annually from 2013 . The first six seasons ( referred to as cycles ) aired on UPN , before UPN merged with The WB to create The CW in 2006 . The following sixteen cycles aired on The CW until the series was first cancelled in October 2015 . The series was revived in 2016 and has been airing on VH1 ever since . The series was among the highest-rated programs on UPN and was the highest-rated show on The CW from 2007 to 2010 . Advertisers paid $ 61,315 per 30-second slot during the 2011-12 television season , the highest of any series on The CW . The first 22 cycles of the series and cycle 24 were presented by Banks , while cycle 23 was presented by Rita Ora . The series also employs a panel of two or three additional judges , a creative director and a runway coach . Cycles 1-16 , 19 and 23-24 each consisted of a cast of 10-15 female contestants with no previous participation on the series . Cycle 17 's cast consisted entirely of previous participants , while cycle 18 's had seven new contestants and seven former Britain 's Next Top Model participants . Cycles 20-22 featured male contestants in the contest , including two male winners ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Darlene_Love', 'summary': "Darlene Wright ( born July 26 , 1941 ) , [ a ] known by her stage name , Darlene Love , is an American popular music singer and actress . She gained prominence in the 1960s for the song He 's a Rebel , a No . 1 American single in 1962 , and was one of the artists who performed on the celebrated Christmas album A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector , produced by Phil Spector in 1963 . She is ranked number 84 among Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Singers . As a minister 's daughter , she grew up listening to gospel music and was a dedicated member of her church . She began singing in her church choir at age ten . During choir practice she caught the attention of choir director Cora Martin-Moore . After singing for Martin she was asked to go to the Music Mart where she sang and did some broadcasts ; Love 's career began there . As it was her first musical experience , it was also the main influence for her to pursue a music career . Those who knew her described her vocals as a voice of a nightingale . She claimed , ( singing in ) the choir was a big influence on my life . I call it my learning ground ."}]}, {'value': 'December 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Anderson Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Cooper', 'summary': "Anderson Hays Cooper ( born June 3 , 1967 ) is an American journalist , television personality , and author . He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360° . The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio ; however , Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN 's studios in Washington , D.C. , or on location for breaking news stories . In addition , he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes . From September 2011 to May 2013 , he also served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show , Anderson Live ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Cage , Michael Bolton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Cage', 'summary': "Nicolas Kim Coppola ( born January 7 , 1964 ) , known professionally as Nicolas Cage , is an American actor and filmmaker . Cage has been nominated for numerous major cinematic awards , and won an Academy Award , a Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance in Leaving Las Vegas ( 1995 ) . During his early career , Cage starred in a variety of films such as Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) , Valley Girl ( 1983 ) , Racing with the Moon ( 1984 ) , Birdy ( 1984 ) , Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) , Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) , Moonstruck ( 1987 ) , Vampire 's Kiss ( 1989 ) , Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , Fire Birds ( 1990 ) , Honeymoon in Vegas ( 1992 ) , and Red Rock West ( 1993 ) . Cage received an Academy Award , a Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance as an alcoholic Hollywood writer in Leaving Las Vegas ( 1995 ) before coming to the attention of wider audiences with mainstream films , such as The Rock ( 1996 ) , Face/Off ( 1997 ) , Con Air ( 1997 ) , Snake Eyes ( 1998 ) and City of Angels ( 1998 ) . In October 1997 , Cage was ranked No . 40 in Empire magazine 's The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time list , while the next year , he was placed No . 37 in Premiere 's 100 most powerful people in Hollywood . He earned his second Academy Award nomination for his performance as Charlie and Donald Kaufman in Adaptation ( 2002 ) . He also directed the film Sonny ( 2002 ) , for which he was nominated for Grand Special Prize at Deauville Film Festival . Cage owns the production company Saturn Films and has produced films such as Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) and The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) . He has also appeared in National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Lord of War ( 2005 ) , Bad Lieutenant : Port of Call New Orleans ( 2009 ) , and Kick-Ass ( 2010 ) . Films such as Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) and Knowing ( 2009 ) were box office successes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Bolton', 'summary': "Michael Bolotin ( born February 26 , 1953 ) , known professionally as Michael Bolton , is an American singer and songwriter . Bolton originally performed in the hard rock and heavy metal genres from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s , both on his early solo albums and those he recorded as the frontman of the band Blackjack . He became better known for his series of pop rock ballads , recorded after a stylistic change in the late 1980s . Bolton 's achievements include selling more than 75 million records , recording eight top 10 albums and two number-one singles on the Billboard charts , as well as winning six American Music Awards and two Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'December 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Lachey , winner of Survivor : China , Holiday Survival Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Lachey', 'summary': "Nicholas Scott Lachey ( /ləˈʃeɪ/ lə-SHAY ; born November 9 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and television personality . He rose to fame as the lead singer of the multi-platinum-selling boyband 98 Degrees , and later starred in the reality series Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica with his then-wife , Jessica Simpson . He has released four solo albums : SoulO , What 's Left of Me , A Father 's Lullaby , and Soundtrack of My Life . He also had a recurring role on the television series Charmed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Survivor:_China', 'summary': "Survivor : China is the fifteenth season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor . The premiere aired September 20 , 2007 . Host Jeff Probst claimed the show was the first full American TV series to be filmed entirely within China . It is also the northernmost Survivor season held to date , well outside of the tropical zone . Applications were due on January 30 , 2007 . Around March 2007 , about 800 applicants were selected for an interview by CBS . Out of those 800 , about 48 semi-finalists were selected to go to Los Angeles in April-May 2007 . From these semi-finalists , about 16 were selected to participate in the show between June and August 2007 . The final contestants and their original tribes , Fei Long ( 飞龙 ) and Zhan Hu ( 战虎 ) , meaning Flying Dragon and Fighting Tiger respectively , were officially announced on August 20 , 2007 . The merged tribe was Hae Da Fung ( 黑大風 ) , which means Black Fighting Wind , a name proposed by Peih-Gee Law . The complete season was released on DVD from CBS Home Entertainment , via Amazon.com 's CreateSpace , on January 27 , 2014 . It is set to have significantly more special features than recent releases ."}]}, {'value': 'December 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Helen Mirren , Jenna Fischer , Holiday Survival Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Mirren', 'summary': "Dame Helen Lydia Mirren , DBE ( née Mironoff ; born 26 July 1945 ) is an English actor . Mirren began her acting career with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967 and is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting . She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen , the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the same role in The Audience , and has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie four times . Mirren 's other Academy Award nominations were for The Madness of King George ( 1994 ) , Gosford Park ( 2001 ) , and The Last Station ( 2009 ) . For her role as police detective Jane Tennison on the British television series Prime Suspect , which ran from 1991 to 2006 , she won three consecutive BAFTA Awards for Best Actress between 1992 and 1994 , and two Primetime Emmy Awards . Some of her other notable film roles were in Cal ( 1984 ) , for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress , 2010 ( 1984 ) , The Cook , the Thief , His Wife & Her Lover ( 1989 ) , Teaching Mrs. Tingle ( 1999 ) , Calendar Girls ( 2003 ) , Hitchcock ( 2012 ) , The Hundred-Foot Journey ( 2014 ) , Woman in Gold ( 2015 ) , Trumbo ( 2015 ) , and The Leisure Seeker ( 2017 ) . She has also appeared in the action films Red ( 2010 ) , Red 2 ( 2013 ) , The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , and Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) . In 2003 , she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for services to drama . In 2013 , Mirren was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and in 2014 , BAFTA announced that Mirren would be the recipient of the Academy Fellowship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenna_Fischer', 'summary': "Regina Marie Jenna Fischer ( born March 7 , 1974 ) , is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Pam Beesly on the NBC sitcom The Office , for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2007 , and was a producer for its final season . Since then , Fischer has appeared in such films as Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) , Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story ( 2007 ) , The Promotion ( 2008 ) , Hall Pass ( 2011 ) , and The Giant Mechanical Man ( 2012 ) , a film directed by her husband , Lee Kirk . She also appeared as Rhonda McNeil in the NBC 's comedy-drama series You , Me and the Apocalypse . Fischer also starred in the ABC sitcom Splitting Up Together ( 2018-2019 ) . Fischer 's first book , The Actor 's Life : A Survival Guide , with an introduction by Steve Carell , was published in November 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Hanks , Holiday Survival Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Hanks', 'summary': "Thomas Jeffrey Hanks ( born July 9 , 1956 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Hanks is known for his comedic and dramatic roles in such films as Splash ( 1984 ) , Bachelor Party ( 1984 ) , Big ( 1988 ) , Turner & Hooch ( 1989 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) , The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Cast Away ( 2000 ) , Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) , Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) , Sully ( 2016 ) , and A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood ( 2019 ) . He has also starred in the Robert Langdon films , and he voices Sheriff Woody in the Toy Story film series . He is one of the most popular and recognizable film stars worldwide , and he is widely regarded as an American cultural icon . Hanks has collaborated with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date : Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , The Terminal ( 2004 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) , as well as the 2001 miniseries Band of Brothers , which launched Hanks as a successful director , producer , and screenwriter . In 2010 , Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries The Pacific . Hanks ' films have grossed more than $ 4.9 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $ 9.96 billion worldwide , making him the fifth-highest-grossing actor in North America . His awards include a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Philadelphia ( 1993 ) , as well as a Golden Globe Award , an Academy Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a People 's Choice Award for Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . Hanks is one of only two actors to win the Academy Award for Best Actor in consecutive years , Spencer Tracy being the other . In 2004 , he received the Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) . In 2014 , he received a Kennedy Center Honor , and in 2016 , he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama , as well as the French Legion of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'December 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'John C. Reilly , Emile Hirsch , Holiday Survival Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Reilly', 'summary': "John Christopher Reilly ( born May 24 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , voice actor , screenwriter , and producer who made his film debut in Brian De Palma 's war film Casualties of War ( 1989 ) . Reilly gained exposure through his supporting roles in Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) , What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ( 1993 ) , and The River Wild ( 1994 ) . He also starred in Paul Thomas Anderson 's films Hard Eight ( 1996 ) , Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , and Magnolia ( 1999 ) . For his performance in Chicago ( 2002 ) , Reilly was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding Golden Globe Award . He worked with director Martin Scorsese on both Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) and The Aviator ( 2004 ) . In 2007 , he starred in the comedy Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story , garnering him a Grammy Award nomination and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for the song performed in the film , Walk Hard . Reilly starred with Will Ferrell and Sacha Baron Cohen in the Adam McKay-directed comedies Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) and Step Brothers ( 2008 ) . He voiced the title character in the commercially successful Wreck It Ralph film series ( 2012-2018 ) , and appeared in the superhero film Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , as well as Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) . Since 2010 , Reilly has been starring in the television series Check It Out ! with Dr. Steve Brule , playing the titular character that originated on Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! . In 2018 he starred as the comedian Oliver Hardy in the biopic Stan and Ollie . The role won him the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emile_Hirsch', 'summary': 'Emile Davenport Hirsch ( born March 13 , 1985 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying Chris McCandless in Into the Wild ( 2007 ) . He has starred in other notable films such as The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) , Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) , Speed Racer ( 2008 ) , Milk ( 2008 ) , Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood ( 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Denzel Washington , Charles Grodin , Holiday Survival Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denzel_Washington', 'summary': 'Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. ( born December 28 , 1954 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He has received two Golden Globe awards , one Tony Award , and two Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actor for the historical war drama film Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for his role as corrupt detective Alonzo Harris in the crime thriller Training Day ( 2001 ) . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of his generation , and is considered an American cultural icon . Washington has received much critical acclaim for his film work since the 1980s , including his portrayals of real-life figures such as South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) , Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X in Malcolm X ( 1992 ) , boxer Rubin Hurricane Carter in The Hurricane ( 1999 ) , football coach Herman Boone in Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) , poet and educator Melvin B. Tolson in The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) , and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster ( 2007 ) . He has been a featured actor in films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee , Antoine Fuqua , and Tony Scott . In 2016 , he received the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In 2002 , Washington made his directorial debut with the biographical film Antwone Fisher . His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) . His third film , Fences ( 2016 ) , in which he also starred , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Grodin', 'summary': "Charles Grodin ( born April 21 , 1935 ) is an American actor , comedian , author , and former television talk show host . Grodin began his acting career in the 1960s appearing in TV serials including The Virginian . He had a small part as an obstetrician in Roman Polanski 's Rosemary 's Baby in 1968 . In the 1970s he moved into film acting , including playing the lead in The Heartbreak Kid ( 1972 ) and supporting roles in Catch-22 ( 1970 ) and Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) . He became a familiar face as a supporting actor in many Hollywood comedies of the era , including Real Life ( 1979 ) , Seems Like Old Times ( 1980 ) , The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) , The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) , The Woman in Red ( 1984 ) , The Lonely Guy ( 1984 ) , Ishtar ( 1987 ) , The Couch Trip ( 1988 ) , Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) , and Dave ( 1993 ) . Grodin co-starred alongside Robert De Niro in the classic action comedy Midnight Run ( 1988 ) , and played George Newton in the 1990s Ivan Reitman-produced comedy franchise Beethoven . He made frequent appearances on The Tonight Show and The Late Show . Grodin has won several acting awards , including American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for Dave , Best Actor at the 1988 Valladolid International Film Festival for Midnight Run . He was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for The Heartbreak Kid in 1972 . He also shared a 1978 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program for his work on The Paul Simon Special . In the mid-1990s , Grodin retired from acting to become a talk show host on CNBC and in 2000 a political commentator for 60 Minutes II . He has written several autobiographical and acting related works , including 1990 's It Would Be So Nice If You Were n't Here : My Journey Through Show Business and 1994 's We 're Ready for You , Mr. Grodin ."}]}, {'value': 'December 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "LIVE 's Holiday Celebration , Brad Pitt , Disney On Ice", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Pitt', 'summary': "William Bradley Pitt ( born December 18 , 1963 ) is an American actor and film producer . He has received multiple awards , including two Golden Globe Awards and an Academy Award for his acting , in addition to another Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award as producer under his production company , Plan B Entertainment . Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) . His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with the drama films A River Runs Through It ( 1992 ) and Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) , and the horror film Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) . He gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven ( 1995 ) and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) , the latter earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination . Pitt starred in Fight Club ( 1999 ) and the heist film Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) , as well as its sequels , Ocean 's Twelve ( 2004 ) and Ocean 's Thirteen ( 2007 ) . His greatest commercial successes have been Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) , Troy ( 2004 ) , Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , World War Z ( 2013 ) , and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood ( 2019 ) , for which he won a second Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Pitt 's other Academy Award nominated performances were in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Moneyball ( 2011 ) . He produced The Departed ( 2006 ) and 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) , both of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture , and also The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) , Moneyball ( 2011 ) , and The Big Short ( 2015 ) , all of which were nominated for Best Picture . As a public figure , Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry . For a number of years , he was cited as the world 's most attractive man by various media outlets , and his personal life is the subject of wide publicity . From 2000 to 2005 , he was married to the actress Jennifer Aniston , and from 2014 to 2019 , he was married to the actress Angelina Jolie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disney_On_Ice', 'summary': "Disney on Ice , originally Walt Disney 's World on Ice , is a series of touring ice shows produced by Feld Entertainment 's Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc. under agreement with The Walt Disney Company . Aimed primarily at children , the shows feature figure skaters portraying the roles of Disney characters in performances derived from various Disney films . Feld Entertainment licensed the rights to Disney material for ice shows and includes shared merchandising revenue between Disney and Ice Follies ."}]}], 'section_title': 'December 2007', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_20)_3', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 20th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."}
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When was the youngest guest on the episode co-hosted by the actor to play Stan Gable born ?
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July 21 , 1981
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1970', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1970', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Boys in the Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_(1970_film)', 'summary': "The Boys in the Band is a 1970 American drama film directed by William Friedkin . The screenplay by Mart Crowley is based on his Off-Broadway play The Boys in the Band . It is among the first major American motion pictures to revolve around gay characters and is often cited as a milestone in the history of queer cinema , and is also thought to be the first mainstream American film to use the swear word cunt . The ensemble cast , all of whom also played the roles in the play 's initial stage run in New York City , includes Kenneth Nelson , Peter White , Leonard Frey , Cliff Gorman , Frederick Combs , Laurence Luckinbill , Keith Prentice , Robert La Tourneaux , and Reuben Greene . Model/actress Maud Adams has a brief cameo appearance in the opening montage , as does restaurateur Elaine Kaufman ."}]}, {'value': 'William Friedkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Friedkin', 'summary': 'William Friedkin ( /ˈfriːdkɪn/ ; born August 29 , 1935 ) is an American film and television director , producer and screenwriter closely identified with the New Hollywood movement of the 1970s . Beginning his career in documentaries in the early 1960s , he is perhaps best known for directing the action thriller film The French Connection ( 1971 ) and the supernatural horror film The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , the former of which won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Director . The latter also earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director . His other films include the pioneering queer drama The Boys in the Band ( 1970 ) , the suspense thriller Sorcerer ( 1977 ) , the controversial crime film Cruising ( 1980 ) , the action thriller To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) , the psychological horror film Bug ( 2006 ) , and the dark comedy Killer Joe ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenneth Nelson , Leonard Frey , Cliff Gorman , Laurence Luckinbill , Frederick Combs , Keith Prentice , Robert La Tourneaux , Reuben Greene and Peter White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Nelson', 'summary': "Kenneth Nelson ( March 24 , 1930 - October 7 , 1993 ) was an American actor . Born in Rocky Mount , North Carolina , Nelson appeared in several television series in the late 1940s , Captain Video and His Video Rangers and The Aldrich Family among them . He was cast in his first Broadway show , Seventeen , a musical adaptation of the Booth Tarkington novel that opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on June 21 , 1951 and ran 182 performances . In 1960 , Nelson was cast in an off-Broadway show entitled The Fantasticks , which eventually became the world 's longest-running musical with 17,162 performances . In 1962 , he was hired to understudy Anthony Newley in Stop the World - I Want to Get Off when it transferred from the West End , eventually assuming the lead role when the star departed the show . From there , he went to another London import , Half a Sixpence , in 1965 . In 1968 , Nelson accepted the lead in the controversial and groundbreaking off-Broadway production of The Boys in the Band , the first play to explore the milieu of gay life in New York City in a verbally frank manner . He and the rest of the cast went on to appear in the 1970 film version directed by William Friedkin . Also in 1970 Nelson returned to Broadway in the lead role in Lovely Ladies , Kind Gentlemen , a musical adaptation of The Teahouse of the August Moon . It was a critical and commercial disaster , closing after only 19 performances . After settling in England in 1971 , he played opposite Cleo Laine in Showboat and Colette on the West End stage , and appeared in Annie and 42nd Street . In 1974 , he played a leading role in the highly successful revue Cole at London 's Mermaid Theatre ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Frey', 'summary': 'Leonard Frey ( September 4 , 1938 - August 24 , 1988 ) was an American actor . He is best remembered for his performance in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Frey made his stage debut in an Off-Broadway production of Little Mary Sunshine and received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination for The National Health .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Gorman', 'summary': 'Cliff Gorman ( October 13 , 1936 - September 5 , 2002 ) was an American stage and screen actor . He won an Obie award in 1968 for the stage presentation of The Boys in the Band , and went on to reprise his role in the 1970 film version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Luckinbill', 'summary': "Laurence George Luckinbill ( born November 21 , 1934 ) is an American actor , playwright and director . He has worked in television , film , and theatre , doing triple duty in the theatre by writing , directing , and starring in stage productions . He is probably best known for penning and starring in one-man shows based upon the lives of United States President Theodore Roosevelt , author Ernest Hemingway , and famous American defense attorney Clarence Darrow ; starring in a one-man show based upon the life of US President Lyndon Baines Johnson ; and for his portrayal of Spock 's half-brother Sybok in the film Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Combs', 'summary': "Frederick Combs ( October 11 , 1935 - September 19 , 1992 ) was an American film , theater and television actor , playwright and director . Combs is best known for originating the role of Donald in the play The Boys in the Band and then later in the 1970 film of the same name . He performed extensively in theater including Franco Zeffirelli 's 1963 production of The Lady of the Camellias . He died in Los Angeles in 1992 of an AIDS-related illness at the age of 56 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Keith_Prentice', 'summary': "Keith Prentice ( February 21 , 1940 - September 27 , 1992 ) was an American TV , film and stage actor , whose most famous role was the part of Larry in both the original stage and film versions of The Boys in the Band . Prentice also appeared on the TV soap Dark Shadows during the series ' final months in 1971 . For a number of years , his picture was displayed on the Tasters Choice coffee label . Prentice studied in New York City at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . His stage musical credits include Sail Away , The Sound of Music , Paint Your Wagon , and The King and I . In 1968 , he appeared off-Broadway in the play The Boys in the Band , a once controversial play featuring gay characters at a dramatic birthday party - the Summer before the Stonewall gay civil rights riots . He also appeared in the film version of the play . In 1971 Prentice joined the cast of Dark Shadows playing Morgan Collins in the show 's 1841PT plot line . Prentice also appeared as Nils Fowler in the 1972 film The Legend of Nigger Charley and had a small role in the 1980 film Cruising which , like The Boys in the Band , was directed by William Friedkin . In 1982 , Keith Prentice co-founded Kettering Theatre Under the Stars , and directed summer shows there until the year of his death . Prentice died of AIDS-related cancer on September 27 , 1992 in Kettering , Ohio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_La_Tourneaux', 'summary': 'Robert La Tourneaux ( November 22 , 1941 - June 3 , 1986 ) was an American actor best known for his role of Cowboy , the good-natured but dim hustler hired as a birthday present for a gay man , in the original Off-Broadway production and 1970 film version of The Boys in the Band .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reuben_Greene', 'summary': "Reuben Greene ( born November 24 , 1938 ) is an American film , theater and television actor . He is perhaps best known for originating the role of Bernard in the play The Boys in the Band and then later playing the same character in the 1970 film of the same name . The African-American actor Greene mostly worked as an actor in theater and sometimes commercials . Besides Boys in the Band , his only film and television credits are the role of Dr. James Hudson on the 1969 CBS soap opera Where the Heart Is and a short role as Franklyn in the 1976 Elaine May film Mikey and Nicky . The New York Daily News reported Greene living in Queens , New York in a 1996 interview . His last known interview was with the Windy City Times around 2000 , in which he stated that he was not gay despite his involvement in Boys in the Band . In 2010 filmmaker Crayton Robey screened his making-of The Boys In the Band documentary Making the Boys at the Tribeca Film Festival and claimed in an interview with The Washington Blade that Greene 's current whereabouts remain unknown . According to a message on the discussion page of his Wikipedia article and an Ancestry.com tree , Reuben Greene died of a heart attack on 10 February 2012 in New York City . Still there is not any official verification or information about his possible death available ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_White_(actor)', 'summary': "Peter White ( born October 10 , 1937 ) is an American actor . White was born in New York City , New York and studied acting at the prestigious Yale School of Drama . In 1968 , White received critical acclaim for his role as Alan McCarthy in off-Broadway 's The Boys in the Band . White , and the rest of the original cast , appeared in the 1970 film version , directed by William Friedkin . He played Director of Central Intelligence John A. McCone in the film Thirteen Days . Among White 's many television credits are appearances on The Feather and Father Gang , Ally McBeal , The West Wing , Dallas , The Colbys , a recurring co-starring role as Dr. Thomas Reed on the television series Sisters and playing the role of Lincoln 'Linc ' Tyler off and on for over thirty years on the soap opera All My Children . In 2010 White appeared in filmmaker Crayton Robey 's making-of The Boys in the Band documentary Making the Boys ."}]}, {'value': 'Screenplay by Mart Crowley , based on his play of the same name ; one of the first major American motion pictures to revolve around gay characters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mart_Crowley', 'summary': 'Mart Crowley ( born August 21 , 1935 ) is an American playwright , best-known for his play The Boys in the Band .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_(play)', 'summary': "The Boys in the Band is a play by Mart Crowley . The play premiered Off-Broadway in 1968 , and was revived on Broadway for its 50th anniversary in 2018 . The play revolves around a group of gay men who gather for a birthday party in New York City and was groundbreaking for its portrayal of gay life . The play has been called A true theatrical game-changer , The Boys in the Band helped spark a revolution by putting gay men 's lives onstage - unapologetically and without judgment - in a world that was not yet willing to fully accept them ."}]}, {'value': 'The Christine Jorgensen Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Christine_Jorgensen_Story', 'summary': "The Christine Jorgensen Story is a 1970 American drama film and a fictionalized biographical film about trans woman Christine Jorgensen . While the overall premise of the film is accurate , many of the details are fictionalized for the continuity of the film . It was directed by Irving Rapper and based on Christine Jorgensen 's autobiography ."}]}, {'value': 'Irving Rapper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irving_Rapper', 'summary': 'Irving Rapper ( 16 January 1898 - 20 December 1999 ) was an English-born American film director .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Tompkins , John Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Tompkins', 'summary': 'Joan Tompkins , Mrs. Joan Swenson ( July 9 , 1915 - January 29 , 2005 ) was an American actress of television , film , radio , and stage , who co-founded with her husband , Karl Swenson , an acting company in Beverly Hills , California .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Conformist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Conformist_(film)', 'summary': 'The Conformist ( Italian : Il conformista ) is a 1970 political drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci , whose screenplay is based on the 1951 novel The Conformist by Alberto Moravia . The film stars Jean-Louis Trintignant , Stefania Sandrelli , Gastone Moschin , Enzo Tarascio , Fosco Giachetti , José Quaglio , Dominique Sanda and Pierre Clémenti . The film was a co-production of Italian , French , and West German film companies . Bertolucci makes use of the 1930s art and decor associated with the Fascist era : the middle-class drawing rooms and the huge halls of the ruling elite .'}]}, {'value': 'Bernardo Bertolucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci', 'summary': "Bernardo Bertolucci ( Italian : [ berˈnardo bertoˈluttʃi ] ; 16 March 1941 - 26 November 2018 ) was an Italian director and screenwriter , whose films include The Conformist , Last Tango in Paris , 1900 , The Last Emperor ( for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ) , The Sheltering Sky , Little Buddha , Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers . In recognition of his work , he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme d'Or Award at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . From 1979 until his death in 2018 , he was married to screenwriter Clare Peploe ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy West Germany France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Louis Trintignant , Pasquale Fortunato , Stefania Sandrelli , Gastone Moschin , Dominique Sanda , Enzo Tarascio , Fosco Giachetti , José Quaglio , Pierre Clémenti , Yvonne Sanson , Milly , Giuseppe Addobbati , Antonio Maestri and Christian Aligny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant', 'summary': 'Jean-Louis Xavier Trintignant ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ lwi tʁɛ̃tiɲɑ̃ ] ; born 11 December 1930 ) is a French actor . He won the Best Actor Award at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival as well as the Best Actor Award at the César Awards 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefania_Sandrelli', 'summary': "Stefania Sandrelli ( born 5 June 1946 ) is an Italian actress , famous for her many roles in the commedia all'Italiana , starting from the 1960s . She was 14 years old when she starred in Divorce Italian Style as Angela , the cousin and love interest of Ferdinando , played by Marcello Mastroianni ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gastone_Moschin', 'summary': 'Gastone Moschin ( 8 June 1929 - 4 September 2017 ) was an Italian stage , television and film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominique_Sanda', 'summary': 'Dominique Marie-Françoise Renée Varaigne ( born 11 March 1948 ) , professionally known as Dominique Sanda , is a French actress and former fashion model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fosco_Giachetti', 'summary': "Fosco Giachetti ( 28 March 1900 , in Sesto Fiorentino - 22 December 1974 , in Rome ) was an Italian actor . Fosco Giachetti was the protagonist of Lo squadrone bianco ( 1936 ) , directed by Augusto Genina . He became the leading man in Fascist propaganda films such as Tredici uomini e un cannone ( 1936 ) , Sentinelle di bronzo ( 1937 ) , Scipione l'Africano , Edgar Neville 's Italian Carmen fra i rossi ( 1939 ) , L'assedio dell'Alcazar ( 1940 ) and Bengasi ( 1942 ) . In 1942 , he also co-starred in Goffredo Alessandrini 's two part Noi Vivi and Addio Kira ! . Un colpo di pistola ( 1942 ) by Renato Castellani and Fari nella nebbia ( 1942 ) by Gianni Franciolini were not as successful as his earlier films . After the war , he returned to the stage . He worked in Spain with Edgar Neville in Nada and in Carne de horca . He had a supporting role in 1959 Dino Risi 's successful comedy Il mattatore . In 1964 , he appeared in an adaptation of A. J. Cronin 's novel , The Citadel . In 2003 , the Galleria Fosco Giachetti in Sesto Fiorentino was opened in his honor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Quaglio', 'summary': 'José Quaglio , real name Giuseppe Quaglio , ( 28 February 1926 - 8 January 2007 ) , was an Italian actor and theater director . He has performed in some 50 films in Italy and has directed four . He acted in a dozen films in France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Clémenti', 'summary': 'Pierre André Clémenti ( 28 September 1942 - 27 December 1999 ) was a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yvonne_Sanson', 'summary': 'Yvonne Sanson ( 29 August 1925 - 23 July 2003 ) was a Greek film actress . She appeared in 46 films between 1946 and 1972 , mainly working in Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milly_(actress)', 'summary': 'Carla Mignone , known by her stage name Milly ( Alessandria , Piemonte , Italy 26 February 1905 - Nepi , Viterbo , Italy 22 September 1980 ) was an Italian singer , actress and cabaret performer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Addobbati', 'summary': 'Giuseppe Addobbati ( born December 31 , 1909 in Makarska - died January 4 , 1986 in Rome ) was an Italian film actor known for his roles in Spaghetti Western and action films in the 1960s and 1970s . He was often billed as John MacDouglas for films released to an American audience . Addobbati was born in Makarska and later lived in Trieste . He made over 80 film appearances between 1937 and 1980 often as a police officer or law enforcer . He starred in films such as The Phantom of the Opera ( 1964 ) , Blood For A Silver Dollar alongside Giuliano Gemma ( Montgomery Wood ) and in The Conformist ( 1970 ) . He also made several horror film appearances such as Nightmare Castle in 1965 alongside Barbara Steele , Paul Muller , Helga Liné , Laurence Clift and Rik Battaglia'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Alberto Moravia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Conformist', 'summary': "The Conformist ( Il conformista ) is a novel by Alberto Moravia published in 1951 , which details the life and desire for normalcy of a government official during Italy 's fascist period . It is also known for the 1970 film adaptation by Bernardo Bertolucci ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Moravia', 'summary': "Alberto Moravia ( US : /moʊˈrɑːviə , -ˈreɪv-/ moh-RAH-vee-ə , -\u2060RAY- , Italian : [ alˈbɛrto moˈraːvja ] ; born Alberto Pincherle [ ˈpiŋkerle ] ; November 28 , 1907 - September 26 , 1990 ) was an Italian novelist and journalist . His novels explored matters of modern sexuality , social alienation and existentialism . Moravia is best known for his debut novel Gli indifferenti ( 1929 ) and for the anti-fascist novel Il Conformista ( The Conformist ) , the basis for the film The Conformist ( 1970 ) directed by Bernardo Bertolucci . Other novels of his adapted for the cinema are Agostino , filmed with the same title by Mauro Bolognini in 1962 ; Il disprezzo ( A Ghost at Noon or Contempt ) , filmed by Jean-Luc Godard as Le Mépris ( Contempt 1963 ) ; La Noia ( Boredom ) , filmed with that title by Damiano Damiani in 1963 and released in the US as The Empty Canvas in 1964 and La ciociara , filmed by Vittorio De Sica as Two Women ( 1960 ) . Cédric Kahn 's L'Ennui ( 1998 ) is another version of La Noia . Moravia once remarked that the most important facts of his life had been his illness , a tubercular infection of the bones that confined him to a bed for five years and Fascism , because they both caused him to suffer and do things he otherwise would not have done . It is what we are forced to do that forms our character , not what we do of our own free will . Moravia was an atheist . His writing was marked by its factual , cold , precise style , often depicting the malaise of the bourgeoisie . It was rooted in the tradition of nineteenth-century narrative , underpinned by high social and cultural awareness . Moravia believed that writers must , if they were to represent reality , assume a moral position , a clearly conceived political , social , and philosophical attitude but also that , ultimately , A writer survives in spite of his beliefs . Between 1959 and 1962 Moravia was president of PEN International , the worldwide association of writers ."}]}, {'value': 'Daddy , Darling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daddy,_Darling', 'summary': 'Daddy , Darling is a 1970 Danish / American sexploitation film directed by Joseph W. Sarno .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph W. Sarno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_W._Sarno', 'summary': 'Joseph W. Sarno ( March 15 , 1921 - April 26 , 2010 ) was an American film director and screenwriter . Sarno emerged from the proto-pornographic sexploitation film genre of the 1950s & 1960s ; he had written and directed approximately 75 theatrically released feature films in the sexploitation , softcore and hardcore genres as well as a number of shot-on-video features for the 1980s hardcore video market .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sexploitation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helli Louise , Gio Petré , Ole Wisborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helli_Louise', 'summary': 'Helli Louise Brunchmann Jacobson , often billed as Helli Louise ( 2 August 1949 - 22 June 2018 ) , was a Danish actress who appeared in films and television , including The Benny Hill Show , during the 1970s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gio_Petré', 'summary': 'Gio Birgitta Petré , née Ann-Marie Birgitta Bengtsdotter Petré ( born 1 November 1937 ) is a Swedish film actress . She appeared in 27 films between 1955 and 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dark Side of Tomorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Tomorrow', 'summary': 'The Dark Side of Tomorrow is a 1970 exploitation film about two bored suburban housewives who begin an affair while their husbands are away on business . Things take a turn when one of them decides to become involved with a young man from their neighborhood . To one woman , it was just a fling ; the other , it was more serious . It was re-released in 1975 as Just the Two of Us .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Deerson , Barbara Peeters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Peeters', 'summary': 'Barbara Peeters , also known as Barbara Peters , is an American director and screenwriter of television and film . She is best known for her collaborations with producer-director Roger Corman on films such as Humanoids from the Deep , as well as directing episodes of television shows such as Remington Steele .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Plumb , Alicia Courtney , John Aprea , Marland Proctor and Wayne Want', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Aprea', 'summary': 'Jonathan John Aprea ( born March 4 , 1941 ) is an American actor and comedian , best known for his role as the young Sal Tessio in The Godfather : Part II ( 1974 ) and on television as Lucas Castigliano in Another World from 1989 to 1992 . He also co-starred with Lee Horsley in Matt Houston during the 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Re-released in 1975 as Just the Two of Us', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorian Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(1970_film)', 'summary': "Dorian Gray ( Italian : Il dio chiamato Dorian , lit . 'The god called Dorian ' ) a.k.a . The Sins of Dorian Gray is a 1970 movie adaptation of Oscar Wilde 's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray starring Helmut Berger . The Italian title translates as A God Called Dorian . Directed by Massimo Dallamano and produced by Harry Alan Towers , the film stresses the decadence and eroticism of the story and changes the setting to early 1970s London . The sexual liberation of the late 1960s and early 1970s provides a fitting backdrop for Dorian 's escapades in this version , and also the general clothing and fashion style of the era is extrapolated into a 1970s version of the aesthetic , decadent world of the 1890s novel . Critical opinion of the film is decidedly mixed . On the one hand , some consider the film trash and sexploitation , while others point out that the film was shot at a unique time in the 20th century when a new openness about sexuality and its depiction on film allowed showing scenes only vaguely hinted at in the novel and earlier ( and also later ) movie adaptations . A marked difference between this version and the novel is the final scene . Instead of Dorian slicing the painting with the knife ( thereby inadvertently killing himself ) , he is seen committing suicide with the knife deliberately ."}]}, {'value': 'Massimo Dallamano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Dallamano', 'summary': 'Massimo Dallamano ( April 17 , 1917 - November 4 , 1976 ) , sometimes credited as Max Dillman , Max Dillmann or Jack Dalmas , was an Italian director and director of photography .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy West Germany United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horror , thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmut Berger , Richard Todd , Herbert Lom , Marie Liljedahl , Margaret Lee , Isa Miranda , Eleonora Rossi Drago , Maria Rohm , Stewart Black and Beryl Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Berger', 'summary': 'Helmut Berger ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈbɛʁɡɐ ] ( listen ) ; born Helmut Steinberger ; 29 May 1944 ) is an Austrian film and television actor . Berger , who often portrayed narcissistic and sexually ambiguous characters , was one of the best-known stars of the European cinema in the late 1960s and 1970s . Berger is most famous for his work with Luchino Visconti , particularly in his performance as King Ludwig II of Bavaria in Ludwig , for which he received a special David di Donatello award , and his performance in The Damned for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . He appears primarily in European cinema , but has also acted in American productions such as The Godfather Part III as well as a guest appearance on the soap opera , Dynasty .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Todd', 'summary': 'Richard Andrew Palethorpe Todd OBE ( 11 June 1919 - 3 December 2009 ) was an Irish-born British actor . He received a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer - Male , as well as an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor nomination for his role in the film The Hasty Heart ( 1949 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Lom', 'summary': 'Herbert Lom ( Czech pronunciation : [ ɦɛrbɛrt lom ] ; 11 September 1917 - 27 September 2012 ) was a Czech-born British film and television actor who moved to the United Kingdom in 1939 . In a career lasting more than 60 years , he appeared in character roles , often portraying criminals or villains early in his career and professional men in later years . Lom was noted for his precise , elegant enunciation of English . He is best known for his roles in The Ladykillers , The Pink Panther film series , War and Peace and the television series The Human Jungle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie_Liljedahl', 'summary': 'Marie Liljedahl ( born 15 February 1950 ) is a Swedish actress who had a short-lived film career in the late-1960s and early-1970s , in the films of Joseph W. Sarno and Jesus Franco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Lee_(British_actress)', 'summary': 'Margaret Lee ( born Margaret Gwendolyn Box ; 4 August 1943 ) is a British actress who was a popular leading lady in Italian films in the 1960s and 1970s . She is the mother of production manager/producer Roberto Malerba ( from her marriage to Gino Malerba ) and production coordinator Damian Anderson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isa_Miranda', 'summary': 'Isa Miranda ( 5 July 1909 - 8 July 1982 ) was an Italian actress with an international film career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleonora_Rossi_Drago', 'summary': "Eleonora Rossi Drago , born Palmira Omiccioli , ( 23 September 1925 - 2 December 2007 ) was an Italian film actress . She was born in Quinto al Mare , Genoa , Italy , and had the leading role in Le amiche . She appeared in Un maledetto imbroglio . In 1960 , for her performance in Estate violenta , she won the best actress prize of the Mar del Plata Film Festival and the Nastro d'argento . In 1964 , she appeared in La Cittadella . She died in Palermo , Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Rohm', 'summary': 'Maria Rohm ( 13 August 1945 - 18 June 2018 ) was an Austrian actress . Born Helga Grohmann in Vienna , she started her acting career at the very young age , working at the famous Viennese Burgtheatre as a child actor from ages 4 through 13 . She continued her theatrical work until the age of 18 when she auditioned for British film producer , Harry Alan Towers , whom she would later marry . Working with Towers she became famous for appearing in a number of films directed by Jesús Franco in the late 1960s . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beryl_Cunningham', 'summary': 'Beryl Cunningham ( born 8 August 1946 ) is a Jamaican actress and model , mainly active in Italian cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel novel of the same name by Oscar Wilde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray', 'summary': "The Picture of Dorian Gray is a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde , first published complete in the July 1890 issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine . Fearing the story was indecent , the magazine 's editor deleted roughly five hundred words before publication without Wilde 's knowledge . Despite that censorship , The Picture of Dorian Gray offended the moral sensibilities of British book reviewers , some of whom said that Oscar Wilde merited prosecution for violating the laws guarding public morality . In response , Wilde aggressively defended his novel and art in correspondence with the British press , although he personally made excisions of some of the most controversial material when revising and lengthening the story for book publication the following year . The longer and revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray published in book form in 1891 featured an aphoristic preface - a defence of the artist 's rights and of art for art 's sake - based in part on his press defences of the novel the previous year . The content , style , and presentation of the preface made it famous in its own right , as a literary and artistic manifesto . In April 1891 , the publishing firm of Ward , Lock and Company , who had distributed the shorter , more inflammatory , magazine version in England the previous year , published the revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray . The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only novel written by Wilde . It exists in several versions : the 1890 magazine edition ( in 13 chapters ) , with important material deleted before publication by the magazine 's editor , J. M. Stoddart ; the uncensored version submitted to Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine for publication ( also in 13 chapters ) , with all of Wilde 's original material intact , first published in 2011 by Harvard University Press ; and the 1891 book edition ( in 20 chapters ) . As literature of the 19th century , The Picture of Dorian Gray pivots on a gothic plot device with strong themes interpreted from Faust ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Wilde', 'summary': "Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde ( 16 October 1854 - 30 November 1900 ) was an Irish poet and playwright . After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s , the early 1890s saw him become one of the most popular playwrights in London . He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays , his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray , and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for gross indecency , imprisonment , and early death at age 46 . Wilde 's parents were successful Anglo-Irish intellectuals in Dublin . A young Wilde learned to speak fluent French and German . At university , Wilde read Greats ; he demonstrated himself to be an exceptional classicist , first at Trinity College Dublin , then at Oxford . He became associated with the emerging philosophy of aestheticism , led by two of his tutors , Walter Pater and John Ruskin . After university , Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles . As a spokesman for aestheticism , he tried his hand at various literary activities : he published a book of poems , lectured in the United States and Canada on the new English Renaissance in Art and interior decoration , and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist . Known for his biting wit , flamboyant dress and glittering conversational skill , Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day . At the turn of the 1890s , he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays , and incorporated themes of decadence , duplicity , and beauty into what would be his only novel , The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) . The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely , and combine them with larger social themes , drew Wilde to write drama ."}]}, {'value': 'Entertaining Mr Sloane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entertaining_Mr_Sloane_(film)', 'summary': 'Entertaining Mr Sloane is a 1970 British black comedy film directed by Douglas Hickox . The screenplay by Clive Exton is based on the 1964 play of the same title by Joe Orton . This was the second adaptation of the play , the first having been developed for British television and broadcast by ITV on 15 July 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Hickox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Hickox', 'summary': 'Douglas Arthur Hickox ( 10 January 1929 - 25 July 1988 ) was an English film and television director .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beryl Reid , Peter McEnery , Harry Andrews and Alan Webb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beryl_Reid', 'summary': "Beryl Elizabeth Reid , OBE ( 17 June 1919 - 13 October 1996 ) , was an English actress of stage and screen . She won the 1967 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Killing of Sister George , the 1980 Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance for Born in the Gardens , and the 1982 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for Smiley 's People . Her film appearances included The Belles of St. Trinian 's ( 1954 ) , The Killing of Sister George ( 1968 ) , The Assassination Bureau ( 1969 ) , and No Sex Please , We 're British ( 1973 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_McEnery', 'summary': 'Peter Robert McEnery ( born 21 February 1940 ) is an English stage and film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Andrews', 'summary': 'Harry Fleetwood Andrews , CBE ( 10 November 1911 - 6 March 1989 ) was an English actor known for his film portrayals of tough military officers . His performance as Sergeant Major Wilson in The Hill alongside Sean Connery earned Andrews the 1965 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor and a nomination for the 1966 BAFTA Award for Best British Actor . The first of his more than 80 film appearances was in The Red Beret in 1953 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Webb_(actor)', 'summary': 'Alan Webb ( 2 July 1906 - 22 June 1982 ) was an English stage and film actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the play of the same name by Joe Orton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entertaining_Mr_Sloane', 'summary': "Entertaining Mr Sloane is a play by the English playwright Joe Orton . It was first produced in London at the New Arts Theatre on 6 May 1964 and transferred to the West End 's Wyndham 's Theatre on 29 June 1964 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Orton', 'summary': 'John Kingsley Orton ( 1 January 1933 - 9 August 1967 ) , known under the pen name of Joe Orton , was an English playwright , author and diarist . His public career - from 1964 until his death in 1967 - was short but highly influential . During this brief period he shocked , outraged , and amused audiences with his scandalous black comedies . The adjective Ortonesque refers to work characterised by a similarly dark yet farcical cynicism .'}]}, {'value': 'Gods of the Plague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gods_of_the_Plague', 'summary': 'Gods of the Plague ( German : Götter der Pest ) is a 1970 West German black-and-white drama film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder .'}]}, {'value': 'Rainer Werner Fassbinder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder', 'summary': "Rainer Werner Fassbinder ( German : [ ˈʁaɪ̯nɐ ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈfasˌbɪndɐ ] ; 31 May 1945 - 10 June 1982 ) , sometimes credited as R. W. Fassbinder , was a West German filmmaker , actor , playwright , theatre director , composer , cinematographer , editor , and essayist . He is widely regarded as a prominent figure and catalyst of the New German Cinema movement . His first feature-length film was a gangster movie called Love Is Colder Than Death ( 1969 ) ; he scored his first domestic commercial success with The Merchant of Four Seasons ( 1972 ) and his first international success with Ali : Fear Eats the Soul ( 1974 ) , both of which are considered masterpieces by contemporary critics . Big-budget projects such as Despair ( 1978 ) , Lili Marleen and Lola ( both 1981 ) followed . His greatest success came with The Marriage of Maria Braun ( 1979 ) , chronicling the rise and fall of a German woman in the wake of World War II . Other notable films include The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant ( 1972 ) , Fox and His Friends ( 1975 ) , Satan 's Brew ( 1976 ) , and Querelle ( 1982 ) , all of which focused on gay and lesbian themes . Fassbinder died on 10 June 1982 , at the age of 37 , from a lethal cocktail of cocaine and barbiturates . Although his career lasted less than two decades , he was extremely prolific ; by the time of his death , he had completed over forty feature films , two television series , three short films , four video productions , and twenty-four plays ."}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanna Schygulla , Margarethe von Trotta , Harry Baer , Günther Kaufmann , Carla Egerer , Ingrid Caven , Jan George , Marian Seidowsky and Yaak Karsunke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanna_Schygulla', 'summary': "Hanna Schygulla ( born 25 December 1943 ) is a German actress and chanson singer . Long associated with the theater and film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder , for whom she first worked in 1965 , she was prominent in the New German Cinema . She won the 1979 Berlin Silver Bear for Best Actress for Fassbinder 's The Marriage of Maria Braun , and the 1983 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for the Marco Ferreri film The Story of Piera ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Margarethe_von_Trotta', 'summary': "Margarethe von Trotta ( born 21 February 1942 ) is a German film director who has been referred to as a leading force of the New German Cinema movement . Von Trotta 's extensive body of work has won awards internationally . She was married to and collaborated with director Volker Schlöndorff . Although they made a successful team , von Trotta felt she was seen as secondary to Schlöndorff . Subsequently , she established a solo career for herself and became Germanys foremost female film director , who has offered the most sustained and successful female variant of Autorenkino in postwar German film history . Certain aspects of von Trotta 's work have been compared to Ingmar Bergman 's features from the 1960s and 1970s . Von Trotta has been called the worlds leading feminist filmmaker . The predominant aim of her films is to create new representations of women . Her films are concerned with relationships between and among women ( sisters , best friends , etc . ) , as well as with relationships between women and men , and involve political setting . Nevertheless , she rejects the suggestion that she makes womens films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Baer', 'summary': 'Harry Baer ( born Harry Zöttl on 27 September 1947 ) is a German actor , producer and author , best known for his work with director Rainer Werner Fassbinder . He has also been credited as Harry Bär .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Günther_Kaufmann', 'summary': "Günther Kaufmann ( 16 June 1947 - 10 May 2012 ) was a German film actor best known for his association with director Rainer Werner Fassbinder . Fassbinder directed Kaufmann in a total of 14 films , casting him in leading and minor roles . Kaufmann was also romantically involved with the director for a time . In 2002 , Kaufmann was accused of murder in relation to the 2001 death of Hartmut Hagen , a 60-year-old accountant whom Kaufmann 's wife had defrauded . The death was ruled accidental , though Kaufmann was sentenced to prison for lesser crimes relating to the incident . In 2005 , a new police investigation discovered that Kaufmann was innocent , and had confessed to the crimes to cover up for his late wife , who may have been the perpetrator . He was subsequently released from prison and resumed his acting career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_Caven', 'summary': "Ingrid Caven ( /kɑːvɛn/ ; born 3 August 1938 ) is a German film actress and singer . She is best known for her roles in several films directed by her husband , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , including Love Is Colder Than Death ( 1969 ) , Why Does Herr R. Run Amok ? ( 1970 ) , and The American Soldier ( 1970 ) . She continued to appear in Fassbinder 's films after their 1972 divorce until his death in 1982 . She has also appeared in Silent Night ( 1995 ) , 35 Shots of Rum ( 2009 ) and Suspiria ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yaak_Karsunke', 'summary': "Yaak Karsunke ( born 4 June 1934 , Berlin ) is a German author and actor . The son of an engineer and the procurer of a publishing house , he grew up in the borough of Pankow . In 1949 his family moved to Friedenau . Here Karsunke attended Gymnasium ( high school ) . In 1953 he passed the Abitur and studied jurisprudence for three semesters . From 1955 to 1957 he studied drama at the Max-Reinhardt-Schule , today known as the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts . From 1957 to 1964 he made a living doing odd jobs . In 1964 , Karsunke moved to Munich , where he became involved with the Außerparlamentarische Opposition , becoming a spokesman for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1968 . Along with other leftist authors , he founded the literary review Kürbiskern , for which he served as editor in chief from 1965 until August 1968 , when he resigned as a protest against the Soviet repression of the Prague Spring . In the early 1970s , Karsunke befriended Rainer Werner Fassbinder , appearing in his films Love Is Colder Than Death ( 1969 ) , Gods of the Plague ( 1970 ) , and Berlin Alexanderplatz ( 1980 ) . From 1976 to 1979 he served as Fassbinder 's technical adviser at the German Film and Television Academy Berlin . From 1981 to 1999 he taught creative writing at the Berlin University of the Arts ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Eagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Eagle_(film)', 'summary': 'Golden Eagle ( Thai : อินทรีทอง , or Golden Eagle ) is a 1970 Thai action film starring Mitr Chaibancha and Petchara Chaowarat . Chaibancha died while filming the stunt for the final scene in the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitr Chaibancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitr_Chaibancha', 'summary': 'Mitr Chaibancha ( Thai มิตร ชัยบัญชา ( Pronunciation ) , January 28 , 1934 in Phetchaburi , Thailand - October 8 , 1970 ) was a Thai film actor who made 266 films from 1956 to 1970 . He died on October 8 , 1970 at Dongtan Beach , Jomtien , Pattaya , after falling from a helicopter during the filming of a stunt for the final scene of Insee thong ( Golden Eagle ) . At the height of his career in the 1960s , Mitr , along with Petchara Chaowarat , made a string of hit films that packed cinemas . Of the 75 to 100 films produced each year by the Thai film industry during this period , Mitr starred in nearly half of them .'}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitr Chaibancha , Petchara Chaowarat , Ling Fan , Chuen Chan , Chat Chayaphum , Chuan Chen , Hao Chen , Ti-Ko Chen and Yi-Hsiung Chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitr_Chaibancha', 'summary': 'Mitr Chaibancha ( Thai มิตร ชัยบัญชา ( Pronunciation ) , January 28 , 1934 in Phetchaburi , Thailand - October 8 , 1970 ) was a Thai film actor who made 266 films from 1956 to 1970 . He died on October 8 , 1970 at Dongtan Beach , Jomtien , Pattaya , after falling from a helicopter during the filming of a stunt for the final scene of Insee thong ( Golden Eagle ) . At the height of his career in the 1960s , Mitr , along with Petchara Chaowarat , made a string of hit films that packed cinemas . Of the 75 to 100 films produced each year by the Thai film industry during this period , Mitr starred in nearly half of them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Petchara_Chaowarat', 'summary': 'Petchara Chaowarat ( Thai : เพชรา เชาวราษฎร์ ; born January 19 , 1943 in Rayong Province , Thailand ) is a Thai film actress who starred in around 300 films from 1961 to 1979 . An icon of the Golden Age of Thai cinema , she was known for her round , pool-like eyes and elaborate hairstyles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sub-plot features a gang of kathoey as criminals , with a cross-dressing police detective trying to infiltrate them ; Chaibancha fell to his death while filming the stunt for the final scene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathoey', 'summary': "Kathoey or katoey ( Thai : กะเทย ; RTGS : kathoei Thai pronunciation : [ kàtʰɤːj ] ) is a word used in Thailand to describe male-to-female transgender person or person of a third gender , or an effeminate homosexual male . Transgender women in Thailand mostly use terms other than kathoey when referring to themselves , such as phuying ( Thai : ผู้หญิง 'woman ' ) . A significant number of Thais perceive kathoey as belonging to a third sex , including some transgender women themselves . In face of the many sociopolitical obstacles that kathoeys navigate in Thailand , kathoey activism has led to legal recognition as of January 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse , But the Society in Which He Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/It_Is_Not_the_Homosexual_Who_Is_Perverse,_But_the_Society_in_Which_He_Lives', 'summary': "It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse , But the Society in Which He Lives ( German : Nicht der Homosexuelle ist pervers , sondern die Situation , in der er lebt ) is a 1971 German camp film directed by Rosa von Praunheim . The plot follows the adventures of a young gay man from the province who arrives in Berlin . He gradually leaves behind his innocence led by his increasing appetite for excitement in the big-city gay scene . He moves from one gay milieu to another caught in his addiction for fashion and sexual experiences . Scenes from Daniel 's life and the various milieus he frequents are accompanied by voice-overs that are sometimes commentaries about the different gay life 's styles and sometimes represent dialogue or narrations . There is no synch sound . The voice over and dialogue recorded do not match what is on the screen . The reception of the film was controversial . Many viewed the harsh view of gay men culture depicted as such attack that it prompted the videotaping of a short , Audience Response to Its not the Homosexual… , shot during a screening and discussion interview with von Praunheim in 1973 at New York 's Museum of Modern Art , and currently precedes many of the film 's screenings . The film triggered the modern gay liberation movement in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosa von Praunheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim', 'summary': 'Rosa von Praunheim ( born 25 November 1942 ) is a German film director , author , painter and the most famous gay rights activist in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . In over 50 years , von Praunheim has made more than 150 films ( short and feature-length films ) . His works influenced the development of LGBTQ rights movements worldwide . He began his career associated to the New German Cinema as a senior member of the Berlin school of underground filmmaking . He took the artistic female name Rosa von Praunheim to remind people of the pink triangle that homosexuals had to wear in Nazi concentration camps . A pioneer of Queer Cinema , von Praunheim has been an activist in the gay rights movement . He was an early advocate of AIDS awareness and safer sex , but has been a controversial figure even within the gay community . His films center on gay related themes and strong female characters . His works are characterized by excess and employ a campy style . His films have featured such personalities as Diamanda Galás , Jayne County , Vaginal Davis , Divine , Jeff Stryker and a row of Warhol superstars .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary , Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berryt Bohlen , Bernd Feuerhelm , Ernst Kuchling and Norbert Losch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Kremlin Letter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kremlin_Letter', 'summary': "The Kremlin Letter is a 1970 American neo-noir DeLuxe Color espionage thriller in Panavision directed by John Huston and starring Richard Boone , Orson Welles , Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Patrick O'Neal and George Sanders . It was released in February 1970 by 20th Century-Fox . The screenplay was co-written by Huston and Gladys Hill as a faithful adaptation of the novel by Noel Behn , who had worked for the United States Army 's Counterintelligence Corps . Said by reviewers to be beautifully and engagingly photographed , the film is a highly complex and realistic tale of bitter intrigue and espionage set in the winter of 1969-1970 at the height of the US-Soviet Cold War . The Kremlin Letter was a commercial failure and thinly reviewed in 1970 , but the film has gathered steady praise from some critics throughout the decades since its release . French filmmaker Jean-Pierre Melville called The Kremlin Letter masterly and .saw it as establishing the standard for cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'John Huston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Huston', 'summary': "John Marcellus Huston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ; August 5 , 1906 - August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , actor , and visual artist . Huston was a citizen of the United States by birth but renounced U.S. citizenship to become an Irish citizen and resident . He returned to the United States , where he lived the rest of his life . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , winning twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins . Huston studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career , sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , with little editing needed . Some of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting an heroic quest , as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming destructive alliances , giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism , and war . Huston has been referred to as a titan , a rebel , and a renaissance man in the Hollywood film industry ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crime , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Based on the novel by Noel Behn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noel_Behn', 'summary': "Noel Ira Behn ( Chicago , January 6 1928 - New York , July 27 1998 ) was an American novelist , screenwriter and theatrical producer . His first novel , The Kremlin Letter , drawn from his work in the US Army 's Counterintelligence Corps , was made into a film by John Huston in 1970 . Behn 's non-fiction The Big Stick-Up at Brink 's was adapted into a 1978 movie starring Peter Falk and Peter Boyle . His controversial book Lindbergh : The Crime delved into the Lindbergh kidnapping , claiming that the baby had died in a family accident , and the kidnapping was faked . Behn was influential in the development of Off Broadway theatre in New York and he was producing director of the Cherry Lane Theater throughout the 1950s and 1960s . Beginning in the late 1960s , owing to the happenstance of having offices in the same building on 57th Street in New York City , Behn began longstanding creative friendships with screenwriter Paddy Chayefsky , choreographer Bob Fosse and playwright Herb Gardner . He also wrote seven episodes of Homicide : Life on the Street between 1993 and 1997 . The second episode of the third season of the prison drama Oz was dedicated to his memory ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Big Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Big_Man_(film)', 'summary': "Little Big Man is a 1970 American western film directed by Arthur Penn and based on the novel Little Big Man by Thomas Berger . While broadly categorized as a western , or an epic , the film encompasses several literary/film genres , including comedy , drama and adventure . It is about a white male child raised by the Cheyenne nation during the 19th century . The film is largely concerned with contrasting the lives of American pioneers and Native Americans throughout the progression of the boy 's life . It stars Dustin Hoffman , Chief Dan George , Faye Dunaway , Martin Balsam , Jeff Corey and Richard Mulligan . It is a revisionist Western : Native Americans are depicted sympathetically , and the United States Cavalry are depicted as villains . The revision uses elements of satire and tragedy to examine prejudice and injustice . Little Big Man is an anti-establishment film of the period , indirectly protesting America 's involvement in the Vietnam War by portraying the United States Armed Forces negatively . In 2014 , Little Big Man was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Penn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Penn', 'summary': "Arthur Hiller Penn ( September 27 , 1922 - September 28 , 2010 ) was an American director and producer of film , television and theater . Closely associated with the American New Wave , Penn directed critically acclaimed films throughout the 1960s such as the drama The Chase ( 1966 ) , the biographical crime film Bonnie and Clyde ( 1967 ) and the comedy Alice 's Restaurant ( 1969 ) . He also got attention for his revisionist Western Little Big Man ( 1970 ) . By the mid-1970s his films were received with much less enthusiasm . In the 1990s he returned to stage and television direction and production , including an executive producer role for the crime series Law & Order . By his death in 2010 , he had been nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Director , a BAFTA , a Golden Globe , two Emmys , and two Directors Guild of America Awards . He was the recipient of several honorary accolades , including an Honorary Golden Bear , a Tony Award , and an Akira Kurosawa Award from the San Francisco International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dustin Hoffman , Faye Dunaway , Chief Dan George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman', 'summary': "Dustin Lee Hoffman ( born August 8 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and emotionally vulnerable characters . He is the recipient of numerous accolades including two Academy Awards , six Golden Globe Awards ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award ) , four BAFTAs , three Drama Desk Awards , and two Emmy Awards . Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999 and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012 . Hoffman first drew critical praise for starring in the play Eh ? , for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award . His breakthrough film role was as Benjamin Braddock in critically acclaimed and iconic The Graduate ( 1967 ) . Since that time , Hoffman 's career has largely been focused on the cinema , with sporadic returns to television and to the stage . Hoffman 's films include Midnight Cowboy , Little Big Man , Papillon , Lenny , Marathon Man , All the President 's Men , Kramer vs. Kramer , Tootsie , Rain Man , Hook , and Wag the Dog . He made his directorial debut in 2012 , with Quartet , and has done voice work for the Kung Fu Panda film series and The Tale of Despereaux ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Faye_Dunaway', 'summary': "Dorothy Faye Dunaway ( born January 14 , 1941 ) is an American actress . She has won an Academy Award , three Golden Globes , a BAFTA , and an Emmy , and was the first recipient of a Leopard Club Award that honors film professionals whose work has left a mark on the collective imagination . In 2011 , the government of France made her an Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters . Her career began in the early 1960s on Broadway . She made her screen debut in the 1967 film The Happening , and rose to fame that same year with her portrayal of outlaw Bonnie Parker in Arthur Penn 's Bonnie and Clyde , for which she received her first Academy Award nomination . Her most notable films include the crime caper The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1968 ) , the drama The Arrangement ( 1969 ) , the revisionist western Little Big Man ( 1970 ) , an adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas classic The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , the neo-noir mystery Chinatown ( 1974 ) , for which she earned her second Oscar nomination , the action-drama disaster The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) , the political thriller Three Days of the Condor ( 1975 ) , the satire Network ( 1976 ) , for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress , and the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) . Her career evolved to more mature and character roles in subsequent years , often in independent films , beginning with her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest . Other notable films in which she has appeared include Barfly ( 1987 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Arizona Dream ( 1994 ) , The Twilight of the Golds ( 1997 ) , Gia ( 1998 ) and The Rules of Attraction ( 2002 ) . Dunaway also performed on stage in several plays including A Man for All Seasons ( 1961-63 ) , After the Fall ( 1964 ) , Hogan 's Goat ( 1965-67 ) , A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1973 ) and was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class ( 1996 ) . She is protective of her private life , rarely gives interviews , and makes very few public appearances . After romantic relationships with Jerry Schatzberg and Marcello Mastroianni , Dunaway married twice , first singer Peter Wolf and then photographer Terry O'Neill , with whom she had a son , Liam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_Dan_George', 'summary': 'Chief Dan George , OC ( July 24 , 1899 - September 23 , 1981 ) was a chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation , a Coast Salish band whose Indian reserve is located on Burrard Inlet in the southeast area of the District of North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . He was also an actor , musician , poet and author ; his best-known written work was My Heart Soars . As an actor , he is best remembered for portraying Old Lodge Skins opposite Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man ( 1970 ) , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ; also for his role in The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) , as Lone Watie , opposite Clint Eastwood .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Thomas Berger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Big_Man_(novel)', 'summary': "Little Big Man is a 1964 novel by American author Thomas Berger . Often described as a satire or parody of the western genre , the book is a modern example of picaresque fiction . Berger made use of a large volume of overlooked first-person primary materials , such as diaries , letters , and memoirs , to fashion a wide-ranging and entertaining tale that comments on alienation , identity , and perceptions of reality . Easily Berger 's best known work , Little Big Man was made into a popular film by Arthur Penn . It has been called Berger 's response to the great American myth of the frontier , representing as it does most of the central traditions of American literature ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Berger_(novelist)', 'summary': "Thomas Louis Berger ( July 20 , 1924 - July 13 , 2014 ) was an American novelist . Probably best known for his picaresque novel Little Big Man and the subsequent film by Arthur Penn , Berger explored and manipulated many genres of fiction throughout his career , including the crime novel , the hard-boiled detective story , science fiction , the utopian novel , plus re-workings of classical mythology , Arthurian legend , and the survival adventure . Berger 's biting wit led many reviewers to refer to him as a satirist or comic novelist , descriptions he preferred to reject . His admirers often bemoaned that his talent and achievement were under-appreciated , in view of his versatility across many forms of fiction , his precise use of language , and his probing intelligence ."}]}, {'value': 'Myra Breckinridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge_(film)', 'summary': "Myra Breckinridge is a 1970 American comedy film based on Gore Vidal 's 1968 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Michael Sarne , and featured Raquel Welch in the title role . It also starred John Huston as Buck Loner , Mae West as Leticia Van Allen , Farrah Fawcett , Rex Reed , Roger Herren , and Roger C. Carmel . Tom Selleck made his film debut in a small role as one of Leticia 's studs . Theadora Van Runkle was costume designer for the film , though Edith Head designed West 's costumes . Like the novel , the picture follows the exploits of Myra Breckinridge ( née Myron ) , a transgender woman who has undergone a sex change operation . Claiming to be her own widow , she manipulates her uncle into giving her a position at his acting school , where she attempts to usurp Hollywood 's social order by introducing femdom into the curriculum . The picture was controversial for its sexual explicitness ( including acts like female-on-male rape ) , but it , unlike the novel , received little to no critical praise and has been cited as one of the worst films ever made ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Sarne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Sarne', 'summary': 'Michael Sarne ( born 6 August 1940 ) is a British actor , writer , producer and director , who also had a brief career as a pop singer in the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raquel Welch , Rex Reed , John Huston , Mae West , Farrah Fawcett , Roger C. Carmel , Roger Herren , George Furth , Calvin Lockhart , Jim Backus , John Carradine , Andy Devine , Grady Sutton , Robert Lieb , Skip Ward , Kathleen Freeman , B.S . Pully , Buck Kartalian , Monte Landis , Tom Selleck , Toni Basil , Dan Hedaya and William Hopper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raquel_Welch', 'summary': "Raquel Welch ( born Jo Raquel Tejada ; September 5 , 1940 ) is an American actress and singer . She first won attention for her role in Fantastic Voyage ( 1966 ) , after which she won a contract with 20th Century Fox . They lent her contract to the British studio Hammer Film Productions , for whom she made One Million Years B.C . ( 1966 ) . Although she had only three lines of dialogue in the film , images of her in the doe-skin bikini which she wore became best-selling posters that turned her into an international sex symbol . She later starred in notable films including Bedazzled ( 1967 ) , Bandolero ! ( 1968 ) , 100 Rifles ( 1969 ) , Myra Breckinridge ( 1970 ) and Hannie Caulder ( 1971 ) . She made several television variety specials . Welch 's unique film persona made her an icon of the 1960s and 1970s , due to her portrayal of strong female characters and breaking the mold of the archetypal sex symbol . Because of this , her rise to stardom in the mid 1960s was partly credited with ending Hollywood 's vigorous promotion of the blonde bombshell . She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical or Comedy in 1974 for her performance in The Three Musketeers . She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Television Film for her performance in the film Right to Die ( 1987 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rex_Reed', 'summary': 'Rex Taylor Reed ( born October 2 , 1938 ) is an American film critic , occasional actor and former co-host of the syndicated television show At the Movies . He writes the column On the Town with Rex Reed for The New York Observer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Huston', 'summary': "John Marcellus Huston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ; August 5 , 1906 - August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , actor , and visual artist . Huston was a citizen of the United States by birth but renounced U.S. citizenship to become an Irish citizen and resident . He returned to the United States , where he lived the rest of his life . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , winning twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins . Huston studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career , sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , with little editing needed . Some of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting an heroic quest , as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming destructive alliances , giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism , and war . Huston has been referred to as a titan , a rebel , and a renaissance man in the Hollywood film industry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mae_West', 'summary': 'Mary Jane Mae West ( August 17 , 1893 - November 22 , 1980 ) was an American actress , singer , playwright , screenwriter , comedian , and sex symbol whose entertainment career spanned seven decades . She was known for her lighthearted , bawdy double entendres and breezy sexual independence . She was active in vaudeville and on the stage in New York City before moving to Hollywood to become a comedian , actress , and writer in the motion picture industry , as well as appearing on radio and television . The American Film Institute named her 15th among the greatest female stars of classic American cinema . West often used a husky contralto voice and was one of the more controversial movie stars of her day ; she encountered many problems , especially censorship . She once quipped , I believe in censorship . I made a fortune out of it . She bucked the system , making comedy out of conventional mores , and the Depression-era audience admired her for it . When her cinematic career ended , she wrote books and plays and continued to perform in Las Vegas and in the UK , on radio and television , and she recorded rock and roll albums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett', 'summary': "Farrah Leni Fawcett ( /ˈfærə ˈfɔːsɪt/ ; originally spelled Ferrah ; February 2 , 1947 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American actress of stage and screen , model , and artist . A five-time Emmy Award nominee and six-time Golden Globe Award nominee , Fawcett rose to international fame when she starred as private investigator Jill Munroe in the first season of the television series Charlie 's Angels ( 1976-1977 ) . Fawcett began her career in the 1960s appearing in commercials and guest roles on television . During the 1970s , she appeared in numerous television series , including recurring roles on Harry O ( 1974-1976 ) , and The Six Million Dollar Man ( 1974-1978 ) with her first husband , film and television star Lee Majors . Her breakthrough role came in 1976 when she was cast as Jill Munroe in Charlie 's Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith . The show propelled all three to stardom , but especially Fawcett , who was then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors . After appearing only in the first season , she decided to leave the show , but returned as a guest star in six episodes during the show 's third and fourth seasons ( 1978-1980 ) . For her role in Charlie 's Angels , she received her first Golden Globe nomination . In 1983 , Fawcett received positive reviews for her performance in the Off-Broadway play Extremities . She was subsequently cast in the 1986 film version and received a Golden Globe nomination . She received two Emmy Award nominations for her roles in TV movies , as a battered wife in the 1984 film The Burning Bed and as real-life murderer Diane Downs in the 1989 film Small Sacrifices . Her 1980s work in TV movies also earned her four additional Golden Globe nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roger_C._Carmel', 'summary': 'Roger Charles Carmel ( September 27 , 1932 - November 11 , 1986 ) was an American actor . He originated several roles on Broadway , played scores of guest roles in television series , was a lead in the sitcom The Mothers-in-Law and appeared in a number of motion pictures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Furth', 'summary': 'George Furth ( December 14 , 1932 - August 11 , 2008 ) was an American librettist , playwright , and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Lockhart', 'summary': "Calvin Lockhart ( born Bert McClossy Cooper ; October 18 , 1934 - March 29 , 2007 ) was a Bahamian-American stage and film actor . Lockhart was perhaps best known for his roles as ; Reverend Deke O'Malley in the 1970 film Cotton Comes to Harlem and Biggie Smalls in the 1975 Warner Bros. film Let 's Do It Again ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Backus', 'summary': "James Gilmore Backus ( February 25 , 1913 - July 3 , 1989 ) was an American radio , television , film , and voice actor . Among his most famous roles was the voice of nearsighted cartoon character Mr. Magoo , the rich Hubert Updike III on the radio version of The Alan Young Show , Joan Davis ' character 's husband ( a domestic court judge ) on TV 's I Married Joan , James Dean 's character 's father in Rebel Without a Cause , and Thurston Howell III , on the 1960s sitcom Gilligan 's Island . He also starred in his own show of one season , The Jim Backus Show , also known as Hot Off the Wire . An avid golfer , Backus made the 36-hole cut at the 1964 Bing Crosby Pro-Am tournament . He was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Carradine', 'summary': "John Carradine ( born Richmond Reed Carradine ; February 5 , 1906 - November 27 , 1988 ) was an American actor , one of the most prolific and famed character actors in Hollywood history . A member of Cecil B. DeMille 's stock company and later John Ford 's company , best known for his roles in horror films , Westerns , and Shakespearean theatre . In the latter decades of his career , he starred mostly in low-budget B-movies , but continued to also appear in higher-profile fare . In total , he holds 351 film and television credits , making him one of the most prolific English-speaking actors of all time . Carradine was married four times , had five children , and was the patriarch of the Carradine family , including four of his sons and four of his grandchildren who are or were also actors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Devine', 'summary': 'Andrew Vabre Devine ( October 7 , 1905 - February 18 , 1977 ) was an American character actor known for his distinctive raspy , crackly voice and roles in Western films . He is probably best remembered for his role as Cookie , the sidekick of Roy Rogers in 10 feature films . He also appeared alongside John Wayne in films like Stagecoach ( 1939 ) , The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and How the West Was Won ( both 1962 ) . He is also remembered as Jingles on the TV series The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok from 1951 to 1958 , as Danny McGuire in A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) and as the voice of Friar Tuck in the Disney Animation film Robin Hood ( 1973 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grady_Sutton', 'summary': 'Grady Harwell Sutton ( April 5 , 1906 - September 17 , 1995 ) was an American film and television actor from the 1920s to the 1970s . He appeared in more than 180 films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_Freeman', 'summary': 'Kathleen Freeman ( February 17 , 1919 - August 23 , 2001 ) was an American film , television , voice actress , and stage actress . In a career that spanned more than 50 years , she portrayed acerbic maids , secretaries , teachers , busybodies , nurses , and battle-axe neighbors and relatives , almost invariably to comic effect .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B.S._Pully', 'summary': "B.S . Pully , ( born Murray Lerman , May 14 , 1910 - January 6 , 1972 ) was a New York nightclub comedian and stage actor who created the role of Big Jule in the musical Guys and Dolls . He was noted for his blue humor and thick , gravelly voice . Born in Newark , New Jersey , Pully began his career on the Borscht Belt and achieved fame originating the Big Jule role in the original Broadway production of Guys and Dolls , appearing in more than 1,000 performances . He also played the role in the 1955 film version . Other notable film roles include the gruff Christmas tree vendor in 1945 's A Tree Grows in Brooklyn and Joe the Bartender in 1945 's Nob Hill . Pully died of a heart attack in Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , at age 61 . He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery , Emerson , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monte_Landis', 'summary': 'Monte Landis ( born 20 April 1933 , Glasgow ) is a Scottish-born character actor best known for playing the comic foil in multiple episodes of The Monkees , most notably as Mr . Zero in The Devil and Peter Tork . He began his career in Britain before moving to the United States in 1963 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Selleck', 'summary': "Thomas William Selleck ( /ˈsɛlɪk/ ; born January 29 , 1945 ) is an American actor , film producer , and California Army National Guard veteran . He is most known for starring as private investigator Thomas Magnum in the television series Magnum , P.I . ( 1980-1988 ) , as Peter Mitchell in Three Men and a Baby , and as NYPD Commissioner Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods on CBS since 2010 . Selleck also had a recurring role as Lance White , the likeable and naive partner of Jim Rockford ( played by James Garner ) on The Rockford Files and also played Police Chief Jesse Stone in a series of made-for-TV movies based on Robert B. Parker novels . Selleck has appeared in more than 50 film and television roles since Magnum , P.I. , including Three Men and a Baby , Quigley Down Under , Mr . Baseball , and Lassiter . He appeared as Dr. Richard Burke on Friends and as A.J . Cooper on the TV series Las Vegas . He also had a lead role in the television western movie The Sacketts , based on two of Louis L'Amour 's books ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toni_Basil', 'summary': 'Antonia Christina Basilotta ( born September 22 , 1943 ) , better known by her stage name Toni Basil , is an American singer , actress , choreographer , dancer , and filmmaker , best known for her multi-million-selling worldwide 1981 hit Mickey , which reached No . 1 in several countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_Hedaya', 'summary': "Daniel G. Hedaya ( born July 24 , 1940 ) is an American actor . He established himself as a supporting actor , often playing sleazy villains or wisecracking supporting characters . He has had major supporting roles in films like True Confessions ( 1981 ) , The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension , Tightrope , Blood Simple ( all 1984 ) , Commando ( 1985 ) , Wise Guys ( 1986 ) , Joe Versus the Volcano ( 1990 ) , The Addams Family ( 1991 ) , Rookie of the Year ( 1993 ) , Boiling Point ( 1993 ) , Clueless ( 1995 ) , The First Wives Club , Daylight , Marvin 's Room ( all 1996 ) , Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) , A Civil Action , A Night at the Roxbury ( both 1998 ) , The Hurricane , Dick ( both 1999 ) , Shaft , The Crew ( both 2000 ) , Swimfan ( 2002 ) , Robots , and Strangers with Candy ( both 2005 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Hopper', 'summary': "William DeWolf Hopper Jr. ( January 26 , 1915 - March 6 , 1970 ) was an American stage , film , and television actor . The only child of actor DeWolf Hopper and actress and Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper , he appeared in predominantly minor roles in more than 80 feature films in the 1930s and '40s . After serving in the United States Navy during World War II , he left acting , but in the mid-1950s , he was persuaded by director William Wellman to resume his film career . He became best known for his work as private detective Paul Drake in the CBS television series Perry Mason ."}]}, {'value': 'Baed on the novel of the same name by Gore Vidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myra_Breckenridge', 'summary': "Myra Breckinridge is a 1968 satirical novel by Gore Vidal written in the form of a diary . Described by the critic Dennis Altman as part of a major cultural assault on the assumed norms of gender and sexuality which swept the western world in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the book 's major themes are feminism , transsexuality , American expressions of machismo and patriarchy , and deviant sexual practices , as filtered through an aggressively camp sensibility . The controversial book is also the first instance of a novel in which the main character undergoes a clinical sex-change . Set in Hollywood in the 1960s , the novel also contains candid and irreverent glimpses into the machinations within the film industry . Myra Breckinridge was dismissed by some of the era 's more conservative critics as pornographic at the time of its first publication in February 1968 ; nevertheless , the novel immediately became a worldwide bestseller and has since come to be considered a classic in some circles . It is tempting to argue that Vidal said more to subvert the dominant rules of sex and gender in Myra than is contained in a shelf of queer theory treatises , wrote Dennis Altman . Critic Harold Bloom cites the novel as a canonical work in his book The Western Canon . Vidal called Myra the favorite of his books , and published a sequel , Myron , in 1974 . The novel was adapted into a 1970 film of the same name , which was universally panned . Vidal disowned the film , calling it an awful joke . In his 1995 memoir Palimpsest , Vidal said the voice of Myra may have been inspired by the megalomania of Anaïs Nin 's diaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gore_Vidal', 'summary': "Eugene Luther Gore Vidal ( /vɪˈdɑːl/ ; born Eugene Louis Vidal , October 3 , 1925 - July 31 , 2012 ) was an American writer and public intellectual known for his epigrammatic wit , patrician manner , and polished style of writing . Vidal was born into a political family ; his maternal grandfather , Thomas Pryor Gore , served as United States senator from Oklahoma ( 1907-1921 and 1931-1937 ) . Vidal himself twice sought office - unsuccessfully - as a Democratic Party candidate , first in 1960 to the United States House of Representatives ( for New York ) , and later in 1982 to the U.S. Senate ( for California ) . :439 As a political commentator and essayist , Vidal 's primary focus was the history and society of the United States , especially how a militaristic foreign policy reduced the country to a decadent empire . His political and cultural essays were published in The Nation , the New Statesman , the New York Review of Books , and Esquire magazines . As a public intellectual , Gore Vidal 's topical debates on sex , politics , and religion with other intellectuals and writers occasionally turned into quarrels with the likes of William F. Buckley Jr. and Norman Mailer . Vidal thought all men and women are potentially bisexual . As a novelist , Vidal explored the nature of corruption in public and private life . His polished and erudite style of narration readily evoked the time and place of his stories , and perceptively delineated the psychology of his characters . His third novel , The City and the Pillar ( 1948 ) , offended the literary , political , and moral sensibilities of conservative book reviewers , the plot being about a dispassionately presented male homosexual relationship . In the historical novel genre , Vidal recreated the imperial world of Julian the Apostate ( r. AD 361-63 ) in Julian ( 1964 ) . Julian was the Roman emperor who used religious tolerance to re-establish pagan polytheism to counter the political subversion of Christian monotheism ."}]}, {'value': 'Monique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monique_(film)', 'summary': "Monique is a 1970 drama film directed and written by John Bown . It may be the first British film to tackle the then-taboo subject of 'troilism ' ."}]}, {'value': 'John Bown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "David Sumner , Joan Alcorn , Sibylla Kay , Nicola Bown , Jacob Fitz-Jones , Davilia O'Connor , Carol Hawkins and Howard Rawlinson", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Carol Hawkins ( born 31 January 1949 in Barnet , Hertfordshire ) is an English actress . She played the roles of Sharon Eversleigh in the film of the television series Please Sir ! , Sandra in the BBC TV series Porridge , and starred in two Carry On films ( Carry On Abroad as Marge and Carry On Behind as Sandra ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No desearás al vecino del quinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramón Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramón_Fernández', 'summary': "Ramón S. Fernández ( born October 3 , 1953 ) is a Filipino former basketball player and current commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission . Fernandez won four PBA Most Valuable Player awards and a record 19 PBA conference cups . Fernandez stood at 6 ' 4 barefoot during his prime but due to mild gigantism grew to 6 ' 5 during his final seasons . He scored 18,996 points to finish as the PBA 's all-time scoring leader . He is also the PBA 's all-time leader in rebounds , blocked shots , free throws made , playing minutes and second all-time in assists , games played and steals . He played for five teams in his entire PBA career starting with the Toyota Tamaraws , Manila Beer , Tanduay , Purefoods , and with San Miguel . Fernandez played in many overseas tournaments as a member of the Philippine basketball team . He is often regarded by older analysts as the greatest player to have ever played in the Philippine Basketball Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfredo Landa , Jean Sorel , Princess Ira von Fürstenberg , Isabel Garcés , Margot Cottens , Adrián Ortega , Annabella Incontrera , Guadalupe Muñoz Sampedro , Franco Balducci and Malisa Longo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfredo_Landa', 'summary': 'Alfredo Landa Areta MML ( 3 March 1933 - 9 May 2013 ) was a Spanish actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Sorel', 'summary': 'Jean Sorel ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ sɔʁɛl ] ; born 25 September 1934 ) is a French actor . Born Jean Bernard de Chieusses de Combaud de Roquebrune , he worked extensively in European cinema during the 1960s and 1970s with directors such as Luis Buñuel and Luchino Visconti . However , since 1980 he has worked mostly in television . He was married to Italian actress Anna Maria Ferrero from 1962 until her death in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Princess_Ira_von_Fürstenberg', 'summary': 'Princess Virginia von Fürstenberg ( Virginia Carolina Theresa Pancrazia Galdina Prinzessin zu Fürstenberg ; born 18 April 1940 ) , known professionally as Ira von Fürstenberg , is a European socialite , actress , jewelry designer and former public relations manager for the fashion designer Valentino Garavani . She is a member by birth of the princely family of Fürstenberg and a former member by marriage of the princely family of Hohenlohe-Langenburg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabel_Garcés', 'summary': 'Isabel Garcés Cerezal ( 1901-1981 ) was a Spanish stage and film actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margot_Cottens', 'summary': 'Margot Noemí Cottens Costa ( January 9 , 1922 - January 2 , 1999 ) was an Uruguayan actress who made most of her career in Spain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Annabella_Incontrera', 'summary': 'Annabella Incontrera ( 11 June 1943 - 19 September 2004 ) , sometimes credited as Pam Stevenson , was an Italian film and television actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe_Muñoz_Sampedro', 'summary': 'Guadalupe Muñoz Sampedro ( 1896-1975 ) was a Spanish film actress . She was the mother of the actress Luchy Soto . Her sisters Matilde Muñoz Sampedro and Mercedes Muñoz Sampedro were also both actors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franco_Balducci', 'summary': 'Franco Balducci ( 23 November 1922 - 7 June 2001 ) was an Italian film actor . He appeared in 75 films between 1947 and 1978 . He was born in Umbria , Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malisa_Longo', 'summary': 'Malisa Longo ( born 13 July 1950 ) is an Italian actress , model and writer .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Sherlock_Holmes', 'summary': 'The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes is a 1970 DeLuxe Color film in Panavision written and produced by Billy Wilder and I . A. L. Diamond , and directed by Wilder . The film offers an affectionate , slightly parodic look at Sherlock Holmes , and draws a distinction between the real Holmes and the character portrayed by Watson in his stories for The Strand magazine . It stars Robert Stephens as Holmes and Colin Blakely as Doctor Watson . Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss , the creators and writers of the BAFTA and Emmy Award-winning series Sherlock , credited The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes as a source of inspiration for their show . Michael Hardwick and Mollie Hardwick authored a novelization of the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy Wilder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Wilder', 'summary': "Billy Wilder ( /ˈwaɪldər/ ; German : [ ˈvɪldɐ ] ; born Samuel Wilder , June 22 , 1906 - March 27 , 2002 ) was an Austrian-born American film director and screenwriter whose career spanned more than five decades . He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of the Hollywood Golden Age of cinema . With The Apartment , Wilder became the first person to win Academy Awards as producer , director , and screenwriter for the same film . Wilder became a screenwriter in the late 1920s while living in Berlin . After the rise of the Nazi Party , he left for Paris , where he made his directorial debut . He moved to Hollywood in 1933 , and in 1939 he had a hit when he co-wrote the screenplay for the romantic comedy Ninotchka , starring Greta Garbo . Wilder established his directorial reputation with an adaption of James M. Cain 's Double Indemnity ( 1944 ) , a film noir . Wilder co-wrote the screenplay with crime novelist Raymond Chandler . Wilder earned the Best Director and Best Screenplay Academy Awards for the adaptation of a Charles R. Jackson story The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) , about alcoholism . In 1950 , Wilder co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed Sunset Boulevard , as well as Stalag 17 in 1953 . From the mid-1950s on , Wilder made mostly comedies . Among the classics Wilder created in this period are the farces The Seven Year Itch ( 1955 ) and Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) , and satires such as The Apartment ( 1960 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventure , comedy , crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Stephens , Colin Blakely , Geneviève Page , Christopher Lee , Irene Handl , Clive Revill , Tamara Toumanova , Stanley Holloway , Mollie Maureen , Catherine Lacey , James Copeland , Jenny Hanley and Alex McCrindle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Stephens', 'summary': "Sir Robert Graham Stephens ( 14 July 1931 - 12 November 1995 ) was a leading English actor in the early years of Britain 's Royal National Theatre . He was one of the most respected actors of his generation and was at one time regarded as the natural successor to Laurence Olivier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colin_Blakely', 'summary': 'Colin George Blakely ( 23 September 1930 - 7 May 1987 ) was a Northern Irish actor . He is perhaps known for his roles in the films A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) , The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) , Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) , and Equus ( 1977 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Page', 'summary': 'Geneviève Page ( born Geneviève Bonjean , 13 December 1927 , in Paris ) is a French actress with a film career spanning fifty years . She is the daughter of French art collector Jacques Paul Bonjean ( 1899-1990 ) . She is perhaps best known to English speaking audiences as Countess Marish Larisch von Moennich in the 1968 film Mayerling co-starring with Ava Gardner and James Mason .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Lee', 'summary': "Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee , CBE , CStJ ( 27 May 1922 - 7 June 2015 ) was an English actor , singer and author . With a career spanning nearly 70 years , Lee was well known for portraying villains and became best known for his role as Count Dracula in a sequence of Hammer Horror films , a typecasting he always lamented . His other film roles include Francisco Scaramanga in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) , Count Dooku in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 2002 and 2005 ) , and Saruman in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy ( 2001-2003 ) and the Hobbit film trilogy ( 2012-2014 ) . Lee was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009 , received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011 , and received the BFI Fellowship in 2013 . Lee considered his best performance to be that of Pakistan 's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic Jinnah ( 1998 ) , and his best film to be the British cult film The Wicker Man ( 1973 ) . He frequently appeared opposite his friend Peter Cushing in many horror films , and late in his career had roles in six Tim Burton films . Prior to his acting career , Lee served in the Royal Air Force , where he was attached to the No . 260 Squadron RAF as an intelligence officer and later the Special Operations Executive . Following his World War II service he retired from the RAF in 1946 with the rank of flight lieutenant . Always noted as an actor for his deep , strong voice , Lee was also known for his singing ability , recording various opera and musical pieces between 1986 and 1998 , and the symphonic metal album Charlemagne : By the Sword and the Cross in 2010 , after having worked with several metal bands since 2005 . The heavy metal follow-up Charlemagne : The Omens of Death was released on 27 May 2013 , Lee 's 91st birthday . He was honoured with the Spirit of Metal award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irene_Handl', 'summary': 'Irene Handl ( 27 December 1901 - 29 November 1987 ) was a British character actress who appeared in over a hundred British films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clive_Revill', 'summary': 'Clive Selsby Revill ( born 18 April 1930 ) is a New Zealand singer , character actor , and voice artist best known for his performances in musical theatre and on the London stage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Toumanova', 'summary': "Tamara Toumanova ( Russian : Тамара Туманова Georgian : თამარა თუმანოვა , Armenian : Թամար Թումանեան ; 2 March 1919 - 29 May 1996 ) was a Russian-American prima ballerina and actress . A child of exiles in Paris after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , she made her debut at the age of 10 at the children 's ballet of the Paris Opera . She became known internationally as one of the Baby Ballerinas of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo , after being discovered by her fellow émigré , balletmaster and choreographer George Balanchine . She was featured in numerous ballets in Europe . Balanchine also featured her in his productions at Ballet Theatre , New York , making her the star of his performances in the United States . While most of Toumanova 's career was dedicated to ballet , she appeared as a ballet dancer in several films , beginning in 1944 . She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1943 in Los Angeles , California ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Holloway', 'summary': 'Stanley Augustus Holloway , OBE ( 1 October 1890 - 30 January 1982 ) was an English stage and film actor , humourist , singer , poet and monologist . He was famous for his comic and character roles on stage and screen , especially that of Alfred P. Doolittle in My Fair Lady . He was also renowned for his comic monologues and songs , which he performed and recorded throughout most of his 70-year career . Born in London , Holloway pursued a career as a clerk in his teen years . He made early stage appearances before infantry service in the First World War , after which he had his first major theatre success starring in Kissing Time when the musical transferred to the West End from Broadway . In 1921 , he joined a concert party , The Co-Optimists , and his career began to flourish . At first , he was employed chiefly as a singer , but his skills as an actor and reciter of comic monologues were soon recognised . Characters from his monologues such as Sam Small , invented by Holloway , and Albert Ramsbottom , created for him by Marriott Edgar , were absorbed into popular British culture , and Holloway developed a following for the recordings of his many monologues . By the 1930s , he was in demand to star in variety , pantomime and musical comedy , including several revues . Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Holloway made short propaganda films on behalf of the British Film Institute and Pathé News and took character parts in a series of war films including Major Barbara , The Way Ahead , This Happy Breed and The Way to the Stars . After the war , he appeared in the film Brief Encounter and made a series of films for Ealing Studios , including Passport to Pimlico , The Lavender Hill Mob and The Titfield Thunderbolt . In 1956 he was cast as the irresponsible and irrepressible Alfred P. Doolittle in My Fair Lady , a role that he played on Broadway , the West End and in the film version in 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mollie_Maureen', 'summary': 'Mollie Maureen ( 16 August 1904 - 26 January 1987 ) was an Irish actress who worked mainly in Britain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Lacey', 'summary': 'Catherine Lacey ( 6 May 1904 - 23 September 1979 ) was an English actress of stage and screen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Copeland_(actor)', 'summary': "James Copeland ( 1 May 1918 , Helensburgh - 17 April 2002 , London ) was a Scottish actor . His film career included Mackay in The Seekers ( 1954 ) , the ship 's mate in The Maggie ( 1954 ) , Rockets Galore ! ( 1958 ) , a police constable ( at a road block ) in The 39 Steps ( 1959 ) , Farewell Performance ( 1963 ) , Torture Garden ( 1967 ) , and the guide in The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) . He also appeared on TV as the Gond leader Selris in the Doctor Who story The Krotons , Captain Ogilvie in Operation Kilt , an early episode of Dad 's Army , and the Scottish customer in Camping In , an episode of Are You Being Served ? . He later played Jamie Stewart in Take the High Road from 1982 to 1987 . He produced a collection of poetry entitled Some Work ( Bramma , 1972 ) which included the much anthologised poem 'Black Friday ' . He had a son James Cosmo who is also an actor , and a daughter Laura ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenny_Hanley', 'summary': "Jenny Hanley ( born 15 August 1947 in Gerrards Cross , Buckinghamshire ) is an English actress . She remains best known for being one of the presenters of the ITV children 's magazine programme Magpie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_McCrindle', 'summary': 'Alex McCrindle ( 3 August 1911 - 20 April 1990 ) was a Scottish actor . He was best known for his role as General Jan Dodonna in Star Wars .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something for Everyone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_for_Everyone', 'summary': 'Something for Everyone is a 1970 American black comedy film starring Angela Lansbury , Michael York , Anthony Higgins , and Jane Carr . The film was based on the novel The Cook by Harry Kressing , with a screenplay by Hugh Wheeler . The plot to the film is quite different from the novel . Directed by Harold Prince ( in his feature directorial debut ) for Cinema Center Films , the film began shooting on 30 June 1969 and was originally released by National General Pictures in July 1970 . Lansbury was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . In the UK , the film was retitled Black Flowers for the Bride ( subtitle : A Comedy of Evil ) and released in May 1971 . In 1986 and 1990 , a VHS of the film was issued followed by DVD and Blu-ray on 6 December 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Harold Prince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Prince', 'summary': "Harold Smith Prince ( born Harold Smith ; January 30 , 1928 - July 31 , 2019 ) , commonly known as Hal Prince , was an American theatrical producer and director associated with many of the best-known Broadway musical productions of the 20th century . Over the span of his career , he garnered 21 Tony Awards , more than any other individual , including eight for directing , eight for producing the year 's Best Musical , two as Best Producer of a Musical , and three special awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Lansbury , Michael York , Anthony Higgins , Jane Carr , Heidelinde Weis , Wolfried Lier , Despo Diamantidou , John Gill , Eva Maria Meineke , Klaus Havenstein and Walter Janssen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Lansbury', 'summary': "Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury DBE ( born 16 October 1925 ) is a British-American-Irish actress who has appeared in theatre , television , and film roles . Her career has spanned almost eight decades , much of it in the United States . Her work received international attention . Lansbury was born to Irish actress Moyna Macgill and English politician Edgar Lansbury , an upper-middle-class family in Regent 's Park , central London . To escape the Blitz , in 1940 she moved to the United States with her mother and two brothers , and studied acting in New York City . Proceeding to Hollywood in 1942 , she signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and obtained her first film roles , in Gaslight ( 1944 ) and The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) , earning her two Oscar nominations and a Golden Globe Award . She appeared in eleven further films for MGM , mostly in supporting roles , and after her contract ended in 1952 she began supplementing her cinematic work with theatrical appearances . Although largely seen as a B-list star during this period , her appearance in the film The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) received widespread acclaim and is cited as being one of her finest performances . Moving into musical theatre , Lansbury finally gained stardom for playing the leading role in the Broadway musical Mame ( 1966 ) , which earned her a range of awards . Amid difficulties in her personal life , Lansbury moved from California to County Cork , Ireland in 1970 , and continued with her theatrical and cinematic appearances throughout the decade . These included leading roles in the stage musicals Gypsy , Sweeney Todd , and The King and I , Back in the U.S. , moving into television , she achieved worldwide fame as fictional writer and sleuth Jessica Fletcher in the American whodunit series Murder , She Wrote , which ran for twelve seasons from 1984 until 1996 , becoming one of the longest-running detective drama series in television history . Through Corymore Productions , a company that she co-owned with her husband Peter Shaw , Lansbury assumed ownership of the series and was its executive producer for the final four seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_York_(actor)', 'summary': "Michael York , OBE ( born Michael Hugh Johnson ; 27 March 1942 ) is an English actor and voice actor . A two-time Emmy Award nominee , for the ABC Afterschool Special : Are You My Mother ? ( 1986 ) and the AMC series The Lot ( 2001 ) , he has appeared in more than 70 films , including Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) , Cabaret ( 1972 ) , The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) , and the Austin Powers film series ( 1997-2002 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Higgins_(actor)', 'summary': 'Anthony Higgins ( born 9 May 1947 ) is an English stage , film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jane_Carr', 'summary': "Ellen Jane Carr ( born 13 August 1950 ) is an English actress . She is well known for the voice role of Pud ' n on the animated The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ( US , 2001-2007 ) . She also played a character called Pudding in the Jilly Cooper-penned BBC sitcom It 's Awfully Bad For Your Eyes , Darling ( UK , 1971 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heidelinde_Weis', 'summary': 'Heidelinde Weis ( born 17 September 1940 in Villach , Carinthia ) is an Austrian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Despo_Diamantidou', 'summary': 'Despoina Despo Diamantidou ( Greek : Δέσπω Διαμαντίδου ; 13 July 1916 - 18 February 2004 ) was a Greek actress . She appeared in more than seventy films from 1949 to 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Maria_Meineke', 'summary': 'Eva Maria Meineke ( 8 October 1923 - 7 May 2018 ) was a German actress . She appeared in more than one hundred films from 1942 to 2008 , including Yesterday Girl and Something for Everyone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Havenstein', 'summary': 'Klaus Havenstein ( 7 April 1922 in Wittenberge , Germany - 19 March 1998 in Munich ) , was a German actor , cabaret artist , dubbing artist and television presenter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Janssen', 'summary': 'Walter Janssen ( 7 February 1887 - 1 January 1976 ) was a German film actor and director . He appeared in more than 160 films between 1917 and 1970 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tell_Me_That_You_Love_Me,_Junie_Moon', 'summary': 'Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon is a 1970 American comedy-drama film directed and produced by Otto Preminger . The film is based on the novel of the same name by Marjorie Kellogg .'}]}, {'value': 'Otto Preminger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Preminger', 'summary': 'Otto Ludwig Preminger ( /ˈprɛmɪndʒər/ , German pronunciation : [ ˈpreːmiŋɐ ] ; 5 December 1905 - 23 April 1986 ) was an American theatre and film director , originally from Austria-Hungary . He directed more than 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the theatre . He first gained attention for film noir mysteries such as Laura ( 1944 ) and Fallen Angel ( 1945 ) , while in the 1950s and 1960s , he directed a number of high-profile adaptations of popular novels and stage works . Several of these later films pushed the boundaries of censorship by dealing with topics which were then taboo in Hollywood , such as drug addiction ( The Man with the Golden Arm , 1955 ) , rape ( Anatomy of a Murder , 1959 ) and homosexuality ( Advise & Consent , 1962 ) . He was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director . He also had a few acting roles .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liza Minnelli , Ken Howard , Robert Moore , James Coco , Kay Thompson , Fred Williamson , Ben Piazza , Emily Yancy , Leonard Frey , Clarice Taylor , James Beard , Julie Bovasso , Gina Collens , Barbara Logan and Nancy Marchand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liza_Minnelli', 'summary': "Liza May Minnelli ( born March 12 , 1946 ) is an American actress and singer . Best known for her Academy Award-winning performance in Cabaret ( 1972 ) , she is famous for her energetic stage presence and her powerful mezzo-soprano singing voice . She is the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli . Seeking theatrical work , Minnelli moved to New York City in 1961 , where she began her career as a musical theatre actress , nightclub performer and traditional pop music artist . She made her professional stage debut in the 1963 Off-Broadway revival of Best Foot Forward and won a Tony Award for starring in Flora the Red Menace in 1965 , which marked the start of her lifelong collaboration with John Kander and Fred Ebb . They wrote , produced or directed many of Minnelli 's future stage acts and TV shows and helped create her stage persona of a stylized survivor , including her career-defining performances of anthems of survival ( New York , New York , Cabaret and Maybe This Time ) . Along with her roles on stage and screen , this persona and her style of performance added to Minnelli 's status as an enduring gay icon . Critically lauded for her early non-musical screen performances - especially The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress - Minnelli rose to international stardom , starring in Cabaret and the Emmy Award-winning TV special Liza with a Z ( 1972 ) . Most of her following films - including Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , New York , New York ( 1977 ) , Rent-a-Cop ( 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) - were panned by the critics and bombed at the box office , and she had no more major movie hits except Arthur ( 1981 ) . She returned to Broadway on a number of occasions , including The Act ( 1977 ) , The Rink ( 1984 ) and Liza 's at The Palace . ( 2008 ) , worked on various television formats and has predominantly focused on music hall and nightclub performances since the late 1970s . Her concert performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987 , and at Radio City Music Hall in 1991 and 1992 are recognized among her most successful ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ken_Howard', 'summary': "Kenneth Joseph Howard Jr. ( March 28 , 1944 - March 23 , 2016 ) was an American actor , best known for his roles as Thomas Jefferson in 1776 and as basketball coach and former Chicago Bulls player Ken Reeves in the television show The White Shadow ( 1978-1981 ) . Howard won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play in 1970 for his performance in Child 's Play , and later won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his work in Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) . Howard was elected president of the actors ' union , Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) , in September 2009 and reelected to a second term , in September 2011 . He was the last president of the Screen Actors Guild and the first president of the newly formed union , SAG-AFTRA , after the Screen Actors Guild and another union , the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( AFTRA ) , voted to merge in 2012 . He was reelected in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Moore_(director)', 'summary': 'Robert Moore ( February 1 , 1927 - May 10 , 1984 ) was an American stage , film and television director and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Coco', 'summary': 'James Emil Coco ( March 21 , 1930 - February 25 , 1987 ) was an American stage and screen actor . He was the recipient of a Primetime Emmy Award , a Drama Desk Award and three Obie Awards , as well as nominations for a Tony Award , an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards . Coco is perhaps best known for his supporting roles in the films Man of La Mancha ( 1972 ) and Only When I Laugh ( 1981 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kay_Thompson', 'summary': "Kay Thompson ( born Catherine Louise Fink ; November 9 , 1909 - July 2 , 1998 ) was an American author , singer , vocal arranger , vocal coach , composer , musician , dancer and actress . She is best known as the creator of the Eloise children 's books and for her role in the movie Funny Face ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Williamson', 'summary': 'Frederick Robert Williamson ( born March 5 , 1938 ) , also known as The Hammer , is an American actor and former professional American football defensive back who played mainly in the American Football League during the 1960s . Williamson is perhaps best known for his film career , starring as Tommy Gibbs in the 1973 crime drama film Black Caesar and its sequel Hell Up in Harlem . Williamson also had other notable roles in other 1970s blaxploitation films such as Hammer ( 1972 ) , That Man Bolt ( 1973 ) and Three the Hard Way ( 1974 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Piazza', 'summary': 'Ben Piazza ( July 30 , 1933 - September 7 , 1991 ) was an American actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Frey', 'summary': 'Leonard Frey ( September 4 , 1938 - August 24 , 1988 ) was an American actor . He is best remembered for his performance in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Frey made his stage debut in an Off-Broadway production of Little Mary Sunshine and received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination for The National Health .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clarice_Taylor', 'summary': 'Clarice Taylor ( September 20 , 1917 - May 30 , 2011 ) was an American stage , film and television actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Bovasso', 'summary': 'Julia Anne Bovasso ( August 1 , 1930 - September 14 , 1991 ) was an American actress of stage , screen , and television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Marchand', 'summary': 'Nancy Lou Marchand ( June 19 , 1928 - June 18 , 2000 ) was an American actress . She began her career in theatre in 1951 . She was perhaps most famous for her television portrayals of Margaret Pynchon on Lou Grant and Livia Soprano on The Sopranos .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Marjorie Kellogg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marjorie_Kellogg', 'summary': "Marjorie Kellogg ( July 17 , 1922 - December 19 , 2005 ) was an American author born in Santa Barbara , California . Kellogg attended the University of California , Berkeley where she later dropped out and left for San Francisco to pursue a career in writing . In San Francisco , she worked at the San Francisco Chronicle as a copy editor . She later received a job with Salute Magazine , where she was sent to write about the aftermath of World War II in France and Spain . When she returned to the United States , Kellogg earned a master 's degree in social work at Smith College . She relocated to New York City , where she worked in various agencies as a social worker , which she credited as her inspiration for the characters in her books , plays and films . In 1968 , Kellogg published Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon , her first novel and most famous work , and two years later , she wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation . The movie was directed by Otto Preminger and starred Liza Minnelli . She later wrote a screenplay adaptation of Sylvia Plath 's novel The Bell Jar . Her second novel was Like the Lion 's Tooth , which was about three emotionally distraught children . Carl Williams directed The Oldest Trick in the World , which was Kellogg 's first work as a playwright . She later followed with The Smile of the Cardboard Man and After You 've Gone , both of which starred Sylvia Short , who became her lover ."}]}, {'value': 'Trash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trash_(1970_film)', 'summary': "Trash ( alternate title : Andy Warhol 's Trash ) is a 1970 American drama film directed and written by Paul Morrissey and starring Joe Dallesandro , Holly Woodlawn and Jane Forth . Dallesandro had previously starred in several other Andy Warhol/Paul Morrissey films such as The Loves of Ondine , Lonesome Cowboys , San Diego Surf , and Flesh . Dallesandro was Morrissey 's preferred leading man . Woodlawn made her screen debut in this film ; director George Cukor famously instigated a write-in campaign to have her nominated for an Academy Award , but this did n't materialize . Jane Forth , a 17-year-old model , also makes her debut in this film . She would shortly afterwards appear on the cover of Look magazine . The film also features other Warhol superstars such as Andrea Feldman and Geri Miller . Sissy Spacek also made a quick uncredited appearance as ' a girl who sits at the bar ' but was cut from the final film . The film features graphic scenes of intravenous drug use , sex , and frontal nudity ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Morrissey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Morrissey', 'summary': 'Paul Morrissey ( born February 23 , 1938 ) is an American film director , best known for his association with Andy Warhol . He was also director of the first film in which a transgender actress , Holly Woodlawn , starred as a cisgender woman and girlfriend of the main character played by Joe Dallesandro in Trash ( 1970 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Dallesandro , Holly Woodlawn , Jane Forth , Michael Sklar , Geri Miller , Andrea Feldman , Johnny Putnam , Bruce Pecheur and Diane Podlewski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Dallesandro', 'summary': "Joseph Angelo D'Allesandro III ( born December 31 , 1948 ) is an American actor and Warhol superstar . Having also crossed over into mainstream roles like mobster Lucky Luciano in The Cotton Club , Dallesandro is generally considered to be the most famous male sex symbol of American underground films of the 20th century , as well as a sex symbol of gay subculture . Dallesandro starred in the 1968 film produced by Andy Warhol , Flesh , as a teenage street hustler . Rolling Stone in 1970 declared his second starring vehicle , Trash , the Best Film of the Year , making him a star of the youth culture , sexual revolution and subcultural New York City art collective of the 1970s . Dallesandro also starred in 1972 's Heat , another Warhol film that was conceived as a parody of Sunset Boulevard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn', 'summary': "Holly Woodlawn ( October 26 , 1946 - December 6 , 2015 ) was a transgender Puerto Rican actress and Warhol superstar who appeared in the movies Trash ( 1970 ) and Women in Revolt ( 1971 ) . She is best known as the Holly in Lou Reed 's hit pop song Walk on the Wild Side ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jane_Forth', 'summary': 'Jane Forth ( born 1953 ) is an American actress and model , best known for having been one of the Warhol superstars , and starring in films such as Trash .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Sklar', 'summary': 'Michael Joel Sklar ( July 12 , 1944 - March 5 , 1984 ) was an American actor , writer and fashion retailer . Sklar died of lymphoma at the New York University Medical Center on March 5 , 1984 , and was survived by his mother , Bertha Sklar , a sister , Carol Wueste , and a brother , Norman Sklar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Feldman', 'summary': 'Andrea Feldman ( April 1 , 1948 - August 8 , 1972 ) was an American actress and Warhol Superstar . She committed suicide in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valerie and Her Week of Wonders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_and_Her_Week_of_Wonders_(film)', 'summary': 'Valerie and Her Week of Wonders ( Czech : Valerie a týden divů ) is a 1970 Czechoslovak surrealist horror film directed by Jaromil Jireš and based on the 1935 novel of the same name by Vítězslav Nezval . It is considered part of the Czechoslovak New Wave movement . The film portrays the heroine as living in a disorienting dream , cajoled by priests , vampires , and men and women alike . The film blends elements of the fantasy and horror film genres .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaromil Jireš', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaromil_Jireš', 'summary': "Jaromil Jireš ( 10 December 1935 - 24 October 2001 ) was a director associated with the Czechoslovak New Wave movement . His 1963 film The Cry was entered into the 1964 Cannes Film Festival . It is often described as the first film of the Czechoslovak New Wave , a movement known for its dark humor , use of non-professional actors , and art-cinema realism . Another of Jireš 's prominent works is The Joke ( 1969 ) , adapted from a novel by Milan Kundera . It tells the story of Ludvik Jahn , a man expelled from the Czechoslovakian Communist Party for an idle joke to his girlfriend , and the revenge he later seeks through adultery . The film was produced during the political liberalization of the 1968 Prague Spring and contains many scenes which satirize and criticize the country 's communist leadership . Released after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia , the film had initial success in theaters but was then banned by authorities for the next twenty years . Amos Vogel wrote that the film was possibly the most shattering indictment of totalitarianism to come out of a Communist country . Valerie and Her Week of Wonders ( 1970 ) , set in the early 19th century , was based on a novel by Vítězslav Nezval . It is a film in a Gothic style concerning the onset of menstruation and the sexual awakening of a thirteen-year-old girl . His 1979 film The Young Man and Moby Dick was entered into the 11th Moscow International Film Festival . Following the Soviet takeover of Czechoslovakia , Jireš continued to work in the country , making less controversial material ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaroslava Schallerová , Helena Anýzová , Petr Kopriva , Jirí Prýmek , Jan Klusák , Libuse Komancová , Karel Engel , Alena Stojáková and Otto Hradecký', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaroslava_Schallerová', 'summary': 'Jaroslava Schallerová Czech pronunciation ( help·info ) ( born 25 April 1956 ) ( sometimes credited as Jarka Shallerová ) was a popular Czech film star during the 1970s . Her film debut was at the age of 13 in the Czech New Wave classic Valerie and Her Week of Wonders . Her film career spanned the 1970s and continued intermittently into the 1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jan_Klusák', 'summary': 'Klusák was born to a Czech Jewish family , who owned a farm in Prosek , Prague . After he graduated from the gymnasium , he pursued his studies at the Prague Music Academy as a pupil of Jaroslav Řídký and Pavel Bořkovec ( in 1953-57 ) . Later he concentrated solely on composing . He has never worked directly with music groups or schools , although his style was temporarily influenced by the music of Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky , and later by the Second Viennese School , especially by Alban Berg and Serialism . Since 1959 he cooperated closely with Czech conductor Libor Pešek and with Chamber Philharmony . However , after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 , Klusák was condemned as a politically undesirable person ( he composed music for prohibited films ) . During the normalization Klusák was engaged in the Jára Cimrman Theatre , but he was forced to leave in 1975 . In the 1980s Klusák focused more on vocal compositions . He began to compose song cycles , cantatas , and wrote an opera . Following the Velvet Revolution in 1989 , he began to participate in public life again , and worked as a member and director of various cultural institutions in the Czech republic . He was awarded a Classic 1995 Award for his compositions and for his String Quartet No . 5 in particular .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karel_Engel', 'summary': 'Karel Engel ( 28 May 1940 - 30 December 2018 ) was a Czech wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Vítězslav Nezval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_and_Her_Week_of_Wonders', 'summary': "Valerie and Her Week of Wonders ( Czech : Valerie a týden divů ) is a novel by surrealist Czech writer Vítězslav Nezval , written in 1935 and first published ten years afterward in 1945 . The avant-garde experimental novel was written before Nezval 's dramatic shift to Socialist Realism . It was made into a 1970 Czech film directed by Jaromil Jireš , an example of Czech New Wave cinema . With this novel , Nezval explored the gothic themes and settings of such novels as Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1818 ) and M. G. Lewis ' The Monk ( 1796 ) , as well as F. W. Murnau 's film Nosferatu ( 1922 ; based on 1897 novel Dracula by Bram Stoker ) . The 2005 English edition features the illustrations by Kamil Lhoták that appeared in the original edition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vítězslav_Nezval', 'summary': 'Vítězslav Nezval ( Czech : [ ˈviːcɛslaf ˈnɛzval ] ; 26 May 1900 - 6 April 1958 ) was one of the most prolific avant-garde Czech writers in the first half of the twentieth century and a co-founder of the Surrealist movement in Czechoslovakia .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1970_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1970. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}
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In what city is the movie directed by Rosa von Praunheim set ?
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Berlin
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03f04e6c07d13840
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Daytime_Drama', 'title': 'Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama', 'header': ['Year', 'Recipients', 'Program', 'Role', 'Network'], 'data': [{'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deidre Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deidre_Hall', 'summary': "Deidre Ann Hall /diːdrə hɔːl/ ( born October 31 , 1947 ) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives , whom she has played for over 40 years . Hall has won many awards for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans , including two Best Actress Soapy Awards in 1982 and 1983 . Hall has won three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1984 , 1985 , and 1995 . Hall was the first recipient of the Outstanding Contribution by an Actress/Actor Award in 1986 ; in addition to receiving a shared award with Drake Hogestyn in 2005 for Favorite Couple : John and Marlena . Hall has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy three times ."}]}, {'value': 'Days of Our Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives', 'summary': "Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on NBC . It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . [ dead link ] A co-production of Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television , the series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . During Days of Our Lives ' early years , Irna Phillips ( creator of former NBC stablemate Another World as well as its former CBS rivals , As the World Turns and Guiding Light ) served as a story editor for the program and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J . Bell ( who would depart the series in 1975 to focus full-time on The Young and the Restless , which he created for CBS in 1973 ) . The series primarily focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family , remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 , although her last formal appearance occurred in December 2007 . Suzanne Rogers is the longest-serving member of the program 's current cast and the longest-serving current cast member of an ongoing American soap opera , having appeared on the show since August 1973 . ( Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 . ) Susan Seaforth Hayes - the second longest-serving actor currently on the program - is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all six decades it has been on the air , having made her first appearance in December 1968 as a recast of original character Julie Olson . Due to the series ' success , Days was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marlena Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlena_Evans', 'summary': "Marlena Evans is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama , Days of Our Lives , a long-running serial about working life in the fictional town of Salem . She has been played by actress Deidre Hall since 1976 , but the character was absent from the show from 1987 to March 1991 and again from January 2009 to September 2011 . Marlena was created by scriptwriter Pat Falken Smith and executive producer Betty Corday , and has become one of Days of our Lives ' most well-known characters . Hall made her debut on the soap on June 21 , 1976 , currently making her the second longest running actress on the serial , surpassed only by Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie ) . Throughout the course of her existence on the program , she has experienced what some consider to be the most outrageous circumstances of any character in soap opera history . These would include possession by the devil ; a plummet from a 30-story-window ( which she survived ) ; being used as a surrogate for genetically engineered babies , Rex and Cassie , during a four-year coma , where she was presumed dead after being involved in a plane crash ; being mind-controlled to believe she was a serial killer ; and becoming pregnant late in life and suffering a miscarriage , which caused her to have hysterical amnesia . She has also been kidnapped numerous times over the past 30 years . She is a doctor , wife , mother , twin , grandmother and great-grandmother . Marlena is a staple in the US press during her time on Days of Our Lives , a representative of the symbiosis between American 's soaps and tabloid soap magazines . Widely read tabloids , such as Soap Opera Digest and Soap Opera Weekly , would routinely publish forthcoming developments in Marlena 's storylines . Marlena was well received by critics , and is notable for her popular pairing with John Black . The character is well-known even outside of the show 's viewer-base ."}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deidre Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deidre_Hall', 'summary': "Deidre Ann Hall /diːdrə hɔːl/ ( born October 31 , 1947 ) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives , whom she has played for over 40 years . Hall has won many awards for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans , including two Best Actress Soapy Awards in 1982 and 1983 . Hall has won three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1984 , 1985 , and 1995 . Hall was the first recipient of the Outstanding Contribution by an Actress/Actor Award in 1986 ; in addition to receiving a shared award with Drake Hogestyn in 2005 for Favorite Couple : John and Marlena . Hall has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy three times ."}]}, {'value': 'Days of Our Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives', 'summary': "Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on NBC . It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . [ dead link ] A co-production of Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television , the series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . During Days of Our Lives ' early years , Irna Phillips ( creator of former NBC stablemate Another World as well as its former CBS rivals , As the World Turns and Guiding Light ) served as a story editor for the program and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J . Bell ( who would depart the series in 1975 to focus full-time on The Young and the Restless , which he created for CBS in 1973 ) . The series primarily focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family , remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 , although her last formal appearance occurred in December 2007 . Suzanne Rogers is the longest-serving member of the program 's current cast and the longest-serving current cast member of an ongoing American soap opera , having appeared on the show since August 1973 . ( Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 . ) Susan Seaforth Hayes - the second longest-serving actor currently on the program - is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all six decades it has been on the air , having made her first appearance in December 1968 as a recast of original character Julie Olson . Due to the series ' success , Days was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marlena Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlena_Evans', 'summary': "Marlena Evans is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama , Days of Our Lives , a long-running serial about working life in the fictional town of Salem . She has been played by actress Deidre Hall since 1976 , but the character was absent from the show from 1987 to March 1991 and again from January 2009 to September 2011 . Marlena was created by scriptwriter Pat Falken Smith and executive producer Betty Corday , and has become one of Days of our Lives ' most well-known characters . Hall made her debut on the soap on June 21 , 1976 , currently making her the second longest running actress on the serial , surpassed only by Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie ) . Throughout the course of her existence on the program , she has experienced what some consider to be the most outrageous circumstances of any character in soap opera history . These would include possession by the devil ; a plummet from a 30-story-window ( which she survived ) ; being used as a surrogate for genetically engineered babies , Rex and Cassie , during a four-year coma , where she was presumed dead after being involved in a plane crash ; being mind-controlled to believe she was a serial killer ; and becoming pregnant late in life and suffering a miscarriage , which caused her to have hysterical amnesia . She has also been kidnapped numerous times over the past 30 years . She is a doctor , wife , mother , twin , grandmother and great-grandmother . Marlena is a staple in the US press during her time on Days of Our Lives , a representative of the symbiosis between American 's soaps and tabloid soap magazines . Widely read tabloids , such as Soap Opera Digest and Soap Opera Weekly , would routinely publish forthcoming developments in Marlena 's storylines . Marlena was well received by critics , and is notable for her popular pairing with John Black . The character is well-known even outside of the show 's viewer-base ."}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patsy Pease', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patsy_Pease', 'summary': 'Patricia Ann Patsy Pease ( born July 5 , 1956 ) is an American actress . She is most known for her role as Kimberly Brady on the soap opera Days of Our Lives .'}]}, {'value': 'Days of Our Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives', 'summary': "Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on NBC . It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . [ dead link ] A co-production of Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television , the series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . During Days of Our Lives ' early years , Irna Phillips ( creator of former NBC stablemate Another World as well as its former CBS rivals , As the World Turns and Guiding Light ) served as a story editor for the program and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J . Bell ( who would depart the series in 1975 to focus full-time on The Young and the Restless , which he created for CBS in 1973 ) . The series primarily focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family , remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 , although her last formal appearance occurred in December 2007 . Suzanne Rogers is the longest-serving member of the program 's current cast and the longest-serving current cast member of an ongoing American soap opera , having appeared on the show since August 1973 . ( Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 . ) Susan Seaforth Hayes - the second longest-serving actor currently on the program - is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all six decades it has been on the air , having made her first appearance in December 1968 as a recast of original character Julie Olson . Due to the series ' success , Days was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberly Brady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimberly_Brady', 'summary': 'Kimberly Brady is a fictional character on the television soap opera , Days of Our Lives . Originated by Patsy Pease in 1984 , she is most recognizable for the role . Her initial run lasted until 1990 and again from 1991 to 1992 , with Anne Marie Howard portraying Kim in the interim . Ariana Chase played the role for a year as of 1992 . Pease continues to make appearances , as recently as 2016 . Casey Wallace played Kimberly in flashback sequences .'}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Zimmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Zimmer', 'summary': 'Kimberly Jo Zimmer ( born February 2 , 1955 ) is an American actress , best known for her television roles as Echo DiSavoy on One Life to Live and as Reva Shayne on Guiding Light . She has won four Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for the role in Guiding Light .'}]}, {'value': 'Guiding Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guiding_Light', 'summary': "Guiding Light ( known as The Guiding Light before 1975 ) is an American television soap opera . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running drama in television in American history , broadcast on CBS for 57 years from June 30 , 1952 , until September 18 , 2009 , overlapping a 19-year broadcast on radio from 1937 to 1956 . With 72 years of radio and television runs , Guiding Light is the longest running soap opera , ahead of General Hospital , and is the fifth-longest running program in all of broadcast history ; only the American country music radio program Grand Ole Opry ( first broadcast in 1925 ) , the BBC religious program The Daily Service ( 1928 ) , the CBS religious program Music and the Spoken Word ( 1929 ) , and the Norwegian children 's radio program Lørdagsbarnetimen ( 1924-2010 ) have been on the air longer . [ a ] Guiding Light was created by Irna Phillips , and began as an NBC Radio serial on January 25 , 1937 . On June 2 , 1947 , the series was transferred to CBS Radio , before starting on June 30 , 1952 , on CBS Television . It continued to be broadcast concomitantly on radio until June 29 , 1956 . The series was expanded from 15 minutes to a half-hour during 1968 ( and also switched from broadcasting live to pre-taping around this same time ) , and then to a full hour on November 7 , 1977 . The series broadcast its 15,000th CBS episode on September 6 , 2006 . On April 1 , 2009 , CBS announced the cancellation of Guiding Light after a run of 72 years ( 15 on radio and 57 on television ) due to low ratings . The show taped its final scenes on August 11 , 2009 , and its final episode on the network aired on September 18 , 2009 . On October 5 , 2009 , CBS replaced Guiding Light with an hour-long revival of Let 's Make a Deal , hosted by Wayne Brady ."}]}, {'value': 'Reva Shayne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reva_Shayne', 'summary': "Reva Shayne is a fictional character from Guiding Light , played by four-time Daytime Emmy Award winner Kim Zimmer from November 28 , 1983 , to July 1990 , and April 14 , 1995 , until the show 's final episode on September 18 , 2009. Zimmer has become such a celebrated performer that she is often considered to be an icon in the daytime drama industry ."}]}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeanne Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeanne_Cooper', 'summary': 'Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( October 25 , 1928 - May 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress , best known for her role as Katherine Chancellor on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 1973-2013 ) . At the time of her death , she was eighth on the all-time list of longest-serving soap opera actors in the United States . She was the mother of three children , the eldest being actor Corbin Bernsen .'}]}, {'value': 'The Young and the Restless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless', 'summary': 'The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y & R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J . Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when it moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . As of July 1 , 2013 , Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster were written out . Bell replaced them with new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , the Barber-Winters , and the Baldwin-Fishers were introduced .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Chancellor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Chancellor', 'summary': "Katherine Chancellor is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless , portrayed by Jeanne Cooper . Created and introduced by show creator , William J . Bell in November 1973 , Cooper 's Katherine was introduced in an effort to increase the show 's struggling ratings . When Bell 's plan proved successful , Cooper was signed to a contract . Cooper went on to become the longest-running cast member in the show 's history , ending her nearly 40-year run on May 3 , 2013 , five days before her death . Throughout Katherine 's history , a majority of her storylines have focused on her controversial and chaotic relationship with Jill Abbott . The feud is one of the longest-running feuds in the history of American soap operas . The rivalry was ignited by Jill 's affair with Katherine 's husband , Phillip Chancellor II , and how Katherine 's attempt to win back his affections leads to his death . After Phillip 's death , the women fight over Jill and Phillip 's son , Phillip III , as well as numerous other men including Katherine 's husband , Rex Sterling . A 2003 plot twist leads to Katherine and Jill believing they are mother and daughter ; however , this plot is undone in 2009 by head writer Maria Arena Bell and Katherine is given another son , Tucker McCall . Cooper is regarded as an icon of the genre , with some critics believing her character and performance are chiefly responsible for the soap opera 's success and longevity . She is also famed for having her own facelift performed onscreen in 1984 , as Katherine gets the same procedure within the story ."}]}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcy Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcy_Walker', 'summary': 'Marcy Lynn Walker ( born November 26 , 1961 ) , also known as Marcy Smith , is an American minister and former actress known for her television appearances on daytime soap operas . Her most famous roles are those of Liza Colby on All My Children , which she played from 1981 to 1984 and 1995 to 2005 , and as Eden Capwell on Santa Barbara from 1984 to 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Santa Barbara is an American television soap opera that aired on NBC from July 30 , 1984 , to January 15 , 1993 . The show revolves around the eventful lives of the wealthy Capwell family of Santa Barbara , California . Other prominent families featured on the soap were the rival Lockridge family , and the more modest Andrade and Perkins families . The serial was produced by Dobson Productions and New World Television , which also served as distributor for the show in international markets . Santa Barbara was the first series for New World Television . Santa Barbara aired in the United States at 3:00 PM Eastern ( 2:00 PM Central ) on NBC in the same time slot as General Hospital on ABC and Guiding Light on CBS and right after Another World . Santa Barbara aired in over 40 countries around the world . It became the longest-running television series in Russia , airing there from 1992 to 2002 . Santa Barbara won 24 Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated 30 times for the same award . The show also won 18 Soap Opera Digest Awards , and won various other awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Eden Capwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eden_Capwell', 'summary': 'Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American daytime drama Santa Barbara . Eden was portrayed by American actress Marcy Walker from September 28 , 1984 to August 9 , 1991 , and Cruz was portrayed by actor A Martinez from August 13 , 1984 to September 11 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finola Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finola_Hughes', 'summary': "Finola Hughes ( born 29 October 1959 ) is an English actress , television host , entrepreneur , author , and dancer , best known for role as Anna Devane on the ABC soap operas General Hospital and All My Children , and her portrayal of Laura in the 1983 film Staying Alive , the sequel to Saturday Night Fever . She is also known for her portrayal of Anna Devane 's identical twin , Dr. Alexandra Devane Marick , on All My Children , and Patty Halliwell on the supernatural series , Charmed . She also portrayed Carol in the final seasons of the NBC sitcom Blossom . Hughes has also appeared in the films Aspen Extreme , Above Suspicion and Like Crazy ."}]}, {'value': 'General Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Devane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Devane', 'summary': "Anna Devane is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera , General Hospital , played by Finola Hughes . Hughes also appeared as Anna on All My Children , and the General Hospital prime time , spin-off series , General Hospital : Night Shift . The character first appeared on the April 10 , 1985 episode of General Hospital as a fence . The character was created and introduced by executive producer , Gloria Monty , and co-head writers , Pat Falken Smith and Norma Monty . Upon her introduction , Anna is revealed to be the super spy ex-wife of Robert Scorpio and romantic rival to his current wife , Holly Sutton . Anna remained a prominent character in the series until 1992 due to her romantic pairings with Robert and former mobster , Duke Lavery . The storyline in which Duke tries to evade his criminal past with the Jerome family , allows for Duke and Anna to become one of the show 's supercouples , along with Robert and Anna . However , the storyline ends in tragedy when Duke dies in Anna 's arms . Robert and Anna eventually reunite to raise their daughter , Robin , and eventually remarry ; the happiness is short lived and the duo are killed off in 1992 along with their rival , Cesar Faison . However , all three were eventually revealed to be alive . Anna reappeared on All My Children as the twin sister of Dr. Alex Devane on March 2 , 2001 . In addition working as chief of police , and a brief romance with Edmund Grey , Anna marries Dr. David Hayward and they had a child together ; however , that child dies as an infant ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne Heche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Heche', 'summary': "Anne Celeste Heche ( /heɪʃ/ HAYSH ; born May 25 , 1969 ) is an American actress , director , and screenwriter . Following a dual role in the daytime soap opera Another World ( 1987-91 ) , she came to mainstream prominence in the late 1990s with the films Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) , Volcano ( 1997 ) , Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , and Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) . In 1998 , Heche portrayed Marion Crane in Gus Van Sant 's horror remake Psycho . A highly publicized relationship with comedian Ellen DeGeneres was followed by a significant downturn in Heche 's career , although she has continued to act , appearing in the well-received independent films Birth ( 2004 ) , Spread ( 2009 ) , Cedar Rapids ( 2011 ) , Rampart ( 2011 ) , and Catfight ( 2016 ) . In 2004 , Heche received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the Lifetime movie Gracie 's Choice and a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Play for her work in Broadway 's Twentieth Century . She has starred in the television series Men in Trees ( 2006-08 ) , Hung ( 2009-11 ) , Save Me ( 2013 ) , Aftermath ( 2016 ) , and The Brave ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Another World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_World_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Another World ( often shortened to AW ) is an American television soap opera that aired on NBC from May 4 , 1964 , to June 25 , 1999 . It was created by Irna Phillips along with William J . Bell , and was produced by Procter & Gamble Productions at NBC Studios , 1268 East 14th Street in Brooklyn . Set in the fictional town of Bay City , the series originally opened with announcer Bill Wolff intoning its epigram , We do not live in this world alone , but in a thousand other worlds , which Phillips said represented the difference between the world of events we live in , and the world of feelings and dreams that we strive for . Another World focused less on the conventional drama of domestic life as seen in other soap operas , and more on exotic melodrama between families of different classes and philosophies . In 1964 , Another World was the first soap opera to talk about abortion when such subjects were taboo . It was the first soap opera to do a crossover , with the character of Mike Bauer from Guiding Light , which was also created by Irna Phillips , coming from Springfield to Bay City . It was also the first to expand to one hour , then to ninety minutes , and then back to an hour . It was the first soap to launch two spin-offs , Somerset and Texas , as well as an indirect one , Lovers and Friends , which would be renamed For Richer , For Poorer . Another World was also the second soap opera with a theme song to chart on the Billboard record charts , ( You Take Me Away To ) Another World by Crystal Gayle and Gary Morris , in 1987 . On April 12 , 1999 , NBC announced it was canceling Another World with its final episode on the network airing on June 25 , 1999 . NBC replaced Another World with another soap opera , Passions , on July 5 , 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marley Hudson / Vicky Hudson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marley_Hudson', 'summary': 'Marley Love is a fictional character from the NBC daytime soap opera Another World . After AW was cancelled , the character crossed over to the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns for guest appearances between 2000 and 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vicky_Hudson', 'summary': 'Vicky Hudson is a fictional character that appeared on the NBC daytime soap opera Another World and the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns . The character was killed in a plane crash in November 1999 , but remained as a ghost through 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Lucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Lucci', 'summary': "Susan Victoria Lucci ( born December 23 , 1946 ) is an American actress , television host , author and entrepreneur , best known for portraying Erica Kane on the ABC daytime drama All My Children from 1970 to 2011 . The character is considered an icon , and Lucci has been called Daytime 's Leading Lady by TV Guide , with The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times citing her as the highest-paid actor in daytime television . As early as 1991 , her salary had been reported as over $ 1 million a year . In 1996 , TV Guide ranked Lucci number 37 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list . In 2005 , she received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and was inducted into the Broadcasting Hall of Fame in 2006 . She was named one of VH1 's 200 Top Icons of All-Time and one of Barbara Walters 's Ten Most Fascinating People . She has also played roles in made-for-TV movies , hosted many shows and guest starred on television comedy series , including Saturday Night Live and Hot in Cleveland . She also has her own line of hair care products , perfumes , lingerie and skin care , called The Susan Lucci Collection . As of 2012 , Lucci hosted Deadly Affairs , and starred as Genevieve Delatour in the Lifetime television series Devious Maids . In 2015 , Lucci was inducted as a Disney Legend ."}]}, {'value': 'All My Children', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_My_Children', 'summary': "All My Children ( often shortened to AMC ) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC for 41 years , from January 5 , 1970 , to September 23 , 2011 , and on The Online Network ( TOLN ) from April 29 to September 2 , 2013 , via Hulu , Hulu Plus , and iTunes . Created by Agnes Nixon , All My Children is set in Pine Valley , Pennsylvania , a fictional suburb of Philadelphia , which is modeled on the actual Philadelphia suburb of Rosemont . The original series featured Susan Lucci as Erica Kane , one of daytime television 's most popular characters . The title of the series refers to the bonds of humanity . All My Children was the first new network daytime drama to debut in the 1970s . Originally owned by Creative Horizons , Inc. , the company created by Nixon and her husband , Bob , the show was sold to ABC in January 1975 . The series started at a half-hour in per-installment length , then was expanded to a full hour on April 25 , 1977 . Earlier , the show had experimented with the full-hour format for one week starting on June 30 , 1975 , after which Ryan 's Hope premiered . From 1970 to 1990 , All My Children was recorded at ABC 's TV18 at 101 West 67th St , now a 50-story apartment tower . From March 1990 to December 2009 , it was taped at ABC 's Studio TV23 at 320 West 66th Street in Manhattan , New York City , New York . In December 2009 , the locale for taping the series moved from Manhattan to less costly Los Angeles , California . The show was then produced in Stages 1 and 2 at the Andrita Studios in Los Angeles , California , from 2010 to 2011 , and then at the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford , Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': 'Erica Kane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erica_Kane', 'summary': "Erica Kane is a fictional character from the American ABC Daytime soap opera All My Children . The character was portrayed by actress Susan Lucci from her debut on January 16 , 1970 , until the last broadcast television episode on September 23 , 2011 . Lucci was expected to guest star on Prospect Park 's continuation of All My Children in 2013 , but the appearance never came to fruition due to the show 's second cancellation . Erica is considered to be the most popular character in soap opera history . TV Guide calls her unequivocally the most famous soap opera character in the history of daytime TV , and included her in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jess Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jess_Walton', 'summary': 'Jess Walton ( born February 18 , 1949 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Jill Abbott on the CBS soap opera , The Young and the Restless . Also she starred in the 2018 movie Christmas with a View .'}]}, {'value': 'The Young and the Restless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless', 'summary': 'The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y & R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J . Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when it moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . As of July 1 , 2013 , Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster were written out . Bell replaced them with new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , the Barber-Winters , and the Baldwin-Fishers were introduced .'}]}, {'value': 'Jill Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jill_Abbott', 'summary': "Jill Abbott is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . The longest-running ( and only remaining original ) character , Jill was created and introduced by William J . Bell . Originally portrayed by Brenda Dickson , when Dickson departed in 1980 , the role was first recast with Deborah Adair . Dickson returned in 1983 , and although she stated that she would never leave the role again , she was replaced by Jess Walton in 1987 , who continues in the role to present time . When she debuted , Jill was an 18-year-old manicurist working to support her struggling family . The character is known for her feud with Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) ; it is the longest feud in the history of American soap operas . Their rivalry began when she fell in love and slept with Katherine 's husband Phillip Chancellor II ( Donnelly Rhodes ) and became pregnant . Following Phillip 's accidental death , the women fought over custody of Jill 's son , Phillip Chancellor III ( Thom Bierdz ) , as well as numerous of Katherine 's other husbands . A 2003 plot twist shockingly revealed Jill to be Katherine 's long lost biological daughter , although in 2009 , former head writer Maria Arena Bell rewrote their history , reversing that decision . In 2010 , Jill discovered she is the daughter of Neil Fenmore ( Jim Storm ) . The character is described as an integral part of the soap opera ."}]}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deidre Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deidre_Hall', 'summary': "Deidre Ann Hall /diːdrə hɔːl/ ( born October 31 , 1947 ) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives , whom she has played for over 40 years . Hall has won many awards for her portrayal of Dr. Marlena Evans , including two Best Actress Soapy Awards in 1982 and 1983 . Hall has won three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1984 , 1985 , and 1995 . Hall was the first recipient of the Outstanding Contribution by an Actress/Actor Award in 1986 ; in addition to receiving a shared award with Drake Hogestyn in 2005 for Favorite Couple : John and Marlena . Hall has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy three times ."}]}, {'value': 'Days of Our Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives', 'summary': "Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on NBC . It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . [ dead link ] A co-production of Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television , the series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . During Days of Our Lives ' early years , Irna Phillips ( creator of former NBC stablemate Another World as well as its former CBS rivals , As the World Turns and Guiding Light ) served as a story editor for the program and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J . Bell ( who would depart the series in 1975 to focus full-time on The Young and the Restless , which he created for CBS in 1973 ) . The series primarily focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family , remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 , although her last formal appearance occurred in December 2007 . Suzanne Rogers is the longest-serving member of the program 's current cast and the longest-serving current cast member of an ongoing American soap opera , having appeared on the show since August 1973 . ( Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 . ) Susan Seaforth Hayes - the second longest-serving actor currently on the program - is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all six decades it has been on the air , having made her first appearance in December 1968 as a recast of original character Julie Olson . Due to the series ' success , Days was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marlena Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlena_Evans', 'summary': "Marlena Evans is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama , Days of Our Lives , a long-running serial about working life in the fictional town of Salem . She has been played by actress Deidre Hall since 1976 , but the character was absent from the show from 1987 to March 1991 and again from January 2009 to September 2011 . Marlena was created by scriptwriter Pat Falken Smith and executive producer Betty Corday , and has become one of Days of our Lives ' most well-known characters . Hall made her debut on the soap on June 21 , 1976 , currently making her the second longest running actress on the serial , surpassed only by Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie ) . Throughout the course of her existence on the program , she has experienced what some consider to be the most outrageous circumstances of any character in soap opera history . These would include possession by the devil ; a plummet from a 30-story-window ( which she survived ) ; being used as a surrogate for genetically engineered babies , Rex and Cassie , during a four-year coma , where she was presumed dead after being involved in a plane crash ; being mind-controlled to believe she was a serial killer ; and becoming pregnant late in life and suffering a miscarriage , which caused her to have hysterical amnesia . She has also been kidnapped numerous times over the past 30 years . She is a doctor , wife , mother , twin , grandmother and great-grandmother . Marlena is a staple in the US press during her time on Days of Our Lives , a representative of the symbiosis between American 's soaps and tabloid soap magazines . Widely read tabloids , such as Soap Opera Digest and Soap Opera Weekly , would routinely publish forthcoming developments in Marlena 's storylines . Marlena was well received by critics , and is notable for her popular pairing with John Black . The character is well-known even outside of the show 's viewer-base ."}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Strasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Strasser', 'summary': 'Robin Strasser ( born May 7 , 1945 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Dorian Lord on the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live .'}]}, {'value': 'One Life to Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Life_to_Live', 'summary': "One Life to Live ( often abbreviated as OLTL ) is an American soap opera broadcast on the ABC television network for more than 43 years , from July 15 , 1968 , to January 13 , 2012 , and then on the internet as a web series on Hulu and iTunes via The Online Network from April 29 to August 19 , 2013 . Created by Agnes Nixon , the series was the first daytime drama to primarily feature ethnically and socioeconomically diverse characters and consistently emphasize social issues . One Life to Live was expanded from 30 minutes to 45 minutes on July 26 , 1976 , and then to an hour on January 16 , 1978 . One Life to Live heavily focuses on the members and relationships of the Lord family . Actress Erika Slezak began portraying the series ' central protagonist Victoria Viki Lord in March 1971 and played the character continuously for the rest of the show 's run on ABC Daytime , winning a record six Daytime Emmy Awards for the role . In 2002 , the series won an Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series . One Life to Live was the last American daytime soap opera taped in New York City . After nearly 43 years on the air , ABC canceled One Life to Live on April 14 , 2011 . On July 7 , 2011 , production company Prospect Park announced that it would continue the show as a web series after its run on ABC , but later suspended the project . The show taped its final scenes for ABC on November 18 , 2011 , and its final episode on the network aired on January 13 , 2012 with a cliffhanger . On January 7 , 2013 , Prospect Park resumed its plan to continue One Life to Live as a daily 30-minute web series on Hulu and iTunes via The Online Network . The relaunched series premiered on April 29 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorian Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorian_Lord', 'summary': "Dr. Dorian Lord ( née Cramer ; formerly Callison , Santi , Vickers , Hayes , and Laurence ) is a fictional character and matriarch of the Cramer family on the American daytime drama One Life to Live , played most notably and for the longest duration by actress Robin Strasser . Strasser was cast by series creator Agnes Nixon and debuted on the episode first-aired April 13 , 1979 . For most of the show 's history , the character is the show 's primary antagonist and Byronic hero . Strasser won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama Series in 1982 for her portrayal of Dorian , and was also nominated for the award in 1981 , 1983 , and 1985 . Strasser has been nominated for Soap Opera Digest Awards for Dorian in various categories in 1986 , 1988 , 1994 , 1995 , and 2005 , winning in 1996 as Outstanding Lead Actress . Princi was also nominated for a Soap Opera Digest Award as Dorian for Outstanding Villainess : Daytime in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genie Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genie_Francis', 'summary': 'Eugenie Ann Genie Francis ( born May 26 , 1962 ) is an American actress . She is best known for playing the role of Laura Spencer on the television soap opera General Hospital from 1977 to present , for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2007 . Francis also appeared in the soap operas Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1989 , All My Children from 1990 to 1992 and The Young and the Restless from 2011 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'General Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Laura Spencer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_Spencer_(General_Hospital)', 'summary': "Laura Spencer is a fictional character from General Hospital , an American soap opera on the ABC network . Laura , originally played by Stacey Baldwin , was introduced in 1974 as the illegitimate daughter of Dr. Lesley Williams ( Denise Alexander ) . The character was written out in the summer of 1976 . In early 1977 , Genie Francis took over the role of the rebellious teenage Laura . In 1978 , thanks to the efforts of executive producer Gloria Monty 's plan to entice younger viewers , the character 's popularity skyrocketed in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to her pairings with Scott Baldwin ( Kin Shriner ) and Luke Spencer ( Anthony Geary ) ; the latter became the defining Supercouple for the soap opera genre . Luke and Laura 's 1981 wedding - which featured a guest appearance from Elizabeth Taylor - was viewed by 30 million people . In 1982 , Francis quit the show , and the character was written out as having disappeared . Francis returned to the series for brief stints in 1983 to reunite Luke and Laura , and then again in 1984 when Laura was revealed to be pregnant . In 1993 , Laura was re-introduced by producer Wendy Riche , along with Luke and their young son Lucky Spencer ( Jonathan Jackson ) . Their stories consisted of their struggle to hide from mobster Frank Smith , the 1994 birth of their daughter Lesley Lu and the introduction of Laura 's illegitimate son Nikolas Cassadine ( Tyler Christopher ) , who comes to town to save an ailing Lesley Lu . Francis quit the series in 2002 , claiming unequal treatment compared to her male costar . Laura was written out after suffering a psychotic breakdown , after killing her adoptive father Rick Webber ( Chris Robinson ) ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanessa Marcil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Marcil', 'summary': 'Vanessa Marcil ( /mɑːrˈsɛl/ mar-SEL ; [ citation needed ] born Vanessa Sally Ortiz ; October 15 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her television roles as Brenda Barrett on General Hospital , Gina Kincaid on Beverly Hills , 90210 , and Sam Marquez on Las Vegas .'}]}, {'value': 'General Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Brenda Barrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brenda_Barrett', 'summary': "Brenda Barrett is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera , General Hospital . The role was originated by Vanessa Marcil on September 18 , 1992 . After a six-year run with the show , the character was believed to have died after her mentally ill mother drove their car off a cliff . After a four-year absence , Marcil reprised her role for a few short months . Marcil was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Brenda in 1997 and 1998 , and she won in that category in 2003 . After years of rumors , Marcil returned to the soap on August 11 , 2010 . However , she exited on July 21 the following year . In April 2013 , Marcil returned to General Hospital for a four-week guest stint in celebration of General Hospital 's 50th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lynn Herring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynn_Herring', 'summary': 'Sheryl Lynn Herring ( born September 22 , 1958 in Enid , Oklahoma ) is an American soap opera actress . She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Coe on the long-running soap opera General Hospital which she has played on and off since 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Charles', 'summary': 'Port Charles ( commonly abbreviated as PC ) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC from June 1 , 1997 to October 3 , 2003 . It was a spin-off of the serial General Hospital , which has been running since 1963 and takes place in the fictional city of Port Charles , New York . The new show features longtime General Hospital characters Lucy Coe , Kevin Collins , Scott Baldwin , and Karen Wexler , along with several new characters , most of whom were interns in a competitive medical school program . In its later years , the program shifted more towards supernatural themes and stories , with a reduced emphasis on the original hospital setting .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Coe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Coe', 'summary': "Lucy Coe is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap operas General Hospital and Port Charles . Portrayed by Lynn Herring , she first appeared in April 1986 on General Hospital , introduced as an alibi in a murder plot . In 1997 , she made her second departure from the show and joined its now defunct spin-off Port Charles . There , she was involved in storylines revolving around vampires , where it was revealed that Lucy was a vampire slayer . The character stayed on Port Charles until October 2003 , when the series was cancelled , and she made a brief guest appearance on General Hospital in July 2004 . In November 2012 , after more than eight years off-screen , it was confirmed that Herring was to return to General Hospital . She returned that December for the revival of the infamous Nurses ' Ball , which she founded in the 1990s , as well as a continuation of Port Charles ' vampire story arc . Over the years , Lucy is known for having developed from a mousy librarian to a villainous liar , schemer and vixen to ultimately an unlikely heroine . She has been noted by critics for her manipulative yet eccentric personality . Herring 's portrayal has received critical acclaim , for which she garnered two Daytime Emmy Award nominations and numerous wins and nominations for the Soap Opera Digest Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Zimmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Zimmer', 'summary': 'Kimberly Jo Zimmer ( born February 2 , 1955 ) is an American actress , best known for her television roles as Echo DiSavoy on One Life to Live and as Reva Shayne on Guiding Light . She has won four Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for the role in Guiding Light .'}]}, {'value': 'Guiding Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guiding_Light', 'summary': "Guiding Light ( known as The Guiding Light before 1975 ) is an American television soap opera . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running drama in television in American history , broadcast on CBS for 57 years from June 30 , 1952 , until September 18 , 2009 , overlapping a 19-year broadcast on radio from 1937 to 1956 . With 72 years of radio and television runs , Guiding Light is the longest running soap opera , ahead of General Hospital , and is the fifth-longest running program in all of broadcast history ; only the American country music radio program Grand Ole Opry ( first broadcast in 1925 ) , the BBC religious program The Daily Service ( 1928 ) , the CBS religious program Music and the Spoken Word ( 1929 ) , and the Norwegian children 's radio program Lørdagsbarnetimen ( 1924-2010 ) have been on the air longer . [ a ] Guiding Light was created by Irna Phillips , and began as an NBC Radio serial on January 25 , 1937 . On June 2 , 1947 , the series was transferred to CBS Radio , before starting on June 30 , 1952 , on CBS Television . It continued to be broadcast concomitantly on radio until June 29 , 1956 . The series was expanded from 15 minutes to a half-hour during 1968 ( and also switched from broadcasting live to pre-taping around this same time ) , and then to a full hour on November 7 , 1977 . The series broadcast its 15,000th CBS episode on September 6 , 2006 . On April 1 , 2009 , CBS announced the cancellation of Guiding Light after a run of 72 years ( 15 on radio and 57 on television ) due to low ratings . The show taped its final scenes on August 11 , 2009 , and its final episode on the network aired on September 18 , 2009 . On October 5 , 2009 , CBS replaced Guiding Light with an hour-long revival of Let 's Make a Deal , hosted by Wayne Brady ."}]}, {'value': 'Reva Shayne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reva_Shayne', 'summary': "Reva Shayne is a fictional character from Guiding Light , played by four-time Daytime Emmy Award winner Kim Zimmer from November 28 , 1983 , to July 1990 , and April 14 , 1995 , until the show 's final episode on September 18 , 2009. Zimmer has become such a celebrated performer that she is often considered to be an icon in the daytime drama industry ."}]}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melody Thomas Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melody_Thomas_Scott', 'summary': 'Melody Thomas Scott ( born April 18 , 1956 ) is an American actress best known for playing Nikki Newman on the soap opera The Young and the Restless .'}]}, {'value': 'The Young and the Restless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless', 'summary': 'The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y & R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J . Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when it moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . As of July 1 , 2013 , Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster were written out . Bell replaced them with new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , the Barber-Winters , and the Baldwin-Fishers were introduced .'}]}, {'value': 'Nikki Newman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikki_Newman', 'summary': 'Nikki Newman is a fictional character from the American CBS daytime soap opera , The Young and the Restless . Created and introduced by William J . Bell in 1978 , the role was originally portrayed by Erica Hope , before Melody Thomas Scott took over in 1979 . Initially introduced as a stripper , the character became well known for her relationship with businessman Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) , a union that developed into a supercouple pairing that has spanned over three decades . She shares two children with Victor , Victoria ( Amelia Heinle ) and Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) . In 2013 , she reveals that she had previously given up a child for adoption , who is later discovered to be Dylan McAvoy ( Steve Burton ) . The character has also had several other notorious relationships , including Paul Williams ( Doug Davidson ) , Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) , and Brad Carlton ( Don Diamont ) . Scott is considered an icon in the soap opera genre .'}]}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michelle Stafford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Stafford', 'summary': 'Michelle Stafford ( born September 14 , 1965 ) is an American actress , screenwriter and producer . She currently plays Phyllis Summers on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless , for which she has won two Daytime Emmy Awards . In 2013 , Stafford created and starred in her own comedy web series , The Stafford Project . She also played Nina Reeves on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital .'}]}, {'value': 'The Young and the Restless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless', 'summary': 'The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y & R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J . Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when it moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . As of July 1 , 2013 , Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster were written out . Bell replaced them with new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , the Barber-Winters , and the Baldwin-Fishers were introduced .'}]}, {'value': 'Phyllis Summers Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phyllis_Summers', 'summary': "Phyllis Summers is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless , an American soap opera on the CBS network . The character was created and introduced by William J . Bell , and debuted in the episode airing on October 17 , 1994 . Phyllis was originally and most notably portrayed by actress Michelle Stafford , until August 2013 ( other than Sandra Nelson portraying Phyllis for nearly two years , until Stafford was brought back by former head writer , Kay Alden , in 2000 ) . Stafford has been praised for her portrayal , for which she has won two Daytime Emmy Awards , but left the series after nearly sixteen years , with the character being written into a coma ; Stafford last appeared on August 2 , 2013 . The role passed to Gina Tognoni , who debuted on August 11 , 2014 , and continued for nearly five years until she departed in June 2019 , when Stafford re-claimed the role . Phyllis was introduced as a groupie of fictional rock singer Danny Romalotti ( Michael Damian ) , and claimed to have given birth to his child , Daniel ( Michael Graziadei ) . Danny married Phyllis out of obligation to his son , sparking a rivalry between Phyllis and Danny 's ex-wife , Christine Blair ( Lauralee Bell ) , which is a continuing storyline . The character is known for scheming to get what she wants . Phyllis has also been involved with Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) ; both relationships have fan followings ."}]}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamara Braun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Braun', 'summary': "Tamara Braun ( born April 18 , 1971 ) is an American actress known for her work on daytime television . She portrayed the role of Carly Corinthos on General Hospital from 2001-2005 and Reese Williams on All My Children from 2008-2009 . In 2009 , Braun won the Daytime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Ava Vitali on Days of Our Lives . She departed the series in 2008 , briefly returning in the role of Taylor Walker during 2011 . In 2015 , Braun resumed the role of Vitali as part of the series ' 50th anniversary commemoration . In 2017 , twelve years after exiting her role as Carly on General Hospital , Braun returned as Kim Nero , the single mother of Oscar , Carlys daughter Josslyns boyfriend ."}]}, {'value': 'General Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Carly Corinthos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carly_Corinthos', 'summary': "Carly Corinthos is a fictional character from General Hospital , a soap opera on the ABC network , portrayed by Laura Wright since 2005 . A collaborative effort between the writers , Carly - originally played by Sarah Joy Brown ( 1996-2001 ) - was introduced under executive producer Wendy Riche . A love to hate character who brings excitement to storylines because of her devious ways , Carly is the illegitimate daughter of former bad girl turned heroine , Bobbie Spencer ( Jacklyn Zeman ) . Carly seduces her mother 's husband for revenge . Throughout the 2000s , Carly , then Tamara Braun ( 2001-05 ) goes on to become one of the show 's most prominent , vital and popular characters largely due to her supercouple pairing with mobster Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) and her friendship with Jason Morgan ( then Steve Burton ) . Carly 's revenge on Bobbie and her near lethal vendetta against A. J. Quartermaine ( Sean Kanan ) - the biological father of her son Michael ( Chad Duell ) remains two of the most revered and controversial plots in the show 's history . While Brown 's portrayal of Carly is viewed as a duplicitous vixen , Braun 's Carly is viewed as more of a romantic heroine . With Laura Wright in the role , Carly goes from being a pampered wife to being powerful business woman while embodying the qualities of her predecessors . Sarah Brown earned three Daytime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Carly - two in the Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series category and one in Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category . Braun earned an Emmy nomination Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2004 . However , the role of Carly would bring Laura Wright her very first Emmy nomination overall - in the Outstanding Lead Actress and her very first win , 20 years after breaking into daytime television on ABC 's Loving ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Soap_Opera_Digest_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Daytime_Drama_0', 'intro': 'The Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama is an award held by the daytime television magazine Soap Opera Digest. It was first awarded at the 1st Soap Opera Digest Award ceremony in 1984. It is given to honor an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the soap opera genre industry. The winners are decided by the fans who read the magazine. Deidre Hall holds the most wins, winning in 1984, 1985 and 1995. Hall is followed by Kim Zimmer who won twice in 1988 and 2000.'}
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When did the episode length grow to one hour for the show in which Jeanne Cooper played Katherine Chancellor ?
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February 4 , 1980
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03f0d7518c9fc7f8
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_alumni', 'title': 'List of Georgia Institute of Technology alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Joe Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Brooks_(researcher)', 'summary': 'Joseph Brooks ( born 1960 ) is the deputy director of Electronics , Optics , and Systems at Georgia Tech Research Institute . He is the former director of the GTRI Electronic Systems Laboratory ( ELSYS ) .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute 's Electronic Systems Laboratory", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia , United States . GTRI employs around 2,400 people , and is involved in approximately $ 600 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government . Initially known as the Engineering Experiment Station , ( EES ) the organization was proposed in 1929 by W. Harry Vaughan as an analogue to the agricultural experiment stations ; the Georgia General Assembly passed a law that year creating the organization on paper , but did not allocate funds to start it . To boost the state 's struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression , funds were found , and the station was finally established with US $ 5,000 ( equivalent to $ 80,000 in 2018 ) in April 1934 . GTRI 's research spans a variety of disciplines , including national defense , homeland security , public health , education , mobile and wireless technologies , and economic development . Major customers for GTRI research include United States Department of Defense agencies , the state of Georgia , non-defense federal agencies , and private industry . Overall , contracts and grants from Department of Defense agencies account for approximately 84% of GTRI 's total research funding . Since it was established , GTRI has expanded its engineering focus to include science , economics , policy , and other areas that leverage GTRI 's partnership with Georgia Tech . GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GTRI_Electronic_Systems_Laboratory', 'summary': 'The Electronic Systems Laboratory ( ELSYS ) is one of eight labs in the Georgia Tech Research Institute and one of three labs under the Electronics , Optics , and Systems directorate . Among its research focuses are systems engineering , electronic warfare , and human systems integration .'}]}, {'value': 'Wallace H. Coulter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallace_H._Coulter', 'summary': "Wallace H. Coulter ( February 17 , 1913 - August 7 , 1998 ) was an American electrical engineer , inventor , and businessman . The best known of his 85 patents is the Coulter principle , which provides a method for counting and sizing microscopic particles suspended in fluid . His invention of the Coulter Counter made possible today 's most common medical diagnostic test : the complete blood count ( CBC ) . The Coulter principle is used in quality control of consumer products , such as chocolate and beer , paint and toners , and was even used to analyze moon dust . Recognized as one of the most influential inventors of the twentieth century , Wallace Coulter studied electronics as a student at Georgia Tech in the early 1930s . Mr. Coulter developed the Coulter Principle , a theory that gave birth to both the automated hematology industry and the field of industrial fine particle counting . His Coulter Counter , a blood cell analyzer , is used to perform one of medicine 's most often-requested and informative diagnostic tests , the complete blood count ."}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Electrical engineer ; inventor ; businessman ; discovered the Coulter principle , which provides a methodology for counting , measuring and evaluating microscopic particles suspended in fluid ; namesake of Georgia Tech and Emory 's Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coulter_principle', 'summary': 'A Coulter counter is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes . It is used for cells , bacteria , prokaryotic cells and virus particles . A typical Coulter counter has one or more microchannels that separate two chambers containing electrolyte solutions . As fluid containing particles or cells is drawn through each microchannel , each particle causes a brief change to the electrical resistance of the liquid . The counter detects these changes in electrical resistance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallace_H._Coulter_Department_of_Biomedical_Engineering', 'summary': "The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering is a department in the Emory University School of Medicine , Georgia Institute of Technology 's College of Engineering , and Peking University College of Engineering dedicated to the study of and research in biomedical engineering , and is named after the pioneering engineer and Georgia Tech alumnus Wallace H. Coulter . The graduate program has consistently ranked 2nd in USNWR rankings , while the undergraduate program ranks 1st in USNWR rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Ali Erdemir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ali_Erdemir', 'summary': "Ali Erdemir , born in Kadirli , Adana , Turkey , is a Turkish materials scientist specializing in surface engineering and tribology . He was graduated from the Metallurgy Department of the Istanbul Technical University in 1977 . After working for two years at the İskenderun Iron and Steel Company in Turkey as an engineer , he went to the USA for doctoral studies . Erdemir received a master 's degree in materials engineering and a doctorate in materials science and engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1982 and 1986 , respectively . After completing his military service in Turkey , Erdemir began in 1987 to work as an assistant metallurgist at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago , which is operated by the University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy . Since 1990 , he is conducting his research as a materials scientist ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkish materials scientist specializing in surface engineering and tribology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Materials_science', 'summary': 'The interdisciplinary field of materials science , also commonly termed materials science and engineering , is the design and discovery of new materials , particularly solids . The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment , when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry , physics , and engineering to understand ancient , phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy . Materials science still incorporates elements of physics , chemistry , and engineering . As such , the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields . Beginning in the 1940s , materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering , and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools for its study .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tribology', 'summary': 'Tribology is the science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion . It includes the study and application of the principles of friction , lubrication , and wear . Tribology is highly interdisciplinary . It draws on many academic fields , including physics , chemistry , materials science , mathematics , biology , and engineering . People who work in the field of tribology are referred to as tribologists .'}]}, {'value': 'Don Giddens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Giddens', 'summary': 'Don P. Giddens was the Dean of the College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 2002 to 2011 . He is father of Olympic athlete Eric Giddens . He was the president of the American Society for Engineering Education for the 2011-2012 term .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dean of Georgia Tech 's College of Engineering ( 1992-2011 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Engineering', 'summary': 'The College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology provides formal education and research in more than 10 fields of engineering , including aerospace , chemical , civil engineering , electrical engineering , industrial , mechanical , materials engineering , biomedical , and biomolecular engineering , plus polymer , textile , and fiber engineering . The College of Engineering is the oldest and largest college of the institution .'}]}, {'value': 'John Calvin Jureit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Calvin_Jureit', 'summary': 'John Calvin Jureit ( July 24 , 1918 - September 9 , 2005 ) was an engineer and the inventor of the Gang-Nail connector plate , used in building construction . This invention has been widely credited for the boom in affordable housing , productivity increases and improved building durability .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inventor of the Gang-Nail connector plate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_connector_plate', 'summary': 'A truss connector plate , or gang plate , is a kind of tie . Truss plates are light gauge metal plates used to connect prefabricated light frame wood trusses . They are produced by punching light gauge galvanized steel to create teeth on one side . The teeth are embedded in and hold the wooden frame components to the plate and each other . Nail plates are used to connect timber of the same thickness in the same plane . When used on trusses , they are pressed into the side of the timber using tools such as a hydraulic press or a roller . As the plate is pressed in , the teeth are all driven into the wood fibers simultaneously , and the compression between adjacent teeth reduces the tendency of the wood to split . A truss connector plate is manufactured from ASTM A653/A653M , A591 , A792/A792M , or A167 structural quality steel and is protected with zinc or zinc-aluminum alloy coatings or their stainless steel equivalent . Metal connector plates are manufactured with varying length , width and thickness ( or gauge ) and are designed to laterally transmit loads in wood . They are also known as stud ties , metal connector plates , mending plates , or nail plates . However , not all types of nail plates are approved for use in trusses and other structurally critical placements .'}]}, {'value': 'Dean Kamen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Kamen', 'summary': 'Dean Lawrence Kamen ( born April 5 , 1951 ) is an American engineer , inventor , and businessman . He is known for his invention of the Segway , as well as founding the non-profit organization FIRST with Woodie Flowers .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Entrepreneur and inventor ; received honorary doctorate from Georgia Tech in 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel G. Malti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_G._Malti', 'summary': 'Michel George Malti ( November 7 , 1895 - May 1978 ) was an American electrical engineer , known for his work in circuit analysis . He was born in Deir el Qamar , in modern-day Lebanon and died in Miami , Florida . He graduated from the Syrian Protestant college ( 1915 ) and from Georgia Tech ( 1922 ) , before joining Cornell University as an instructor and student , earning a M.Sc . ( 1924 ) and Ph.D. ( 1927 ) , all degrees in electrical engineering . He continued to serve as research assistant and faculty member in civil engineering and as a professor in electrical engineering until his retirement ( 1962 ) , spending sabbaticals at the University of Puerto Rico ( 1947 ) and the University of Roorkee in India ( 1955-57 ) . In 1939 Malti and Fritz Herzog solved an important electric power problem on balancing dynamos , which had remained unsolved since the days of Michael Faraday a century before . He later supervised research on 3D-modeling of Eddy currents . Malti was an IEEE Fellow .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical engineer known for his work in circuit analysis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electrical_engineer', 'summary': 'Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study , design and application of equipment , devices and systems which use electricity , electronics , and electromagnetism . It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph , the telephone , and electrical power generation , distribution and use . Electrical engineering is now divided into a wide range of fields including , computer engineering , power engineering , telecommunications , radio-frequency engineering , signal processing , instrumentation , and electronics . Many of these disciplines overlap with other engineering branches , spanning a huge number of specializations including hardware engineering , power electronics , electromagnetics and waves , microwave engineering , nanotechnology , electrochemistry , renewable energies , mechatronics , and electrical materials science . See glossary of electrical and electronics engineering . Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering . Practising engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body or an international standards organization . These include the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) , the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) ( formerly the IEE ) . The IEC prepares international standards for electrical engineering , developed through consensus , thanks to the work of 20,000 electrotechnical experts , coming from 172 countries worldwide . Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable . These range from circuit theory to the management skills of a project manager . The tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable , ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Circuit_analysis', 'summary': 'A network , in the context of electronics , is a collection of interconnected components . Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across , and the currents through , all network components . There are many techniques for calculating these values . However , for the most part , the techniques assume linear components . Except where stated , the methods described in this article are applicable only to linear network analysis .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary S. May', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_S._May', 'summary': 'Gary Stephen May ( born May 17 , 1964 ) is the chancellor of the University of California , Davis . From May 2005 to June 2011 , he was the Steve W. Chaddick School Chair of the School of Electrical & Computer Engineering at Georgia Tech . He served as the Dean of the Georgia Tech College of Engineering from July 2011 until June 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former dean of the Georgia Tech College of Engineering ; notable in the field of computer-aided manufacturing of integrated circuits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Engineering', 'summary': 'The College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology provides formal education and research in more than 10 fields of engineering , including aerospace , chemical , civil engineering , electrical engineering , industrial , mechanical , materials engineering , biomedical , and biomolecular engineering , plus polymer , textile , and fiber engineering . The College of Engineering is the oldest and largest college of the institution .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom McDermott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_McDermott_(engineer)', 'summary': 'Tom McDermott is the Deputy Director and Director of Research at the Georgia Tech Research Institute , a position he has held since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Deputy director and director of research at the Georgia Tech Research Institute since 2007 ; previously chief engineer and program manager for Lockheed Martin 's F-22 Raptor Avionics Team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia , United States . GTRI employs around 2,400 people , and is involved in approximately $ 600 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government . Initially known as the Engineering Experiment Station , ( EES ) the organization was proposed in 1929 by W. Harry Vaughan as an analogue to the agricultural experiment stations ; the Georgia General Assembly passed a law that year creating the organization on paper , but did not allocate funds to start it . To boost the state 's struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression , funds were found , and the station was finally established with US $ 5,000 ( equivalent to $ 80,000 in 2018 ) in April 1934 . GTRI 's research spans a variety of disciplines , including national defense , homeland security , public health , education , mobile and wireless technologies , and economic development . Major customers for GTRI research include United States Department of Defense agencies , the state of Georgia , non-defense federal agencies , and private industry . Overall , contracts and grants from Department of Defense agencies account for approximately 84% of GTRI 's total research funding . Since it was established , GTRI has expanded its engineering focus to include science , economics , policy , and other areas that leverage GTRI 's partnership with Georgia Tech . GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_engineer', 'summary': "A chief engineer , commonly referred to as ChEng or Chief , is the seniormost engine officer of an engine department on a ship , typically a merchant ship , and holds overall leadership and the responsibility of that department . As a person who holds one of the most senior roles on the ship , they must have excellent communication and leadership skills . They will be expected to regularly work alongside other crew members and external consultants , and most importantly , provide guidance to his or her team . To be a chief engineer , an engineer must attain a chief engineer 's license appropriate to the tonnage , power rating , and type of ship that they are employed on . A chief engineer is ultimately responsible for all operations and maintenance that has to do with any and all engineering equipment throughout the entire ship , and supervises all other engineering officer and engine ratings within the department . The chief engineer is a similar rank as the Captain , but the Captain is the commanding officer on board and in overall command of the vessel . As commanding officer he is responsible for the vessel , cargo and crew . Therefore , all personnel on board answer to him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Program_manager', 'summary': "Program management or programme management is the process of managing several related projects , often with the intention of improving an organization 's performance . In practice and in its aims , program management is often closely related to systems engineering , industrial engineering , change management , and business transformation . In the defense sector , it is the dominant approach to managing very large projects . Because major defense programs entail working with contractors , it is often called acquisition management , indicating that the government buyer acquires goods and services by means of contractors . The program manager has oversight of the purpose and status of the projects in a program and can use this oversight to support project-level activity to ensure the program goals are met by providing a decision-making capacity that can not be achieved at project level or by providing the project manager with a program perspective when required , or as a sounding board for ideas and approaches to solving project issues that have program impacts . The program manager may be well placed to provide this insight by actively seeking out such information from the project managers although in large and/or complex projects , a specific role may be required . However this insight arises , the program manager needs this in order to be comfortable that the overall program goals are achievable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/F-22_Raptor', 'summary': "The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is a single-seat , twin-engine , all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . The result of the USAF 's Advanced Tactical Fighter ( ATF ) program , the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter , but also has ground attack , electronic warfare , and signal intelligence capabilities . The prime contractor , Lockheed Martin , built most of the F-22 's airframe and weapons systems and conducted final assembly , while Boeing provided the wings , aft fuselage , avionics integration , and training systems . The aircraft was variously designated F-22 and F/A-22 before it formally entered service in December 2005 as the F-22A . Despite its protracted development and various operational issues , USAF officials consider the F-22 a critical component of the service 's tactical air power . Its combination of stealth , aerodynamic performance , and situational awareness enable unprecedented air combat capabilities . Service officials had originally planned to buy a total of 750 ATFs . In 2009 , the program was cut to 187 operational production aircraft due to high costs , a lack of clear air-to-air missions due to delays in Russian and Chinese fighter programs , a ban on exports , and development of the more versatile F-35 . [ N 1 ] The last F-22 was delivered in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert C. Michelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_C._Michelson', 'summary': "Robert C. Michelson ( born 1951 ) is an American engineer and academic widely known for inventing the entomopter , a biologically inspired flapping-winged aerial robot , and for having established the International Aerial Robotics Competition . He has received degrees in electrical engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the Georgia Institute of Technology . Michelson 's professional career began at the U.S . Naval Research Laboratory where he worked on radar-based ocean surveillance systems . He later became a member of the research faculty at the Georgia Institute of Technology . At the Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) he was involved in full-time research , directing over 30 major research programs . He is the author of three U.S. patents and over 90 journal papers , book chapters and reports . Michelson also developed classes in avionics and taught in the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology until his retirement from the University System of Georgia in 2004 . Michelson is the recipient of the 1998 AUVSI Pioneer Award and the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture as well as the first Top Pirelli Prize . During the 1990s , he created a tax-exempt corporation to apply high tech solutions to modern archeology and has organized a number of archeological expeditions into eastern Anatolia . He now heads the engineering consulting company , Millennial Vision , LLC . Since the mid-1990s , Michelson 's work has concentrated on biologically inspired micro air vehicle design ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roboticist ; recipient of the 2001 Pirelli Award ; recipient of 2001 Top Pirelli Prize ; inventor of the Entomopter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award', 'summary': 'The Pirelli Internetional Award was first offered in 1996 , as the first international multimedia competition for the communication of science & technology conducted entirely on the internet . Since then , annual awards have been granted to the best multimedia presentations focussing on themes involving the diffusion of science and technology . The multimedia presentations must deal with either physics , chemistry , mathematics , life sciences , or the enabling information and communication technologies that empower multimedia itself . According to Marco Tronchetti Provera , President of the Pirelli Group , the award was established in the belief that the diffusion of social , economic and technological advances are as important as their discovery . As the name indicates , the award is sponsored by the Pirelli Corporation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award', 'summary': 'The Pirelli Internetional Award was first offered in 1996 , as the first international multimedia competition for the communication of science & technology conducted entirely on the internet . Since then , annual awards have been granted to the best multimedia presentations focussing on themes involving the diffusion of science and technology . The multimedia presentations must deal with either physics , chemistry , mathematics , life sciences , or the enabling information and communication technologies that empower multimedia itself . According to Marco Tronchetti Provera , President of the Pirelli Group , the award was established in the belief that the diffusion of social , economic and technological advances are as important as their discovery . As the name indicates , the award is sponsored by the Pirelli Corporation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Entomopter', 'summary': 'An Entomopter is an aircraft that flies using the wing-flapping aerodynamics of an insect . The word is derived from entomo ( meaning insect : as in entomology ) + pteron ( meaning wing ) . Entomopters are type of ornithopter , which is the broader term for any device intended to fly by flapping wings .'}]}, {'value': 'Lane Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lane_Mitchell', 'summary': "Lane Mitchell ( July 11 , 1907 in Atlanta , Georgia - December 4 , 1988 ) was a ceramic engineer at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the head ( and founder ) of the Department of Ceramic Engineering there , now known as Georgia Tech 's School of Materials Science and Engineering ."}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ceramic engineer at Georgia Tech and the founder of its Department of Ceramic Engineering , now known as Georgia Tech 's School of Materials Science and Engineering", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceramic_engineer', 'summary': 'Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic , non-metallic materials . This is done either by the action of heat , or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high-purity chemical solutions . The term includes the purification of raw materials , the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned , their formation into components and the study of their structure , composition and properties . Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure , with long-range order on atomic scale . Glass ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure , with limited or short-range atomic order . They are either formed from a molten mass that solidifies on cooling , formed and matured by the action of heat , or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using , for example , hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis . The special character of ceramic materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering , electrical engineering , chemical engineering and mechanical engineering . As ceramics are heat resistant , they can be used for many tasks for which materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable . Ceramic materials are used in a wide range of industries , including mining , aerospace , medicine , refinery , food and chemical industries , packaging science , electronics , industrial and transmission electricity , and guided lightwave transmission .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Nesbitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Nesbitt', 'summary': "Bryan Edward Nesbitt ( b. January 24 , 1969 in Phoenix , Arizona ) is an automobile designer and currently head of General Motors Corporation International Operations Design , based in Shanghai , China . Nesbitt is also brand chairman for Wuling and Baojun , two automakers with which GM has joint ventures . Previously Nesbitt had held the position of GM 's North American Exterior Design and Global Architecture Strategy and had been a designer with Chrysler . Several of his more prominent styling contributions have been to the Chrysler PT Cruiser , the similarly retro Chevrolet HHR , the seventh generation Chevrolet Malibu . and the 1997 Chrysler CCV , which had been conceived as a Chinese people 's car with bodywork constructed of recycled plastic bottles ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Automobile designer ; head of General Motors Corporation International Operations Design ; transferred to Art Center College of Design after his first year at Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation', 'summary': "General Motors Company , commonly referred to as General Motors ( GM ) , is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs , manufactures , markets , and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts , and sells financial services , with global headquarters in Detroit 's Renaissance Center . It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16 , 1908 as a holding company . The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer , and one of the world 's largest . As of 2019 , General Motors is ranked # 13 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . General Motors manufactures vehicles in 15 countries ; its core automobile brands include Chevrolet , Buick , GMC , and Cadillac . It also either owns or holds a significant stake in foreign brands such as Holden , Wuling , Baojun , and Jiefang . Annual worldwide sales volume reached a milestone of 10 million vehicles in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Art_Center_College_of_Design', 'summary': 'Art Center College of Design ( stylized as ArtCenter College of Design ) is a nonprofit , private college located in Pasadena , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Herbert Saffir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Saffir', 'summary': 'Herbert Seymour Saffir ( 29 March 1917 - 21 November 2007 ) ( /ˈsæfər/ ( listen ) ) was an American civil engineer who co-developed ( with meteorologist Robert Simpson ) the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale for measuring the intensity of hurricanes . As recently as 2005 Saffir was the principal of Saffir Engineering in Coral Gables , Florida . He also published articles on designing buildings for high wind resistance .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Developer of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saffir–Simpson_Hurricane_Scale', 'summary': 'The Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) , formerly the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale ( SSHS ) , classifies hurricanes - Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones - that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms - into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff S. Shamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_S._Shamma', 'summary': 'Jeff S. Shamma ( born c. 1961 ) is an American control theorist and the Professor of Electrical engineering at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology . Formerly , he held the Julian T. Hightower Chair in Systems & Control Systems and Controls at the Georgia Institute of Technology . He is known for his early work in nonlinear and adaptive control , particularly on gain scheduling , robust control , and more recently , distributed systems .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Control theorist , professor and Julian T. Hightower Chair in Systems and Controls in Georgia Tech 's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Control_theorist', 'summary': 'Control theory in control systems engineering is a subfield of mathematics that deals with the control of continuously operating dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines . The objective is to develop a control model for controlling such systems using a control action in an optimum manner without delay or overshoot and ensuring control stability . To do this , a controller with the requisite corrective behaviour is required . This controller monitors the controlled process variable ( PV ) , and compares it with the reference or set point ( SP ) . The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable , called the error signal , or SP-PV error , is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point . Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability . This is the basis for the advanced type of automation that revolutionized manufacturing , aircraft , communications and other industries . This is feedback control , which is usually continuous and involves taking measurements using a sensor and making calculated adjustments to keep the measured variable within a set range by means of a final control element , such as a control valve . Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram . In it the transfer function , also known as the system function or network function , is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the differential equations describing the system . Control theory dates from the 19th century , when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by James Clerk Maxwell . Control theory was further advanced by Edward Routh in 1874 , Charles Sturm and in 1895 , Adolf Hurwitz , who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria ; and from 1922 onwards , the development of PID control theory by Nicolas Minorsky .'}]}, {'value': 'W. Harry Vaughan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._Harry_Vaughan', 'summary': 'William Harry Vaughan , Jr. ( born February 9 , 1900 ) was a professor of ceramic engineering at the Georgia School of Technology and the founder and first director of what is now the Georgia Tech Research Institute .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of ceramic engineering at Georgia Tech and the founder and first director of what is now the Georgia Tech Research Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceramic_engineering', 'summary': 'Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic , non-metallic materials . This is done either by the action of heat , or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high-purity chemical solutions . The term includes the purification of raw materials , the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned , their formation into components and the study of their structure , composition and properties . Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure , with long-range order on atomic scale . Glass ceramics may have an amorphous or glassy structure , with limited or short-range atomic order . They are either formed from a molten mass that solidifies on cooling , formed and matured by the action of heat , or chemically synthesized at low temperatures using , for example , hydrothermal or sol-gel synthesis . The special character of ceramic materials gives rise to many applications in materials engineering , electrical engineering , chemical engineering and mechanical engineering . As ceramics are heat resistant , they can be used for many tasks for which materials like metal and polymers are unsuitable . Ceramic materials are used in a wide range of industries , including mining , aerospace , medicine , refinery , food and chemical industries , packaging science , electronics , industrial and transmission electricity , and guided lightwave transmission .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia , United States . GTRI employs around 2,400 people , and is involved in approximately $ 600 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government . Initially known as the Engineering Experiment Station , ( EES ) the organization was proposed in 1929 by W. Harry Vaughan as an analogue to the agricultural experiment stations ; the Georgia General Assembly passed a law that year creating the organization on paper , but did not allocate funds to start it . To boost the state 's struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression , funds were found , and the station was finally established with US $ 5,000 ( equivalent to $ 80,000 in 2018 ) in April 1934 . GTRI 's research spans a variety of disciplines , including national defense , homeland security , public health , education , mobile and wireless technologies , and economic development . Major customers for GTRI research include United States Department of Defense agencies , the state of Georgia , non-defense federal agencies , and private industry . Overall , contracts and grants from Department of Defense agencies account for approximately 84% of GTRI 's total research funding . Since it was established , GTRI has expanded its engineering focus to include science , economics , policy , and other areas that leverage GTRI 's partnership with Georgia Tech . GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrison Wadsworth , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrison_Wadsworth,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Harrison Morton Wadsworth Jr. ( August 20 , 1924 - August 3 , 2010 ) was an American engineering professor of statistical methods , author and specialist in quality control science . Born in Duluth , Minnesota , he grew up in Miami Beach , Florida and lived most of his life in Atlanta , Georgia . Wadsworth received his B.I.E . Degree and M.S . Degrees from the Georgia Institute of Technology and his PhD from Case Western Reserve University . He was a professor of statistics in the Industrial and Systems Engineering Department at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1960 through 1991 , and taught in China and Turkey . He operated his own quality auditing consulting business upon retiring in 1991 . He was a veteran of the U.S. Army , serving as a supply sergeant in the Philippines in World War II , and in the Korean War .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of industrial engineering at Georgia Tech ; supply sergeant during World War II and the Korean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Korean_War', 'summary': 'The Korean War ( in South Korean Korean : 한국전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , Korean War ; in North Korean Korean : 조국해방전쟁 ; Hanja : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng , Fatherland Liberation War ; 25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953 ) [ b ] was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the support of the United Nations , principally from the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945 . After the war had ended , Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation , the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half . With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948 , two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War ( between the Soviet Union and the United States ) . A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee . Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military ( KPA ) forces - supported by the Soviet Union and China - crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean Army ( ROKA ) and the US forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat . As a result , the ROKA and US troops retreated to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter .'}]}, {'value': 'B. N. Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B._N._Wilson', 'summary': 'Birton Neill Wilson ( November 16 , 1874 - January 27 , 1948 ) was an American professor , engineer , and college football coach . He served as a professor of mechanical engineering and the head football coach at Arkansas Industrial University ( now known as the University of Arkansas ) .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor , engineer , and college football coach ; professor of mechanical engineering and the head football coach at Arkansas Industrial University ( now known as the University of Arkansas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_alumni_9', 'intro': 'This list of Georgia Institute of Technology alumni includes graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Georgia Tech. Notable administration, faculty, and staff are found on the list of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty. Georgia Tech alumni are generally known as Yellow Jackets. According to the Georgia Tech Alumni Association,\n.'}
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What is the year of the class that has students working at the same school they attended ?
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1982
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03f1844449cae0ce
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_muzzle-loading_guns', 'title': 'List of muzzle-loading guns', 'header': ['Caliber ( mm )', 'Weapon name', 'Country of origin', 'Design'], 'data': [{'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hwangja-Chongtong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hwangja-Chongtong', 'summary': 'The Chongtong was the term for Joseon-era gunnery . There were many different types , various improvements over the years , often including renaming . The well-known Cheonja , Jija , Hyeonja , and Hwangja were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size , thus making them equivalent to Cannons A , B , C , and D .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea', 'summary': "Korea is a region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula , Jeju Island , and several minor islands near the peninsula . Korea has been divided since 1948 between two distinct sovereign states , North Korea and South Korea . Korea is bordered by Russia to the northeast , China to the northwest , and neighbours Japan to the east via the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) . During the first half of the 1st millennium , Korea was divided between the three competing states of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In the second half of the 1st millennium , Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo , leading to the Unified Silla period . Meanwhile , Balhae formed in the north , superseding former Goguryeo . Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war , ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms . Toward the end of the 1st millennium , Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo , which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state . Around the same time , Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea , was a highly cultured state that created the world 's first metal movable type in 1234 . However , multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation , which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting . Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo , severe political strife followed , and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye , who established Joseon in July 17 , 1392 ."}]}, {'value': 'Early 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galloper gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galloper_gun', 'summary': "The Galloper gun is an artillery piece used circa 1740 in British colonies ( later the United States ) . It has 1½ , 2 , 3 , 4 and rare 6 pound shell variants . The gun and carriage weighs around 600 pounds . The gun was designed to be pulled by one horse between the shafts and to keep up with fast moving troops , perhaps even cavalry . Gallopers were among the first attempts to give some degree of mobility to guns but the logistics of gun crew movement and ammunition transportation meant that the time to fire from a different location was not significantly reduced . The galloper carriage was not used in the Americas during the French and Indian War nor in the Revolutionary War . Smith 's Universal Military Dictionary of 1779 states its use by the King of Prussia in the previous war ( which was ? ) . The replacements for the North American campaign were the Townsend design 3 pounder and the Patterson design 3 pounder on grasshopper carriages and the Congreve designed light field 3 pounder shipped in 1776 . Several of these were taken from Burgoyne at Saratoga . Two original Townsends are found at the Smithsonian and West Point . The only Pattison original is in Perth , Canada . No original carriages exist but a gunner 's model of the grasshopper carriage is found at the Woolwich military museum ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1740', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyunja-Chongtong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyunja-Chongtong', 'summary': 'The Chongtong was the term for Joseon-era gunnery . There were many different types , various improvements over the years , often including renaming . The well-known Cheonja , Jija , Hyeonja , and Hwangja were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size , thus making them equivalent to Cannons A , B , C , and D .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea', 'summary': "Korea is a region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula , Jeju Island , and several minor islands near the peninsula . Korea has been divided since 1948 between two distinct sovereign states , North Korea and South Korea . Korea is bordered by Russia to the northeast , China to the northwest , and neighbours Japan to the east via the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) . During the first half of the 1st millennium , Korea was divided between the three competing states of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In the second half of the 1st millennium , Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo , leading to the Unified Silla period . Meanwhile , Balhae formed in the north , superseding former Goguryeo . Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war , ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms . Toward the end of the 1st millennium , Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo , which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state . Around the same time , Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea , was a highly cultured state that created the world 's first metal movable type in 1234 . However , multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation , which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting . Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo , severe political strife followed , and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye , who established Joseon in July 17 , 1392 ."}]}, {'value': 'Early 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grasshopper cannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grasshopper_cannon', 'summary': 'Grasshopper was the nickname for a cannon used by the British in the late 18th century as a light battalion gun to support infantry . It was designed for service in rough terrain such as the frontiers of British North America . Its barrel was made of bronze instead of iron . Bronze is less brittle than cast iron , and so the barrel could be made thinner and lighter than that of an iron gun . Further , if a bronze gun developed a defect it would rupture ; an iron gun with a flaw would shatter , at great cost to its own crew . It fired a three-pound ball ( or 3 pounds of canister shot ) . Using the conventional bracket or split trail , the gun could be moved by its own crew using drag ropes and wooden shafts much like a handcart . Two straight shafts were placed on each side of the cheek pieces facing forward , and two angled ones at the trail . The appearance of the shafts when fixed in place led to the nickname of Grasshopper .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minion_(cannon)', 'summary': 'The minion ( from the French word for cute ) was a type of small cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century . It was of a small bore , typically 3-inch ( 76.2mm ) , and fired a 5-pound cannonball .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saker_(cannon)', 'summary': "The saker was a medium cannon , slightly smaller than a culverin , developed during the early 16th century and often used by the English . It was named after the saker falcon , a large falconry bird native to the Middle East . A saker 's barrel was approximately 9.5 ft ( 2.9m ) long , had a calibre of 3.25 inches ( 8.26 cm ) , and weighed approximately 1,900 lb ( 860 kg ) . It could fire round shot weighing 5.25 lb ( 2.4 kg ) approximately 7,400 ft ( 2.3 km ) using 4 lb ( 1.8 kg ) of black powder . The shot was intended to bounce along the ground to cause as much damage as possible , the explosive shell being rare before the 19th century . Tests performed in France during the 1950s show that a saker 's range was over 9,000 ft ( 2.7 km ) when fired at a 45-degree angle . Henry VIII amassed a large arsenal of sakers in the early 16th century as he expanded the Royal Navy and came into conflict with France . Henry 's foundries used so much bronze that there was a world shortage of tin . According to the inventory in the Anthony Roll , the Mary Rose carried several sakers , though none have been found so far and may have been recovered by salvagers soon after the disaster . Sakers were heavily used during the English Civil War , especially during sieges , when they were used by both attackers and defenders of fortified towns . They also saw action in the Jacobite rising of 1689 and were used by the armies of both William III and James II at the Battle of the Boyne . A French version of the saker is the couleuvrine moyenne , meaning middle sized , which was often used at sea ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon de 4 de Vallière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canon_de_4_de_Vallière', 'summary': "The Canon de 4 de Vallière was a type of cannon designed by the French officer Florent-Jean de Vallière ( 1667-1759 ) , Director-General of the Battalions and Schools of the Artillery . The cannon was a result of the Royal Ordonnance of October 7 , 1732 , enacted to reorganize and standardize the King 's artillery Whereas numerous formats and designs had been in place in the French army , De Vallière standardized the French sizes in artillery pieces , by allowing only for the production of 24 , 12 , 8 and 4 pound guns , mortars of 13 and 9 inches , and stone-throwing mortars of 16 inches . The 24-pdr was the largest caliber available to French artillery in this system . The cannon used core drilling of the bore of cannons founded in one piece of bronze , a method developed at that time by Jean Maritz , which allowed for much higher precision of the bore shape and surface , and therefore higher shooting efficiency . As with other de Valliere guns , the 4-pdr was also highly decorated and contained numerous designs and inscriptions ."}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_France', 'summary': "The Kingdom of France ( French : Royaume de France ) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe . It was among the most powerful states in Europe and a great power since the Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years ' War . It was also an early colonial power , with possessions around the world . France originated as West Francia ( Francia Occidentalis ) , the western half of the Carolingian Empire , with the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) . A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987 , when Hugh Capet was elected king and founded the Capetian dynasty . The territory remained known as Francia and its ruler as rex Francorum ( king of the Franks ) well into the High Middle Ages . The first king calling himself Roi de France ( King of France ) was Philip II , in 1190 . France continued to be ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines - the Valois and Bourbon - until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution . France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised , feudal monarchy . In Brittany and Catalonia ( now a part of Spain ) the authority of the French king was barely felt . Lorraine and Provence were states of the Holy Roman Empire and not yet a part of France . Initially , West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates , but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father 's lifetime established the principle of male primogeniture , which became codified in the Salic law ."}]}, {'value': '1732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'So-po', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_cannon', 'summary': 'Cannon appeared in Korea by the mid 14th century during the Goryeo dynasty and quickly proliferated as naval and fortress-defense weapons . Major developments occurred throughout the 15th century , including the introduction of large siege mortars as well as major improvements that drastically increased range , power , and accuracy . The Imjin War in the 1590s marked the beginning of a Korean military revolution which saw improvements in cannon design and the introduction and adaptation of foreign-based firearms . This included the en masse adoption of muskets and the adoption of volley fire and rigorous drill techniques . Breech-loading swivel guns were particularly popular as light anti-personnel artillery . With the rising threat of European powers in the 19th century , the Joseon dynasty made attempts at reverse-engineering European firearms but eventually had to simply buy them from foreign entities .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea', 'summary': "Korea is a region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula , Jeju Island , and several minor islands near the peninsula . Korea has been divided since 1948 between two distinct sovereign states , North Korea and South Korea . Korea is bordered by Russia to the northeast , China to the northwest , and neighbours Japan to the east via the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) . During the first half of the 1st millennium , Korea was divided between the three competing states of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In the second half of the 1st millennium , Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo , leading to the Unified Silla period . Meanwhile , Balhae formed in the north , superseding former Goguryeo . Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war , ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms . Toward the end of the 1st millennium , Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo , which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state . Around the same time , Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea , was a highly cultured state that created the world 's first metal movable type in 1234 . However , multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation , which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting . Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo , severe political strife followed , and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye , who established Joseon in July 17 , 1392 ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon de 6 système An XI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canon_de_6_système_An_XI', 'summary': 'The Canon de 6 système An XI was a French cannon and part of the Year XI system of artillery . It was part of the field artillery , and complemented the Gribeauval system .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demi-culverin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demi-culverin', 'summary': 'The demi-culverin was a medium cannon similar to but slightly larger than a saker and smaller than a regular culverin developed in the late 16th century . Barrels of demi-culverins were typically about 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) long , had a calibre of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) and could weigh up to 3,400 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) . It required 6 pounds ( 2.7 kg ) of black powder to fire an 8-pound ( 3.6 kg ) round shot ( though there were heavier variants firing 9-pound ( 4.1 kg ) or 10-pound ( 4.5 kg ) round shot ) . The demi-culverin had an effective range of 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) . Demi-culverins were valued by generals for their range , accuracy and effectiveness . They were often used in sieges for wall and building demolition .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hongyi-po', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hongyi-po', 'summary': "Hongyipao ( Chinese : 紅夷炮 ; pinyin : hóngyípào ; literally : 'red barbarian cannon ' ; Vietnamese : hồng di pháo ) was the Chinese name for European style muzzle-loading culverins introduced to China and Korea from the Portuguese colony of Macau and by the Hendrick Hamel expedition to Joseon in the early 17th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Dutch Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Republic', 'summary': 'The United Provinces of the Netherlands , or simply United Provinces ( officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ) , and commonly referred to historiographically as the Dutch Republic , was a federal republic formally established from the formal creation of a federal state in 1581 by several Dutch provinces - seceded from Spanish rule - until the Batavian Revolution of 1795 . It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state . The small republic of around 1.5 million inhabitants distinguished itself by world trade through the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) and the Dutch West India Company ( WIC ) , by its great military successes against ostensibly stronger countries such as Spain and England , by its huge fleet ( with 2,000 ships , larger than that of England and France combined ) , by the flourishing of arts ( painters such as Rembrandt , Johannes Vermeer and many others ) and sciences ( including Hugo Grotius and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ) , and by its relatively tolerant atmosphere towards different religions and ideas ( freedom of thought ) . Because Dutch trade , science , military , and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century , this period became known in Dutch history as the Dutch Golden Age .'}]}, {'value': 'Early 17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jija-Chongtong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jija-Chongtong', 'summary': 'The Chongtong was the term for Joseon-era gunnery . There were many different types , various improvements over the years , often including renaming . The well-known Cheonja , Jija , Hyeonja , and Hwangja were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size , thus making them equivalent to Cannons A , B , C , and D .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea', 'summary': "Korea is a region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula , Jeju Island , and several minor islands near the peninsula . Korea has been divided since 1948 between two distinct sovereign states , North Korea and South Korea . Korea is bordered by Russia to the northeast , China to the northwest , and neighbours Japan to the east via the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) . During the first half of the 1st millennium , Korea was divided between the three competing states of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In the second half of the 1st millennium , Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo , leading to the Unified Silla period . Meanwhile , Balhae formed in the north , superseding former Goguryeo . Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war , ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms . Toward the end of the 1st millennium , Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo , which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state . Around the same time , Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea , was a highly cultured state that created the world 's first metal movable type in 1234 . However , multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation , which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting . Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo , severe political strife followed , and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye , who established Joseon in July 17 , 1392 ."}]}, {'value': 'Early 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheonja-Chongtong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonja-Chongtong', 'summary': 'The Chongtong was the term for Joseon-era gunnery . There were many different types , various improvements over the years , often including renaming . The well-known Cheonja , Jija , Hyeonja , and Hwangja were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size , thus making them equivalent to Cannons A , B , C , and D .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea', 'summary': "Korea is a region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula , Jeju Island , and several minor islands near the peninsula . Korea has been divided since 1948 between two distinct sovereign states , North Korea and South Korea . Korea is bordered by Russia to the northeast , China to the northwest , and neighbours Japan to the east via the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) . During the first half of the 1st millennium , Korea was divided between the three competing states of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In the second half of the 1st millennium , Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo , leading to the Unified Silla period . Meanwhile , Balhae formed in the north , superseding former Goguryeo . Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war , ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms . Toward the end of the 1st millennium , Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo , which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state . Around the same time , Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea , was a highly cultured state that created the world 's first metal movable type in 1234 . However , multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation , which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting . Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo , severe political strife followed , and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye , who established Joseon in July 17 , 1392 ."}]}, {'value': 'Early 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jung-po', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_cannon', 'summary': 'Cannon appeared in Korea by the mid 14th century during the Goryeo dynasty and quickly proliferated as naval and fortress-defense weapons . Major developments occurred throughout the 15th century , including the introduction of large siege mortars as well as major improvements that drastically increased range , power , and accuracy . The Imjin War in the 1590s marked the beginning of a Korean military revolution which saw improvements in cannon design and the introduction and adaptation of foreign-based firearms . This included the en masse adoption of muskets and the adoption of volley fire and rigorous drill techniques . Breech-loading swivel guns were particularly popular as light anti-personnel artillery . With the rising threat of European powers in the 19th century , the Joseon dynasty made attempts at reverse-engineering European firearms but eventually had to simply buy them from foreign entities .'}]}, {'value': 'Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea', 'summary': "Korea is a region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula , Jeju Island , and several minor islands near the peninsula . Korea has been divided since 1948 between two distinct sovereign states , North Korea and South Korea . Korea is bordered by Russia to the northeast , China to the northwest , and neighbours Japan to the east via the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) . During the first half of the 1st millennium , Korea was divided between the three competing states of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In the second half of the 1st millennium , Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo , leading to the Unified Silla period . Meanwhile , Balhae formed in the north , superseding former Goguryeo . Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war , ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms . Toward the end of the 1st millennium , Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo , which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state . Around the same time , Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo . Goryeo ( also spelled as Koryŏ ) , whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea , was a highly cultured state that created the world 's first metal movable type in 1234 . However , multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation , which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting . Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo , severe political strife followed , and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye , who established Joseon in July 17 , 1392 ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '121', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon de 12 livres Le Solide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Keller', 'summary': 'Jean-Jacques Keller ( 1635-1700 ) and his brother Jean-Balthazar Keller ( 1638-1702 ) were Swiss gunfounders from Zürich , in the service of France . Jean-Jacques was considered as one of the most skillful founders of France . In 1669 , he became Master of the foundries ( Commissaire des Fontes ) at Douai . He also established other foundries in Besançon , Breisach and Pinerolo . His work was integral part of the plan established by Louvois in 1666 to have the army and artillery reorganized .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_France', 'summary': "The Kingdom of France ( French : Royaume de France ) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe . It was among the most powerful states in Europe and a great power since the Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years ' War . It was also an early colonial power , with possessions around the world . France originated as West Francia ( Francia Occidentalis ) , the western half of the Carolingian Empire , with the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) . A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987 , when Hugh Capet was elected king and founded the Capetian dynasty . The territory remained known as Francia and its ruler as rex Francorum ( king of the Franks ) well into the High Middle Ages . The first king calling himself Roi de France ( King of France ) was Philip II , in 1190 . France continued to be ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines - the Valois and Bourbon - until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution . France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised , feudal monarchy . In Brittany and Catalonia ( now a part of Spain ) the authority of the French king was barely felt . Lorraine and Provence were states of the Holy Roman Empire and not yet a part of France . Initially , West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates , but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father 's lifetime established the principle of male primogeniture , which became codified in the Salic law ."}]}, {'value': '1688', 'urls': []}, {'value': '121', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon de 12 de Vallière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canon_de_12_de_Vallière', 'summary': 'The Canon de 12 de Vallière was a type of cannon designed by French officer Florent-Jean de Vallière ( 1667-1759 ) , Director-General of the Battalions and Schools of the Artillery .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_France', 'summary': "The Kingdom of France ( French : Royaume de France ) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe . It was among the most powerful states in Europe and a great power since the Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years ' War . It was also an early colonial power , with possessions around the world . France originated as West Francia ( Francia Occidentalis ) , the western half of the Carolingian Empire , with the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) . A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987 , when Hugh Capet was elected king and founded the Capetian dynasty . The territory remained known as Francia and its ruler as rex Francorum ( king of the Franks ) well into the High Middle Ages . The first king calling himself Roi de France ( King of France ) was Philip II , in 1190 . France continued to be ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines - the Valois and Bourbon - until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution . France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised , feudal monarchy . In Brittany and Catalonia ( now a part of Spain ) the authority of the French king was barely felt . Lorraine and Provence were states of the Holy Roman Empire and not yet a part of France . Initially , West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates , but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father 's lifetime established the principle of male primogeniture , which became codified in the Salic law ."}]}, {'value': '1732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '121', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon obusier de 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canon_obusier_de_12', 'summary': "The Canon obusier de 12 ( officially the Canon obusier de campagne de 12 livres , modèle 1853 ) , also known as the Canon de lEmpereur ( emperor 's cannon ) and was a type of canon-obusier ( literally shell-gun cannon , gun-howitzer ) developed by France in 1853 . Its performance and versatility ( it was able to fire either ball , shell , canister or grapeshot ) allowed it to replace all the previous field guns , especially the Canon de 8 and the Canon de 12 as well as the two howitzers of the Valée system . The cannon was known in the United States as the 12-pounder Napoleon after French President and Emperor Napoleon III ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Culverin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culverin', 'summary': 'A culverin was a relatively simple ancestor of the musket , and later a medieval cannon , adapted for use by the French as the couleuvrine ( from couleuvre grass snake ) in the 15th century , and later adapted for naval use by the English in the late 16th century . The culverin was used to bombard targets from a distance . The weapon had a relatively long barrel and a light construction . The culverin fired solid round shot projectiles with a high muzzle velocity , producing a relatively long range and flat trajectory . Round shot refers to the classic solid spherical cannonball .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '134', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon de 16 Le Combattant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Keller', 'summary': 'Jean-Jacques Keller ( 1635-1700 ) and his brother Jean-Balthazar Keller ( 1638-1702 ) were Swiss gunfounders from Zürich , in the service of France . Jean-Jacques was considered as one of the most skillful founders of France . In 1669 , he became Master of the foundries ( Commissaire des Fontes ) at Douai . He also established other foundries in Besançon , Breisach and Pinerolo . His work was integral part of the plan established by Louvois in 1666 to have the army and artillery reorganized .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_France', 'summary': "The Kingdom of France ( French : Royaume de France ) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe . It was among the most powerful states in Europe and a great power since the Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years ' War . It was also an early colonial power , with possessions around the world . France originated as West Francia ( Francia Occidentalis ) , the western half of the Carolingian Empire , with the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) . A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987 , when Hugh Capet was elected king and founded the Capetian dynasty . The territory remained known as Francia and its ruler as rex Francorum ( king of the Franks ) well into the High Middle Ages . The first king calling himself Roi de France ( King of France ) was Philip II , in 1190 . France continued to be ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines - the Valois and Bourbon - until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution . France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised , feudal monarchy . In Brittany and Catalonia ( now a part of Spain ) the authority of the French king was barely felt . Lorraine and Provence were states of the Holy Roman Empire and not yet a part of France . Initially , West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates , but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father 's lifetime established the principle of male primogeniture , which became codified in the Salic law ."}]}, {'value': '1674', 'urls': []}, {'value': '134', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canon de 16 La Curiosité', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Keller', 'summary': 'Jean-Jacques Keller ( 1635-1700 ) and his brother Jean-Balthazar Keller ( 1638-1702 ) were Swiss gunfounders from Zürich , in the service of France . Jean-Jacques was considered as one of the most skillful founders of France . In 1669 , he became Master of the foundries ( Commissaire des Fontes ) at Douai . He also established other foundries in Besançon , Breisach and Pinerolo . His work was integral part of the plan established by Louvois in 1666 to have the army and artillery reorganized .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_France', 'summary': "The Kingdom of France ( French : Royaume de France ) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe . It was among the most powerful states in Europe and a great power since the Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years ' War . It was also an early colonial power , with possessions around the world . France originated as West Francia ( Francia Occidentalis ) , the western half of the Carolingian Empire , with the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) . A branch of the Carolingian dynasty continued to rule until 987 , when Hugh Capet was elected king and founded the Capetian dynasty . The territory remained known as Francia and its ruler as rex Francorum ( king of the Franks ) well into the High Middle Ages . The first king calling himself Roi de France ( King of France ) was Philip II , in 1190 . France continued to be ruled by the Capetians and their cadet lines - the Valois and Bourbon - until the monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution . France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised , feudal monarchy . In Brittany and Catalonia ( now a part of Spain ) the authority of the French king was barely felt . Lorraine and Provence were states of the Holy Roman Empire and not yet a part of France . Initially , West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates , but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father 's lifetime established the principle of male primogeniture , which became codified in the Salic law ."}]}, {'value': '1679', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Smoothbore muzzle-loading cannon', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_muzzle-loading_guns_0', 'intro': 'Muzzle-loading guns (as opposed to muzzle-loading mortars and howitzers) are an early type of artillery, (often field artillery, but naval artillery and siege artillery were other types of muzzleloading artillery), used before, and even for some time after, breech-loading cannon became common. Projectile (shot, and later shell) and powder charge are loaded via the muzzle and rammed down the barrel, and then fired at the target. Muzzle-loading artillery came in smoothbore and rifled form, the rifled guns increasingly taking over from the smoothbores as time past and technology improved. Most were made of bronze because of a lack of metallurgic technology, but cast and wrought-iron guns were common as well, particularly later on. Muzzleloading artillery evolved across a wide range of styles, beginning with the bombard, and evolving into culverins, falconets, sakers, demi-cannon, rifled muzzle-loaders, Parrott rifles, and many other styles. Handcannons are excepted from this list because they are hand-held and typically of small caliber.'}
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What is the country of origin of the weapon that was created by the man who was considered as one of the most skillful founders of France ?
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Kingdom of France
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03f3dc9d9b6e10c0
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukedoms_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland', 'title': 'List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland', 'header': ['Dukedom', 'Date of creation', 'Grantee', 'Surname', 'Current status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cornwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall', 'summary': 'Duke of Cornwall is a title in the Peerage of England , traditionally held by the eldest son of the reigning British monarch , previously the English monarch . The Duchy of Cornwall was the first duchy created in England and was established by a royal charter in 1337 . The present duke is the Prince of Wales , the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II . His wife , Camilla , is the current Duchess of Cornwall .'}]}, {'value': '9 February 1337', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward of Woodstock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_of_Woodstock', 'summary': "Edward of Woodstock , known to history as the Black Prince ( 15 June 1330 - 8 June 1376 ) , [ a ] was the eldest son of King Edward III of England , and thus the heir to the English throne . He died before his father and so his son , Richard II , succeeded to the throne instead . Edward nevertheless still earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the Hundred Years ' War , being regarded by his contemporaries as a model of chivalry and one of the greatest knights of his age . Edward was created Duke of Cornwall , the first English dukedom , in 1337 . He was guardian of the kingdom in his father 's absence in 1338 , 1340 , and 1342 . He was created Prince of Wales in 1343 and knighted by his father at La Hogne in 1346 . In 1346 Prince Edward commanded the vanguard at the Battle of Crécy , his father intentionally leaving him to win the battle . He took part in Edward III 's 1349 Calais expedition . In 1355 he was appointed the king 's lieutenant in Gascony , and ordered to lead an army into Aquitaine on a chevauchée , during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary , sacked Carcassonne , and plundered Narbonne . The next year ( 1356 ) on another chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne , Limousin , and Berry but failed to take Bourges . He offered terms of peace to King John II of France , who had outflanked him near Poitiers , but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance . This led to the Battle of Poitiers where his army routed the French and took King John prisoner ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet ( originally )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Held by the eldest living son of the monarch who is also heir-apparent to the throne ; title currently held by Charles , Prince of Wales . Also includes the Duchy of Cornwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales', 'summary': 'Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) , is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest son of Elizabeth II . He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952 , and he is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history . He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales , having held that title since 1958 . Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child . Charles also spent a year at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 . In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer , and they had two sons : Prince William ( b . 1982 ) and Prince Harry ( b . 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced following well-publicised extramarital affairs by both parties . Diana died as the result of a car crash in Paris the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster', 'summary': "The Duke of Lancaster is the titular owner of the estates of the Duchy of Lancaster and head of the County Palatine of Lancaster . It is also an ancient title that is informally used within Lancaster to describe Elizabeth II , the monarch of the United Kingdom . The Duchy of Lancaster exists as a separate entity from the Crown Estate and currently provides income for the British monarch . It is customary at formal dinners in the historic county boundaries of Lancashire and in Lancastrian regiments of the armed forces for the Loyal Toast to the crown to be announced as The Queen , Duke of Lancaster . In addition , in Lancaster it was quite common as late as the second half of the twentieth century to hear the national anthem sung as God save our gracious Queen , long live our noble Duke , but this is a tradition that has no constitutional warrant , and the British monarch is not styled legally so within either the County Palatine of Lancashire nor the Duchy of Lancaster in any official capacity ( for example , Letters Patent or Acts of Parliament ) , merely as a sign of local , 'Lancastrian ' loyalty ."}]}, {'value': '6 March 1351', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry of Grosmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont', 'summary': "Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster , 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster , Earl of Derby KG ( c. 1310 - 23 March 1361 ) , of Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire , was a member of the English royal family and a prominent English diplomat , politician , and soldier . He was the wealthiest and most powerful peer of the realm . The son and heir of Henry , 3rd Earl of Lancaster , and Maud Chaworth , he became one of King Edward III 's most trusted captains in the early phases of the Hundred Years ' War and distinguished himself with victory in the Battle of Auberoche . He was a founding member and the second Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1348 , and in 1351 was created Duke of Lancaster . An intelligent and reflective man , Grosmont taught himself to write and was the author of the book Livre de seyntz medicines , a highly personal devotional treatise . He is remembered as one of the founders and early patrons of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , which was established by two guilds of the town in 1352 ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 13 March 1361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence', 'summary': 'Duke of Clarence is a substantive title which has been traditionally awarded to junior members of the British royal family . All three creations were in the Peerage of England . The title was first granted to Lionel of Antwerp , the second son of King Edward III , in 1362 . Since he died without sons , the title became extinct . The title was again created in favour of Thomas of Lancaster , the second son of King Henry IV , in 1412 . Upon his death , too , the title became extinct . The last creation in the Peerage of England was for George Plantagenet , brother of King Edward IV , in 1461 . The Duke forfeited his title in 1478 , after he had been convicted of treason against his brother . He allegedly met his end by being drowned in a butt of Malmsey ( according to William Shakespeare ) . A fourth creation in England was suggested and planned to take effect ; the title of Duke of Clarence was going to be given to Lord Guilford Dudley , husband of Lady Jane Grey , upon her coronation , as she declined to make her husband king . However , she was deposed before this could take effect . Two double dukedoms , of Clarence and St Andrews and of Clarence and Avondale , were later created for British royal princes .'}]}, {'value': '13 November 1362', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel of Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp', 'summary': 'Lionel of Antwerp , 1st Duke of Clarence , KG ( Norman : Leonell Duc de Clarence ; 29 November 1338 - 17 October 1368 ) was the third son , but the second son to survive infancy , of the English king Edward III and Philippa of Hainault . He was named after his birthplace , at Antwerp in the Duchy of Brabant . Lionel was born of a Flemish mother and was a grandson of William I , Count of Hainaut . He grew to be nearly seven feet in height and had an athletic build .'}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 17 October 1368', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster', 'summary': "The Duke of Lancaster is the titular owner of the estates of the Duchy of Lancaster and head of the County Palatine of Lancaster . It is also an ancient title that is informally used within Lancaster to describe Elizabeth II , the monarch of the United Kingdom . The Duchy of Lancaster exists as a separate entity from the Crown Estate and currently provides income for the British monarch . It is customary at formal dinners in the historic county boundaries of Lancashire and in Lancastrian regiments of the armed forces for the Loyal Toast to the crown to be announced as The Queen , Duke of Lancaster . In addition , in Lancaster it was quite common as late as the second half of the twentieth century to hear the national anthem sung as God save our gracious Queen , long live our noble Duke , but this is a tradition that has no constitutional warrant , and the British monarch is not styled legally so within either the County Palatine of Lancashire nor the Duchy of Lancaster in any official capacity ( for example , Letters Patent or Acts of Parliament ) , merely as a sign of local , 'Lancastrian ' loyalty ."}]}, {'value': '13 November 1362', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John of Gaunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_of_Gaunt', 'summary': "John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster ( 6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399 ) was an English prince , military leader , and statesman . He was the third of the five sons of King Edward III of England who survived to adulthood . Due to his royal origin , advantageous marriages , and some generous land grants , Gaunt was one of the richest men of his era , and an influential figure during the reigns of both his father , Edward , and his nephew , Richard II . As Duke of Lancaster , he is the founder of the royal House of Lancaster , whose members would ascend to the throne after his death . His birthplace , Ghent , corrupted into English as Gaunt , was the origin for his name . When he became unpopular later in life , scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher , perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth . This story always drove him to fury . John 's early career was spent in France and Spain fighting in the Hundred Years ' War . He made an abortive attempt to enforce a claim to the Crown of Castile that came through his second wife , and for a time styled himself as King of Castile . As Edward the Black Prince , Gaunt 's elder brother and heir to the ageing Edward III , became incapacitated due to poor health , Gaunt assumed control of many government functions , and rose to become one of the most powerful political figures in England . He was faced with military difficulties abroad and political divisions at home , and disagreements as to how to deal with these crises led to tensions between Gaunt , the English Parliament , and the ruling class , making him an extremely unpopular figure for a time . John exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority of King Richard II , and the ensuing periods of political strife ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged in crown 30 September 1399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sovereign is occasionally styled as Duke of Lancaster , regardless of gender . See also Duchy of Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster', 'summary': "The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British sovereign as Duke of Lancaster . The principal purpose of the estate is to provide a source of independent income to the sovereign . The estate consists of a portfolio of lands , properties and assets held in trust for the sovereign and is administered separately from the Crown Estate . The duchy consists of 18,433 ha ( 45,550 acres ) of land holdings ( including rural estates and farmland ) , urban developments , historic buildings and some commercial properties across England and Wales , particularly in Cheshire , Staffordshire , Derbyshire , Lincolnshire , Yorkshire , Lancashire and the Savoy Estate in London . The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies : the other is the Duchy of Cornwall , which provides income to the Duke of Cornwall . In the financial year ending 31 March 2018 , the estate was valued at about £534 million . The net income of the Duchy is paid to the reigning sovereign as Duke of Lancaster : it amounts to about £20 million per year . As the Duchy is an inalienable asset of the Crown held in trust for future sovereigns , the sovereign is not entitled to the portfolio 's capital or capital profits . The Duchy of Lancaster is not subject to tax , although the Sovereign has voluntarily paid both income and capital gains tax since 1993 . As such , the income received by the Privy Purse , of which income from the Duchy forms a significant part , is taxed once official expenditures have been deducted . The Duchy is administered on behalf of the sovereign by the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster , a government minister appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister , and by the clerk of the Council . Day-to-day management of the estate 's properties and investments is delegated to officers of the Duchy Council , while the Chancellor is answerable to Parliament for the effective running of the estate ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall', 'summary': 'Duke of Cornwall is a title in the Peerage of England , traditionally held by the eldest son of the reigning British monarch , previously the English monarch . The Duchy of Cornwall was the first duchy created in England and was established by a royal charter in 1337 . The present duke is the Prince of Wales , the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II . His wife , Camilla , is the current Duchess of Cornwall .'}]}, {'value': '20 November 1376', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard of Bordeaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_of_Bordeaux', 'summary': 'Richard of Bordeaux ( 1932 ) is a play by Gordon Daviot , a pseudonym for Elizabeth MacKintosh , best known by another of her pen names , Josephine Tey . The play tells the story of Richard II of England in a romantic fashion , emphasizing the relationship between Richard and his first wife , Queen Anne of Bohemia . The play was a major hit in 1933 , playing a significant role in turning its director and leading man John Gielgud into a major star . Audiences found its portrayal of medieval characters speaking like modern people refreshing .'}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged in crown 22 June 1377', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Distinct from the 1337 creation , as the holder was not the eldest son of the monarch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_York', 'summary': "Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . Since the 15th century , it has , when granted , usually been given to the second son of English ( later British ) monarchs . The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany . However , King George I and Queen Victoria granted the second sons of their eldest sons the titles Duke of York and Albany and Duke of York respectively . Initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England , the title Duke of York has been created eight times . The title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times . These occurred during the 18th century , following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single , united realm . The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the previously separate realms could be included . The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew , the second son of Queen Elizabeth II . The present Duke 's marriage produced two daughters only , and he has remained unmarried since his 1996 divorce . It therefore seems likely that the eighth creation of the title will be only the second ( after Richard of Shrewsbury ) not to become merged into the Crown upon the holder 's accession to the role of monarch ."}]}, {'value': '6 August 1385', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmund of Langley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley', 'summary': "Edmund of Langley , 1st Duke of York , KG ( 5 June 1341 - 1 August 1402 ) was the fourth surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault . Like many medieval English princes , Edmund gained his nickname from his birthplace : Kings Langley Palace in Hertfordshire . He was the founder of the House of York , but it was through the marriage of his younger son , Richard of Conisburgh , 3rd Earl of Cambridge , to Anne de Mortimer , great-granddaughter of Edmund 's elder brother Lionel of Antwerp , 1st Duke of Clarence , that the House of York made its claim to the English throne in the Wars of the Roses . The other party in the Wars of the Roses , the incumbent House of Lancaster , was formed from descendants of Edmund 's elder brother John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster , Edward III 's third son ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged in crown 4 March 1461', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 1415-1425 ; November 1459-7 October 1460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloucester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester', 'summary': "Duke of Gloucester ( /ˈɡlɒstər/ ) is a British royal title ( after Gloucester ) , often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch . The first four creations were in the Peerage of England and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ; the current creation carries with it the subsidiary titles of Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden . The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock , the thirteenth child of King Edward III . The title became extinct at his death , as it did upon the death of the duke of the second creation , Humphrey of Lancaster , fourth son of King Henry IV . The title was next conferred on Richard , brother to King Edward IV . When Richard himself became king , the dukedom merged into the crown . After Richard 's death , the title was considered ominous , since the first three such dukes had all died without issue to inherit their titles . The title was not awarded for over 150 years : the next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I , Henry Stuart , upon whose death the title again became extinct . Prince William , son of the future Queen Anne , was styled Duke of Gloucester for his whole life ( 1689-1700 ) , but was never formally created duke . Frederick , Prince of Wales , was styled Duke of Gloucester from 1718-1726 , but was then created Duke of Edinburgh rather than of Gloucester . There was next a creation of a double dukedom ( not two dukedoms ) for the brother of King George III , Prince William Henry , his proper title becoming Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh . The fifth and most recent creation was for the Prince Henry , son of King George V. Upon Prince Henry 's death , the dukedom was inherited by his son Prince Richard , who still holds the title ."}]}, {'value': '6 August 1385', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas of Woodstock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock', 'summary': 'Thomas of Woodstock , 1st Duke of Gloucester ( 7 January 1355 - 8 or 9 September 1397 ) was the fifth surviving son and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault .'}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 8 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Ireland', 'summary': 'The title of Duke of Ireland was created in 1386 for Robert de Vere , 9th Earl of Oxford ( 1362-1392 ) , the favourite of King Richard II of England , who had previously been created Marquess of Dublin . Both were peerages for one life only . At this time , only the Pale of Ireland ( the Lordship of Ireland ) was under English control . Despite its name , the Dukedom of Ireland is generally considered to have been one in the Peerage of England , and is the first time that a Ducal title was created for someone who was not a close relative of the King .'}]}, {'value': '13 October 1386', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_Duke_of_Ireland', 'summary': 'Robert de Vere , Duke of Ireland , Marquess of Dublin , and 9th Earl of Oxford KG ( 16 January 1362 - 22 November 1392 ) was a favourite and court companion of King Richard II of England . He was the ninth Earl of Oxford and the first and only Duke of Ireland and Marquess of Dublin .'}]}, {'value': 'Vere', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 3 February 1388', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creation for life only', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hereford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Hereford', 'summary': "Duke of Hereford was a title in the Peerage of England . It was created in 1397 for Richard II 's cousin , Henry Bolingbroke , due to his support for the King in his struggle against their uncle Thomas of Woodstock , 1st Duke of Gloucester . It merged in the crown on Henry 's usurpation two years later , and has never since been recreated . The title takes its name from Hereford , Herefordshire , England . The city lies near the border with Wales , and has more often been in the title of the Earl of Hereford or the Viscount Hereford ."}]}, {'value': '29 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry of Bolingbroke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_of_Bolingbroke', 'summary': 'Henry IV ( 15 April 1367 - 20 March 1413 ) , also known as Henry Bolingbroke ( /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/ ) , was King of England from 1399 to 1413 . He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III , a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France , to the Kingdom of France . Henry was the son of John of Gaunt ( the fourth son of Edward III ) and Blanche of Lancaster . John enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his nephew King Richard II , whom Henry eventually deposed . Henry founded the Lancaster branch of the House of Plantagenet . He was the first King of England since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English rather than French .'}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged in crown 30 September 1399', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aumale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Albemarle', 'summary': 'The Dukedom of Albemarle ( /ˈælbəˌmɑːrl/ ) has been created twice in the Peerage of England , each time ending in extinction . Additionally , the title was created a third time by James II in exile and a fourth time by his son the Old Pretender , in the Jacobite Peerage . The name Albemarle is derived from the Latinised form of the French county of Aumale in Normandy ( Latin : Alba Marla meaning White Marl , marl being a type of fertile soil ) , other forms being Aubemarle and Aumerle . It arose in connection with the ancient Norman Counts of Aumale of Aumale in Normandy . See also Earl of Albemarle .'}]}, {'value': '29 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward of Norwich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich', 'summary': "Edward , 2nd Duke of York , KG , ( c. 1373 - 25 October 1415 ) was an English nobleman and magnate , the eldest son of Edmund of Langley , 1st Duke of York , and a grandson of King Edward III of England . He held significant appointments during the reigns of Richard II , Henry IV , and Henry V , and is also known for his translation of the hunting treatise The Master of Game . He was slain at the Battle of Agincourt , one of the principal military engagements of the Hundred Years ' War against France , in 1415 ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deprived of title 3 November 1399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also Earl of Rutland from 1390 and Duke of York from 1402', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Rutland', 'summary': "Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England , named for Rutland , a county in the East Midlands of England . Earldoms named after Rutland have been created three times ; the ninth earl of the third creation was made duke in 1703 , in whose family 's line the title continues . The heir apparent to the dukedom has the privilege of using the courtesy style/title of the Marquis/Marquess of Granby ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_York', 'summary': "Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . Since the 15th century , it has , when granted , usually been given to the second son of English ( later British ) monarchs . The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany . However , King George I and Queen Victoria granted the second sons of their eldest sons the titles Duke of York and Albany and Duke of York respectively . Initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England , the title Duke of York has been created eight times . The title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times . These occurred during the 18th century , following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single , united realm . The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the previously separate realms could be included . The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew , the second son of Queen Elizabeth II . The present Duke 's marriage produced two daughters only , and he has remained unmarried since his 1996 divorce . It therefore seems likely that the eighth creation of the title will be only the second ( after Richard of Shrewsbury ) not to become merged into the Crown upon the holder 's accession to the role of monarch ."}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Exeter', 'summary': "The title Duke of Exeter was created several times in England in the later Middle Ages , when Exeter was the main town of Devon . It was first created for John Holland , the half-brother of King Richard II in 1397 . That title was rescinded upon Henry IV 's accession to the throne two years later , and the title was subsequently granted to Henry V 's uncle , Thomas Beaufort , 1st Earl of Dorset . Following this Duke 's death without heirs in 1426 , the title was restored to the Holland family , which held it until the 3rd Duke was attainted in 1461 as a Lancastrian , dying in 1475 ."}]}, {'value': '29 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Holland,_1st_Duke_of_Exeter', 'summary': "John Holland , 1st Duke of Exeter , 1st Earl of Huntingdon ( c. 1352 - 16 January 1400 ) , KG , of Dartington Hall in Devon , was a half-brother of King Richard II ( 1377-1399 ) , to whom he remained strongly loyal . He is primarily remembered for being suspected of assisting in the downfall of King Richard 's uncle Thomas of Woodstock , 1st Duke of Gloucester ( 1355-1397 ) ( youngest son of King Edward III ) and then for conspiring against King Richard 's first cousin and eventual deposer , Henry Bolingbroke , later King Henry IV ( 1399-1413 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Holland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deprived of title 1399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Descendant of Edmund of Woodstock , earl of Kent , son of Edward I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Surrey', 'summary': 'Thomas Holland , 1st Duke of Surrey , 3rd Earl of Kent , KG , Earl Marshal ( 8 September 1372 - 7 January 1400 ) was an English nobleman and courtier .'}]}, {'value': '29 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Holland,_1st_Duke_of_Surrey', 'summary': 'Thomas Holland , 1st Duke of Surrey , 3rd Earl of Kent , KG , Earl Marshal ( 8 September 1372 - 7 January 1400 ) was an English nobleman and courtier .'}]}, {'value': 'Holland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 1399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Descendant of Edmund of Woodstock , earl of Kent , son of Edward I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norfolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk', 'summary': 'The Duke of Norfolk is the premier duke in the peerage of England , and also , as Earl of Arundel , the premier earl . The Duke of Norfolk is , moreover , the Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England . The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex , although the title refers to the county of Norfolk . The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard , 18th Duke of Norfolk . The dukes have historically been Catholic , a state of affairs known as recusancy in England . All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I ( see Dukes of Norfolk family tree ) . The son of Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk , was Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey ; the earl was descended from both Edward I and Edward III .'}]}, {'value': '29 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_de_Mowbray,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk', 'summary': 'Thomas de Mowbray , 1st Duke of Norfolk , 1st Earl of Nottingham , 3rd Earl of Norfolk , 6th Baron Mowbray , 7th Baron Segrave , KG , Earl Marshal ( 22 March 1366 - 22 September 1399 ) was an English peer . As a result of his involvement in the power struggles which led up to the fall of Richard II , he was banished and died in exile in Venice .'}]}, {'value': 'Mowbray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 17 January 1476', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Title not in use 1399 to 1425 . Descendant in female line of Thomas of Brotherton , Earl of Norfolk , son of Edward I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norfolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret,_Duchess_of_Norfolk', 'summary': 'Margaret of Norfolk or Margaret of Brotherton , in her own right Countess of Norfolk ( sometimes surnamed as Margaret Marshal ; c. 1320-24 March 1399 ) , was the daughter and eventual sole heir of Thomas of Brotherton , eldest son of King Edward I of England , by his second marriage . In 1338 , she succeeded to the earldom of Norfolk and the office of Earl Marshal .'}]}, {'value': '29 September 1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret,_Duchess_of_Norfolk', 'summary': 'Margaret of Norfolk or Margaret of Brotherton , in her own right Countess of Norfolk ( sometimes surnamed as Margaret Marshal ; c. 1320-24 March 1399 ) , was the daughter and eventual sole heir of Thomas of Brotherton , eldest son of King Edward I of England , by his second marriage . In 1338 , she succeeded to the earldom of Norfolk and the office of Earl Marshal .'}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 24 March 1400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For life only', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster', 'summary': "The Duke of Lancaster is the titular owner of the estates of the Duchy of Lancaster and head of the County Palatine of Lancaster . It is also an ancient title that is informally used within Lancaster to describe Elizabeth II , the monarch of the United Kingdom . The Duchy of Lancaster exists as a separate entity from the Crown Estate and currently provides income for the British monarch . It is customary at formal dinners in the historic county boundaries of Lancashire and in Lancastrian regiments of the armed forces for the Loyal Toast to the crown to be announced as The Queen , Duke of Lancaster . In addition , in Lancaster it was quite common as late as the second half of the twentieth century to hear the national anthem sung as God save our gracious Queen , long live our noble Duke , but this is a tradition that has no constitutional warrant , and the British monarch is not styled legally so within either the County Palatine of Lancashire nor the Duchy of Lancaster in any official capacity ( for example , Letters Patent or Acts of Parliament ) , merely as a sign of local , 'Lancastrian ' loyalty ."}]}, {'value': '10 November 1399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry of Monmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_of_Monmouth', 'summary': "Henry V ( 16 September 1386 - 31 August 1422 ) , also called Henry of Monmouth , was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422 . He was the second English monarch of the House of Lancaster . Despite his relatively short reign , Henry 's outstanding military successes in the Hundred Years ' War against France , most notably in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 , made England one of the strongest military powers in Europe . Immortalised in Shakespeare 's Henriad plays , Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior kings of medieval England . In his youth , during the reign of his father Henry IV , Henry gained military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr and against the powerful aristocratic Percy family of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury . Henry acquired an increasing role in England 's government due to the king 's declining health , but disagreements between father and son led to political conflict between the two . After his father 's death in 1413 , Henry assumed control of the country and asserted the pending English claim to the French throne . In 1415 , Henry embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) between the two nations . His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) and saw him come close to conquering France . Taking advantage of political divisions within France , he conquered large portions of the kingdom , resulting in Normandy 's occupation by the English for the first time since 1345-1360 . After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France , the Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne , and he was subsequently married to Charles 's daughter , Catherine of Valois . Following this conversation , everything seemed to point to the formation of a union between the kingdoms of France and England , in the person of King Henry ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged in crown 20 March 1413', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also Duke of Cornwall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence', 'summary': 'Duke of Clarence is a substantive title which has been traditionally awarded to junior members of the British royal family . All three creations were in the Peerage of England . The title was first granted to Lionel of Antwerp , the second son of King Edward III , in 1362 . Since he died without sons , the title became extinct . The title was again created in favour of Thomas of Lancaster , the second son of King Henry IV , in 1412 . Upon his death , too , the title became extinct . The last creation in the Peerage of England was for George Plantagenet , brother of King Edward IV , in 1461 . The Duke forfeited his title in 1478 , after he had been convicted of treason against his brother . He allegedly met his end by being drowned in a butt of Malmsey ( according to William Shakespeare ) . A fourth creation in England was suggested and planned to take effect ; the title of Duke of Clarence was going to be given to Lord Guilford Dudley , husband of Lady Jane Grey , upon her coronation , as she declined to make her husband king . However , she was deposed before this could take effect . Two double dukedoms , of Clarence and St Andrews and of Clarence and Avondale , were later created for British royal princes .'}]}, {'value': '2 July 1412', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas of Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster', 'summary': 'Thomas , Earl of Lancaster and Leicester ( c. 1278 - 22 March 1322 ) was an English nobleman . A member of the House of Plantagenet , he was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition to his first cousin , Edward II of England .'}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 22 March 1421', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford', 'summary': "Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year ."}]}, {'value': '16 May 1414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John of Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_of_Lancaster', 'summary': "John of Lancaster , 1st Duke of Bedford KG ( 20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435 ) was a medieval English prince , general and statesman who commanded England 's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years ' War . Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England , brother to Henry V , and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI . Despite his military and administrative talent , the situation in France had severely deteriorated by the time of his death . Bedford was a capable administrator and soldier , and his effective management of the war brought the English to the height of their power in France . However , difficulties mounted after the arrival of Joan of Arc , and his efforts were further thwarted by political divisions at home and the waverings of England 's key ally , the duchy of Burgundy . In the last years of Bedford 's life , the conflict devolved into a war of attrition , and he became increasingly unable to gather the necessary funds to prosecute the conflict . Bedford died during the congress of Arras in 1435 , just as Burgundy was preparing to abandon the English cause and conclude a separate peace with Charles VII of France ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 14 September 1435', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloucester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester', 'summary': "Duke of Gloucester ( /ˈɡlɒstər/ ) is a British royal title ( after Gloucester ) , often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch . The first four creations were in the Peerage of England and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ; the current creation carries with it the subsidiary titles of Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden . The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock , the thirteenth child of King Edward III . The title became extinct at his death , as it did upon the death of the duke of the second creation , Humphrey of Lancaster , fourth son of King Henry IV . The title was next conferred on Richard , brother to King Edward IV . When Richard himself became king , the dukedom merged into the crown . After Richard 's death , the title was considered ominous , since the first three such dukes had all died without issue to inherit their titles . The title was not awarded for over 150 years : the next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I , Henry Stuart , upon whose death the title again became extinct . Prince William , son of the future Queen Anne , was styled Duke of Gloucester for his whole life ( 1689-1700 ) , but was never formally created duke . Frederick , Prince of Wales , was styled Duke of Gloucester from 1718-1726 , but was then created Duke of Edinburgh rather than of Gloucester . There was next a creation of a double dukedom ( not two dukedoms ) for the brother of King George III , Prince William Henry , his proper title becoming Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh . The fifth and most recent creation was for the Prince Henry , son of King George V. Upon Prince Henry 's death , the dukedom was inherited by his son Prince Richard , who still holds the title ."}]}, {'value': '16 May 1414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humphrey of Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humphrey_of_Lancaster', 'summary': "Humphrey of Lancaster , Duke of Gloucester ( 3 October 1390 - 23 February 1447 ) was an English prince , soldier , and literary patron . He was ( as he styled himself ) son , brother and uncle of kings , being the fourth and youngest son of Henry IV of England , the brother of Henry V , and the uncle of Henry VI . Gloucester fought in the Hundred Years ' War and acted as Lord Protector of England during the minority of his nephew . A controversial figure , he has been characterised as reckless , unprincipled , and fractious , but is also noted for his intellectual activity and for being the first significant English patron of humanism , in the context of the Renaissance . Unlike his brothers , Humphrey was given no major military command by his father , instead receiving an intellectual upbringing . Created Duke of Gloucester in 1414 , he participated in Henry V 's campaigns during the Hundred Years ' War in France : he fought at Agincourt in 1415 and at the conquest of Normandy in 1417-9 . Following the king 's death in 1422 , Gloucester became one of the leading figures in the regency government of the infant Henry VI . He proved a rash , impulsive , unscrupulous , and troublesome figure : he quarreled constantly with his brother , John , Duke of Bedford , and uncle , Cardinal Henry Beaufort , and went so far as to violently prosecute a dispute with the Duke of Burgundy , a key English ally in France , over conflicting claims to lands in the Low Countries . At home , Gloucester never fully achieved his desired dominance , while his attempts to gain a foreign principality for himself were fruitless . A staunch opponent of concessions in the French conflict , and a proponent of offensive warfare , Gloucester increasingly lost favour among the political community , and King Henry VI himself after the end of his minority , following a series of setbacks on the war in France . The trial in 1441 of Eleanor Cobham , his second wife , under charges of witchcraft , destroyed Gloucester 's political influence . In 1447 , he himself was accused , probably falsely , of treason , and died a few days later while under arrest ."}]}, {'value': 'Plantagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 28 February 1447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Exeter', 'summary': "The title Duke of Exeter was created several times in England in the later Middle Ages , when Exeter was the main town of Devon . It was first created for John Holland , the half-brother of King Richard II in 1397 . That title was rescinded upon Henry IV 's accession to the throne two years later , and the title was subsequently granted to Henry V 's uncle , Thomas Beaufort , 1st Earl of Dorset . Following this Duke 's death without heirs in 1426 , the title was restored to the Holland family , which held it until the 3rd Duke was attainted in 1461 as a Lancastrian , dying in 1475 ."}]}, {'value': '18 November 1416', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Exeter', 'summary': "Thomas Beaufort , Duke of Exeter KG ( c. January 1377 - 31 December 1426 ) was an English military commander during the Hundred Years ' War , and briefly Chancellor of England . He was the third of the four children born to John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster , and his mistress Katherine Swynford . To overcome their problematic parentage , his parents were married in 1396 , and he and his siblings were legitimated on two separate occasions , in 1390 and again in 1397 . He married the daughter of Sir Thomas Neville ( died 1387 ) of Hornby , Margaret Neville ( born c. 1384 ) , who bore him one son , Henry Beaufort . However , the child died young ."}]}, {'value': 'Beaufort ( Plantagenet )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extinct 30 December 1426', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Son of John of Gaunt , grandson of Edward III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Exeter', 'summary': "The title Duke of Exeter was created several times in England in the later Middle Ages , when Exeter was the main town of Devon . It was first created for John Holland , the half-brother of King Richard II in 1397 . That title was rescinded upon Henry IV 's accession to the throne two years later , and the title was subsequently granted to Henry V 's uncle , Thomas Beaufort , 1st Earl of Dorset . Following this Duke 's death without heirs in 1426 , the title was restored to the Holland family , which held it until the 3rd Duke was attainted in 1461 as a Lancastrian , dying in 1475 ."}]}, {'value': '6 January 1443', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Holland,_2nd_Duke_of_Exeter', 'summary': "John Holland , 2nd Duke of Exeter , 2nd Earl of Huntingdon KG ( 29 March 1395 - 5 August 1447 ) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years ' War . His father , the 1st Duke of Exeter , was a maternal half-brother to Richard II of England , and was executed after King Richard 's deposition . The Holland family estates and titles were forfeited , but John was able to recover them by dedicating his career to royal service . Holland rendered great assistance to his cousin Henry V in his conquest of France , fighting both on land and on the sea . He was marshal and admiral of England and governor of Aquitaine under Henry VI ."}]}, {'value': 'Holland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfeit 4 November 1461', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Descendant of Edmund of Woodstock , earl of Kent , son of Edward I', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Dukedoms in the Peerage of England , 1337–1707', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_dukedoms_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland_0', 'intro': 'This page lists all dukedoms, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom.'}
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Who is the Dukedom who has ties to the estate that consists of 18,433 ha ( 45,550 acres ) of land holdings ?
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Lancaster
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03f410f04745fa0e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Khitan_inscriptions', 'title': 'List of Khitan inscriptions', 'header': ['Object', 'Place of discovery', 'Current Location', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rock inscription', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agui Cave , Jarud Banner Inner Mongolia 45°06′N 120°43′E / 45.10°N 120.72°E / 45.10 ; 120.72 ( Agui Cavern )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarud_Banner', 'summary': "Jarud Banner ( Mongolian : ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ; Chinese : 扎鲁特旗 ) is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia , People 's Republic of China . It is under the administration of Tongliao City , 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) , and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Khitan large characters painted on the outside of a cave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two wooden tablets from a Liao dynasty tomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daiqin Tala Sumu , Horqin Right Middle Banner Inner Mongolia 45°13′N 121°31′E / 45.22°N 121.52°E / 45.22 ; 121.52 ( Two wooden tablets )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horqin_Right_Middle_Banner', 'summary': 'Horqin Right Middle Banner ( Mongolian script : ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ; Chinese : 科尔沁右翼中旗 ) is a banner in the east of Inner Mongolia , China , bordering Jilin province to the east . It is under the administration of Hinggan League . The local Mongolian dialect is Khorchin Mongolian .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two wooden tablets inscribed with inventories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze , silver or gold non-circulation coin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various examples have been found in different locations', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four character Khitan inscription on the obverse , interpreted as meaning tiāncháo wànshùn 天朝萬順 in Chinese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver non-circulation coin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruins of the Liao capital Shangjing , Lindong Township , Bairin Left Banner Inner Mongolia 43°58′N 119°23′E / 43.96°N 119.39°E / 43.96 ; 119.39 ( Silver coin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_provinces_of_Liao', 'summary': 'The Liao dynasty was an empire established by the Khitans . This article discusses the provincial system that existed within the Liao dynasty from the early 10th century until the fall of the empire in 1125 , in what is now North China , Northeast China and Mongolia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bairin_Left_Banner', 'summary': "Baarin Left Banner ( Mongolian : ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Baɣarin Jegün qosiɣu ; Chinese : 巴林左旗 ; pinyin : Bālín Zuǒ Qí ) , or Bairin , is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia , People 's Republic of China . It is under the administration of Chifeng City , 195 kilometres ( 121 mi ) to the south-southwest . Baarin Mongols live here . The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin . It is located at the intersection of two national highways : China National Highway 303 and 305 . Capital of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty , Shangjing ( Chinese : 上京 ) , was located here ."}]}, {'value': 'Liao Shangjing Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four character Khitan inscription ( tiāncháo wànshùn 天朝萬順 ) on the obverse , with an eight character Khitan inscription scratched onto the reverse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze mirror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Pagoda in the ruins of Qingzhou City , Bairin Right Banner Inner Mongolia 44°12′07″N 118°30′50″E / 44.202°N 118.514°E / 44.202 ; 118.514 ( Bronze mirror )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bairin_Right_Banner', 'summary': 'Bairin Right Banner ( Mongolian : ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Baɣarin Baraɣun qosiɣu ; Chinese : 巴林右旗 ; pinyin : Bālín Yòu Qí ) is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia , China . It is under the administration of Chifeng City , 143 kilometres ( 89 mi ) to the south-southeast . Baarin Mongols live here . The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is Baarin Mongolian .'}]}, {'value': 'Inner Mongolia Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_Museum', 'summary': 'The Inner Mongolia Museum ( simplified Chinese : 内蒙古博物院 ; traditional Chinese : 內蒙古博物院 ; pinyin : Nèiměnggǔ Bówùyuàn ) is a regional museum in the city of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia , in north China .'}]}, {'value': 'Five Khitan characters engraved on along the edge of the mirror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze Daoist amulet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taoism', 'summary': "Daoism ( /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ , /ˈdaʊ-/ ) , or Taoism ( /ˈtaʊ-/ ) , is a philosophical or religious tradition of Chinese origin which emphasises living in harmony with the Dao ( Chinese : 道 ; pinyin : Dào ; literally : 'the Way ' , also romanized as Tao ) . The Dao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools ; in Daoism , however , it denotes the principle that is the source , pattern and substance of everything that exists . Daoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasising rigid rituals and social order , but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving perfection by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called the way or dao . Daoist ethics vary depending on the particular school , but in general tend to emphasise wu wei ( action without intention ) , naturalness , simplicity , spontaneity , and the Three Treasures : 慈 compassion , 儉 frugality , and 不敢為天下先 humility . The roots of Daoism go back at least to the 4th century BCE . Early Daoism drew its cosmological notions from the School of Yinyang ( Naturalists ) , and was deeply influenced by one of the oldest texts of Chinese culture , the I Ching ( Yi Jing ) , which expounds a philosophical system about how to keep human behavior in accordance with the alternating cycles of nature . The Legalist Shen Buhai ( c. 400 - c. 337 BCE ) may also have been a major influence , expounding a realpolitik of wu wei . The Dao De Jing , a compact book containing teachings attributed to Laozi ( 老子 ; Lǎozǐ ; Lao³ Tzŭ³ ) , is widely considered the keystone work of the Daoist tradition , together with the later writings of Zhuangzi . Daoism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries , and Daoists ( 道士 ; dàoshi , masters of the Dao ) , a title traditionally attributed only to the clergy and not to their lay followers , usually take care to note distinction between their ritual tradition and the practices of Chinese folk religion and non-Taoist vernacular ritual orders , which are often mistakenly identified as pertaining to Daoism . Chinese alchemy ( especially neidan ) , Chinese astrology , Chan ( Zen ) Buddhism , several martial arts , traditional Chinese medicine , feng shui , and many styles of qigong have been intertwined with Daoism throughout history . Beyond China , Taoism also had influence on surrounding societies in Asia . Today , the Daoist tradition is one of the five religious doctrines officially recognised in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) as well as the Republic of China ( ROC ) , and although it does not travel readily from its East Asian roots , [ citation needed ] it claims adherents in a number of societies , in particular in Hong Kong , Macau , and in Southeast Asia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amulet', 'summary': "An amulet , also known as a good luck charm , is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor . The word amulet comes from the Latin word amuletum , which Pliny 's Natural History describes as an object that protects a person from trouble . Anything can function as an amulet ; items commonly so used include gems , statues , coins , drawings , plant parts , animal parts , and written words . Amulets which are said to derive their extraordinary properties and powers from magic or those which impart luck are typically part of folk religion or paganism , whereas amulets or sacred objects of formalised mainstream religion as in Christianity are believed to have no power of their own without being blessed by a clergyman , and they supposedly will also not provide any preternatural benefit to the bearer who does not have an appropriate disposition . Talismans and charms may differ from amulets by having alleged magical powers other than protection . Amulets are sometimes confused with pendants , small aesthetic objects that hang from necklaces . Any given pendant may indeed be an amulet but so may any other object that purportedly protects its holder from danger ."}]}, {'value': 'Acheng District Harbin Heilongjiang 45°33′N 127°00′E / 45.55°N 127.0°E / 45.55 ; 127.0 ( Bronze Daoist amulet )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acheng_District', 'summary': 'Acheng District , formerly Acheng City , ( Manchu Language : Alcuka Hoton ) is one of nine districts of the prefecture-level city of Harbin , the capital of Heilongjiang Province , Northeast China , covering part of the southeastern suburbs . The district was approved to establish from the former Acheng City ( 阿城市 ) by the Chinese State Council on August 15 , 2006 . As of 2010 [ update ] , it had a population of 596,856 residing in an area of 2,680 square kilometres ( 1,030 sq mi ) [ note 1 ] , and is 29 km ( 18 mi ) southeast of downtown Harbin , 190 km ( 120 mi ) north of Jilin City , and around 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of the Songhua River . It lies within the basin of and until 1909 was considered synonymous with the Ashi River which gave its name to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty . The district administers nine subdistricts , eight towns , one township , and one ethnic township . It borders Daowai District to the north , Bin County to the northeast , Shangzhi to the southeast , and Wuchang to the south , Shuangcheng District to the west , and Pingfang and Xiangfang Districts to the northwest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harbin', 'summary': "Harbin ( Manchu : ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ ; Chinese : 哈尔滨 Hā'ěrbīn ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Heilongjiang province , People 's Republic of China , as well as the second largest city by urban population and largest city by metropolitan population ( urban and rural together ) in Northeast China . Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts , two county-level cities and seven counties , and is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2010 census , the built-up area ( which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng ) had 5,282,093 inhabitants , while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,635,971 . Harbin serves as a key political , economic , scientific , cultural and communications hub in Northeast China , as well as an important industrial base of the nation . Harbin , whose name was originally a Manchu word meaning a place for drying fishing nets , grew from a small rural settlement on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China . Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Chinese Eastern Railway , the city first prospered as a region inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from the Russian Empire . With its often harsh winters , Harbin is heralded as the Ice City for its well-known winter tourism and recreations . Harbin is notable for its beautiful ice sculpture festival in the winter . Besides being well known for its historical Russian legacy , the city serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today . In the 1920s , the city was considered China 's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai . The city was voted China Top Tourist City by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heilongjiang', 'summary': "Heilongjiang ( 黑龙江 ; formerly romanized as Heilungkiang ) is a province in Northeast China . The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west . It also shares a border with Russia ( Amur Oblast , Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Khabarovsk Krai , Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai ) to the north and east . The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin . Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions , Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area and the 15th-most populous . The province takes its name from the Heilong River ( Chinese name of the Amur ) , which marks the border between the People 's Republic of China and Russia . Heilongjiang contains China 's northernmost point ( in Mohe City along the Amur ) and easternmost point ( at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers ) . Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production , and raw materials , such as timber , oil and coal ."}]}, {'value': 'Heilongjiang Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daoist charm on one side , and 2 lines ( 18 characters ) of Khitan large script on the other', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze Daoist amulet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taoism', 'summary': "Daoism ( /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ , /ˈdaʊ-/ ) , or Taoism ( /ˈtaʊ-/ ) , is a philosophical or religious tradition of Chinese origin which emphasises living in harmony with the Dao ( Chinese : 道 ; pinyin : Dào ; literally : 'the Way ' , also romanized as Tao ) . The Dao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools ; in Daoism , however , it denotes the principle that is the source , pattern and substance of everything that exists . Daoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasising rigid rituals and social order , but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving perfection by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called the way or dao . Daoist ethics vary depending on the particular school , but in general tend to emphasise wu wei ( action without intention ) , naturalness , simplicity , spontaneity , and the Three Treasures : 慈 compassion , 儉 frugality , and 不敢為天下先 humility . The roots of Daoism go back at least to the 4th century BCE . Early Daoism drew its cosmological notions from the School of Yinyang ( Naturalists ) , and was deeply influenced by one of the oldest texts of Chinese culture , the I Ching ( Yi Jing ) , which expounds a philosophical system about how to keep human behavior in accordance with the alternating cycles of nature . The Legalist Shen Buhai ( c. 400 - c. 337 BCE ) may also have been a major influence , expounding a realpolitik of wu wei . The Dao De Jing , a compact book containing teachings attributed to Laozi ( 老子 ; Lǎozǐ ; Lao³ Tzŭ³ ) , is widely considered the keystone work of the Daoist tradition , together with the later writings of Zhuangzi . Daoism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries , and Daoists ( 道士 ; dàoshi , masters of the Dao ) , a title traditionally attributed only to the clergy and not to their lay followers , usually take care to note distinction between their ritual tradition and the practices of Chinese folk religion and non-Taoist vernacular ritual orders , which are often mistakenly identified as pertaining to Daoism . Chinese alchemy ( especially neidan ) , Chinese astrology , Chan ( Zen ) Buddhism , several martial arts , traditional Chinese medicine , feng shui , and many styles of qigong have been intertwined with Daoism throughout history . Beyond China , Taoism also had influence on surrounding societies in Asia . Today , the Daoist tradition is one of the five religious doctrines officially recognised in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) as well as the Republic of China ( ROC ) , and although it does not travel readily from its East Asian roots , [ citation needed ] it claims adherents in a number of societies , in particular in Hong Kong , Macau , and in Southeast Asia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amulet', 'summary': "An amulet , also known as a good luck charm , is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor . The word amulet comes from the Latin word amuletum , which Pliny 's Natural History describes as an object that protects a person from trouble . Anything can function as an amulet ; items commonly so used include gems , statues , coins , drawings , plant parts , animal parts , and written words . Amulets which are said to derive their extraordinary properties and powers from magic or those which impart luck are typically part of folk religion or paganism , whereas amulets or sacred objects of formalised mainstream religion as in Christianity are believed to have no power of their own without being blessed by a clergyman , and they supposedly will also not provide any preternatural benefit to the bearer who does not have an appropriate disposition . Talismans and charms may differ from amulets by having alleged magical powers other than protection . Amulets are sometimes confused with pendants , small aesthetic objects that hang from necklaces . Any given pendant may indeed be an amulet but so may any other object that purportedly protects its holder from danger ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bairin Right Banner Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daoist charm on one side , and 3 lines ( 28 characters ) of Khitan large script on the other', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver paiza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paiza', 'summary': "A paiza or paizi or gerege ( Middle Mongolian : Гэрэгэ , Mongolian : Пайз , Persian : پایزه pāiza , Chinese : 牌子 páizi ) was a tablet carried by Mongol officials and envoys to signify certain privileges and authority . They enabled Mongol nobles and officials to demand goods and services from civilian populations . Although only someone with a paiza was required to be supplied with mounts and served specified rations , those carrying military rarities used the yam even without a paiza . The officials and nobles of the Mongol Empire issued paizas unofficially and abused civilians . Therefore , Ögedei Khan ( r. 1229-1241 ) prohibited the nobility from issuing paizas and jarliqs . To attract foreign or overseas merchants and talents , the Great Khans gave them paiza exempting them from taxes and allowing them to use relay stations . Most of these merchants were business partners of the Mongols , known as ortoq . However , Möngke Khan ( r. 1251-1259 ) limited notorious abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the business of the merchants who were sponsored by the Mongols . He prohibited them from using the imperial relay stations or yam ( zam ) and paizas . Marco Polo , who visited the Yuan Dynasty during the reign of Kublai Khan ( r. 1260-1294 ) , left a good description of the paiza . The Ilkhan Ghazan ( r. 1295-1304 ) reformed the issuance of jarliqs , creating set forms and graded seals , ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court and canceling jarliqs older than 30 years and old paizas . He fashioned new paizas into two ranks , ordered that they bear the names of the bearers on them to prevent them from being transferred and required them to be relinquished at the end of the official 's term ."}]}, {'value': 'Chengde Hebei 41°00′N 117°34′E / 41.00°N 117.56°E / 41.00 ; 117.56 ( Silver paiza )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chengde', 'summary': 'Chengde , formerly known as Jehol and Rehe , is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province , situated northeast of Beijing . It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort , a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by the Qing emperors as summer residence . The permanent resident population is approximately 3,473,200 in 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hebei', 'summary': "Hebei ( 河北 ; alternately Hopeh ) is a coastal province in Northern China . The modern province was established in 1911 as Chihli Province ( Zhili Province ) . Its capital and largest city is Shijiazhuang . Its one-character abbreviation is 冀 ( Jì ) , named after Ji Province , a Han dynasty province ( zhou ) that included what is now southern Hebei . The name Hebei literally means north of the river , referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River . The modern province Chili Province was formed in 1911 , when the central government dissolved the central governed area of Chihli , which means Directly Ruled ( by the Imperial Court ) until it was renamed as Hebei in 1928 . A common alternate name for Hebei is Yānzhào ( 燕趙 ) , after the state of Yan and state of Zhao that existed here during the Warring States period of early Chinese history . Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities , which border each other , were carved out of Hebei . The province borders Liaoning to the northeast , Inner Mongolia to the north , Shanxi to the west , Henan to the south , and Shandong to the southeast . Bohai Bay of the Bohai Sea is to the east . A small part of Hebei , Sanhe Exclave , consisting of Sanhe , Dachang Hui Autonomous County , and Xianghe County , an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province , is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin . With a population of over 74 million people , Hebei is China 's sixth most populous province ."}]}, {'value': 'Institute of East Asian History , Kyoto University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_University', 'summary': "Kyoto University ( 京都大学 , Kyōto daigaku ) , or Kyodai ( 京大 , Kyōdai ) is a national university in Kyoto , Japan . It is the second oldest Japanese university , one of Asia 's highest ranked universities and one of Japan 's National Seven Universities . One of Asia 's leading research-oriented institutions , Kyoto University is famed for producing world-class researchers , including 19 Nobel Prize laureates , 2 Fields medalists and one Gauss Prize winner . It has the most Nobel laureates of all universities in Asia ."}]}, {'value': 'Chinese inscription ( 天賜成吉思皇帝聖旨疾 Bestowed by Heaven , the imperial edict of Emperor Chinggis . Urgent . ) on one side , and two Khitan large characters meaning running horse ( Chinese 走馬 ) on the back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genghis_Khan', 'summary': 'Genghis Khan [ note 4 ] ( born Temüjin Borjigin , [ note 1 ] c. 1162 - August 18 , 1227 ) , also officially Genghis Emperor [ note 5 ] , was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death . He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan , he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations , especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia-controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China . Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . By his request , his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations .'}]}, {'value': 'Metal tag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three Khitan large characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver spoon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wangfugou , Jianping County Liaoning 42°14′N 119°29′E / 42.23°N 119.48°E / 42.23 ; 119.48 ( Silver spoon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jianping_County', 'summary': "Jianping ( Chinese : 建平 ; pinyin : Jiànpíng ; literally : 'build peace ' ) is a county in the west of Liaoning province , China , bordering Inner Mongolia to the north , west , and northeast . It is under the administration of Chaoyang City , the urban centre of which is more than 65 km ( 40 mi ) to the east . The population"}]}, {'value': 'Liaoning Province Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liaoning_Province_Museum', 'summary': "The Liaoning Provincial Museum ( Chinese : trad . 遼寧省博物館 , simp . 辽宁省博物馆 , Liáoníngshěng Bówùguǎn ) is a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang , the capital of China 's Liaoning province ."}]}, {'value': 'Four Chinese characters ( 太付太太 ) followed by five Khitan large characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze seal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panshan County Liaoning 41°15′N 122°00′E / 41.25°N 122.00°E / 41.25 ; 122.00 ( Bronze Seal )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panshan_County', 'summary': "Panshan County ( simplified Chinese : 盘山县 ; traditional Chinese : 盤山縣 ; pinyin : Pánshān Xiàn ) is a county in the central part of Liaoning province , China . It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Panjin and occupies its northern third . The county has a total area of 2,145 square kilometres ( 828 sq mi ) , and a population of approximately 280,000 people. [ when ? ] The county 's postal code is 124000 , and the county government is located in Shuangtaizi District ."}]}, {'value': 'Panjin Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panjin', 'summary': "Panjin ( simplified Chinese : 盘锦 ; traditional Chinese : 盤錦 ; pinyin : Pánjǐn ) is a coastal prefecture-level city in central Liaoning province , People 's Republic of China , situated on the northern shore of the Liaodong Bay . It borders Anshan to the east , Yingkou to the southeast , and Jinzhou to the west and north . It is the smallest city in both Liaoning and the entire Northeast China with an administrative area of 4,071 square kilometres ( 1,572 sq mi ) , and Liaoning 's least populous city with a population of 1.39 million people ."}]}, {'value': "Seal face inscription is in Chinese ( Seal of the Prince of Qian 汧王之印 ) , but the upper surface of the seal has two lines of Khitan large characters that have been interpreted as meaning Yixin Ning Dawang 乙辛寧大王 ( Prince Yixinning ) and Liao Da'an Shinian 遼大安十年 ( 10th year of the Liao dynasty Da'an era )", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other inscriptions in the Khitan large script', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Khitan_inscriptions_1', 'intro': 'The list of Khitan inscriptions comprises a list of the corpus of known inscriptions written in the Khitan large script and the Khitan small script. These two scripts were used by the Khitan people in northern China during the 10th through 12th centuries for writing the extinct Khitan language. The Khitan language was in use during the Liao Dynasty (907-1125), the Kara-Khitan Khanate (1124-1218) and the Jin dynasty (1115-1234), but the last recorded Khitan speaker, Yelü Chucai, died in 1243, and the language probably became extinct soon afterwards. There are no surviving examples of printed texts in the Khitan language, and aside from five example Khitan large characters with Chinese glosses in a book on calligraphy, Shūshǐ huìyào (書史會要), written by Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀) in the mid 14th century, there are no Chinese glossaries or dictionaries of Khitan. The Khitan language is therefore little understood, and the two Khitan writing systems are only partially deciphered. The main source of Khitan texts are monumental inscriptions, mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of Khitan nobility. Only one monument in a Khitan script was known before the 20th century, the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor of the Great Jin Dynasty (Langjun xingji 郎君行記), which has stood in front of the tomb of Empress Wu of Tang since at least 1618. Until the 1920s it was believed to be written in the Jurchen script. Only after the discovery of the memorial tablets of Emperor Xingzong of Liao and his consort was it realized that the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor and the Liao-dynasty memorial tablets were both written in a Khitan script. Several more memorial tablets in the same script were discovered during the 1930s, including memorials for Emperor Daozong of Liao and his consort. Initially it was not clear whether the script inscribed on these memorial tablets was the Khitan large script, recorded to have been devised in 920, or the Khitan small script, recorded to have been devised about 925. A different, unknown script, which appeared more similar to Chinese (incorporating many characters borrowed directly from Chinese), had been discovered on a temple monument in 1935, as well as on a memorial to Xiao Xiaozhong in 1951; and in 1962 Jin Guangping suggested that these two monuments were written using the Khitan large script, and that the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor and the imperial memorial tablets were written using the Khitan small script.'}
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What is the description of the object whose current location is a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang ?
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Four Chinese characters ( 太付太太 ) followed by five Khitan large characters
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03f44aac02d576bb
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year', 'title': 'American Horse of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Horse', 'Trainer', 'Owner', 'Age', 'Gender'], 'data': [{'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Marcy ( DRF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Marcy_(horse)', 'summary': 'Fort Marcy ( April 2 , 1964 - August 14 , 1991 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse . His grandsire was the important Italian horse , Nearco . In 1970 he earned three Champion titles . He was named Horse of the Year in a poll by the publishers of Daily Racing Form receiving 21 of the 42 votes ahead of Personality ( 10 votes ) and Ta Wee ( 9 votes ) . Personality won a rival poll conducted by the Thoroughbred Racing Association . He competed for six years until his retirement at the end of the 1971 racing season . Fort Marcy died in 1991 at Rokeby Farm in Upperville , Virginia . In 1998 , he was voted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'J. Elliott Burch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Elliott_Burch', 'summary': 'John Elliott Burch ( March 3 , 1924 - January 30 , 2011 ) was an American National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Four of his horses were inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Rokeby Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rokeby_Stables', 'summary': 'Rokeby Stables was an American thoroughbred racehorse breeding farm in Upperville , Virginia involved with both steeplechase and flat racing . The operation was established in the late 1940s by Paul Mellon ( 1907-1999 ) who won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in 1971 and again in 1986 . Under Mellon the stable had more than 1,000 stakes race winners with total earnings in excess of US $ 30 million .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Personality ( TRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Personality_(horse)', 'summary': 'Personality ( 1967-1990 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was voted 1970 American Horse of the Year honors .'}]}, {'value': 'John W. Jacobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethel D. Jacobs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethel_D._Jacobs', 'summary': 'Ethel D. Jacobs ( March 18 , 1910 - November 9 , 2001 ) was a prominent American Thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder who was a three-time leading owner in North America . Married to U.S . Racing Hall of Fame trainer Hirsch Jacobs , Ethel Jacobs used salmon pink and green racing silks . She and her husband owned Stymie Manor , a horse breeding operation in Sparks , Maryland . She owned and raced a number of successful horses trained by her husband and her son . Ethel Jacobs was the leading owner in North America in 1936 , 1937 , and 1943 . Among her notable horses were :'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arts and Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arts_and_Letters', 'summary': 'Arts and Letters ( April 1 , 1966 - October 16 , 1998 ) was an American Hall of Fame Champion Thoroughbred racehorse .'}]}, {'value': 'J. Elliott Burch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Elliott_Burch', 'summary': 'John Elliott Burch ( March 3 , 1924 - January 30 , 2011 ) was an American National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Four of his horses were inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Rokeby Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rokeby_Stables', 'summary': 'Rokeby Stables was an American thoroughbred racehorse breeding farm in Upperville , Virginia involved with both steeplechase and flat racing . The operation was established in the late 1940s by Paul Mellon ( 1907-1999 ) who won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in 1971 and again in 1986 . Under Mellon the stable had more than 1,000 stakes race winners with total earnings in excess of US $ 30 million .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Fager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Fager', 'summary': 'Dr. Fager ( April 6 , 1964 - August 5 , 1976 ) was an American thoroughbred racehorse who had what many consider one of the greatest single racing seasons by any horse in the history of the sport . In 1968 at the age of four , he became the only horse to ever hold four American titles in one year when he was named the Horse of the Year , champion handicap horse , champion sprinter , and co-champion grass horse . In his most famous performance , Dr. Fager set a world record of 1:32\u200b1⁄5 for a mile in the Washington Park Handicap while carrying 134 pounds . Dr. Fager was also a major winner at ages two and three . At two , he won four of five starts including the Cowdin Stakes . Various health issues kept him out of the Triple Crown races at age three but he still won seven stakes races while setting track records in the New Hampshire Sweepstakes and Rockingham Special . He was named the champion sprinter of 1967 after defeating older horses in the Vosburgh Handicap . He also finished third behind Damascus and Buckpasser in the race of the decade , the Woodward Stakes . Upon retirement to stud in Florida , he became an important sire and broodmare sire , and led the North American sire list in 1977 . He died young due to a colic attack at the age of twelve . Dr. Fager was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1971 . On the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century , he was ranked # 6 .'}]}, {'value': 'John A. Nerud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_A._Nerud', 'summary': 'John Andrew Nerud ( February 9 , 1913 - August 13 , 2015 ) was an American thoroughbred horse trainer and owner , who was inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tartan Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_L._McKnight', 'summary': 'William L. McKnight ( November 11 , 1887 - March 4 , 1978 ) was an American businessman and philanthropist who served his entire career in the 3M corporation , rising to chairman of the board from 1949 to 1966 . He founded the McKnight Foundation in 1953 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus_(horse)', 'summary': "Damascus ( April 14 , 1964 - August 8 , 1995 ) was a Thoroughbred race horse sired by Sword Dancer ( 1959 's Horse of the Year ) out of Kerala ( by My Babu ) foaled at the Jonabell Farm in Lexington , Kentucky . In 1967 , he won the Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes* , Jockey Club Gold Cup* , Wood Memorial , Travers Stakes , Dwyer Stakes ( closing from 12 lengths back and spotting the runner up 16 pounds ) , and Woodward Stakes and was named Horse of the Year and champion three-year-old colt , plus he shared the champion handicap male honors with Buckpasser . Also in 1967 , Damascus finished third in the 1967 Kentucky Derby . A high-strung horse , he was enervated by the humidity and spooked by the crowd noise , so he was thereafter given a stable pony to calm him . During the same year , top horses Dr. Fager and Buckpasser were also competing . In Blood-Horse magazine 's top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century , Buckpasser ranks 14th and Dr. Fager ranks 6th . In a race many consider the Race of the Century , Damascus won the 1967 Woodward by 10 lengths over both of these horses after his connections , as well as those of Buckpasser , used stablemates to set a blistering pace , thus weakening Dr. Fager . Damascus himself ranks number 16 in the Blood Horse listing ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Y. Whiteley , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Y._Whiteley,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Frank Yewell Whiteley Jr. ( January 31 , 1915 - May 2 , 2008 ) was a Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Born and raised on a farm in Centreville , Maryland , Whiteley grew up around horses and from a very early age was intent on racing them . Developing his skills , by age twenty-one he had embarked on a professional training career in his home state . He retired forty-nine years later having trained some of the most famous American racehorses of the second half of the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Edith W. Bancroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edith_W._Bancroft', 'summary': 'Edith Woodward Bancroft ( October 8 , 1905 - November 4 , 1971 ) was an American owner and breeder of Thoroughbred racing horses best known for breeding and racing Damascus , the 1967 American Horse of the Year and a 1974 National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame inductee who was ranked 16th in the 1999 Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century . Among others , Edith Bancroft bred Cloudy Dawn , who won the Arlington Handicap and Dwyer Stakes and ran third to winner Riva Ridge in the 1972 Belmont Stakes . The eldest of the four daughters of William Woodward Sr. and Elsie Ogden Cryder , in 1929 Edith Woodward married textile executive Thomas Moore Bancroft .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buckpasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckpasser', 'summary': 'Buckpasser ( 1963-1978 ) was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse that won 9 of his 11 race starts for international record winnings for a two-year-old of $ 586,090 . He was a leading broodmare sire in 1983 , 1984 , and 1989 . Buckpasser was a bay colt that was bred and owned by Ogden Phipps and foaled at Claiborne Farm in Paris , Kentucky . He was by the Horse of the Year-winner Tom Fool , and his dam was the stakes-winning mare Busanda , by the Triple Crown-winner War Admiral . Busandas second dam was the Blue Hen broodmare La Troienne ( FR ) . He was a half-brother to several other horses that included the stakes-winners Bupers ( won $ 221,688 ) and Bureaucracy ( $ 156,635 ) . Buckpasser was inbred in the fourth generation ( 4m x 4f ) to the French racehorse and influential sire Teddy . Racing official Dr. Manual Gilman said of him , Generally , every horse has about a hundred faults of conformation . I would defy anybody to pick a flaw in Buckpasser . Renowned horse painter Richard Stone Reeves said , Buckpasser was the most perfectly proportioned Thoroughbred I have ever seen . Only two horses , Secretariat and Affirmed , have since been in a class with Buckpasser .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward A. Neloy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_A._Neloy', 'summary': "Edward Albert Eddie Neloy ( May 15 , 1924 - May 26 , 1971 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . At age fourteen , he began working at a racetrack then joined the United States Army during World War II . During the intense action in the Italian Campaign following Operation Shingle , Neloy was seriously wounded in Anzio and lost an eye . When the war ended , Neloy returned to work in the horse racing industry and as a trainer in 1945 won the first race of a successful career that lasted until his death in 1971 . In the mid-1950s he trained for Maine Chance Farm and in 1964 was voted the National Turf Writers Trainer of the Year following an outstanding season that included Gedney Farms ' outstanding colt , Gun Bow . In 1966 , Eddie Neloy was chosen by the Phipps family to replace the retiring Bill Winfrey as their head trainer . Neloy was responsible for conditioning the horses of Gladys Mills Phipps ' Wheatley Stable , those of her son , Ogden Phipps , and her grandson , Dinny Phipps . In his first year , Neloy met with outstanding success , including winning thirteen straight races with Buckpasser who was voted American Horse of the Year honors . During the five years he was with the Phipps family until his death in 1971 , Neloy would be the U.S. leading money-winning trainer for 1966 through 1968 and the trainer of five Champions . Eddie Neloy was training the two-year-old filly Numbered Account and had won the Fashion Stakes with her when he died suddenly of a heart attack in 1971 . His accomplishments in Thoroughbred racing were recognized in 1983 when he was posthumously inducted in the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogden Phipps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden_Phipps', 'summary': 'Ogden Phipps ( November 26 , 1908 - April 21 , 2002 ) was an American stockbroker , court tennis champion and Hall of Fame member , thoroughbred horse racing executive and owner/breeder , and an art collector and philanthropist . In 2001 , he was inducted into the International Court Tennis Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Brother ( DRF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Brother', 'summary': "Roman Brother ( May 27 , 1961 - March 8 , 1991 ) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse . As a two-year-old , he was initially overshadowed by his stable companion Raise a Native before emerging as one of the year 's leading juveniles with a win in the Champagne Stakes . As a three-year-old , he was highly tried , running twenty times and winning six races including the Jersey Derby and the American Derby . He was also placed second in the Belmont Stakes and the Jockey Club Gold Cup . He reached his peak as a four-year-old in 1965 when he was voted American Horse of the Year in a poll conducted by the Daily Racing Form ."}]}, {'value': 'Burley Parke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burley_Parke', 'summary': 'Burley Elijah Parke ( March 21 , 1905 - October 4 , 1977 ) was an American jockey and a Hall of Fame trainer in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Harbor View Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harbor_View_Farm', 'summary': 'Louis Elwood Wolfson ( January 28 , 1912 - December 30 , 2007 ) was a Wall Street financier and one of the first modern corporate raiders , labeled by Time as such in a 1956 article . Louis Wolfson became a self-made millionaire before he was 29 years old . He significantly contributed to the wealth of U.S. and global financial markets by creating the modern hostile tender offer , which laid the technical framework to the LBO . In later years he was a major thoroughbred horse racing participant best known as the owner and breeder of 1978 American Triple Crown winner , Affirmed . In 1967 , he was convicted of selling unregistered shares and obstruction of justice for which he served nine months in a federal prison . The conviction eventually led to the 1969 resignation of Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas , who first returned a $ 20,000 retainer to a Wolfson foundation .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moccasin ( TRA ) ( TSD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moccasin_(horse)', 'summary': 'Moccasin ( April 16 , 1963 - July 1 , 1986 ) was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse . In a career that lasted from 1965 to 1967 , she ran twenty-one times and won eleven races . She remains the only two-year-old filly to be voted United States Horse of the Year . Moccasin won only one race in each of her two subsequent seasons but was an effective performer over sprint distances .'}]}, {'value': 'Harry Trotsek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Trotsek', 'summary': 'Harry E. Trotsek ( April 18 , 1912 - February 5 , 1997 ) was an American Hall of Fame trainer and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses . He trained 96 stakes race winners including Champions Hasty Road , Moccasin , Oil Capitol , and Stan , and led all North American trainers in purse winnings in 1953 . Trotsek was widely respected for his development of young jockeys including such riders as Johnny Sellers , Kenny Church and John Rotz .'}]}, {'value': 'Claiborne Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claiborne_Farm', 'summary': 'Claiborne Farm is a thoroughbred horse breeding operation near Paris , Kentucky . It was established in 1910 by Arthur B. Hancock , owner of Ellerslie Farm in Albemarle County , Virginia , and has been operated by members of his family ever since .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso_(horse)', 'summary': "Kelso ( April 4 , 1957 - October 16 , 1983 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse considered among the best racehorses in history . In the list of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century by The Blood-Horse magazine , Kelso ranks 4th , behind only Man o ' War ( 1st ) , Secretariat ( 2nd ) and Citation ( 3rd ) . In his long career , Kelso defeated many leading Thoroughbred racehorses including Carry Back , Gun Bow , Bald Eagle , Tompion , Never Bend , Beau Purple , Quadrangle , Roman Brother , Crimson Satan , Jaipur , Ridan and Pia Star , as well as other top thoroughbreds , often conceding weight under handicap conditions . In doing so , Kelso beat more champions and Hall of Fame horses than any other thoroughbred racehorse in the 20th Century ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Hanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hanford', 'summary': "Carl Henry Hanford ( March 12 , 1916 - August 14 , 2011 ) was a United States Hall of Fame trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known for guiding Kelso to five straight American Horse of the Year titles ; no other horse has won more than three times . Hanford 's training career was interrupted when he served five years in the United States Army Remount Service during World War II . Carl Hanford also notably trained La Corredora , a racemare voted the Champion Handicap Mare of 1953 by the New York Turf Writers Association . Ira Hanford was a brother of Carl who in 1936 became the first apprentice jockey to ever win the Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemia Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allaire_du_Pont', 'summary': 'Allaire du Pont ( May 4 , 1913 - January 6 , 2006 ) was an American sportswoman and a member of the prominent French-American Du Pont family of chemical manufacturers who is most remembered as the owner of the Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame champion , Kelso . Born Helena Allaire Crozer , in 1934 she married Richard C. du Pont with whom she had a son , Richard Jr. and a daughter Helena . An avid sports person , she was an Olympic Trap shooter and a champion tennis player . Allaire du Pont and her husband were both glider and powered aircraft pilots . She set a national endurance record for women gliders in 1935 . In the early days of flying when it was still a novelty , doing stunts was popular and she once flew her plane under the Chesapeake City bridge . Her husband died in 1943 while working for the War effort when a U.S. government experimental glider in which he was a passenger crashed during a demonstration flight . In 1947 , she established the Richard C. du Pont Memorial Trophy to be awarded annually to the United States National Open Class Soaring Champion .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso_(horse)', 'summary': "Kelso ( April 4 , 1957 - October 16 , 1983 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse considered among the best racehorses in history . In the list of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century by The Blood-Horse magazine , Kelso ranks 4th , behind only Man o ' War ( 1st ) , Secretariat ( 2nd ) and Citation ( 3rd ) . In his long career , Kelso defeated many leading Thoroughbred racehorses including Carry Back , Gun Bow , Bald Eagle , Tompion , Never Bend , Beau Purple , Quadrangle , Roman Brother , Crimson Satan , Jaipur , Ridan and Pia Star , as well as other top thoroughbreds , often conceding weight under handicap conditions . In doing so , Kelso beat more champions and Hall of Fame horses than any other thoroughbred racehorse in the 20th Century ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Hanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hanford', 'summary': "Carl Henry Hanford ( March 12 , 1916 - August 14 , 2011 ) was a United States Hall of Fame trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known for guiding Kelso to five straight American Horse of the Year titles ; no other horse has won more than three times . Hanford 's training career was interrupted when he served five years in the United States Army Remount Service during World War II . Carl Hanford also notably trained La Corredora , a racemare voted the Champion Handicap Mare of 1953 by the New York Turf Writers Association . Ira Hanford was a brother of Carl who in 1936 became the first apprentice jockey to ever win the Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemia Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allaire_du_Pont', 'summary': 'Allaire du Pont ( May 4 , 1913 - January 6 , 2006 ) was an American sportswoman and a member of the prominent French-American Du Pont family of chemical manufacturers who is most remembered as the owner of the Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame champion , Kelso . Born Helena Allaire Crozer , in 1934 she married Richard C. du Pont with whom she had a son , Richard Jr. and a daughter Helena . An avid sports person , she was an Olympic Trap shooter and a champion tennis player . Allaire du Pont and her husband were both glider and powered aircraft pilots . She set a national endurance record for women gliders in 1935 . In the early days of flying when it was still a novelty , doing stunts was popular and she once flew her plane under the Chesapeake City bridge . Her husband died in 1943 while working for the War effort when a U.S. government experimental glider in which he was a passenger crashed during a demonstration flight . In 1947 , she established the Richard C. du Pont Memorial Trophy to be awarded annually to the United States National Open Class Soaring Champion .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso_(horse)', 'summary': "Kelso ( April 4 , 1957 - October 16 , 1983 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse considered among the best racehorses in history . In the list of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century by The Blood-Horse magazine , Kelso ranks 4th , behind only Man o ' War ( 1st ) , Secretariat ( 2nd ) and Citation ( 3rd ) . In his long career , Kelso defeated many leading Thoroughbred racehorses including Carry Back , Gun Bow , Bald Eagle , Tompion , Never Bend , Beau Purple , Quadrangle , Roman Brother , Crimson Satan , Jaipur , Ridan and Pia Star , as well as other top thoroughbreds , often conceding weight under handicap conditions . In doing so , Kelso beat more champions and Hall of Fame horses than any other thoroughbred racehorse in the 20th Century ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Hanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hanford', 'summary': "Carl Henry Hanford ( March 12 , 1916 - August 14 , 2011 ) was a United States Hall of Fame trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known for guiding Kelso to five straight American Horse of the Year titles ; no other horse has won more than three times . Hanford 's training career was interrupted when he served five years in the United States Army Remount Service during World War II . Carl Hanford also notably trained La Corredora , a racemare voted the Champion Handicap Mare of 1953 by the New York Turf Writers Association . Ira Hanford was a brother of Carl who in 1936 became the first apprentice jockey to ever win the Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemia Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allaire_du_Pont', 'summary': 'Allaire du Pont ( May 4 , 1913 - January 6 , 2006 ) was an American sportswoman and a member of the prominent French-American Du Pont family of chemical manufacturers who is most remembered as the owner of the Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame champion , Kelso . Born Helena Allaire Crozer , in 1934 she married Richard C. du Pont with whom she had a son , Richard Jr. and a daughter Helena . An avid sports person , she was an Olympic Trap shooter and a champion tennis player . Allaire du Pont and her husband were both glider and powered aircraft pilots . She set a national endurance record for women gliders in 1935 . In the early days of flying when it was still a novelty , doing stunts was popular and she once flew her plane under the Chesapeake City bridge . Her husband died in 1943 while working for the War effort when a U.S. government experimental glider in which he was a passenger crashed during a demonstration flight . In 1947 , she established the Richard C. du Pont Memorial Trophy to be awarded annually to the United States National Open Class Soaring Champion .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso_(horse)', 'summary': "Kelso ( April 4 , 1957 - October 16 , 1983 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse considered among the best racehorses in history . In the list of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century by The Blood-Horse magazine , Kelso ranks 4th , behind only Man o ' War ( 1st ) , Secretariat ( 2nd ) and Citation ( 3rd ) . In his long career , Kelso defeated many leading Thoroughbred racehorses including Carry Back , Gun Bow , Bald Eagle , Tompion , Never Bend , Beau Purple , Quadrangle , Roman Brother , Crimson Satan , Jaipur , Ridan and Pia Star , as well as other top thoroughbreds , often conceding weight under handicap conditions . In doing so , Kelso beat more champions and Hall of Fame horses than any other thoroughbred racehorse in the 20th Century ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Hanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hanford', 'summary': "Carl Henry Hanford ( March 12 , 1916 - August 14 , 2011 ) was a United States Hall of Fame trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known for guiding Kelso to five straight American Horse of the Year titles ; no other horse has won more than three times . Hanford 's training career was interrupted when he served five years in the United States Army Remount Service during World War II . Carl Hanford also notably trained La Corredora , a racemare voted the Champion Handicap Mare of 1953 by the New York Turf Writers Association . Ira Hanford was a brother of Carl who in 1936 became the first apprentice jockey to ever win the Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemia Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allaire_du_Pont', 'summary': 'Allaire du Pont ( May 4 , 1913 - January 6 , 2006 ) was an American sportswoman and a member of the prominent French-American Du Pont family of chemical manufacturers who is most remembered as the owner of the Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame champion , Kelso . Born Helena Allaire Crozer , in 1934 she married Richard C. du Pont with whom she had a son , Richard Jr. and a daughter Helena . An avid sports person , she was an Olympic Trap shooter and a champion tennis player . Allaire du Pont and her husband were both glider and powered aircraft pilots . She set a national endurance record for women gliders in 1935 . In the early days of flying when it was still a novelty , doing stunts was popular and she once flew her plane under the Chesapeake City bridge . Her husband died in 1943 while working for the War effort when a U.S. government experimental glider in which he was a passenger crashed during a demonstration flight . In 1947 , she established the Richard C. du Pont Memorial Trophy to be awarded annually to the United States National Open Class Soaring Champion .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelso_(horse)', 'summary': "Kelso ( April 4 , 1957 - October 16 , 1983 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse considered among the best racehorses in history . In the list of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century by The Blood-Horse magazine , Kelso ranks 4th , behind only Man o ' War ( 1st ) , Secretariat ( 2nd ) and Citation ( 3rd ) . In his long career , Kelso defeated many leading Thoroughbred racehorses including Carry Back , Gun Bow , Bald Eagle , Tompion , Never Bend , Beau Purple , Quadrangle , Roman Brother , Crimson Satan , Jaipur , Ridan and Pia Star , as well as other top thoroughbreds , often conceding weight under handicap conditions . In doing so , Kelso beat more champions and Hall of Fame horses than any other thoroughbred racehorse in the 20th Century ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Hanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hanford', 'summary': "Carl Henry Hanford ( March 12 , 1916 - August 14 , 2011 ) was a United States Hall of Fame trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses best known for guiding Kelso to five straight American Horse of the Year titles ; no other horse has won more than three times . Hanford 's training career was interrupted when he served five years in the United States Army Remount Service during World War II . Carl Hanford also notably trained La Corredora , a racemare voted the Champion Handicap Mare of 1953 by the New York Turf Writers Association . Ira Hanford was a brother of Carl who in 1936 became the first apprentice jockey to ever win the Kentucky Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemia Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allaire_du_Pont', 'summary': 'Allaire du Pont ( May 4 , 1913 - January 6 , 2006 ) was an American sportswoman and a member of the prominent French-American Du Pont family of chemical manufacturers who is most remembered as the owner of the Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame champion , Kelso . Born Helena Allaire Crozer , in 1934 she married Richard C. du Pont with whom she had a son , Richard Jr. and a daughter Helena . An avid sports person , she was an Olympic Trap shooter and a champion tennis player . Allaire du Pont and her husband were both glider and powered aircraft pilots . She set a national endurance record for women gliders in 1935 . In the early days of flying when it was still a novelty , doing stunts was popular and she once flew her plane under the Chesapeake City bridge . Her husband died in 1943 while working for the War effort when a U.S. government experimental glider in which he was a passenger crashed during a demonstration flight . In 1947 , she established the Richard C. du Pont Memorial Trophy to be awarded annually to the United States National Open Class Soaring Champion .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sword Dancer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sword_Dancer', 'summary': 'Sword Dancer ( April 24 , 1956 - November 16 , 1984 ) was an American Hall of Fame Champion Thoroughbred racehorse . He was the leading American colt of his generation and was voted United States Horse of the Year in 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'J. Elliott Burch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Elliott_Burch', 'summary': 'John Elliott Burch ( March 3 , 1924 - January 30 , 2011 ) was an American National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Four of his horses were inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Brookmeade Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookmeade_Stable', 'summary': 'Brookmeade Stable was a successful thoroughbred horse racing stable owned by Dodge Automobile heiress and socialite Isabel Dodge Sloane . Sloane first won using the name Brookmeade Stable at the Manly Memorial Steeplechase at Pimlico in 1924 . If 1929 , Sloane divorced and expanded her interest in horse racing . She purchased 850 acres ( 3.4 km2 ) in Upperville , Virginia , again using the name Brookmeade Stable . Sloane later developed the estate into a breeding farm , Brookmeade Stud , producing several successful race horses , including Sword Dancer .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Round Table', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Round_Table_(horse)', 'summary': 'Round Table ( April 6 , 1954 - June 13 , 1987 ) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse . He is considered the greatest turf horse in American racing history .'}]}, {'value': 'William Molter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Molter', 'summary': "William Willie Molter ( 1910 - April 2 , 1960 ) was an American Hall of Fame horse trainer in the sport of Thoroughbred racing . A native of Fredericksburg , Texas , Willie Molter began his career in horse racing as a jockey at racetracks across the Texas border in Mexico . He eventually made his way to the bush tracks of Western Canada and at the modern Polo Park Racetrack in Winnipeg , Manitoba won the 1935 edition of the Manitoba Stakes , now known as the Canadian Derby . That year he turned to training horses , making his way to the modern new racetracks being built in California where he enjoyed considerable success . He was the United States Champion Thoroughbred Trainer by wins four straight years between 1946 and 1949 , and led all American trainers in earnings four times , winning the title in 1954 , 1956 , 1958 , and 1959 . During his career , Willie Molter trained for prominent owners such as Elizabeth Arden , Andrew J. Crevolin , Travis M. Kerr , and film mogul , Louis B. Mayer . Among the horses Molter trained were 1947 Santa Anita Derby winner , On Trust , 1956 Santa Anita Handicap winner Bobby Brocato , and Imbros , who set a new world record of 1:20.60 for 7 furlongs in winning the 1954 Malibu Sequet Stakes . In addition , Molter won the 1954 Kentucky Derby with Determine but his most famous horse was 1958 American Horse of the Year and Hall of Fame inductee , Round Table who retired at the end of the 1959 racing season having earned a world record US $ 1,749,869 . William Molter died on April 2 , 1960 , of a massive cerebral stroke . That year , the United States ' National Museum of Racing inducted him in their Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Kerr Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_M._Kerr', 'summary': 'Travis M. Kerr ( July 28 , 1902 - June 7 , 1970 ) was an American businessman in Oklahoma City and a Thoroughbred racehorse owner . Involved in the oil and uranium business , he was the younger brother of Oklahoma businessman and Senator , Robert S. Kerr .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicate ( TRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dedicate_(horse)', 'summary': 'Dedicate ( 1952-1973 ) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse .'}]}, {'value': 'G. Carey Winfrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G._Carey_Winfrey', 'summary': 'George Carey Winfrey ( March 15 , 1885 - November 13 , 1962 ) was an American thoroughbred racehorse owner and trainer who was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan Winfrey Burke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G._Carey_Winfrey', 'summary': 'George Carey Winfrey ( March 15 , 1885 - November 13 , 1962 ) was an American thoroughbred racehorse owner and trainer who was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bold Ruler ( DRF ) ( TSD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bold_Ruler', 'summary': 'Bold Ruler ( April 6 , 1954 - July 11 , 1971 ) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who was named the 1957 Horse of the Year after a three-year-old campaign that included wins in the Preakness Stakes and Trenton Handicap , in which he defeated fellow Hall of Fame inductees Round Table and Gallant Man . He was also named American Champion Sprinter at age four . On retirement , he became the leading sire in North America eight times between 1963 and 1973 , the most of any sire in the twentieth century . He is now best known as the sire of Triple Crown winner Secretariat , and was also the grandsire of Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew . He was an outstanding sire of sires , whose modern descendants include many classic winners such as California Chrome .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Fitzsimmons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_E._Fitzsimmons', 'summary': 'James Edward Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons ( July 23 , 1874 - March 11 , 1966 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse trainer .'}]}, {'value': 'Wheatley Stable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheatley_Stable', 'summary': 'Wheatley Stable was the nom de course for the thoroughbred horse racing partnership formed by Gladys Mills Phipps and her brother , Ogden Livingston Mills . The horses were raised at Claiborne Farm near Paris , Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swaps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swaps_(horse)', 'summary': 'Swaps ( March 1 , 1952 - November 3 , 1972 ) was a California bred American thoroughbred racehorse . He won the Kentucky Derby in 1955 and was named United States Horse of the Year in the following year . He was known as the California Comet , and occasionally with affection , due to his wins despite numerous injuries and treatments , the California Cripple .'}]}, {'value': 'Mesh Tenney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesh_Tenney', 'summary': 'Meshach A . Mesh Tenney ( November 16 , 1907 - November 6 , 1993 ) was an American Thoroughbred horse trainer . From Arizona , Tenney began his career as a Thoroughbred trainer in the western United States in 1935 . He won the Santa Anita Derby three times ( 1955 , 1956 , 1963 ) and was the leading money-winning trainer in the United States in 1962 and 1963 . Tenney is best remembered as the trainer of Swaps , who won the 1955 Kentucky Derby and the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year in 1956 . He also trained Candy Spots , who won the 1963 Preakness Stakes and finished 2nd in both the Derby and the Belmont Stakes . During his 40-year career , Tenney trained 36 stakes winners . In 1991 , he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Tenney died in Safford , Arizona , in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rex C. Ellsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rex_Ellsworth', 'summary': 'Rex Cooper Ellsworth ( November 15 , 1907 - August 24 , 1997 ) was a major owner in Thoroughbred racing and twice the leading breeder in the United States whose story was featured with a cover of the February 25 , 1963 edition of Sports Illustrated magazine .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashua_(horse)', 'summary': 'Nashua ( April 14 , 1952 - February 3 , 1982 ) was an American-born thoroughbred racehorse , best remembered for a 1955 match race against Swaps , the horse that had defeated him in the Kentucky Derby .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Fitzsimmons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_E._Fitzsimmons', 'summary': 'James Edward Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons ( July 23 , 1874 - March 11 , 1966 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse trainer .'}]}, {'value': 'Belair Stud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belair_Stud', 'summary': "Belair Stud was an American thoroughbred horse racing stable and breeding farm founded by Provincial Governor of Maryland Samuel Ogle in 1747 in Collington , Prince George 's County , Maryland , in Colonial America ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Native Dancer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Native_Dancer', 'summary': 'Native Dancer ( March 27 , 1950 - November 16 , 1967 ) , nicknamed the Gray Ghost , was one of the most celebrated and accomplished Thoroughbred racehorses in American history and was the first horse made famous through the medium of television . He was a champion in each of his three years of racing , and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1963 . In the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century , he was ranked seventh . As a two-year-old , he was undefeated in his nine starts and was voted Horse of the Year in two of three major industry polls - One Count won the other . At age three , he suffered the sole defeat in his career in the 1953 Kentucky Derby , but rebounded to win the Preakness , Belmont and Travers Stakes . He made only three starts at age four before being retired due to injury , but was still named American Horse of the Year . Retired to stud in 1955 , he became a major sire whose offspring included champion Raise A Native and dual Classic winner Kauai King . Also an influential broodmare sire , Native Dancer is now all but universal in modern pedigrees .'}]}, {'value': 'William C. Winfrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_C._Winfrey', 'summary': "William C. Bill Winfrey ( May 9 , 1916 - April 14 , 1994 ) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Bill Winfrey was born Colin Dickard . His father died when he was three , and two years later his mother married Hall-of-Fame trainer G. Carey Winfrey . He was officially adopted and took Winfrey 's last name . [ citation needed ] At age 15 , he became a jockey , but weight gain forced him to turn to training . In 1932 , he became the youngest licensed trainer in the United States . His career was interrupted by service with the United States Marine Corps during World War II . He retired after the 1969 season , but returned to training for two more years in 1977 and 1978 . During his career , Bill Winfrey trained 38 stakes winners , including seven champions , of which three were inducted in the U. S. Racing Hall of Fame . The most noted of them was two-time American Horse of the Year , Native Dancer . Winfrey was inducted into the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1971 . A resident of San Clemente , California , he died in Lake Forest , California , at age 77 of complications from Alzheimer 's disease ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfred G. Vanderbilt II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_G._Vanderbilt_II', 'summary': "Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr. ( September 22 , 1912 - November 12 , 1999 ) was a member of the prominent Vanderbilt family , a son of the first Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt , who died a hero in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania . His mother , Margaret Emerson ( daughter of the Bromo-Seltzer inventor Isaac Edward Emerson ) , was one of America 's wealthiest women and most sought-after hostesses , operating at least seven large estates around the country . His grandfather , Cornelius Vanderbilt II , had been one of America 's most revered businessmen ; his great-grandfather , William Henry Vanderbilt had been the richest man in the world . Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt started the family fortune in shipping and railroads as the founder of the New York Central Railroad and builder of Grand Central Depot ( built 1869-1871 on Manhattan Island in New York , outside and to the north of the then city limits of New York City ) , the precursor to Grand Central Terminal , built on approximately the same location , and completed by Cornelius II in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Honorees -- Daily Racing Form , Turf & Sport Digest and Thoroughbred Racing Association Awards', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'American_Horse_of_the_Year_1', 'intro': "The American Award for Horse of the Year, one of the Eclipse Awards, is the highest honor given in American thoroughbred horse racing. Because Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has no governing body to sanction the various awards, Horse of the Year is not an official national award. The Champion award is a designation give to a horse, irrespective of age, whose performance during the racing year was deemed the most outstanding. The list below is a Champion's history compilation beginning with the year 1887 published by the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association's The Blood-Horse magazine (founded 1961), described by ESPN as the Thoroughbred industry's most-respected trade publication. In 1936 a Horse of the Year award was created by a poll of the staff of The New York Morning Telegraph and its sister newspaper, the Daily Racing Form (DRF), a tabloid founded in 1894 that was focused on statistical information for bettors. At the same time a rival poll was organised by the Baltimore-based Turf and Sport Digest magazine. Formed in 1942 as an advocacy group, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations (TRA) inaugurated a competing award in 1950, selecting its winners from votes by racing secretaries from member tracks across the United States. The three systems resulted in different opinions as to Horse of the Year Champions in 1949, 1952, 1957, 1965, and 1970. In 1971, the DRF and TRA made an agreement with the National Turf Writers Association to merge into one set of awards, called the Eclipse Awards."}
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What month was the trainer of the 1963 American Horse of the Year born ?
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March
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03f4e7c5cd0180b1
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Duncan', 'title': 'Lindsay Duncan', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dom Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dom_Juan', 'summary': "Dom Juan or The Feast with the Statue ( French : Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre [ dɔ̃ ʒɥɑ̃ u lə fɛstɛ̃ də pjɛʁ ] or simply Le Festin de pierre ) is a French play , a comedy in five acts , written by Molière , and based on the legend of Don Juan . The title of Molière 's play is also commonly expressed as Don Juan , a spelling that began in the seventeenth century . Molière 's characters Dom Juan and Sganarelle are the French counterparts to the Spanish Don Juan and Catalinón , characters who are also found in Mozart 's Italian opera Don Giovanni as Don Giovanni and Leporello . Dom Juan is the last part in Molière 's hypocrisy trilogy , which also includes The School for Wives and Tartuffe . It was first performed on 15 February 1665 in the Théâtre du Palais-Royal , with Molière playing the role of Sganarelle . The play was originally written in prose , and was withdrawn after only 15 performances after attacks by Molière 's critics , who believed that he was offending religion and the king by eulogizing a libertine . The play was a costly failure . Sganarelle , Dom Juan 's valet , is the only character who speaks up for religion , but his particular brand of superstitious Catholicism is used more as a comic device than as a foil to his master 's free-thinking . As a result , Molière was ordered to delete a certain number of scenes and lines which , according to his censors , made a mockery of their faith . The play was published in a heavily censored version for the first time in 1682 . It was part of an eight-volume edition , edited by La Grange and Vivot , that contained almost all of Molière 's plays . The parts of Dom Juan that offended the censors were pasted over with strips of paper glued into almost all of the copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte/Violetta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampstead Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre', 'summary': 'Hampstead Theatre is a theatre in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden . It specialises in commissioning and producing new writing , supporting and developing the work of new writers . Edward Hall has been the artistic director since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Script', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Script', 'summary': "The Script is an Irish rock band formed in 2007 in Dublin , Ireland . They first released music in 2008 . It consists of lead vocalist and keyboardist Daniel O'Donoghue , lead guitarist Mark Sheehan , and drummer and bassist Glen Power . The band moved to London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint Phonogenic and released its eponymous debut album in August 2008 , preceded by the successful singles The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved and Breakeven . The album peaked at number one in both Ireland and the UK . Their next three albums , Science & Faith ( 2010 ) , # 3 ( 2012 ) and No Sound Without Silence ( 2014 ) , all topped the album charts in Ireland and the UK , while Science & Faith reached number three in the US . Hit singles from the albums include For the First Time , Nothing , Hall of Fame and Superheroes . The band 's fifth studio album , Freedom Child , was released on 1 September 2017 , and features the UK Top 20 single Rain . The Script 's music has been featured in television programmes such as 90210 , Ghost Whisperer , The Hills , Waterloo Road , EastEnders , Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries . Frontman Danny O'Donoghue was also a coach on The Voice UK for seasons 1 and 2 , before leaving the show in order to focus more on the band . The band has won three Meteor Ireland Music Awards and two World Music Awards and have received two Brit Award nominations . The Script have sold over 20 million albums worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampstead Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre', 'summary': 'Hampstead Theatre is a theatre in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden . It specialises in commissioning and producing new writing , supporting and developing the work of new writers . Edward Hall has been the artistic director since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zack_(play)', 'summary': "Zack is a 1920 play by British playwright Harold Brighouse . It was one of several of Brighouse 's plays performed by the Manchester 's Gaiety Theatre ."}]}, {'value': 'Sally Teale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rivals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rivals', 'summary': 'The Rivals is a comedy of manners by Richard Brinsley Sheridan in five acts which was first performed at Covent Garden Theatre on 17 January 1775 . The story has been updated in numerous adaptions , including a 1935 musical in London and a 1958 episode of the television series Maverick , with attribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Prince of Homburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Prince_of_Homburg_(play)', 'summary': "The Prince of Homburg ( German : Der Prinz von Homburg , Prinz Friedrich von Homburg , or in full Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin ) is a play by Heinrich von Kleist written in 1809-10 , but not performed until 1821 , after the author 's death . The title relates to the real Prince of Homburg at the Battle of Fehrbellin in 1675 , Friedrich von Hessen-Homburg ( 1633-1708 ) , but beyond the name and place there is little if any resemblance between the Romantic character in the play and the eponymous Friedrich , a successful professional soldier of many years ' standing . The play has been filmed a number of times , and inspired the opera Der Prinz von Homburg by Hans Werner Henze ( premiere 1960 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Natalie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Deep Blue Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Deep_Blue_Sea_(play)', 'summary': 'The Deep Blue Sea is a British stage play by Terence Rattigan from 1952 . Rattigan based his story and characters in part on his secret relationship with Kenny Morgan , and the aftermath following the end of their relationship . The play was first performed in London on 6 March 1952 , directed by Frith Banbury , and won praise for actress Peggy Ashcroft , who co-starred with Kenneth More . In the US , the Plymouth Theater staged the play in October 1952 , with Margaret Sullavan . The play with Sullavan subsequently transferred to Broadway , with its Broadway premiere on 5 November 1953 , and running for 132 performances . Various revivals of the play have included :'}]}, {'value': 'Anne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Arts Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Arts_Theatre', 'summary': "Cambridge Arts Theatre is a 666-seat theatre on Peas Hill and St Edward 's Passage in central Cambridge , England . The theatre presents a varied mix of drama , dance , opera and pantomime . It attracts some of the highest-quality touring productions in the country , as well as many shows direct from , or prior to , seasons in the West End . Its annual Christmas pantomime is an established tradition in the city . From 1969 to 1985 , the theatre was also home to the Cambridge Theatre Company , a renowned national touring company . The Cambridge Arts Theatre was founded in 1936 by the famous Cambridge economist and statesman John Maynard Keynes . The Cambridge Arts Theatre has also been home to performances of Cambridge University 's Marlowe Society , and it provides a venue for the university 's triennial Cambridge Greek Play performed in Ancient Greek . In previous years it also housed performances by Footlights , the Cambridge University Gilbert & Sullivan Society and the Cambridge University Musical Theatre Society ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ordeal_of_Gilbert_Pinfold', 'summary': "The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold is a novel by the British writer Evelyn Waugh , first published in July 1957 . It is Waugh 's penultimate full-length work of fiction , which the author called his mad book - a largely autobiographical account of a period of hallucinations caused by bromide intoxication that he experienced in the early months of 1954 , recounted through his protagonist Gilbert Pinfold . Waugh 's health in the winter of 1953-54 was indifferent , and he was beset with various personal anxieties that were stifling his ability to work . He was also consuming alcohol , bromide and chloral in large amounts . In search of a peaceful environment in which he could resume writing , he embarked on a sea voyage to Ceylon , but was driven to the point of madness by imagined voices that assailed him throughout the voyage . These experiences are mirrored in the novel by those of Pinfold , a successful writer in the Waugh mould who , as an antidote to his lassitude and chronic insomnia , is dosing himself with a similar regimen of drugs . This cocktail brings about a series of hallucinatory episodes during a sea voyage taken by Pinfold for the sake of his health ; he hears voices that insult , taunt and threaten him . He leaves the ship , but his unseen tormentors follow him . On his return to England , his wife convinces him that the voices were imaginary , and his doctor diagnoses poisoning from the bromide and chloral mixture . Pinfold , however , also views the episode as a private victory over the forces of evil . On the book 's publication , Waugh 's friends praised it , but its general critical reception was muted . Most reviewers admired the self-portrait of Waugh with which the novel opens , but expressed divided views about the rest , in particular the ending ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What the Butler Saw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_the_Butler_Saw_(play)', 'summary': "What the Butler Saw is a farce written by the English playwright Joe Orton . It was premièred at the Queen 's Theatre in London on 5 March 1969 . It was Orton 's final play and the second to be performed after his death , following Funeral Games in 1968 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geraldine Barclay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Skin of Our Teeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Skin_of_Our_Teeth', 'summary': "The Skin of Our Teeth is a play by Thornton Wilder which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama . It opened on October 15 , 1942 , at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven , Connecticut , before moving to the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway on November 18 , 1942 . It was produced by Michael Myerberg and directed by Elia Kazan . The play is a three-part allegory about the life of mankind , centering on the Antrobus family of the fictional town of Excelsior , New Jersey . The original production starred Tallulah Bankhead , Fredric March , Florence Eldridge , and Montgomery Clift . Bankhead won a Variety Award for Best Actress and the New York Drama Critics Award for Best Actress of the Year for her role as Sabina . When she left the production in March 1943 , she was replaced by Miriam Hopkins . Hopkins was in turn replaced by Gladys George . For two performances , while George was ill , Lizabeth Scott , who had been Bankhead 's understudy , was called in to play the role . Scott then played the role for the production 's run in Boston . Originally billed in New York as Elizabeth Scott , she dropped the E before taking the part in Boston , and it became her breakthrough role . The epic comedy-drama is noted as among the most heterodox of classic American comedies - it broke nearly every established theatrical convention ."}]}, {'value': 'Gladys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present Laughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Present_Laughter', 'summary': "Present Laughter is a comic play written by Noël Coward in 1939 but not produced until 1942 because the Second World War began while it was in rehearsal , and the British theatres closed . The title is drawn from a song in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night that urges carpe diem ( present mirth hath present laughter ) . The play has been frequently revived in Britain , the US and beyond . The plot depicts a few days in the life of the successful and self-obsessed light comedy actor Garry Essendine as he prepares to travel for a touring commitment in Africa . Amid a series of events bordering on farce , Garry has to deal with women who want to seduce him , placate both his long-suffering secretary and his wife , cope with a crazed young playwright , and overcome his impending mid-life crisis ( since he has recently turned forty ) . The character is a caricature of the author 's real-life persona , as Coward acknowledged . Coward starred as Garry during the original run , which began with a long provincial tour to accommodate wartime audiences . He reprised the role in the first British revival and later in the US and Paris . Subsequent productions have featured actors such as Albert Finney , Peter O'Toole , Donald Sinden , Ian McKellen and Simon Callow , and in the US Clifton Webb , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , George C. Scott , Frank Langella and Kevin Kline ."}]}, {'value': 'Daphne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twelfth Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twelfth_Night', 'summary': "Twelfth Night , or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written around 1601-1602 as a Twelfth Night 's entertainment for the close of the Christmas season . The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian , who are separated in a shipwreck . Viola ( who is disguised as Cesario ) falls in love with Duke Orsino , who in turn is in love with Countess Olivia . Upon meeting Viola , Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man . The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion , with plot elements drawn from the short story Of Apollonius and Silla by Barnabe Rich , based on a story by Matteo Bandello . The first recorded public performance was on 2 February 1602 , at Candlemas , the formal end of Christmastide in the year 's calendar . The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio ."}]}, {'value': 'Viola', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester , England . It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann 's Square , Exchange Street , Market Street , Cross Street and Old Bank Street . The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre . The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing . The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange , primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plenty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plenty_(play)', 'summary': 'Plenty is a play by David Hare , first performed in 1978 , about British post-war disillusion .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorcas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal National Theatre in London , commonly known as the National Theatre ( NT ) , is one of the United Kingdom 's three most prominent publicly funded performing arts venues , alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Opera House . Internationally , it is known as the National Theatre of Great Britain . From its foundation in 1963 until 1976 , the company was based at The Old Vic theatre in Waterloo . The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London . In addition to performances at the National Theatre building , the National Theatre tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom . Permission to add the Royal prefix to the name of the theatre was given in 1988 , but the full title is rarely used . The theatre presents a varied programme , including Shakespeare , other international classic drama , and new plays by contemporary playwrights . Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire , thus further widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season . In June 2009 , the theatre began National Theatre Live ( NT Live ) , a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas , first in the United Kingdom and then internationally . The programme began with a production of Phèdre , starring Helen Mirren , which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK . NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 2,500 venues in 60 countries around the world . The NT had an annual turnover of approximately £105 million in 2015-16 , of which earned income made up 75% ( 58% from ticket sales , 5% from NT Live and Digital , and 12% from commercial revenue such as in the restaurants , bookshops , etc ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comings and Goings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampstead Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre', 'summary': 'Hampstead Theatre is a theatre in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden . It specialises in commissioning and producing new writing , supporting and developing the work of new writers . Edward Hall has been the artistic director since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Recruiting Officer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Recruiting_Officer', 'summary': 'The Recruiting Officer is a 1706 play by the Irish writer George Farquhar , which follows the social and sexual exploits of two officers , the womanising Plume and the cowardly Brazen , in the town of Shrewsbury ( the town where Farquhar himself was posted in this capacity ) to recruit soldiers . The characters of the play are generally stock , in keeping with the genre of Restoration comedy .'}]}, {'value': 'Sylvia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol Old Vic / Edinburgh Festival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic', 'summary': "Bristol Old Vic is a British theatre company based at the Theatre Royal , Bristol . The present company was established in 1946 as an offshoot of the Old Vic in London . It is associated with the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School , which became a financially independent organisation in the 1990s . Bristol Old Vic runs a Young Company for those aged 7-25 . The Theatre Royal , the oldest continually-operating theatre in the English-speaking world , was built between 1764 and 1766 on King Street in Bristol . The Coopers ' Hall , built 1743-44 , was incorporated as the theatre 's foyer during 1970-72 . Together , they are designated a Grade I listed building by Historic England . Daniel Day-Lewis called it the most beautiful theatre in England . In 2012 the theatre complex completed the first phase of a £19 million refurbishment , increasing the seating capacity and providing up to ten flexible performance spaces . Besides the main Theatre Royal auditorium , the complex includes the Studio theatre and the Side Stage , Paint Shop and Basement performance areas . Whilst the theatre was closed , the company continued to present work in the Studio and Basement spaces , as well as at other sites around Bristol . The Theatre Royal re-opened in 2012 with Wild Oats ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival', 'summary': 'This is a list of arts and cultural festivals regularly taking place in Edinburgh , Scotland . The city has become known for its festivals since the establishment in 1947 of the Edinburgh International Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe which runs alongside it . The latter is the largest event of its kind in the world . The term Edinburgh Festival is commonly used , but there is no single festival ; the various festivals are put on by separate , unrelated organisations . However they are widely regarded as part of the same event , particularly the various festivals that take place simultaneously in August each year . The term Edinburgh Festival is often used to refer more specifically to the Fringe , being the largest of the festivals ; or sometimes to the International Festival , being the original official arts festival . Within the industry , people refer to all the festivals collectively as the Edinburgh Festivals ( plural ) .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julius Caesar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(Shakespeare)', 'summary': "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar ( First Folio title : The Tragedie of Ivlivs Cæsar ) is a history play and tragedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written and first performed in 1599 . It is one of several plays written by Shakespeare based on true events from Roman history , such as Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra . Set in Rome in 44 BC , the play depicts the moral dilemma of Brutus as he joins a conspiracy led by Cassius to murder Julius Caesar to prevent him from becoming dictator of Rome . Following Caesar 's death , Rome is thrust into a period of civil war , and the republic the conspirators sought to preserve is lost forever . Although the play is named Julius Caesar , Brutus speaks more than four times as many lines as the title character ; and the central psychological drama of the play focuses on Brutus ' struggle between the conflicting demands of honour , patriotism , and friendship ."}]}, {'value': 'Portia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverside Studios , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_Studios', 'summary': 'Riverside Studios is an arts centre on the banks of the River Thames in Hammersmith , London , England . The venue plays host to contemporary performance , film , visual art exhibitions and television production . Having closed for redevelopment in September 2014 , Riverside Studios reopened in the autumn of 2019 with one of the first television broadcasts to come from Studio 1 at Riverside was the 2019 December UK election coverage on Channel 4 .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Provoked Wife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Provoked_Wife', 'summary': "The Provoked Wife ( 1697 ) is the second original comedy written by John Vanbrugh . It made its first appearance in Lincoln 's Inn Fields in May , 1697 . The often-repeated claim that Vanbrugh wrote part of his comedy The Provoked Wife in the Bastille is based on allusions in a couple of much later memoirs , but is regarded with some doubt by modern scholars ( see McCormick ) . It is different in tone from his first play , the largely farcical The Relapse , and adapted to the greater acting skills of the new company of actors chosen for its premiere , who walked out not long before in a dispute with management . The actors ' cooperative boasted the established star performers of the age , and Vanbrugh tailored The Provoked Wife to their specialties . While The Relapse had been robustly phrased to be suitable for amateurs and minor acting talents , he could count on versatile professionals like Thomas Betterton , Elizabeth Barry , and the rising young star Anne Bracegirdle to do justice to characters of depth and nuance ."}]}, {'value': 'Belinda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre', 'summary': "The Royal National Theatre in London , commonly known as the National Theatre ( NT ) , is one of the United Kingdom 's three most prominent publicly funded performing arts venues , alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Opera House . Internationally , it is known as the National Theatre of Great Britain . From its foundation in 1963 until 1976 , the company was based at The Old Vic theatre in Waterloo . The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London . In addition to performances at the National Theatre building , the National Theatre tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom . Permission to add the Royal prefix to the name of the theatre was given in 1988 , but the full title is rarely used . The theatre presents a varied programme , including Shakespeare , other international classic drama , and new plays by contemporary playwrights . Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire , thus further widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season . In June 2009 , the theatre began National Theatre Live ( NT Live ) , a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas , first in the United Kingdom and then internationally . The programme began with a production of Phèdre , starring Helen Mirren , which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK . NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 2,500 venues in 60 countries around the world . The NT had an annual turnover of approximately £105 million in 2015-16 , of which earned income made up 75% ( 58% from ticket sales , 5% from NT Live and Digital , and 12% from commercial revenue such as in the restaurants , bookshops , etc ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incident at Tulse Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosemary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampstead Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre', 'summary': 'Hampstead Theatre is a theatre in South Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden . It specialises in commissioning and producing new writing , supporting and developing the work of new writers . Edward Hall has been the artistic director since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Girls', 'summary': "Top Girls is a 1982 play by Caryl Churchill . It centres around Marlene , a career-driven woman who is heavily invested in women 's success in business . The play examines the roles available to women in modern society , and what it means or takes for a woman to succeed . It also dwells heavily on the cost of ambition and the influence of Thatcherite politics on feminism ."}]}, {'value': 'Lady Nijo/Win', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Royal Court Theatre , London/ Joe Papp 's Public Theater , New York Won - Obie Award", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Royal Court Theatre , at different times known as the Court Theatre , the New Chelsea Theatre , and the Belgravia Theatre , is a non-commercial West End theatre on Sloane Square , in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , London , England . In 1956 it was acquired by and remains the home of the English Stage Company and is notable for its contributions to contemporary theatre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Papp', 'summary': "Joseph Papp ( born Joseph Papirofsky ; June 22 , 1921 - October 31 , 1991 ) was an American theatrical producer and director . He established The Public Theater in what had been the Astor Library Building in lower Manhattan . There , Papp created a year-round producing home to focus on new plays and musicals . Among numerous examples of these were the works of David Rabe , Ntozake Shange 's For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf , Charles Gordone 's No Place to Be Somebody ( the first off-Broadway play to win the Pulitzer Prize ) , and Papp 's production of Michael Bennett 's Pulitzer Prize-winning musical , A Chorus Line . Papp also founded Shakespeare in the Park , helped to develop other off-Broadway theatres and worked to preserve the historic Broadway Theatre District ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Public_Theater', 'summary': "The Public Theater is a New York City arts organization founded as the Shakespeare Workshop in 1954 by Joseph Papp , with the intention of showcasing the works of up-and-coming playwrights and performers . It is led by Artistic Director Oskar Eustis and Executive Director Patrick Willingham . The venue opened in 1967 , mounting the world-premiere production of the musical Hair as its first show . The Public is headquartered at 425 Lafayette Street in the former Astor Library in Lower Manhattan . The building holds five theater spaces and Joe 's Pub , a cabaret-style venue used for new work , musical performances , spoken-word artists and soloists . The Public also operates the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , where it presents Shakespeare in the Park , one of New York City 's most beloved summer traditions . New York natives and visitors alike have been enjoying free Shakespeare in Central Park since performances began in 1954 . The Public is dedicated to embracing the complexities of contemporary society and nurturing both artists and audiences , as it continues Joseph Papp 's legacy of creating a place of inclusion and a forum for ideas . Notable productions in recent years include : The Merchant of Venice , featuring Al Pacino as Shylock ( 2010 ) ; Here Lies Love ( 2013 ) , by David Byrne ; Fun Home , adapted from Alison Bechdel 's illustrated memoir of the same name ( 2013 ) ; Eclipsed , by Danai Gurira and featuring Lupita Nyong ' o ( 2015 ) ; and Hamilton ( 2015 ) , by Lin-Manuel Miranda ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Obie_Award', 'summary': 'The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards originally given by The Village Voice newspaper to theatre artists and groups in New York City . In September 2014 , the awards were jointly presented and administered with the American Theatre Wing . As the Tony Awards cover Broadway productions , the Obie Awards cover Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway productions .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Progress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronnie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bush Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bush_Theatre', 'summary': "The Bush Theatre is located in the Passmore Edwards Public Library , Shepherd 's Bush , in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . It was established in 1972 as a showcase for the work of new writers . The Bush Theatre strives to create a space which nurtures and develops new artists and their work . A seedbed for the best new playwrights , many of whom have gone on to become established names in the industry , the Bush Theatre has produced hundreds of premieres , many of them Bush Theatre commissions , and hosted guest productions by theatre companies and artists from across the world ."}]}, {'value': '1985-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troilus and Cressida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida', 'summary': "Troilus and Cressida ( /ˈtrɔɪləs . ˈkrɛsɪdə/ ) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written in 1602 . It was described by Frederick S. Boas as one of Shakespeare 's problem plays . The play ends on a very bleak note with the death of the noble Trojan Hector and destruction of the love between Troilus and Cressida . The work has in recent years stimulated exceptionally lively critical debate . Throughout the play , the tone lurches wildly between bawdy comedy and tragic gloom , and readers and theatre-goers have frequently found it difficult to understand how one is meant to respond to the characters . Several characteristic elements of the play ( the most notable being its constant questioning of intrinsic values such as hierarchy , honour and love ) have often been viewed as distinctly modern , as in the following remarks on the play by author and literary scholar Joyce Carol Oates :"}]}, {'value': 'Helen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_of_Troy', 'summary': "In Greek mythology , Helen of Troy ( Ancient Greek : Ἑλένη Helénē , pronounced [ helénɛː ] ) , also known as Helen of Sparta , was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world . She was married to King Menelaus of Sparta but was abducted by Prince Paris of Troy after the goddess Aphrodite promised her to him in the Judgement of Paris . This resulted in the Trojan War when the Achaeans set out to reclaim her . She was believed to have been the daughter of Zeus and Leda , and was the sister of Clytemnestra , Castor and Polydeuces , Philonoe , Phoebe and Timandra . Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes , Cicero , Euripides , and Homer ( in both the Iliad and the Odyssey ) . Her story reappears in Book II of Virgil 's Aeneid . In her youth , she was abducted by Theseus . A competition between her suitors for her hand in marriage saw Menelaus emerge victorious . An oath sworn by all the suitors ( known as the Oath of Tyndareus ) required all of them to provide military assistance to the winning suitor , whomever he might be , if she were ever stolen from him ; the obligations of the oath precipitated the Trojan War . When she married Menelaus she was still very young ; whether her subsequent departure with Paris was an abduction or an elopement is ambiguous ( probably deliberately so ) . The legends of Helen in Troy are contradictory : Homer depicts her as a wistful , even sorrowful figure , who came to regret her choice and wished to be reunited with Menelaus . Other accounts have a treacherous Helen who simulated Bacchic rites and rejoiced in the carnage she caused ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Shakespeare Company : Stratford-upon-Avon / Barbican Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company', 'summary': "The Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) is a major British theatre company , based in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire , England . The company employs over 1,000 staff and produces around 20 productions a year . The RSC plays regularly in London , Newcastle upon Tyne , and on tour across the UK and internationally . The company 's home is in Stratford-upon-Avon , where it has recently redeveloped its Royal Shakespeare and Swan theatres as part of a £112.8-million Transformation project . The theatres re-opened in November 2010 , having closed in 2007 . The new buildings attracted 18,000 visitors within the first week and received a positive media response both upon opening , and following the first full Shakespeare performances . Performances in Stratford-upon-Avon continued throughout the Transformation project at the temporary Courtyard Theatre . As well as the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries , the RSC produces new work from living artists and develops creative links with theatre-makers from around the world , as well as working with teachers to inspire a lifelong love of William Shakespeare in young people and running events for everyone to explore and participate in its work . The RSC celebrated its fiftieth birthday season from April-December 2011 , with two companies of actors presenting the first productions designed specifically for the new Royal Shakespeare and Swan Theatre stages . The 2011-season began with performances of Macbeth and a re-imagined lost play The History of Cardenio . The fiftieth birthday season also featured The Merchant of Venice with Sir Patrick Stewart and revivals of some of the RSC 's greatest plays , including a new staging of Marat/Sade . For the London 2012 Festival as part of the Cultural Olympiad , the RSC produced the World Shakespeare Festival , featuring artists from across the world performing in venues around the UK ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon', 'summary': "Stratford-upon-Avon ( /-ˈeɪvən/ ) , commonly known as just Stratford , is a market town and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon District , in the county of Warwickshire , England , on the River Avon , 91 miles ( 146 km ) north west of London , 22 miles ( 35 km ) south east of Birmingham , and 8 miles ( 13 km ) south west of Warwick . The estimated population in 2007 was 25,505 , increasing to 27,445 at the 2011 Census . Stratford was originally inhabited by Anglo-Saxons and remained a village before the lord of the manor , John of Coutances , set out plans to develop it into a town in 1196 . In that same year , Stratford was granted a charter from King Richard I to hold a weekly market in the town , giving it its status as a market town . As a result , Stratford experienced an increase in trade and commerce as well as urban expansion . The town is a popular tourist destination owing to its status as the birthplace and gravesite of playwright and poet William Shakespeare , and receives approximately 2.5 million visitors a year . The Royal Shakespeare Company resides in Stratford 's Royal Shakespeare Theatre ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbican_Theatre', 'summary': "The Barbican Centre is a performing arts centre in the Barbican Estate of the City of London and the largest of its kind in Europe . The Centre hosts classical and contemporary music concerts , theatre performances , film screenings and art exhibitions . It also houses a library , three restaurants , and a conservatory . The Barbican Centre is member of the Global Cultural Districts Network . The London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra are based in the Centre 's Concert Hall . In 2013 , it once again became the London-based venue of the Royal Shakespeare Company following the company 's departure in 2001 . The Barbican Centre is owned , funded , and managed by the City of London Corporation , the third-largest arts funder in the United Kingdom . It was built as The City 's gift to the nation at a cost of £161 million ( equivalent to £480 million in 2014 ) and was officially opened to the public by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 March 1982 . The Barbican Centre is also known for its brutalist architecture ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Theatre', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Lindsay_Duncan_2', 'intro': "Lindsay Vere Duncan, CBE (born 7 November 1950) is a British actress. On stage, she has won two Olivier Awards, a Tony Award for her performance in Private Lives and a Tony Award nomination for her role in Les Liaisons Dangereuses. Duncan has starred in several plays by Harold Pinter. Her best known roles on television include: Barbara Douglas in Alan Bleasdale's G.B.H. (1991), Servilia of the Junii in the HBO/BBC/RAI series Rome (2005-2007), Adelaide Brooke in the Doctor Who special The Waters of Mars (2009) and Lady Smallwood in the BBC series Sherlock. On film, she portrayed Anthea Lahr in Prick Up Your Ears (1987), voiced the android TC-14 in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) and Alice's mother in Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010), and played the acerbic theatre critic Tabitha Dickinson in Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014). She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 Birthday Honours for services to drama."}
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Which stage saw the first performance of the play in which Lindsay Duncan played Lucy in 1976 ?
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Covent Garden Theatre
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03f4f1bab742e74d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pac-12_Conference_national_championships', 'title': 'List of Pac-12 Conference national championships', 'header': ['Institution', 'Location', 'Nickname', 'NCAA Team Championships ( through January 15 , 2020 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'University of Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}]}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent the University of Arizona , located in Tucson . The Wildcats compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Arizona 's chief intercollegiate rival is the Arizona State Sun Devils , and the two universities ' athletic departments compete against each other in multiple sports via the State Farm Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}]}, {'value': 'Tempe , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tempe ( /tɛmˈpiː/ tem-PEE ; Oidbaḍ in O'odham ) , is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038 . The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece . Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix ; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west , Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler on the south , and Mesa on the east . Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Sun Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils are the athletic teams that represent Arizona State University . ASU has nine men 's and eleven women 's varsity teams competing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . The mascot was adopted in 1946 ; earlier nicknames were the Normals and later , the Bulldogs . The Sun Devil mascot , Sparky , was designed by former Disney illustrator Bert Anthony . ASU 's chief rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats , and both universities ' athletics departments compete against each other in the Territorial Cup Series ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkeley , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Los Angeles . The Bruin men 's and women 's teams participate in NCAA Division I as part of the Pac-12 Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . For football , they are in the Football Bowl Subdivision of Division I ( formerly Division I-A ) . UCLA is second to only Stanford University as the school with the most NCAA team championships at 119 NCAA team championships . UCLA offers 11 varsity sports programs for men and 14 for women ."}]}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder', 'summary': "The University of Colorado Boulder ( CU Boulder ) , colloquially referred to as CU or Colorado , is a public research university in Boulder , Colorado . It is the flagship university of the University of Colorado system and was founded five months before Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876 . In 2015 , the university comprised nine colleges and schools and offered over 150 academic programs and enrolled almost 17,000 students . Twelve Nobel Laureates , nine MacArthur Fellows , and 20 astronauts have been affiliated with CU Boulder as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . The university received nearly $ 454 million in sponsored research in 2010 to fund programs like the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics , and JILA . The Colorado Buffaloes compete in 17 varsity sports and are members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . The Buffaloes have won 28 national championships : 20 in skiing , seven total in men 's and women 's cross country , and one in football . Approximately 900 students participate in 34 intercollegiate club sports annually as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Boulder , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado', 'summary': "Boulder ( /ˈboʊldər/ ) is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County , Colorado , United States . It is the state 's 11th-most-populous municipality ; Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet ( 1,655 m ) above sea level . The city is 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Denver . The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 U.S. Census , while the population of the Boulder , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area was 294,567 . Boulder is known for its association with gold seekers and for being the home of the main campus of the University of Colorado , the state 's largest university . The city frequently receives high rankings in art , health , well-being , quality of life , and education ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffaloes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes', 'summary': "The Colorado Buffaloes are the athletic teams that represent the University of Colorado Boulder . The university sponsors 17 varsity sports teams . Both the men 's and women 's teams are called the Buffaloes ( Buffs for short ) or , rarely , the Golden Buffaloes . Lady Buffs referred to the women 's teams beginning in the 1970s , but was officially dropped in 1993 . The nickname was selected by the campus newspaper in a contest with a $ 5 prize in 1934 won by Andrew Dickson of Boulder . The university participates as a member of the Pac-12 Conference at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) level . Rick George was announced as the sixth athletic director in program history on July 17 , 2013 , following the resignation of Mike Bohn , and after an interim appointment by former Women 's Basketball Head Coach and current senior associate athletic director and senior women 's administrator Ceal Barry . Colorado has won 28 national championships in its history , with 20 in skiing , including 2015 . It was ranked # 14 of America 's Best Sports College in a 2002 analysis performed by Sports Illustrated . The University has no men 's baseball , tennis , soccer , lacrosse , or volleyball programs ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The University of Oregon ( also referred to as UO , U of O or Oregon ) is a public flagship research university in Eugene , Oregon . Founded in 1876 , the institution 's 295-acre campus is along the Willamette River . Since July 2014 , UO has been governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon . The university has a Carnegie Classification of highest research activity and has 19 research centers and institutes . UO was admitted to the Association of American Universities in 1969 . The University of Oregon is organized into five colleges ( Arts and Sciences , Business , Design , Education , and Honors ) and seven professional schools ( Accounting , Architecture and Environment , Art and Design , Journalism and Communication , Law , Music and Dance , and Planning , Public Policy and Management ) and a graduate school . Furthermore , UO offers 316 undergraduate and graduate degree programs . Most academic programs follow the 10 week Quarter System . UO student-athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . With eighteen varsity teams , the Oregon Ducks are best known for their football team and track and field program ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon', 'summary': "Eugene ( /juːˈdʒiːn/ yoo-JEEN ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon , in the Pacific Northwest . It is at the southern end of the verdant Willamette Valley , near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the Oregon Coast . As of the 2010 census , Eugene had a population of 156,185 ; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state 's third most populous city after Portland and Salem , though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem 's . The Eugene-Springfield , Oregon metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is the 146th largest metropolitan statistical area in the US and the third-largest in the state , behind the Portland Metropolitan Area and the Salem Metropolitan Area . The city 's population for 2018 was estimated to be 171,245 by the US Census . Eugene is home to the University of Oregon , Northwest Christian University , and Lane Community College . The city is also noted for its natural environment , recreational opportunities ( especially bicycling , running/jogging , rafting , and kayaking ) , and focus on the arts . Eugene 's official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors . It is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town , USA . The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene . In 2021 , the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Ducks', 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon , located in Eugene . The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . With eighteen varsity teams , Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program , which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as Track Town , USA . Oregon 's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers ( the Civil War ) and the Washington Huskies , though they also have a major rivalry with the Washington State Cougars ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_University', 'summary': "Oregon State University ( OSU ) is a public flagship research university in Corvallis , Oregon . The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees . With a student enrollment approaching 32,000 , it is Oregon 's largest university . More than 230,000 students have graduated from OSU since its founding . The Carnegie Foundation designates Oregon State University as a Community Engagement university and classifies it as a doctoral university with a status of Highest research activity . OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States . The school is also a sea-grant , space-grant , and sun-grant institution , making it one of only four U.S. institutions to obtain all four designations . ( University of Hawaii at Manoa , Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University are the only others with similar designation . ) OSU received $ 441 million in research funding for the 2017 fiscal year ."}]}, {'value': 'Corvallis , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon', 'summary': 'Corvallis /kɔːrˈvælɪs/ is a city in central western Oregon , United States . It is the county seat of Benton County and the principal city of the Corvallis , Oregon Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Benton County . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 54,462 . Its population was estimated by the Portland Research Center to be 58,641 in 2018 . Corvallis is the location of Oregon State University and Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Beavers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers', 'summary': "The Oregon State Beavers are the athletic teams that represent Oregon State University , located in Corvallis , Oregon . The Beavers compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Oregon State 's mascot is Benny the Beaver . Both the men 's and women 's teams share the name , competing in 7 NCAA Division I men 's sports and 10 NCAA Division I women 's sports respectively . The official colors for the athletics department are Beaver Orange ( Pantone 165 ) , black , and white . The primary rivals of the Beavers are the Oregon Ducks of the University of Oregon , located 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of the Oregon State campus in Eugene , Oregon . The football rivalry between the Beavers and Ducks , known as the Civil War , is one of the longest-running in the country , having been contested 121 times as of the end of the 2017 season . Other regional rivals include the Washington Huskies and Washington State Cougars . As of June 2018 , the Beavers have won one pre-NCAA team national championship and four NCAA team national championships . The 1926 wrestling team won the Amateur Athletic Association national championship , the 1961 men 's Cross-country team won the NCAA title , and most recently the baseball team won the 2006 , 2007 College World Series and 2018 College World Series . Other notable performances include a second-place finish in the 1973 and 1995 NCAA wrestling finals , two Final Four appearances by the men 's basketball team , one Final Four appearance by the women 's basketball team , the football team defeating Notre Dame by a 32-point margin in the 2001 Fiesta Bowl ( and finishing the season ranked # 4 in the polls ) , seven appearances in the College World Series by the baseball program , and several individual NCAA championship titles in gymnastics , wrestling , and track & field ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Trojans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans', 'summary': "The USC Trojans are the athletic teams that represent the University of Southern California ( USC ) , located in Los Angeles , California . While the men 's teams are nicknamed the Trojans , the women 's athletic teams are referred to as either the Trojans or Women of Troy ( the university officially approves both terms ) . The program participates in the Pac-12 Conference and has won 130 team national championships , 107 of which are National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) national championships . USC 's official colors are cardinal and gold . The Trojans have a cross-town rivalry with UCLA . However , USC 's rivalry with Notre Dame predates the UCLA rivalry by three years . The Notre Dame rivalry stems mainly from the annual football game played between these two universities and is considered the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football ."}]}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford,_California', 'summary': 'Stanford is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County , California , United States and is the home of Stanford University . The population was 13,809 at the 2010 census , with a daily population of 35,000 . Stanford is an unincorporated area of Santa Clara County and is adjacent to the city of Palo Alto . A popular landmark is the Dish in the Stanford foothills . Most of the Stanford University campus and other core University owned land is situated within the census-designated place of Stanford though the Stanford University Medical Center , the Stanford Shopping Center , and the Stanford Research Park are officially part of the city of Palo Alto . Its resident population consists of the inhabitants of on-campus housing , including graduate student residences and single-family homes and condominiums owned by their faculty inhabitants but located on leased Stanford land . A residential neighborhood adjacent to the Stanford campus , College Terrace , featuring streets named after universities and colleges , including Cambridge , Oxford , Harvard and Yale , is neither part of the Stanford CDP nor owned by the University but is part of Palo Alto .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University . As of December 22 , 2019 , Stanford 's program has won 126 NCAA team championships , as well as 25 consecutive NACDA Directors ' Cups , awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation . As of February 15 , 2019 , Stanford-affiliated athletes have won 270 Olympic medals . Stanford 's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , along with other schools from the western third of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '126', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Utah', 'summary': "The University of Utah ( U of U , UofU , or simply The U ) is a public research university in Salt Lake City , Utah . As the state 's flagship university , it offers more than 100 undergraduate majors and more than 92 graduate degree programs . The university is classified among Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity with selective , higher transfer-in admissions . Graduate studies include the S.J . Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine , Utah 's first medical school . As of Fall 2018 , there were 24,735 undergraduate students and 8,251 graduate students , for an enrollment total of 32,994 . The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret ( /ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/ ( listen ) ) by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret , making it Utah 's oldest institution of higher education . It received its current name in 1892 , four years before Utah attained statehood , and moved to its current location in 1900 . The university ranks 61st among U.S. universities by total research expenditures with over $ 380 million spent in 2017 . 22 Rhodes Scholars , four Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners , eight MacArthur Fellows , various Pulitzer Prize winners , two astronauts , Gates Cambridge Scholars , and Churchill Scholars have been affiliated with the university as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . In addition , the university 's Honors College has been reviewed among 100 leading national Honors Colleges in the U.S . The university 's athletic teams , the Utes , participate in NCAA Division I athletics ( FBS for football ) as a member of the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City , Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_City', 'summary': "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Utes', 'summary': "The Utah Utes are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent the University of Utah , located in Salt Lake City . They are named after the Ute tribe of Native Americans . The men 's basketball team is known as the Runnin ' Utes ; the women 's gymnastics team is known as the Red Rocks . Currently Utah competes in the Pac-12 Conference , after it was announced on June 17 , 2010 , that the Utes would join the conference in all sports , beginning in the 2011-2012 academic year . They are the third Pac-12 member to have previously spent time in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) , joining old conference rivals Arizona and Arizona State . They are also the first school to leave the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) since it was formed in 1999 . Utah offers a total of 19 varsity sports - seven for men , 11 for women , and one coeducational . Baseball , football , golf , and lacrosse are sponsored for men only . Beach volleyball , cross country , gymnastics , indoor track & field , indoor volleyball , outdoor track & field , soccer , and softball are sponsored for women only . Basketball , swimming & diving , and tennis are sponsored for both sexes . The coeducational sport is skiing ; while schools have separate men 's and women 's squads , the NCAA awards a single national team championship . Utah 's newest varsity sport is men 's lacrosse , which will play its first season in 2019 ( 2018-19 school year ) ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Huskies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Huskies', 'summary': "The Washington Huskies are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Washington , located in Seattle . The school is a member of the Pac-12 Conference . Washington students , sports teams , and alumni are called Huskies . The husky was selected as the school mascot by student committee in 1923 . It replaced the Sun Dodger , an abstract reference to the local weather that was quickly dropped in favor of something more tangible . The costumed Harry the Husky performs at sporting and special events , and a live Alaskan Malamute , currently named Dubs II , has traditionally led the football team onto the field at the start of games . The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote . The choice was purportedly inspired by the first stanza of Lord Byron 's The Destruction of Sennacherib Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium ( football ) , Hec Edmundson Pavilion ( basketball , gymnastics and volleyball ) , Husky Ballpark ( baseball ) , Husky Softball Stadium ( softball ) , the Nordstrom Tennis Center , the Dempsey Indoor practice facility , and the Conibear Shellhouse ( rowing ) . Recently added was the Husky Track located just north of the Husky Ballpark . The golf team 's home course is at the Washington National Golf Club in Auburn . With most on-campus facilities located on or near Montlake Boulevard in Seattle , Montlake is used as a metonym for the athletic department and its teams ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_University', 'summary': "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ."}]}, {'value': 'Pullman , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pullman,_Washington', 'summary': 'Pullman ( /ˈpʊlmən/ ) is the largest city in Whitman County , located in southeastern Washington state within the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest . The population was 29,799 at the 2010 census , and estimated to have reached 34,019 in 2018 . Originally incorporated as Three Forks , the city was renamed after industrialist George Pullman . Pullman is noted as a vastly fertile agricultural area known for its many miles of rolling hills and the production of wheat and legumes . It is home to Washington State University , a public research land-grant university , and the international headquarters of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories . Pullman is eight miles ( 13 km ) from Moscow , Idaho , home to the University of Idaho , and is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport . In 2011 , Bloomberg Businessweek selected Pullman as the Best Place to Raise Kids in Washington . Factors included affordability , safety , a family-friendly lifestyle , the quality of Pullman High School , the presence of Washington State University , and the natural environment of the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Cougars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_Cougars', 'summary': "The Washington State Cougars are the athletic teams that represent Washington State University . Located in Pullman , Washington , WSU is a member of the Pac-12 Conference in NCAA Division I . The athletic program comprises ten women 's sports and six men 's intercollegiate sports , and also offers various intramural sports ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current members', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Pacific-12_Conference_national_championships_0', 'intro': "The following is a list of current Pac-12 Conference members' NCAA and AIAW championships. The Pac-12 was the first conference to win 500 team titles & currently (As of January 15, 2020) Pac-12 members have won 529 NCAA national championships, which is 238 more than the next closest conference, The Big Ten. Since the 1999-2000 academic year, the Pac-12 claims a total of 202 NCAA team titles, including 3 by 1 schools in 2019-2020. They have also led or tied the nation in NCAA Championships in 53 of the last 56 years, including the past 14 years, the only exceptions being in 1980-81, 1988-89, 1990-91 and 1995-96 when the conference finished second, and finished third in 1998-99 and 2004-2005. This list also includes championships won by current Pac-12 schools while members of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), a closely related league that was formed in 1916 and disbanded in 1959. Although the current charter of what is now known as the Pac-12 dates only to the formation of the Athletic Association of Western Universities immediately after the demise of the PCC, the Pac-12 claims the PCC's history as its own. There is considerable continuity between the PCC and Pac-12 - eight of the nine final members of the PCC (all except Idaho) are now Pac-12 members; five of these schools had founded the AAWU, and all eight had joined the AAWU by the 1964-65 school year."}
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What is the location of the institution that is arranged into five colleges and seven professional institutions ?
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Eugene , Oregon
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03f56d40a2cb901c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_East_Region_Premier_League_North', 'title': 'Scottish Junior Football East Region Premier League North', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Home Ground', 'Finishing position 2018-19'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arbroath Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbroath_Victoria_F.C.', 'summary': 'Arbroath Victoria Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in Arbroath . The club competes in the Scottish Junior Football Association East Region North Division and play their games at Ogilvy Park . They are nicknamed the Vics .'}]}, {'value': 'Arbroath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbroath', 'summary': "Arbroath ( /ɑːrˈbroʊθ/ ) or Aberbrothock ( Scottish Gaelic : Obar Bhrothaig [ ˈopəɾ ˈvɾo.ɪkʲ ] ) is a former royal burgh and the largest town in the council area of Angus in Scotland , and has a population of 23,902 . It lies on the North Sea coast , around 16 miles ( 25.7 km ) ENE of Dundee and 45 miles ( 72.4 km ) SSW of Aberdeen . While there is evidence for settlement of the area now occupied by the town that dates back to the Iron Age , Arbroath 's history as a town begins in the High Middle Ages with the founding of Arbroath Abbey in 1178 . Arbroath grew considerably during the Industrial Revolution owing to the expansion of firstly the flax and secondly the jute industries and the engineering sector . A new harbour was built in 1839 and by the 20th century , Arbroath had become one of the larger fishing ports in Scotland . The town is notable as the home of the Declaration of Arbroath , as well as the Arbroath smokie . The town 's football team , Arbroath Football Club , hold the world record for the highest number of goals scored in a professional football match . They won 36-0 against Aberdeen Bon Accord in the Scottish Cup in 1885 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogilvy Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blairgowrie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blairgowrie_F.C.', 'summary': "Blairgowrie Junior Football Club is a Scottish Junior football club based in Blairgowrie and Rattray , Perth and Kinross . Their home ground is Davie Park . Blairgowrie is amongst the most successful teams in Perthshire , [ citation needed ] having won ten Currie Cups , eight Perthshire Junior League Championships , and thirteen Perthshire Junior Cups between the time of formation in 1946 and the disbandment of the Perthshire League in 1969 . When the Perthshire , Angus , and Dundee leagues combined to form the Midlands League , Blairgowrie were the champions three years in a row , winning the league in 1969-70 , 1970-71 and 1971-72 . They won it for a fourth time in 1974-75 . Some 48 players have left Blairgowrie to become Senior footballers , [ citation needed ] and they include Charlie Thomson , Kenny Cameron , and Lindsay Kydd to name a few . The club 's record attendance is 5,200 , which occurred during the 1958-59 Scottish Junior Cup quarter-final replay against the eventual winners Irvine Meadow . Up until the end of the 2005-06 season , they played in Tayside Division One of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's Eastern Region . The SJFA restructured prior to the 2006-07 season , and Blairgowrie found themselves in the twelve-team East Region , North Division . They finished fourth in their first season in the division , and in 2007-08 , won the league with a game to spare , beating Downfield 6-1 in their final home league fixture ."}]}, {'value': 'Blairgowrie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blairgowrie_and_Rattray', 'summary': "Blairgowrie and Rattray ( /blɛərˈɡaʊri . ˈrætreɪ/ ( listen ) ) is a twin burgh in Perth and Kinross , Scotland . Locals refer to the town as Blair . Blairgowrie is the larger of the two former burghs which were united by an Act of Parliament in 1928 and lies on the southwest side of the River Ericht while Rattray is on the northeast side . Rattray claims to be the older and certainly Old Rattray , the area round Rattray Kirk , dates back to the 12th century . New Rattray , the area along the Boat Brae and Balmoral Road dates from 1777 when the River was spanned by the Brig o ' Blair . The town lies on the north side of Strathmore at the foot of the Grampian Mountains . The west boundary is formed by the Knockie , a round grassy hill , and Craighall Gorge on the Ericht . Blairgowrie and Rattray developed over the centuries at the crossroads of several historic routes with links from the town to Perth , Coupar Angus , Alyth and Braemar . The roads to Coupar Angus and Braemar form part of General Wade 's military road from Perth to Fort George . The town 's centrepiece is the Wellmeadow , a grassy triangle in the middle of town which hosts regular markets and outdoor entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Davie Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brechin Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brechin_Victoria_F.C.', 'summary': "Brechin Victoria Junior Football Club are a Scottish Semi Professional Junior football club based in Brechin , Angus . Their home ground is Victoria Park . The club have recently celebrated their centenary year 1917-2017 . They enjoy links with the community and Brechin Youth Clubs to promote and work on the player development and pathway from grass roots to first team level . Up until the end of the 2005-06 season , they played in Tayside Division One of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's East Region . The SJFA restructured prior to the 2006-07 season , and Vics found themselves in the twelve-team East Region , North Division . They finished 12th in their first season in the division . They currently play in the East Region Premier League North League after league re-construction . The team are managed since October 2018 by former Scotland Junior international goalkeeper , Iain Ross ."}]}, {'value': 'Brechin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brechin', 'summary': 'Brechin ( /ˈbriːxɪn/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Breichinn ) is a town and former Royal burgh in Angus , Scotland . Traditionally Brechin was described as a city because of its cathedral and its status as the seat of a pre-Reformation Roman Catholic diocese ( which continues today as an episcopal seat of the Scottish Episcopal Church ) , but that status has not been officially recognised in the modern era . Nevertheless , the designation is often used , with examples being the City of Brechin and District Community Council , City of Brechin and Area Partnership , City of Brechin Civic Trust and Brechin City Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coupar Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coupar_Angus_F.C.', 'summary': "Coupar Angus Junior Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in Coupar Angus , Perth and Kinross . Their home ground is Foxhall Park . Formed in 1935 , they joined the Angus Junior League the same year and remained in that league until their move to the Perthshire Junior League in the 1960s . In 1969 they joined the Midland Region Junior League , but the following year joined the Tayside Premier League of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's Eastern Region . The SJFA restructured prior to the 2006-07 season , and Coupar Angus found themselves in the twelve-team East Region , North Division . They finished eleventh in their first season in the division . The team have were managed from the beginning of the 2016-17 season by Logan McConachie after previous manager Ross Graham departed to become a director at Forfar Athletic . McConachie is one of football 's youngest managers , being only 24 at the time of his appointment . Logan left Coupar Angus at the end of the 2017/18 season to become Assistant Manager at Jeanfield Swifts . Logan was replaced by Tam Stevenson at the start of the 2018/19 season but Tam has since resigned due to personal reasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Coupar Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coupar_Angus', 'summary': 'Coupar Angus ( /ˈkʊpər/ ( listen ) ; Gaelic : Cùbar Aonghais ) is a town in Perth and Kinross , Scotland , situated four miles south of Blairgowrie . The name Coupar Angus serves to differentiate the town from Cupar , Fife . The town was traditionally on the border between Angus and Perthshire , the town centre being in Perthshire . The Angus part was transferred to Perthshire in 1891 , but the town retained its name . It is located on the A94 Perth-Forfar road , although the town centre itself is now bypassed .'}]}, {'value': 'Foxhall Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxhall_Park', 'summary': "Coupar Angus Junior Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in Coupar Angus , Perth and Kinross . Their home ground is Foxhall Park . Formed in 1935 , they joined the Angus Junior League the same year and remained in that league until their move to the Perthshire Junior League in the 1960s . In 1969 they joined the Midland Region Junior League , but the following year joined the Tayside Premier League of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's Eastern Region . The SJFA restructured prior to the 2006-07 season , and Coupar Angus found themselves in the twelve-team East Region , North Division . They finished eleventh in their first season in the division . The team have were managed from the beginning of the 2016-17 season by Logan McConachie after previous manager Ross Graham departed to become a director at Forfar Athletic . McConachie is one of football 's youngest managers , being only 24 at the time of his appointment . Logan left Coupar Angus at the end of the 2017/18 season to become Assistant Manager at Jeanfield Swifts . Logan was replaced by Tam Stevenson at the start of the 2018/19 season but Tam has since resigned due to personal reasons ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dundee Violet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee_Violet_F.C.', 'summary': "Dundee Violet Football Club are a Scottish football club based in the city of Dundee . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the East Region North Division . Formed in 1883 , their home ground is Glenesk Park and the club colours are royal blue . Up until the end of the 2005-06 season , they played in the Tayside Premier League of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's Eastern Region . The club won the Scottish Junior Cup in 1928-29 , defeating Denny Hibs 4-0 at Dens Park after a second replay . This was due to the original tie being protested as Violet played an ineligible player , then the first replay finishing in a 2-2 draw . In doing so , the Pansies became the first club from Tayside to win Junior football 's national cup competition . During the summer of 2017 Violet agreed a partnership with local youth club Fairmuir to provide a pathway to adult football for Fairmuir 's young players . Fairmuir 's Under 19 team were renamed Fairmuir Violet and many of the side signed dual contracts with both clubs . As part of the partnership agreement , Fairmuir 's Under 19s train with DVFC on a weekly basis , sharing coaching resources and facilities at Glenesk Park for cup games . In addition Fairmuir 's Under 17s team also train with Violet on a monthly basis . The pathway partnership is seen as a positive move for both clubs and within the first half of season 2017-18 the benefits to all concerned were already obvious ."}]}, {'value': 'Dundee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee', 'summary': "Dundee ( /dʌnˈdiː/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dè or Dùn Dèagh [ ˈt̪uːn tʲeː ] ) is Scotland 's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom . The mid-year population estimate for 2018 was 148,750 , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi , the second-highest in Scotland . It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay , which feeds into the North Sea . Under the name of Dundee City ( officially the City of Dundee ) , it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Historically part of Angus , the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port . Rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution , particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry . This , along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute , jam and journalism . Today , Dundee is promoted as One City , Many Discoveries in honour of Dundee 's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery , Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic exploration vessel , which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point . Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s , and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom 's digital entertainment industry , including mobile app development and gaming . Dundee has two universities - the University of Dundee and the Abertay University . In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK 's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research , comics and video games . A unique feature of Dundee is that its two professional football clubs , Dundee F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenesk Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Craigie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Craigie_F.C.', 'summary': 'East Craigie Football Club are a Scottish football club based in Dundee . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the East Region Premier Division . The club are one of a number who claim to be the oldest Junior club currently in existence , but are the oldest football club playing in Dundee .'}]}, {'value': 'Dundee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee', 'summary': "Dundee ( /dʌnˈdiː/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dè or Dùn Dèagh [ ˈt̪uːn tʲeː ] ) is Scotland 's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom . The mid-year population estimate for 2018 was 148,750 , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi , the second-highest in Scotland . It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay , which feeds into the North Sea . Under the name of Dundee City ( officially the City of Dundee ) , it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Historically part of Angus , the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port . Rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution , particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry . This , along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute , jam and journalism . Today , Dundee is promoted as One City , Many Discoveries in honour of Dundee 's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery , Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic exploration vessel , which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point . Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s , and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom 's digital entertainment industry , including mobile app development and gaming . Dundee has two universities - the University of Dundee and the Abertay University . In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK 's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research , comics and video games . A unique feature of Dundee is that its two professional football clubs , Dundee F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Craigie Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forfar Albion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forfar_Albion_F.C.', 'summary': "Forfar Albion Junior Football Club are a Scottish football club based in Forfar , Angus . The current club was formed in 1974 following the amalgamation of two existing local sides , Forfar Celtic ( est . 1891 ) and Forfar East End ( est . 1881 ) . After one season playing as Forfar East End Celtic , the name Albion was adopted in 1975 . The club play at Guthrie Park and the team colours are maroon . Up until the end of the 2005-06 season , they played in Tayside Division One of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's Eastern Region . The SJFA completed its restructuring of Junior football in the east of Scotland prior to the 2006-07 season , and Forfar Albion were placed in the twelve-team East Region , North Division . They finished ninth , 12th and 12th in seasons 2006-07 , 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively , but showed encouraging signs of improvement during the 2009-10 season . Since May 2016 , the team are under the management of Dave Thomson assisted by Tam McCabe and Mike Gellatly ."}]}, {'value': 'Forfar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forfar', 'summary': 'Forfar /ˈfɔːrfər/ ( listen ) ( Scots : Farfar , Scottish Gaelic : Baile Fharfair ) is the county town of Angus , Scotland and the administrative centre for Angus Council . It has a population of 14,048 . Forfar dates back to the temporary Roman occupation of the area , and was subsequently held by the Picts and the Kingdom of Scotland . It was occupied by the English before being recaptured by the Scots and presented to Robert the Bruce during the Scottish Wars of Independence . Forfar has been both a traditional market town and a major manufacturing centre for linen and jute . Today the main activities are agriculture and tourism around scenic Strathmore . The local glens are visited by hill-walkers , and there are ski-slopes in the mountains . The town has a League One football club , Forfar Athletic and a National League rugby team , the Strathmore Silverbacks . The Forfar bridie , a Scottish meat pastry snack , is traditionally identified with the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Guthrie Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lochee Harp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lochee_Harp_F.C.', 'summary': 'Lochee Harp Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in the Lochee area of the city of Dundee . Formed in 1904 and nicknamed the Harp , they play their home games at Beechwood Park , which has room for around 1,800 spectators . Their strip ( uniform ) colours are green and white . Lochee Harp were formed among the Irish community in Lochee , and derive their history as an Irish Catholic football club . They were formed in much the same way as Hibernian , by local priests and church members to alleviate the boredom of the workers and provide some recreation . Dundee United have much the same origins , having been formed as Dundee Hibernian , and there was another Irish based club in the Lochee area as well , Lochee Emmet , named after the Irish patriot Robert Emmet . They were members of the Tayside Junior League , but are presently competing in the East region of Scottish junior football which they , along with all Tayside junior clubs became a part in 2002 . Lochee Harp were formerly a hugely successful junior team , winning the Dundee Junior League in their first season of existence , but have found such success more hard to come by in recent years . Indeed , they are not even the top club in the Lochee area at present , playing two divisions below rivals and neighbours Lochee United . The club reached the final of the Scottish Junior Cup in 1954 but lost 2-1 to Sunnybank . The team are managed since August 2016 by former player Michael Gormley .'}]}, {'value': 'Dundee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee', 'summary': "Dundee ( /dʌnˈdiː/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dè or Dùn Dèagh [ ˈt̪uːn tʲeː ] ) is Scotland 's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom . The mid-year population estimate for 2018 was 148,750 , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi , the second-highest in Scotland . It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay , which feeds into the North Sea . Under the name of Dundee City ( officially the City of Dundee ) , it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Historically part of Angus , the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port . Rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution , particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry . This , along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute , jam and journalism . Today , Dundee is promoted as One City , Many Discoveries in honour of Dundee 's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery , Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic exploration vessel , which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point . Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s , and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom 's digital entertainment industry , including mobile app development and gaming . Dundee has two universities - the University of Dundee and the Abertay University . In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK 's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research , comics and video games . A unique feature of Dundee is that its two professional football clubs , Dundee F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Downfield Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Member clubs for the 2019–20 season', 'section_text': 'BlairgowrieCoupar Angus Location of teams in Scottish Junior Football East Region North Division ( Perth and Kinross ) Arbroath VictoriaBrechin VictoriaForfar Albion Location of teams in Scottish Junior Football East Region North Division ( Angus ) Dundee VioletEast CraigieLochee Harp Location of teams in Scottish Junior Football East Region North Division ( Dundee )', 'uid': 'Scottish_Junior_Football_East_Region_North_Division_0', 'intro': "The Scottish Junior Football East Region Premier League North also known for sponsorship reasons as the McBookie.com East Premier League North, is the second-tier division of the East Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association and sits parallel with the East Region Premier League South. The league came into existence under the 'North' name for the 2006-07 season, although a 'Tayside District league' had been in place below the East Super League since 2002-03, using the structure of a common 'East Region' top tier and lower regional divisions in place of the old structure of three separate regional leagues in that part of Scotland, with the Tayside Junior Football League the historic local competition. The North Division \nwas further expanded for 2013-14 season following league reconstruction in the East Region, by absorbing the more northerly clubs from the dissolved East Region Central Division. Up until season 2017-18, there was a Premier League at tier 2 and North and South Divisions at tier 3. The large-scale movement of clubs to the East of Scotland Football League has resulted in the structure being flattened. Further league reconstruction for the 2019-20 season split the Super League into North and South divisions, reducing the number of Premier League North teams. It now comprises 8 clubs who each play each other home and away to give 24 league fixtures."}
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What is the home ground of the club that has recently celebrated its centenary year 1917-2017 ?
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Victoria Park
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03f5f16e1073a188
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of aircraft of World War II', 'header': ['Name of aircraft', 'Year in service', 'Country of origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aeronautica Lombarda A.R . radio controlled flying bomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airspeed_AS.30_Queen_Wasp', 'summary': 'The Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp was a British pilotless target aircraft built by Airspeed Limited at Portsmouth during the Second World War . Although intended for both Royal Air Force and Royal Navy use , the aircraft never went into series production .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Culver PQ-8 target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Culver PQ-14 Cadet target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_PQ-14_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver PQ-14 Cadet is a modified version of the Culver LFA Cadet used as a target drone . In 1940 , the U.S. Army Air Corps drew up a requirement for a radio-controlled target drone for training anti-aircraft artillery gunners . The first aircraft in a series of target drones was a modification of the Culver LFA Cadet which eventually led to the PQ-14 series used throughout World War II and beyond .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'de Havilland DH.82 Queen Bee target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.82_Tiger_Moth', 'summary': "The de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth is a 1930s British biplane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland and built by the de Havilland Aircraft Company . It was operated by the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and many other operators as a primary trainer aircraft . In addition to the type 's principal use for ab-initio training , the Second World War saw RAF Tiger Moths operating in other capacities , including maritime surveillance and defensive anti-invasion preparations ; some aircraft were even outfitted to function as armed light bombers . The Tiger Moth remained in service with the RAF until it was succeeded and replaced by the de Havilland Chipmunk during the early 1950s . Many of the military surplus aircraft subsequently entered into civil operation . Many nations have used the Tiger Moth in both military and civil applications , and it remains in widespread use as a recreational aircraft in several countries . It is still occasionally used as a primary training aircraft , particularly for those pilots wanting to gain experience before moving on to other tailwheel aircraft . Many Tiger Moths are now employed by various companies offering trial lesson experiences . The de Havilland Moth club , founded in 1975 , is now an owners ' association offering a mutual club and technical support ."}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fieseler Fi 103R manned missile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_103R_Reichenberg', 'summary': "The Fieseler Fi 103R , code-named Reichenberg , was a late-World War II German crewed version of the V-1 flying bomb ( more correctly known as the Fieseler Fi 103 ) produced for attacks in which the pilot was likely to be killed ( as actually intended , for use of the Imperial Japanese Naval Air Service 's Ohka rocket-powered kamikaze suicide anti-ship missile ) or at best to parachute down at the attack site , which were to be carried out by the Leonidas Squadron , V. Gruppe of the Luftwaffe 's Kampfgeschwader 200 ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henschel Hs 293 guided missile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henschel_Hs_293', 'summary': 'The Henschel Hs 293 was a World War II German anti-ship radio controlled glide bomb with a rocket engine slung underneath it . It was designed by Herbert A. Wagner .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interstate TDR assault drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interstate_TDR', 'summary': 'The Interstate TDR was an early unmanned combat aerial vehicle - referred to at the time as an assault drone - developed by the Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation during the Second World War for use by the United States Navy . Capable of being armed with bombs or torpedoes , 2000 aircraft were ordered , but only around 200 were built . The type saw some service in the Pacific Theater against the Japanese , but continuing developmental issues affecting the aircraft , along with the success of operations using more conventional weapons , led to the decision being made to cancel the assault drone program in October 1944 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/UCAV', 'summary': 'An unmanned combat aerial vehicle ( UCAV ) , also known as a combat drone or simply a drone , is an unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) that usually carries aircraft ordnance such as missiles , ATGMs , and/or bombs and is used for drone strikes . These drones are usually under real-time human control , with varying levels of autonomy . Aircraft of this type have no onboard human pilot . As the operator runs the vehicle from a remote terminal , equipment necessary for a human pilot is not needed , resulting in a lower weight and a smaller size than a manned aircraft . China , Israel , Turkey and the United States are widely recognized as industry leaders in UCAV technology . Several other countries have operational domestic UCAVs and many more have imported armed drones or have development programs underway .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McDonnell TD2D Katydid target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid', 'summary': 'The McDonnell TD2D Katydid was a pulsejet-powered American target drone produced by McDonnell Aircraft that entered service with the United States Navy in 1942 , and continued in use until the late 1940s .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naval Aircraft Factory TDN assault drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Aircraft_Factory_TDN', 'summary': "The Naval Aircraft Factory TDN was an early unmanned combat aerial vehicle - referred to at the time as an assault drone - developed by the United States Navy 's Naval Aircraft Factory during the Second World War . Developed and tested during 1942 and 1943 , the design proved moderately successful , but development of improved drones saw the TDN-1 relegated to second-line duties , and none were used in operational service ."}, {'url': '/wiki/UCAV', 'summary': 'An unmanned combat aerial vehicle ( UCAV ) , also known as a combat drone or simply a drone , is an unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) that usually carries aircraft ordnance such as missiles , ATGMs , and/or bombs and is used for drone strikes . These drones are usually under real-time human control , with varying levels of autonomy . Aircraft of this type have no onboard human pilot . As the operator runs the vehicle from a remote terminal , equipment necessary for a human pilot is not needed , resulting in a lower weight and a smaller size than a manned aircraft . China , Israel , Turkey and the United States are widely recognized as industry leaders in UCAV technology . Several other countries have operational domestic UCAVs and many more have imported armed drones or have development programs underway .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naval Aircraft Modification Unit KDN Gorgon target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Aircraft_Modification_Unit_KDN_Gorgon', 'summary': 'The Naval Aircraft Modification Unit KDN Gorgon , originally designated TD2N , was an early jet-powered target drone developed by the Bureau of Aeronautics and constructed by the Naval Aircraft Modification Unit for use by the United States Navy . First flown near the end of World War II , it was cancelled due to problems with its engine in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radioplane OQ-2 target drone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radioplane_OQ-2', 'summary': 'The OQ-2 Radioplane was the first mass-produced UAV or drone in the United States , manufactured by the Radioplane Company . A follow-on version , the OQ-3 , became the most widely used target drone in US service , with over 9,400 being built during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'V-1 Flying Bomb surface to surface cruise missile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V-1_Flying_Bomb', 'summary': 'The V-1 flying bomb ( German : Vergeltungswaffe 1 Vengeance Weapon 1 [ a ] ) - also known to the Allies as the buzz bomb , or doodlebug , [ b ] and in Germany as Kirschkern ( cherry stone ) [ c ] or Maikäfer ( maybug ) [ d ] , as well as by its official RLM aircraft designation of Fi 103 - was an early cruise missile and the only production aircraft to use a pulsejet for power . The V-1 was the first of the so-called Vengeance weapons series ( V-weapons or Vergeltungswaffen ) deployed for the terror bombing of London . It was developed at Peenemünde Army Research Center in 1939 by the Nazi German Luftwaffe at the beginning of the Second World War , and during initial development was known by the codename Cherry Stone . Because of limited range , thousands of V-1 missiles launched into England were fired from launch facilities along the French ( Pas-de-Calais ) and Dutch coasts . The Wehrmacht first launched the V-1 to target London on 13 June 1944 , one week after ( and prompted by ) the successful Allied landings in Europe . At peak , more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at south-east England , 9,521 in total , decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944 , when the last V-1 site in range of Britain was overrun by Allied forces . After this , the Germans directed V-1s at the port of Antwerp and at other targets in Belgium , launching 2,448 V-1s . The attacks stopped only a month before the war in Europe ended , when the last launch site in the Low Countries was overrun on 29 March 1945 . As part of Operation Crossbow , the British operated an arrangement of air defences , including anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft , to intercept the bombs before they reached their targets , while the launch sites and underground V-1 storage depots became targets for Allied strategic bombing .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'V-2 rocket surface to surface ballistic missile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V-2_rocket', 'summary': "The V-2 ( German : Vergeltungswaffe 2 , Retribution Weapon 2 ) , technical name Aggregat 4 ( A4 ) , was the world 's first long-range guided ballistic missile . The missile , powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine , was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a vengeance weapon , assigned to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities . The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármán line with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944 . Research into military use of long-range rockets began when the studies of graduate student Wernher von Braun attracted the attention of the German Army . A series of prototypes culminated in the A-4 , which went to war as the V-2 . Beginning in September 1944 , over 3,000 V-2s were launched by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets , first London and later Antwerp and Liège . According to a 2011 BBC documentary , the attacks from V-2s resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel , and a further 12,000 forced laborers and concentration camp prisoners died as a result of their forced participation in the production of the weapons . As Germany collapsed , teams from the Allied forces - the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union - raced to capture key German manufacturing sites and technology . Wernher von Braun and over 100 key V-2 personnel surrendered to the Americans and many of the original V-2 team ended up working at the Redstone Arsenal . The US also captured enough V-2 hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles . The Soviets gained possession of the V-2 manufacturing facilities after the war , re-established V-2 production , and moved it to the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka manned missile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY7_Ohka', 'summary': 'The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka ( 櫻花 , Ōka , cherry blossom ; 桜花 in modern orthography ) was a purpose-built , rocket-powered human-guided kamikaze attack aircraft employed by Japan against Allied ships towards the end of World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Operational aircraft -- Rockets and drones', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II_22', 'intro': 'The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles in significant numbers. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America (except Brazil), are not included.'}
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What is the country of origin for the aircraft that was operated by the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and many other operators as a primary trainer aircraft ?
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UK
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03f6d64786f60316
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester', 'title': 'List of churches in Greater Manchester', 'header': ['Church', 'Locality', 'Denomination', 'Completed'], 'data': [{'value': 'St Ambrose Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adswood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adswood', 'summary': 'Adswood is a suburb of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . The name is said to be derived from Adders wood ; in the reign of King Charles , the area was royal hunting grounds with a large population of snakes . Adswood has its own coat of arms , a snake wrapped around a tree . Council housing in Adswood began in the 1920s with the building of Culver Road at the back of the estate towards neighbouring Cale Green . The rest of the housing was built in the 1930s and 1940s . In 2016 building started again in the north east corner .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Michael and All Angels', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bramhall', 'summary': "Bramhall is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , England . Historically in Cheshire , it had a population of 17,436 at the 2011 Census . In 2008 , Bramhall was named 'Britain 's Friendliest Village ' in the BBC 's Changing UK report and in 2011 was named 'Cheshire 's Culinary Capital ' by Cheshire Life Magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fords Lane Evangelical Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bramhall', 'summary': "Bramhall is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , England . Historically in Cheshire , it had a population of 17,436 at the 2011 Census . In 2008 , Bramhall was named 'Britain 's Friendliest Village ' in the BBC 's Changing UK report and in 2011 was named 'Cheshire 's Culinary Capital ' by Cheshire Life Magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Evangelical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelicalism', 'summary': "Evangelicalism ( /ˌiːvænˈdʒɛlɪkəlɪzəm , ˌɛvæn- , -ən/ ) , evangelical Christianity , or evangelical Protestantism , [ note 1 ] is a worldwide , trans-denominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace , solely through faith in Jesus 's atonement . Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or born again experience in receiving salvation , in the authority of the Bible as God 's revelation to humanity , and in spreading the Christian message . The movement has long had a presence in the Anglosphere before spreading further afield in the 19th , 20th and early 21st centuries . Its origins are usually traced to 1738 , with various theological streams contributing to its foundation , including English Methodism , the Moravian Church ( in particular its bishop Nicolaus Zinzendorf and his community at Herrnhut ) , and German Lutheran Pietism . Preeminently , John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening . Today , evangelicals are found across many Protestant branches , as well as in various denominations not subsumed to a specific branch . Among leaders and major figures of the evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley , George Whitefield , Jonathan Edwards , Billy Graham , Bill Bright , Harold Ockenga , John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones . The movement gained great momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in Great Britain and the United States . In 2016 , there were an estimated 619 million evangelicals in the world , meaning that one in four Christians would be classified as evangelical . The United States has the largest concentration of evangelicals in the world . American evangelicals are a quarter of the nation 's population and its single largest religious group . The main movements are Baptist churches , Pentecostalism , charismatic Evangelicalism , neo-charismatic Evangelicalism and nondenominational Evangelicalism ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Vincent de Paul Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bramhall', 'summary': "Bramhall is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , England . Historically in Cheshire , it had a population of 17,436 at the 2011 Census . In 2008 , Bramhall was named 'Britain 's Friendliest Village ' in the BBC 's Changing UK report and in 2011 was named 'Cheshire 's Culinary Capital ' by Cheshire Life Magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall Baptist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bramhall', 'summary': "Bramhall is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , England . Historically in Cheshire , it had a population of 17,436 at the 2011 Census . In 2008 , Bramhall was named 'Britain 's Friendliest Village ' in the BBC 's Changing UK report and in 2011 was named 'Cheshire 's Culinary Capital ' by Cheshire Life Magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptist', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bramhall', 'summary': "Bramhall is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , England . Historically in Cheshire , it had a population of 17,436 at the 2011 Census . In 2008 , Bramhall was named 'Britain 's Friendliest Village ' in the BBC 's Changing UK report and in 2011 was named 'Cheshire 's Culinary Capital ' by Cheshire Life Magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Reformed Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bramhall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Reformed Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Reformed_Church', 'summary': 'The United Reformed Church ( URC ) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom . It has approximately 46,500 members in 1,383 congregations with 608 active ministers , including 13 church related community workers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Barnabas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bredbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bredbury', 'summary': 'Bredbury is a suburban town in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 7.9 miles ( 12.7 km ) south-east of Manchester , 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) east of Stockport and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south-west of Hyde . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 13,593 . The town reaches to the lower southern slopes of Werneth Low , an outlier of the Peak District between the valleys of the River Tame and River Goyt , head-waters of the River Mersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of Our Lady and St Christopher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bredbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bredbury', 'summary': 'Bredbury is a suburban town in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 7.9 miles ( 12.7 km ) south-east of Manchester , 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) east of Stockport and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south-west of Hyde . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 13,593 . The town reaches to the lower southern slopes of Werneth Low , an outlier of the Peak District between the valleys of the River Tame and River Goyt , head-waters of the River Mersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hatherlow Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bredbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bredbury', 'summary': 'Bredbury is a suburban town in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 7.9 miles ( 12.7 km ) south-east of Manchester , 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) east of Stockport and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south-west of Hyde . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 13,593 . The town reaches to the lower southern slopes of Werneth Low , an outlier of the Peak District between the valleys of the River Tame and River Goyt , head-waters of the River Mersey .'}]}, {'value': 'United Reformed Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Reformed_Church', 'summary': 'The United Reformed Church ( URC ) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom . It has approximately 46,500 members in 1,383 congregations with 608 active ministers , including 13 church related community workers .'}]}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Mark 's Parish Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bredbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bredbury', 'summary': 'Bredbury is a suburban town in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 7.9 miles ( 12.7 km ) south-east of Manchester , 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) east of Stockport and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south-west of Hyde . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 13,593 . The town reaches to the lower southern slopes of Werneth Low , an outlier of the Peak District between the valleys of the River Tame and River Goyt , head-waters of the River Mersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Bernadette 's Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brinnington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brinnington', 'summary': 'Brinnington is a north-eastern suburb of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , on a bluff above a bend in the Tame Valley . It was reported to have the highest prevalence of depression in England .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Mary 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Mary's_Church,_Cheadle", 'summary': "St Mary 's Church in Cheadle , Greater Manchester , England , is a Grade I listed building . It is an Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Cheadle . Its benefice is united with that of St Cuthbert ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheadle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Cheadle /ˈtʃiːdəl/ is a suburban village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , it borders Cheadle Hulme , Gatley , Heald Green and Cheadle Heath in Stockport , and East Didsbury in Manchester . In 2011 [ update ] , it had a population of 14,698 .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St John 's Methodist Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheadle Heath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheadle_Heath', 'summary': 'Cheadle Heath /ˈtʃiːdəl ˈhiːθ/ is a suburb of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) west of Stockport town centre and 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of Manchester . Cheadle Heath railway station , on the site now occupied by Morrisons supermarket , closed in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace Baptist Church , Stockport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheadle Heath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheadle_Heath', 'summary': 'Cheadle Heath /ˈtʃiːdəl ˈhiːθ/ is a suburb of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) west of Stockport town centre and 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of Manchester . Cheadle Heath railway station , on the site now occupied by Morrisons supermarket , closed in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptist', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': "All Saints ' Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheadle Hulme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme', 'summary': 'Cheadle Hulme /ˈtʃiːdəl ˈhjuːm/ is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , it is 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) south-west of Stockport and 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) south-east of Manchester . It lies in the Ladybrook Valley on the Cheshire Plain , and the drift consists mostly of boulder clay , sands and gravels . In 2011 , it had a population of 26,479 . Evidence of Bronze Age , Roman , and Anglo-Saxon activity , including coins , jewellery and axes , has been discovered locally . The area was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 when it was a large estate which included neighbouring Cheadle . In the early 14th century it was split into southern and northern parts at about the future locations of Cheadle Hulme and Cheadle , respectively . The area was acquired by the Moseley family in the 17th century and became known as Cheadle Moseley . Unlike many English villages it did not grow around a church ; instead it formed from several hamlets , many of which retain their names as neighbourhoods within Cheadle Hulme . In the late 19th century Cheadle Hulme was united with Cheadle , Gatley and other neighbouring places to form the urban district of Cheadle and Gatley . This district was abolished in 1974 and Cheadle Hulme became a distinct place in its own right , as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport . Cheadle Hulme has a railway station and is close to both Manchester Airport and the A34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Offerton Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Offerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offerton,_Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Offerton is a suburb of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , it includes Bosden Farm , Foggbrook and the Offerton Estate . Its high school , Offerton School , ( formerly Goyt Bank ) closed in August 2012 and is now home to Castle Hill High School . The ward population at the UK Census 2011 was 13,720 .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compstall Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compstall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compstall', 'summary': 'Compstall is a suburban village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , between Marple Bridge and Romiley . It was formerly a mill village , built by George Andrew in the 1820s to house his 800 workers . Most of the original mill cottages and other structures remain unchanged . The waterways were also constructed by Andrew to carry water from the weir , on the River Etherow , to turn the mill wheels , which stood where the car park is today . A water wheel called Big Lily was the largest in England when it was built in 1839 . The former millpond forms part of Etherow Country Park , one the oldest country parks in England .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Paul 's Parish Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compstall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compstall', 'summary': 'Compstall is a suburban village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , between Marple Bridge and Romiley . It was formerly a mill village , built by George Andrew in the 1820s to house his 800 workers . Most of the original mill cottages and other structures remain unchanged . The waterways were also constructed by Andrew to carry water from the weir , on the River Etherow , to turn the mill wheels , which stood where the car park is today . A water wheel called Big Lily was the largest in England when it was built in 1839 . The former millpond forms part of Etherow Country Park , one the oldest country parks in England .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Matthew 's Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edgeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgeley', 'summary': 'Edgeley is a suburb of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . Edgeley is characterised largely by Victorian terraced housing and council estates around Alexandra Park . The population in 2011 was 14,176 . Edgeley Park is home to Stockport County F.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '1858', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stockport', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester_6', 'intro': 'This is a partial list of churches in Greater Manchester, North West England, split according to metropolitan district. There is a mixture of Christian denominations in Greater Manchester, including churches aligned to Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism and Catholicism. Similarly, there is a range of ecclesiastical architecture.'}
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What is the name of the church that is in the town with the population of 14,698 ?
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St Mary 's Church
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03fa1d3f4db8380f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciologists', 'title': 'List of glaciologists', 'header': ['Name', 'Birth', 'Death', 'Contributions'], 'data': [{'value': 'Louis Agassiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Agassiz', 'summary': "Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( /ˈæɡəsi/ ; French : [ aɡasi ] ; May 28 , 1807 - December 14 , 1873 ) was a Swiss biologist and geologist recognized as an innovative and prodigious scholar of Earth 's natural history . Agassiz grew up in Switzerland . He received doctor of philosophy and medical degrees at Erlangen and Munich , respectively . After studying with Cuvier and Humboldt in Paris , Agassiz was appointed professor of natural history at the University of Neuchâtel . He emigrated to the United States in 1847 after visiting Harvard University . He went on to become professor of zoology and geology at Harvard , to head its Lawrence Scientific School , and to found its Museum of Comparative Zoology . Agassiz is known for his regimen of observational data gathering and analysis . He made vast institutional and scientific contributions to zoology , geology , and related areas , including writing multivolume research books running to thousands of pages . He is particularly known for his contributions to ichthyological classification , including of extinct species such as megalodon , and to the study of geological history , including to the founding of glaciology . In the 20th and 21st centuries , Agassiz 's resistance to Darwinian evolution , belief in creationism , and the scientific racism implicit in his writings on human polygenism have tarnished his reputation , and led to controversies over his legacy ."}]}, {'value': '1807', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First to scientifically propose the existence of past ice ages', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_age', 'summary': "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Earth 's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods , during which there are no glaciers on the planet . Earth is currently in the Quaternary glaciation , known in popular terminology as the Ice Age . Individual pulses of cold climate within an ice age are termed glacial periods ( or , alternatively , glacials , glaciations , glacial stages , stadials , stades , or colloquially , ice ages ) , and intermittent warm periods within an ice age are called interglacials or interstadials , with both climatic pulses part of the Quaternary or other periods in Earth 's history . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period - the Holocene . The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth 's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period , which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years , and likely more glacial cycles ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigurður Þórarinsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigurður_Þórarinsson', 'summary': 'Sigurdur Thorarinsson ( Icelandic : Sigurður Þórarinsson ) ( January 8 , 1912 - February 8 , 1983 ) was an Icelandic geologist , volcanologist , glaciologist , professor and lyricist . He is considered a pioneer in the field of tephrochronology , and he made significant contributions in many areas of geology , especially volcanology and glaciology , both in Iceland and abroad .'}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jens Esmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Esmark', 'summary': 'Jens Esmark ( 31 January 1763 - 26 January 1839 ) was a Danish-Norwegian professor of mineralogy who contributed to many of the initial discoveries and conceptual analyses of glaciers , specifically the concept that glaciers had covered larger areas in the past .'}]}, {'value': '1763', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extension of past glaciations', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James David Forbes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_David_Forbes', 'summary': 'James David Forbes FRS FRSE FGS ( 1809-1868 ) was a Scottish physicist and glaciologist who worked extensively on the conduction of heat and seismology . Forbes was a resident of Edinburgh for most of his life , educated at its University and a professor there from 1833 until he became principal of the United College of St Andrews in 1859 . He invented the seismometer in 1842 .'}]}, {'value': '1809', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concluded that glaciers were viscous bodies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Lliboutry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Lliboutry', 'summary': "Louis Lliboutry ( born 19 February 1922 in Madrid ; died on 21 October 2007 in Grenoble ) was a French glaciologist , geophysicist , and mountaineer . While in Chile in the early 1950s , he analysed and explained the formation of snow penitents in the Andes , which marked his first contribution to glaciology . He founded in Grenoble in 1958 the Laboratory of Alpine Glaciology and headed it for 25 years ; he also set up at that period a pioneering syllabus in geophysics . His contributions to mechanics of viscous media ( such as ice and the Earth 's mantle ) and to geodynamics are internationally acknowledged ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formation of penitentes , surveyed Andean glaciers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penitente_(snow_formation)', 'summary': "Penitentes , or nieves penitentes ( Spanish for penitent-shaped snows ) , are snow formations found at high altitudes . They take the form of elongated , thin blades of hardened snow or ice , closely spaced and pointing towards the general direction of the sun . The name comes from the resemblance of a field of penitentes to a crowd of kneeling people doing penance . The formation evokes the tall , pointed habits and hoods worn by brothers of religious orders in the Processions of Penance during Spanish Holy Week . In particular the brothers ' hats are tall , narrow , and white , with a pointed top . These spires of snow and ice grow over all glaciated and snow-covered areas in the Dry Andes above 4,000 metres or 13,120 feet . They range in length from a few centimetres to over 5 metres or 16 feet ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Meier', 'summary': "Mark F. Meier ( 1925 - November 25 , 2012 ) was an American glaciologist who was considered a leading expert on the study of rising sea levels due to the melting of glaciers . Meier was the Director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research ( INSTAAR ) from 1985 to 1994 and remained the institute 's director emeritus until his death in 2012 . He was also a professor of geological sciences at the University of Colorado - Boulder . Meier was born and raised in Iowa . He resided in Boulder , Colorado , since 1985 . In 1956 , Meier founded the U.S. Geological Survey 's department of glaciology . He obtained doctorate in 1957 from the California Institute of Technology . Meier served as the director of the U.S. Geological Survey 's Project Office of Glaciology in Tacoma , Washington , until he became the director of INSTAAR in 1985 . Meier was one of the first glaciologists to use remote sensing to study glaciers and rates of melting . He headed several studies of tidewater glacier dynamics in the U.S. state of Alaska . Meier organized the systematic measurement and assessment of glacier mass balance within North America to mark the International Geophysical Year and International Hydrological Decade , which was observed from 1965 to 1975 . His numerous recognitions and awards included the Seligman Crystal from the International Glaciological Society in 1985 , the Robert E. Horton Medal in 1996 , three medals from the USSR Academy of Sciences ( now the Russian Academy of Sciences ) and the United States Department of the Interior 's Distinguished Service Award ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Expert on sea level rise due to melting glaciers ; Director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research ( INSTAAR ) from 1985 to 1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Arctic_and_Alpine_Research', 'summary': "The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research ( INSTAAR ) is a scientific institute that is part of the University of Colorado Boulder . Its research mission is to [ develop ] scientific knowledge of physical and biogeochemical environmental processes at local , regional and global scales , and appl [ y ] this knowledge to improve society 's awareness and understanding of natural and anthropogenic environmental change . INSTAAR is affiliated with multiple departments and programs at CU-Boulder , including Anthropology , Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences , Certificate in Oceanography , Civil , Environmental and Architectural Engineering , Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , Geography , Geological Sciences , and Hydrologic Sciences . Most INSTAAR scientists and all graduate students performing research at INSTAAR are also rostered in a CU department or program . James W. C. White is the current director of INSTAAR ."}]}, {'value': 'Louis Rendu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Rendu', 'summary': 'Louis Rendu ( December 9 , 1789 in Meyrin - August 28 , 1859 ) was French Roman Catholic bishop of Annecy and a scientist . He was the author of Theorie des glaciers de la Savoie , an important book on the mechanisms of glacial motion . The Rendu Glacier , Alaska , U.S. and Mount Rendu , Antarctica are named for him . He was a founding member of the Académie des sciences , belles-lettres et arts de Savoie . The following are a few of his ethnological and religious-themed works :'}]}, {'value': '1789', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theorized on glacier motion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glacier_motion', 'summary': 'Glacial motion is the motion of glaciers , which can be likened to rivers of ice . It has played an important role in sculpting many landscapes . Most lakes in the world occupy basins scoured out by glaciers . Glacial motion can be fast ( up to 30 m/day , observed on Jakobshavn Isbræ in Greenland ) or slow ( 0.5 m/year on small glaciers or in the center of ice sheets ) , but is typically around 25 cm/day .'}]}, {'value': 'Valter Schytt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valter_Schytt', 'summary': 'Stig Valter Schytt ( 17 October 1919 - 30 March 1985 ) was a Swedish glaciologist .'}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Studied Storglaciären in northern Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storglaciären', 'summary': 'Storglaciären ( Swedish for The Grand Glacier ) is a glacier in Tarfala Valley in the Scandinavian Alps of Kiruna Municipality , Sweden . The glacier is classified as polythermal having both cold and warm bottom temperatures . It was on Storglaciären that the first glacier mass balance research program began ( immediately after World War II ) , which continues to the present day ; this is the longest continuous study of its type in the world . Storglaciären has had a cumulative negative mass balance of -17 m between 1946-2006 . The program began monitoring the Rabots Glaciär in 1982 , Riukojietna in 1985 , and Mårmaglaciären in 1988 . All three of these glaciers have had a strong negative mass balance since monitoring began . For the purpose of studying Storglaciären and nearby glaciers , Stockholm University operates the Tarfala research station in the Kebnekaise region of northern Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilhelm Sievers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilhelm_Sievers', 'summary': 'Friedrich Wilhelm Sievers ( 3 December 1860 - 11 June 1921 ) was a German geologist and geographer . He served as professor of geography at the University of Giessen . His field work focussed on South America , and his Allgemeine Länderkunde was for several decades a standard work on world geography .'}]}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documented South American ice ages', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Tyndall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Tyndall', 'summary': 'John Tyndall FRS ( /ˈtɪndəl/ ; 2 August 1820 - 4 December 1893 ) was a prominent 19th-century Irish physicist . His initial scientific fame arose in the 1850s from his study of diamagnetism . Later he made discoveries in the realms of infrared radiation and the physical properties of air , proving the connection between atmospheric CO2 and what is now known as the greenhouse effect in 1859 . Tyndall also published more than a dozen science books which brought state-of-the-art 19th century experimental physics to a wide audience . From 1853 to 1887 he was professor of physics at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London .'}]}, {'value': '1820', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Studied glacier motion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glacier_motion', 'summary': 'Glacial motion is the motion of glaciers , which can be likened to rivers of ice . It has played an important role in sculpting many landscapes . Most lakes in the world occupy basins scoured out by glaciers . Glacial motion can be fast ( up to 30 m/day , observed on Jakobshavn Isbræ in Greenland ) or slow ( 0.5 m/year on small glaciers or in the center of ice sheets ) , but is typically around 25 cm/day .'}]}, {'value': 'Ignaz Venetz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ignaz_Venetz', 'summary': 'Ignaz ( Ignace ) Venetz ( 1788 - 1859 ) was a Swiss engineer , naturalist , and glaciologist ; as one of the first scientists to recognize glaciers as a major force in shaping the earth , he played a leading role in the foundation of glaciology .'}]}, {'value': '1788', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suggested the existence of past ice ages', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_age', 'summary': "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Earth 's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods , during which there are no glaciers on the planet . Earth is currently in the Quaternary glaciation , known in popular terminology as the Ice Age . Individual pulses of cold climate within an ice age are termed glacial periods ( or , alternatively , glacials , glaciations , glacial stages , stadials , stades , or colloquially , ice ages ) , and intermittent warm periods within an ice age are called interglacials or interstadials , with both climatic pulses part of the Quaternary or other periods in Earth 's history . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period - the Holocene . The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth 's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period , which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years , and likely more glacial cycles ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Glaciology first emerged as a science in the Swiss Alps , where most of the first glaciologist lived . Since then glaciologist of several countries , particularly from the First World , have made notable contributions to the discipline . Many glaciologists have background studies in geology , physics and climatology .', 'uid': 'List_of_glaciologists_0', 'intro': 'Glaciology first emerged as a science in the Swiss Alps, where most of the first glaciologist lived. Since then glaciologist of several countries, particularly from the First World, have made notable contributions to the discipline. Many glaciologists have background studies in geology, physics and climatology.'}
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What field did the glaciologist who lived from 1763-1839 hold a professorship in ?
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mineralogy
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03fccdf1c2866a4f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Japan', 'title': 'List of Ultras of Japan', 'header': ['No', 'Peak', 'Island', 'Elevation ( m )', 'Prominence ( m )', 'Col ( m )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Fuji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Fuji', 'summary': "Mount Fuji ( 富士山 , Fujisan , IPA : [ ɸɯꜜ ( d ) ʑisaɴ ] ( listen ) ) , located on Honshū , is the highest volcano in Japan at 3,776.24 m ( 12,389 ft ) , 2nd-highest volcano of an island in Asia ( after Mount Kerinci in Sumatra ) , and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world . It is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707-1708 . Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometers ( 60 mi ) south-west of Tokyo , and can be seen from there on a clear day . Mount Fuji 's exceptionally symmetrical cone , which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year , is commonly used as a symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs , as well as visited by sightseers and climbers . Mount Fuji is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku . It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan 's Historic Sites . It was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22 , 2013 . According to UNESCO , Mount Fuji has inspired artists and poets and been the object of pilgrimage for centuries . UNESCO recognizes 25 sites of cultural interest within the Mount Fuji locality . These 25 locations include the mountain and the Shinto shrine , Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , as well as the Buddhist Taisekiji Head Temple founded in 1290 , later depicted by Japanese ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Hotaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)', 'summary': "Mount Hotaka ( 穂高岳 , Hotaka-dake ) , also known as Mount Hotakadake , is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains as coined by the media , reaching a height of 3,190 m ( 10,466 ft ) . Mount Hotaka is situated in Japan 's Hida Mountains and all its major peaks except Mount Maehotaka , lie on the border between the cities of Matsumoto , Nagano Prefecture , and Takayama , Gifu Prefecture . This mountain is located in Chūbu-Sangaku National Park . The peaks of Okuhotaka , Karasawa , Kitahotaka , Maehotaka and Nishihotaka are called the Hotaka Mountains . The highest peak in this range , and also the tallest mountain in both Nagano and Gifu prefectures , is Mount Okuhotaka . Mount Hotaka is also referred to as the Leader of the Northern Alps ( 北アルプスの盟主 , Kita-Arupusu no Meishu ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,190', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,307', 'urls': []}, {'value': '883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asahidake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asahidake', 'summary': 'Mount Asahi ( 旭岳 , Asahi-dake ) is a mountain located in the town of Higashikawa , Hokkaido and the tallest mountain in the Japanese island of Hokkaido . It is part of the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group of the Ishikari Mountains , it is located in the northern part of the Daisetsuzan National Park . The mountain is popular with hikers in the summer and can be easily reached from Asahidake Onsen via Asahidake Ropeway . During winter , the mountain is open for use by skiers and snowboarders . Sugatami Pond , directly below the peak , is famous for its reflection of the peaks , snow , and steam escaping from the volcanic vents .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '2,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kita', 'summary': 'Mount Kita ( 北岳 , Kita-dake ) is a mountain of the Akaishi Mountains−Southern Alps ( 南アルプス Minami-Arupusu ) , in Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan . It is the second tallest mountain in Japan , after Mount Fuji , and is known as the Leader of the Southern Alps . It is included in the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains . It is located in Minami Alps National Park , near the city of Minami-Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,192', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,239', 'urls': []}, {'value': '953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Ishizuchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ishizuchi', 'summary': 'Mount Ishizuchi ( 石鎚山 , Ishizuchi-san ) is a 1,982-metre-high ( 6,503 ft ) mountain on the border of Saijō and Kumakōgen , in Ehime , Japan . This mountain is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan . It is the highest mountain in Western Japan and the island of Shikoku .'}]}, {'value': 'Shikoku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shikoku', 'summary': "Shikoku ( 四国 , literally four provinces ) is one of the five main islands of Japan . Shikoku is the second smallest main island after Okinawa . It is 225 km or 139.8 mi long and between 50 and 150 km or 31.1 and 93.2 mi wide . It has a population of 3.8 million ( as of 2015 [ update ] , 3.1% ) . It is located south of Honshu and north east of Kyushu . Shikoku 's ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima ( 伊予之二名島 ) , Iyo-shima ( 伊予島 ) , and Futana-shima ( 二名島 ) , and its current name refers to the four former provinces that made up the island : Awa , Tosa , Sanuki , and Iyo ."}]}, {'value': '1,982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Miyanoura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakushima', 'summary': "Yakushima ( 屋久島 ) is one of the Ōsumi Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . The island , 504.88 km2 ( 194.94 sq mi ) in area , has a population of 13,178 . Access to the island is by hydrofoil ferry ( 7 or 8 times a day from Kagoshima , depending on the season ) , slow car ferry ( once or twice a day from Kagoshima ) , or by air to Yakushima Airport ( 3 to 5 times daily from Kagoshima , once daily from Fukuoka and once daily from Osaka ) . Administratively , the whole island is the town of Yakushima . The town also serves neighbouring Kuchinoerabujima . The majority of the island is within the borders of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park . Yakushima 's electricity is more than 50% hydroelectric , and surplus power has been used to produce hydrogen gas in an experiment by Kagoshima University . The island has been a test site for Honda 's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle research . ( There are no hydrogen cars stationed on the island but electric cars are run by the municipality . )"}]}, {'value': '1,936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Aka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Aka_(Yatsugatake)', 'summary': 'Mount Aka ( 赤岳 , Aka-dake ) is a 2,899m mountain on the border of Chino , Hara of Nagano , and Hokuto of Yamanashi in Japan . This mountain is the tallest mountain of Yatsugatake Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,899', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,916', 'urls': []}, {'value': '883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Haku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Haku', 'summary': "Mount Haku ( 白山 , Haku-san , White Mountain ) , or Mount Hakusan ( commonly referred to as simply Hakusan ) , is a dormant volcano . The stratovolcano is located on the borders of Gifu and Ishikawa ( which are in Honshu ) prefectures in Japan . It is thought [ citation needed ] to have first been active 300,000 to 400,000 years ago , with the most recent eruption occurring in 1659 . Along with Mount Tate and Mount Fuji , it is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,702', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,897', 'urls': []}, {'value': '805', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Chōkai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Chōkai', 'summary': 'Mount Chōkai ( 鳥海山 , Chōkai-san or Chōkai-zan ) is an active volcano located on the southern border of Akita and Yamagata in the Tōhoku region of Japan , and is 2,236 m ( 7,336 ft ) tall . Because of its ( roughly ) symmetrical shape and massive size , it is also known as Dewa no Fuji ( 出羽の富士 ) or by Akita natives as Akita Fuji . Mount Chōkai is regarded as sacred by followers of the Shugendō branch of Shinto and is popular with hikers .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,236', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,891', 'urls': []}, {'value': '345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Yōtei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Yōtei', 'summary': 'Mount Yōtei ( 羊蹄山 , Yōtei-zan , literally sheep-hoof mountain ) is an active stratovolcano located in Shikotsu-Toya National Park , Hokkaidō , Japan . It is also called Yezo Fuji or Ezo Fuji ( 蝦夷富士 ) , Ezo being an old name for the island of Hokkaido , because it resembles Mount Fuji . The mountain is also known as Makkari Nupuri ( マッカリヌプリ ) and Mount Shiribeshi ( 後方羊蹄山 , Shiribeshi-yama ) . It is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '1,898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,878', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kujū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kujū', 'summary': 'Mount Kujū ( 九重山 , Kujū-san ) is the highest mountain in Kyushu Island , Japan . It is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains . The 1,791-metre-high ( 5,876 ft ) mountain lies on the border of Kokonoe and Taketa in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu . They are part of Aso-Kujū National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyūshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyūshū', 'summary': "Kyushu ( 九州 , Kyūshū , pronounced [ kʲɯꜜːɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; literally Nine Provinces ) is the third largest island of Japan 's five main islands . Its alternative ancient names include Kyūkoku ( 九国 , Nine Countries ) , Chinzei ( 鎮西 , West of the Pacified Area ) , and Tsukushi-no-shima ( 筑紫島 , Island of Tsukushi ) . The historical regional name Saikaidō ( 西海道 , lit . West Sea Circuit ) referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands . In the 8th-century Taihō Code reforms , Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region . As of 2016 [ update ] , Kyushu has a population of 12,970,479 and covers 36,782 square kilometres ( 14,202 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1,791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kisokoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kisokoma', 'summary': 'Mount Kisokoma ( 木曽駒ヶ岳 , Kisokoma-ga-take ) is a mountain located in Miyada , Kamiina District , and Kiso and Agematsu , Kiso District , Nagano Prefecture , in the Chūbu region of Japan . It is 2,956 m ( 9,698 ft ) tall and is the tallest peak in the Kiso Mountains . It is also included on the list of 100 Famous Japanese Mountains . Sometimes its name is just shortened to Kisokoma . Alternative kanji for the name are 木曾駒ヶ岳 ( Kisokoma-ga-take ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,751', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1205', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Iwate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Iwate', 'summary': 'Mount Iwate ( 岩手山 , Iwate-san ) is a stratovolcano complex in the Ōu Mountains of western Iwate Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Honshū , Japan . With an elevation of 2,038 metres ( 6,686 ft ) , it is the highest in Iwate Prefecture . It is included as one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan , a book composed in 1964 by mountaineer and author Kyūya Fukada . The mountain is on the borders of the municipalities of Hachimantai , Takizawa , and Shizukuishi , west of the prefectural capital of Morioka . Much of the mountain is within the borders of the Towada-Hachimantai National Park . The mountain is also referred to as the Nanbu Fuji for its resemblance to Mount Fuji .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,038', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,745', 'urls': []}, {'value': '293', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Hakkyō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Hakkyō', 'summary': 'Mount Hakkyō ( 八経ヶ岳 , Hakkyō-ga-take ) is a 1,914.6 m ( 6,281 ft ) mountain of Omine Mountains , which is located on the border of Tenkawa and Kamikitayama , Yoshino District , Nara Prefecture , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '1,915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Rishiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Rishiri', 'summary': "Mount Rishiri ( 利尻山 , Rishiri-zan ) is a Quaternary stratovolcano located off the coast of Hokkaidō , Japan in the Sea of Japan . It rises out of the Sea of Japan forming Rishiri Island . Because its cone shape resembles Mount Fuji it is sometimes referred to as Rishiri Fuji . It is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan . Mount Rishiri 's opening festival is held annually on July 2 and July 3 . This festival officially opens the climbing season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rishiri Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rishiri_Island', 'summary': 'Rishiri Island ( 利尻島 , Rishiri-tō ) is a high island in the Sea of Japan off the coast of Hokkaido , Japan . Administratively the island is part of Hokkaido Prefecture , and is divided between two towns , Rishiri and Rishirifuji . The island is formed by the cone-shaped extinct volcanic peak of Mount Rishiri . Along with Rebun Island and the coastal area of the Sarobetsu Plain , Rishiri forms the Rishiri-Rebun-Sarobetsu National Park . The main industries of Rishiri are tourism and fishing . The island is about 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) in circumference and covers 183 square kilometres ( 71 sq mi ) . The island has a population of 5,102 residents .'}]}, {'value': '1,721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Ontake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ontake', 'summary': 'Mount Ontake ( 御嶽山 , Ontake-san ) , also referred to as Mount Kiso Ontake ( 木曽御嶽山 , Kiso Ontake-san ) , is the 14th highest mountain and second highest volcano in Japan ( after Mount Fuji ) at 3,067 m ( 10,062 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,067', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Hiuchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Hiuchi', 'summary': "Mount Hiuchi ( 火打山 , Hiuchi-yama ) is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains , reaching the height of 2,462 m ( 8,077 ft ) . It is situated in Japan 's Kubiki Mountains in Niigata Prefecture . It was specified for Jōshin'etsu Kōgen National Park on July 10 , 1956 , but since has been absorbed by the Togakushi-Renzan National Park , which encompasses Mount Myōkō ( 妙高山 Myōkō-san ) and Mount Yake ( 焼山Yake-yama ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,462', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,637', 'urls': []}, {'value': '825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daisen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daisen_(mountain)', 'summary': 'Mount Daisen ( 大山 , Daisen ) , is a volcanic mountain in Tottori Prefecture , Japan . It has an elevation of 1,729 metres . This mountain is the highest in the Chūgoku region , and the most important volcano on the Daisen volcanic belt : a part of Southwest Honshu volcanic arc , where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Amurian Plate .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '1,729', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,634', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Nikkō-Shirane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Nikkō-Shirane', 'summary': 'Mount Nikkō-Shirane ( 日光白根山 , Nikkō-Shirane-san ) is a strato-volcano in the Nikkō National Park in central Honshū , the main island of Japan . It stands at 2,578 m high . It is the highest mountain in north eastern Japan ( no higher mountains exist in the east or north of this mountain ) . Its peak ( Mt Okushirane ) is a Lava dome of andesite . Mt Nikkō-Shirane is listed in the 100 famous mountains in Japan proposed by Kyuya Fukada . It should not be confused with Mount Kusatsu-Shirane elsewhere in Gunma Prefecture . Shirane means a white mountain covered with snow , hence such name can be found in many places in Japan . In order to distinguish this mountain from other Shirane , this mountain is called Nikkō-Shirane .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,578', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,613', 'urls': []}, {'value': '965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Dainichi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,593', 'urls': []}, {'value': '535', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of all the Ultra prominent peaks ( with topographic prominence greater than 1,500 metres ) in Japan . Mount Fuji , Japan Asahidake , Japan Mount Kisokoma , Japan Mount Yōtei , Japan', 'uid': 'List_of_Ultras_of_Japan_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of all the Ultra prominent peaks (with topographic prominence greater than 1,500 metres) in Japan.'}
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When did the mountain in Japan with a height of 3,776 m last erupt ?
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1707-1708
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04020380a8f3f691
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'Belarus at the Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svetlana Paramygina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Paramygina', 'summary': 'Svetlana Paramygina ( sometimes Paramyguina ) ( Belarusian : Святлана Парамыгіна ) ( born April 5 , 1965 in Sverdlovsk , Russian SFSR ) is a former Belarusian biathlete . Her international biathlon career began in 1983 . In the 1993/1994 season she won the overall World Cup . The following year she finished second overall . At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . She won a silver medal in the sprint event . After the 2000/2001 season she retired as a biathlete .'}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 1994 Winter Olympics were held at the Birkebeineren Ski Stadium . The events were held between 18 and 26 February 1994 . The sport of biathlon combines the skills of cross-country skiing and rifle shooting . Men and women competed in three events . The biathlon program remained unchanged except for the women 's relay distance from 3 x 7.5 km to 4 x 7.5 km ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_sprint", 'summary': "The Women 's 7.5 kilometre sprint biathlon competition at the 1994 Winter Olympics was held on 23 February , at Birkebeineren Ski Stadium . Each miss was penalized by requiring the competitor to race over a 150-metre penalty loop ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Igor Zhelezovski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Igor_Zhelezovski', 'summary': 'Igor Nikolayevich Zhelezovski or Ihar Mikalayevich Zhaliazoŭski ( Russian : Игорь Николаевич Железовский ; Belarusian : Ігар Мікалаевіч Жалязоўскі ; born 1 July 1963 ) is a former speed skater , considered to be one of the best sprinters ever . His imposing physical appearance resulted in the nicknames Igor the Terrible and The bear from Minsk . Originally competing for the Soviet Union , then for the Commonwealth of Independent States , and finally for Belarus , he became World Sprint Champion a record number of six times , a record still unequalled as of 2015 [ update ] . In Soviet times , he trained at Armed Forces sports society in Minsk . Igor Zhelezovski won silver at the World Junior Allround Championships in 1982 . Specialising in the sprint , he became World Sprint Champion in 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 and 1993 . He finished eighth in the 1987 edition , having just recovered from an illness , and decided to skip the 1988 edition in favour of preparing for the Winter Olympics in Calgary that same year . These , however , turned out to be a disappointment for him , finishing sixth on the 500 m , only third on his favourite 1000 m , and fourth on the 1500 m. The remaining two World Sprint Championships he participated in , in 1990 and 1994 , he finished third and sixth , respectively . His final two seasons , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Zhelezovski skated for Belarus . After ending his skating career in 1994 , Zhelezovski became president of the skating union of Belarus , a position he held for several years .'}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics , was held from 13 to 25 February . Ten events were contested at Hamar Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 1000 metres in speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics took place on 18 February , at the Hamar Olympic Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Aidarov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Aidarov', 'summary': 'Alexei Petrovich Aidarov ( Ukrainian : Олексій Айдаров ; Belarusian : Аляксей Айдараў ; Russian : Аляксей Петрович Айдараў ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Russian-born former Belarusian ( until 2006 ) and Ukrainian ( since 2007 ) biathlete .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of six biathlon events . They were held at Nozawa Onsen . The events began on 9 February and ended on 21 February 1998 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_individual", 'summary': "The Men 's 20 kilometre individual biathlon competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics was held on 11 February , at Nozawa Onsen . Competitors raced over five loops of a 4.0 kilometre skiing course , shooting four times , twice prone and twice standing . Each miss resulted in one minute being added to a competitor 's skiing time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dmitri Dashinski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dmitri_Dashinski', 'summary': "Dmitri Vladimirovich Daschinski ( born November 9 , 1977 in Minsk ) , is a Belarusian freestyle skier . He is a four-time Olympian and two-time Olympic medalist in freestyle aerials , winning bronze at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , and silver in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . He also placed 7th in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , USA and 11th in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada . Daschinski was the first man to win two Olympic medals in freestyle aerials . In addition to his Olympic accomplishments , Daschinski finished 1st in the 2006 Men 's Overall World Cup Standings . He also competed in 7 consecutive World Championships , winning silver at both the 2001 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships in Whistler , Canada and 2007 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships in Madonna di Campiglio ."}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The freestyle skiing competition of the 1998 Winter Olympics was held at Iizuna Kogen Ski Area . There were four events , taking place between 8 and 18 February 1998 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_aerials", 'summary': "The men 's aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano took place from February 16 to February 18 at Iizuna Kogen Ski Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksei Grishin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksei_Grishin', 'summary': "Aleksei Gennadyevich Grishin ( Belarusian : Аляксей Генадзьевіч Грышын ; Russian : Алексей Геннадьевич Гришин ; born 18 June 1979 ) is a Belarusian freestyle skier who competed at five consecutive Olympics from 1998 to 2014 . He won Belarus ' only medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics , a bronze in aerials . In 2010 , he won the first ever Winter Olympics gold medal for his country , again in the aerials . He finished fourth in 2006 and eighth in 1998 . He was the Olympic flag bearer for Belarus at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Games ."}]}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_aerials", 'summary': "The Men 's Aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States took place on 16 and 19 February at Park City ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dmitri Dashinski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dmitri_Dashinski', 'summary': "Dmitri Vladimirovich Daschinski ( born November 9 , 1977 in Minsk ) , is a Belarusian freestyle skier . He is a four-time Olympian and two-time Olympic medalist in freestyle aerials , winning bronze at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , and silver in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . He also placed 7th in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , USA and 11th in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada . Daschinski was the first man to win two Olympic medals in freestyle aerials . In addition to his Olympic accomplishments , Daschinski finished 1st in the 2006 Men 's Overall World Cup Standings . He also competed in 7 consecutive World Championships , winning silver at both the 2001 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships in Whistler , Canada and 2007 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships in Madonna di Campiglio ."}]}, {'value': '2006 Turin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , at the venue in Sauze d'Oulx . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_aerials", 'summary': "The Men 's aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy began on February 20 and concluded on February 23 at Sauze d'Oulx ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksei Grishin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksei_Grishin', 'summary': "Aleksei Gennadyevich Grishin ( Belarusian : Аляксей Генадзьевіч Грышын ; Russian : Алексей Геннадьевич Гришин ; born 18 June 1979 ) is a Belarusian freestyle skier who competed at five consecutive Olympics from 1998 to 2014 . He won Belarus ' only medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics , a bronze in aerials . In 2010 , he won the first ever Winter Olympics gold medal for his country , again in the aerials . He finished fourth in 2006 and eighth in 1998 . He was the Olympic flag bearer for Belarus at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Games ."}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The freestyle skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events took place between the 13 and 25 February 2010 , and included a new event for these Olympics , ski cross .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_aerials", 'summary': "The men 's aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada took place on 22 February for the qualification round . The final was held on 25 February . Both events were held at the Cypress Bowl Ski Area in Cypress Provincial Park , West Vancouver , British Columbia ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergey Novikov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergey_Novikov_(biathlete)', 'summary': 'Sergey Valentinovich Novikov ( Russian : Серге́й Валентинович Новиков , Belarusian : Сяргей Валянцінавіч Новікаў - Siarhei Valiancinavich Novikau ; born 27 April 1979 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete . He competed at the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Olympics in four-five events at each Games : 10 km sprint , 12.5 km pursuit , 15 km mass start , 20 km race and 4 × 7.5 km relay . He won a silver medal , shared with Ole Einar Bjørndalen , in the 20 km individual race in 2010 . Novikov retired from the sport at the end of the 2013-14 season .'}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_individual", 'summary': "The men 's individual competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 18 , 2010 . Two silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie . No bronze medal was awarded ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darya Domracheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darya_Domracheva', 'summary': 'Dárya Vladímirovna Dómracheva ( Belarusian : Даря Уладзіміраўна Домрачава , Russian : Дарья Владимировна Домрачева ; born 3 August 1986 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018 . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics , three gold medals in the pursuit , individual , and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014-15 season .'}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_individual", 'summary': "The Women 's 15 kilometre individual biathlon competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 18 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darya Domracheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darya_Domracheva', 'summary': 'Dárya Vladímirovna Dómracheva ( Belarusian : Даря Уладзіміраўна Домрачава , Russian : Дарья Владимировна Домрачева ; born 3 August 1986 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018 . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics , three gold medals in the pursuit , individual , and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014-15 season .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The eleven events took place between 8-22 February 2014 . For the first time ever , a mixed relay event was staged after being voted onto the Olympic program in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_individual", 'summary': "The Women 's 15 kilometre individual biathlon competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex on 14 February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darya Domracheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darya_Domracheva', 'summary': 'Dárya Vladímirovna Dómracheva ( Belarusian : Даря Уладзіміраўна Домрачава , Russian : Дарья Владимировна Домрачева ; born 3 August 1986 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018 . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics , three gold medals in the pursuit , individual , and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014-15 season .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The eleven events took place between 8-22 February 2014 . For the first time ever , a mixed relay event was staged after being voted onto the Olympic program in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's mass start", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_mass_start", 'summary': "The Women 's 12.5 kilometre mass start biathlon competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex on 17 February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darya Domracheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darya_Domracheva', 'summary': 'Dárya Vladímirovna Dómracheva ( Belarusian : Даря Уладзіміраўна Домрачава , Russian : Дарья Владимировна Домрачева ; born 3 August 1986 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018 . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics , three gold medals in the pursuit , individual , and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014-15 season .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The eleven events took place between 8-22 February 2014 . For the first time ever , a mixed relay event was staged after being voted onto the Olympic program in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_pursuit", 'summary': "The women 's 10 km pursuit biathlon competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex on 11 February 2014 . In the pursuit competition , the competitors start times were determined according to the results of the Women 's sprint held two days earlier , with the sprint champion Anastasiya Kuzmina starting first . None of the sprint medalists won a medal in the pursuit . Instead , Darya Domracheva of Belarus became the champion , with Tora Berger of Norway winning the silver medal , and Teja Gregorin of Slovenian winning the bronze . Gregorin 's medal became the first ever medal of Slovenia in biathlon ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Kushnir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Kushnir', 'summary': 'Anton Sergeyevich Kushnir ( Belarusian : Антон Сяргеевіч Кушнір , Russian : Антон Сергеевич Кушнир born 13 October 1984 in Chervonoarmiysk , now Radyvyliv , Rivne oblast , Ukraine ) is a Belarusian aerial skier who competed in the 2006 , 2010 and the 2014 Winter Olympics . He has five World Cup victories . Kushnir won a bronze medal at the 2011 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships . He won a gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , with the highest score in Olympics history . He is of Ukrainian origin .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The ten events took place between 6-21 February 2014 . In April 2011 the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of the halfpipe event for both , men and women . In July 2011 , slopestyle was also added to the program , therefore a total of four new events were added to the freestyle skiing program .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_aerials", 'summary': "The men 's aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia took place 17 February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alla Tsuper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alla_Tsuper', 'summary': 'Alla Petrovna Tsuper ( Belarusian : Ала Пятроўна Цупeр ; Ukrainian : Алла Петрівна Цупер ; Russian : Алла Петровна Цупер ; born 16 April 1979 ) is a Ukrainian ( until 2000 ) and Belarusian ( since 2000 ) aerial skier .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The ten events took place between 6-21 February 2014 . In April 2011 the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of the halfpipe event for both , men and women . In July 2011 , slopestyle was also added to the program , therefore a total of four new events were added to the freestyle skiing program .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_aerials", 'summary': "The women 's aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia took place 14 February 2014 . The gold medal was won by Alla Tsuper , Belarus , the silver medal by Xu Mengtao , China and the bronze medal was won by Lydia Lassila , Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Skardino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Skardino', 'summary': "Nadezhda Valeryevna Skardino ( Belarusian : Надзея Валер'еўна Скардзіна ; born 27 March 1985 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete . She represented Belarus at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . She won a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2014 Winter Olympics . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay at the 2018 Olympics In the 2017-2018 season Skardino won the Individual World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The eleven events took place between 8-22 February 2014 . For the first time ever , a mixed relay event was staged after being voted onto the Olympic program in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_individual", 'summary': "The Women 's 15 kilometre individual biathlon competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex on 14 February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanna Huskova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanna_Huskova', 'summary': 'Hanna Andreyeuna Huskova ( Belarusian : Ганна Андрэеўна Гуськова ; born 28 August 1992 ) is a Belarusian freestyle skier . She competed at the FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2015 , where she qualified for the aerials final , and placed sixth in the final . She won a gold medal in the aerials at the 2018 Olympics , and placed 21st in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang , South Korea . The events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018 . A total of ten freestyle skiing events were held .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_aerials", 'summary': "The Women 's aerials event in freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics took place on 15 and 16 February 2018 at the Bogwang Phoenix Park , Pyeongchang , South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darya Domracheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darya_Domracheva', 'summary': 'Dárya Vladímirovna Dómracheva ( Belarusian : Даря Уладзіміраўна Домрачава , Russian : Дарья Владимировна Домрачева ; born 3 August 1986 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018 . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics , three gold medals in the pursuit , individual , and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014-15 season .'}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre , Daegwallyeong-myeon , Pyeongchang-gun , Gangwon-do , South Korea . There were eleven events contested : men and women competed in each of sprint , pursuit , individual , mass start , and relay ; there was also a mixed relay event . The eleven events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's mass start", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_mass_start", 'summary': "The women 's 12.5 km mass start biathlon competition of the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympics was held on 17 February 2018 at the Alpensia Cross-Country Centre in Pyeongchang , South Korea . Anastasiya Kuzmina won the gold medal , the defending champion Darya Domracheva took the silver , and Tiril Eckhoff replicated her 2014 bronze medal success ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Skardino Iryna Kryuko Dzinara Alimbekava Darya Domracheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Skardino', 'summary': "Nadezhda Valeryevna Skardino ( Belarusian : Надзея Валер'еўна Скардзіна ; born 27 March 1985 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete . She represented Belarus at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . She won a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2014 Winter Olympics . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay at the 2018 Olympics In the 2017-2018 season Skardino won the Individual World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iryna_Kryuko', 'summary': "Iryna Kryuko ( Belarusian : Ірына Крыўко ; Russian : Ирина Валерьевна Кривко ; born 30 July 1991 ) is a Belarusian biathlete . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay at the 2018 Olympics . She also competed in the 2014/15 world cup season , and represented Belarus at the Biathlon World Championships 2015 in Kontiolahti . Kryuko 's parents divorced soon after her birth , hence she and her younger brother Victor were raised by their mother . Iryna took up biathlon aged 11 , by chance - after their house burned down in a fire , the family moved to a dormitory next to a biathlon training base . Her brother followed her and also became an international biathlon competitor . Iryna debuted internationally at the 2009 World Junior Championships , where she placed fourth individually . In 2011 she was included into the senior national team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dzinara_Alimbekava', 'summary': 'Dzinara Alimbekava ( Belarusian : Дзінара Талгатаўна Алімбекава ; born 5 January 1996 ) is a Kazakhstan-born Belarusian biathlete . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay at the 2018 Olympics . Alimbekava was born in Kazakhstan , to a Kazakh father and Russian mother . When she was three years old , her family moved to Belarus , where her younger brother Zhenya was born . Dzinara is professionally trained in piano , she skates and practices snowboarding in free time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Darya_Domracheva', 'summary': 'Dárya Vladímirovna Dómracheva ( Belarusian : Даря Уладзіміраўна Домрачава , Russian : Дарья Владимировна Домрачева ; born 3 August 1986 ) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018 . She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics , three gold medals in the pursuit , individual , and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics , and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014-15 season .'}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre , Daegwallyeong-myeon , Pyeongchang-gun , Gangwon-do , South Korea . There were eleven events contested : men and women competed in each of sprint , pursuit , individual , mass start , and relay ; there was also a mixed relay event . The eleven events were scheduled to take place between 9 and 23 February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_-_Women's_relay", 'summary': "The women 's 4 x 6 km relay biathlon competition of the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympics was held on 22 February 2018 at the Alpensia Cross-Country Centre in Pyeongchang , South Korea ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of medalists -- Winter Olympics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Belarus_at_the_Olympics_1', 'intro': 'Athletes from Belarus began their Olympic participation at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland as part of the Soviet Union (IOC code: URS). After the Soviet Union disbanded in 1991, Belarus, along with four of the other fourteen former Soviet republics, competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics (held in Albertville, France) as the Unified Team. Later in 1992, eleven republics joined Belarus to compete as the Unified Team at the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Two years later, Belarus competed for the first time as an independent nation in the 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway. Since 1994, Belarus has won medals at each Winter and Summer Olympics it has participated in.'}
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In the games where the official motto was `` Passion lives here '' , what medal did the person born in 1977 in Minsk win ?
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Silver
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040441b19e9599a8
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films', 'title': 'List of Holocaust films', 'header': ['Year', 'Country', 'Title', 'Director', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Diary of Anne Frank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Diary_of_Anne_Frank_(1980_film)', 'summary': "The Diary of Anne Frank is a 1980 American made-for-television biographical drama film which originally aired on NBC on November 17 , 1980 . Like the 1959 film of the same name , it was written by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett and directed by Boris Sagal . Unlike the 1959 film , the TV-film focuses more on character development than suspense , and is considerably shorter than the 1959 version . Melissa Gilbert plays Anne Frank . Scott Jacoby , the actor portraying Peter Van Daan in the film , is the real-life grandson of Lou Jacobi , who portrayed Peter 's father , Hans Van Dann , in the 1959 film . The film received mixed reviews ."}]}, {'value': 'Boris Sagal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boris_Sagal', 'summary': 'Boris Sagal ( October 18 , 1923 - May 22 , 1981 ) was a Ukrainian-American television and film director .'}]}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playing For Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Playing_for_Time_(film)', 'summary': "Playing for Time is a 1980 CBS television film , written by Arthur Miller and based on acclaimed musician Fania Fénelon 's autobiography The Musicians of Auschwitz . Vanessa Redgrave stars as Fénelon . Playing for Time was based on Fénelon 's experience as a female prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp , where she and a group of classical musicians were spared in return for performing music for their captors . The film was later adapted as a play by Miller . This was the last film of director Daniel Mann . Parts of the film were directed by Joseph Sargent , but only Mann was credited as director ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Mann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Mann', 'summary': "Daniel Chugerman ( August 8 , 1912 - November 21 , 1991 ) , known professionally as Daniel Mann , was an American film , stage , and television director . Originally trained as an actor by Sanford Meisner , between 1952 and 1987 he directed over 31 feature films and made-for-television . Considered a true actor 's director , he helmed seven Oscar-nominated and two Tony Award-winning performances , collaborating with actors like Burt Lancaster , Shirley Booth , Susan Hayward , Marlon Brando , Elizabeth Taylor , Dean Martin , and Anthony Quinn . He was nominated for several accolades , including two Palme d'Or , three Director 's Guild of America Awards , and a Golden Bear ."}]}, {'value': 'TV film ; based on the autobiography of Fania Fénelon ; adaptation by Arthur Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fania_Fénelon', 'summary': "Fania Fénelon ( 2 September 1908 - 19 December 1983 ) was a French pianist , composer and cabaret singer , whose survival of the Women 's Orchestra of Auschwitz and the Holocaust was made into a television film , Playing For Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Miller', 'summary': 'Arthur Asher Miller ( October 17 , 1915 - February 10 , 2005 ) was an American playwright , essayist , and a controversial figure in the twentieth-century American theater . Among his most popular plays are All My Sons ( 1947 ) , Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) , The Crucible ( 1953 ) and A View from the Bridge ( 1955 , revised 1956 ) . He wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on The Misfits ( 1961 ) . The drama Death of a Salesman has been numbered on the short list of finest American plays in the 20th century . Miller was often in the public eye , particularly during the late 1940s , 1950s and early 1960s . During this time , he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Drama , testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and was married to Marilyn Monroe . In 1980 , Miller received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates . He received the Prince of Asturias Award , the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2002 and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003 , as well as the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Uns et les Autres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Uns_et_les_Autres', 'summary': "Les Uns et les Autres is a 1981 French film by Claude Lelouch . The film is a musical epic and it is widely considered as the director 's best work , along with Un Homme et une Femme . It won the Technical Grand Prize at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival . In the United States , it was distributed under the name Boléro in reference to Maurice Ravel 's orchestral piece , used in the film . The film was very successful in France with 3,234,549 admissions and was the 6th highest grossing film of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Claude Lelouch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Lelouch', 'summary': 'Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch ( French : [ ləluʃ ] ; born 30 October 1937 ) is a French film director , writer , cinematographer , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'English title : Bolero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ein Stück Himmel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ein_Stück_Himmel', 'summary': "Ein Stück Himmel is a German television series based on Janina David 's autobiography A Square of Sky : A Jewish Childhood in Wartime Poland ."}]}, {'value': 'Franz Peter Wirth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Peter_Wirth', 'summary': 'Franz Peter Wirth ( 22 September 1919 in Munich - 17 October 1999 in Berg , Upper Bavaria ) was a German film director and screenwriter . His film Helden was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'TV mini-series ; based on the autobiography of Janina David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janina_David', 'summary': 'Janina Dawidowicz ( born 19 March 1930 in Kalisz , Poland ) , better known as Janina David , is a Holocaust survivor and a British writer and translator .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sophie 's Choice", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sophie's_Choice_(film)", 'summary': "Sophie 's Choice is a 1982 American drama film directed by Alan J. Pakula , who adapted William Styron 's novel of the same name . Meryl Streep stars as Sophie , a Polish immigrant who shares a boarding house in Brooklyn with her tempestuous lover , Nathan ( Kevin Kline in his feature film debut ) , and a young writer , Stingo ( Peter MacNicol ) . Streep 's performance was acclaimed , and she received the Academy Award for Best Actress . The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography ( Néstor Almendros ) , Best Costume Design ( Albert Wolsky ) , Best Music ( Marvin Hamlisch ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Alan J. Pakula ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan J. Pakula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula', 'summary': "Alan Jay Pakula ( /pəˈkuːlə/ ; April 7 , 1928 - November 19 , 1998 ) was an American film director , writer and producer . He was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Picture for To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , Best Director for All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) and Best Adapted Screenplay for Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) . Pakula was also notable for directing his paranoia trilogy : Klute ( 1971 ) , The Parallax View ( 1974 ) and All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel by William Styron ; Meryl Streep won Academy Award for Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Styron', 'summary': 'William Clark Styron Jr. ( June 11 , 1925 - November 1 , 2006 ) was an American novelist and essayist who won major literary awards for his work . Styron was best known for his novels , including :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meryl_Streep', 'summary': "Mary Louise Meryl Streep ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is an American actress . Often described as the best actress of her generation , Streep is particularly known for her versatility and accents . Nominated for a record 21 Academy Awards , she has won three . Among other accolades , she has received 32 Golden Globe nominations , more than any other person , and won eight . Streep made her stage debut in Trelawny of the Wells in 1975 . In 1976 , she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for 27 Wagons Full of Cotton and A Memory of Two Mondays . In 1977 , she made her screen debut in the television film The Deadliest Season , and also made her film debut in Julia . In 1978 , she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress - Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the miniseries Holocaust , and received her first Oscar nomination for The Deer Hunter . Streep went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) , and the Academy Award for Best Actress for Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) and The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) . Streep 's other Oscar-nominated roles were in The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) , Silkwood ( 1983 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , Evil Angels ( 1988 ) , Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) , The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , One True Thing ( 1998 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Doubt ( 2008 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , August : Osage County ( 2013 ) , Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . Her stage roles include The Public Theater 's 2001 revival of The Seagull , and her television roles include two projects for HBO , the acclaimed miniseries Angels in America ( 2003 ) , for which her performance won her another Emmy Award , and the drama series Big Little Lies ( 2019 ) . Streep 's other films that were critically and or commercially successful where she was n't nominated for an Academy Award include Julia ( 1977 ) , Manhattan ( 1979 ) , The Seduction of Joe Tynan ( 1979 ) , Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) , Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) , The River Wild ( 1994 ) , Marvin 's Room ( 1996 ) , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) , A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) , Mamma Mia ( 2008 ) and its sequel , Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) , It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) , Suffragette ( 2015 ) , Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) and Little Women ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The award is traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Actor winner . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actresses were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . One actress has been nominated posthumously , Jeanne Eagels . Since its inception , the award has been given to 76 actresses ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jób lázadása', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jób_lázadása', 'summary': "The Revolt of Job ( Hungarian : Jób lázadása ) is a 1983 Hungarian film directed by Imre Gyöngyössy and Barna Kabay . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Lackó is a Hungarian orphan whom a Jewish couple adopts . He lives with the family until the Nazis take the parents away . Hungary , 1943 . An elderly Jewish couple , Jób and Róza , adopt an unruly non-Jewish child ( Lackó ) to whom they intend to pass on their wealth and knowledge before Nazi oppression engulfs Hungary . Attending the film 's opening in New York City , Gyöngyössy said that he intended the movie as a message not only between generations but between nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Barna Kabay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barna_Kabay', 'summary': 'Barna Kabay ( born August 15 , 1948 , Budapest ) is a Hungarian film director , screenwriter and film producer . His film The Revolt of Job ( 1983 ) , which he co-directed with Imre Gyöngyössy , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .'}]}, {'value': "English title : Job 's Revolt", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Au Nom de Tous les Miens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/For_Those_I_Loved', 'summary': 'For Those I Loved ( French : Au nom de tous les miens ) is a drama film from 1983 with Michael York , about a Polish Jewish Holocaust survivor who emigrated to the United States in 1946 . It was directed by Robert Enrico for Les Productions Mutuelles Ltée .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Enrico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Enrico', 'summary': 'Robert Georgio Enrico ( 13 April 1931 - 23 February 2001 ) was a French film director and scriptwriter best known for making the Oscar-winning short An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( 1961 ) . He was born in Liévin , Pas-de-Calais , in the north of France , to Italian immigrant parents , and died in Paris .'}]}, {'value': 'English title : For Those I Loved ; based on the book by Martin Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Gray_(Holocaust_survivor)', 'summary': 'Martin Gray ( born Mieczysław Grajewski ; 27 April 1922 - 24 April 2016 ) was a Holocaust survivor who emigrated to the West , and published books in French about his purported experiences during World War II in which his family perished in Poland .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States West Germany Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Scarlet and the Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Scarlet_and_the_Black', 'summary': "The Scarlet and the Black is a 1983 American made-for-television historical war drama film directed by Jerry London and starring Gregory Peck and Christopher Plummer . Based on J. P. Gallagher 's book The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican ( published in 1967 ) , the film tells the story of Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty , a real-life Irish Roman Catholic priest who saved thousands of Jews and escaped Allied POWs in Rome . It was directed by Jerry London . CBS distributed more than 500,000 scripts of The Scarlet and the Black to students in elementary and high schools throughout the country , to be read aloud in class to stimulate student interest in English and history . The title The Scarlet and the Black is a reference not only to the black cassock and scarlet sash worn by Monsignores and bishops in the Roman Catholic Church , but also to the dominant colors of Nazi Party regalia ."}]}, {'value': 'Jerry London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_London', 'summary': 'Jerry London ( born January 21 , 1947 ) is an American television director and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'TV movie ; based on the J.P. Gallagher novel The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To Be Or Not To Be', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(1983_film)', 'summary': 'To Be or Not to Be is a 1983 American war comedy film directed by Alan Johnson , produced by Mel Brooks , and starring Mel Brooks , Anne Bancroft , Tim Matheson , Charles Durning , Christopher Lloyd , and José Ferrer . The screenplay was written by Ronny Graham and Thomas Meehan , based on the original story by Melchior Lengyel , Ernst Lubitsch and Edwin Justus Mayer . The film is a remake of the 1942 film of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Alan Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Johnson_(choreographer)', 'summary': "Alan Johnson ( February 18 , 1937 - July 7 , 2018 ) was a three-time Emmy Award-winning American choreographer , best known for his work on Mel Brooks films and for restaging Jerome Robbins ' original choreography in live productions of West Side Story in the United States and internationally . Johnson was linked to West Side Story since making his Broadway debut in the show in 1957 . He brought the West Side Story dance style into the mainstream when he choreographed several GAP clothing commercials in 2000 . This commercial earned him an American Choreography award . Along with the GAP/WestSide advertisements , Johnson also choreographed commercials for Dubonnet and Freixenet Champagne ."}]}, {'value': 'A remake of the 1942 comedy , starring Mel Brooks and Anne Bancroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Brooks', 'summary': "Mel Brooks ( born Melvyn Kaminsky [ a ] ; June 28 , 1926 ) is an American director , writer , actor , comedian , producer and composer . He is known as a creator of broad film farces and comedic parodies . Brooks began his career as a comic and a writer for the early TV variety show Your Show of Shows . Together with Carl Reiner , he created the comic character The 2000 Year Old Man . He wrote , with Buck Henry , the hit television comedy series Get Smart , which ran from 1965 to 1970 . In middle age , Brooks became one of the most successful film directors of the 1970s , with many of his films being among the top 10 moneymakers of the year they were released . His best-known films include The Producers ( 1967 ) , The Twelve Chairs ( 1970 ) , Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) , Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) , Silent Movie ( 1976 ) , High Anxiety ( 1977 ) , History of the World , Part I ( 1981 ) , Spaceballs ( 1987 ) , and Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) . A musical adaptation of his first film , The Producers , ran on Broadway from 2001 to 2007 . In 2001 , having previously won an Emmy , a Grammy and an Oscar , he joined a small list of EGOT winners with his Tony Award for The Producers . He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2009 , a Hollywood Walk of Fame star in 2010 , the 41st AFI Life Achievement Award in June 2013 , a British Film Institute Fellowship in March 2015 , a National Medal of Arts in September 2016 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in February 2017 . Three of his films ranked in the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 comedy films of the past 100 years ( 1900-2000 ) , all of which ranked in the top 15 of the list : Blazing Saddles at number 6 , The Producers at number 11 , and Young Frankenstein at number 13 . Brooks was married to the actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anne_Bancroft', 'summary': "Anna Maria Louisa Italiano ( September 17 , 1931 - June 6 , 2005 ) , known professionally as Anne Bancroft , was an American actress , director , screenwriter , and singer associated with the method acting school , having studied under Lee Strasberg . Respected for her acting prowess and versatility , Bancroft was acknowledged for her work in film , theatre , and television . She won one Academy Award , three BAFTA Awards , two Golden Globes , two Tony Awards , and two Emmy Awards , and several other awards and nominations . After her film debut in Do n't Bother to Knock ( 1952 ) and a string of supporting film roles during the 1950s , she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her lead role in The Miracle Worker ( 1962 ) as the teacher of young Helen Keller , reprising her role from the 1959 Broadway stage play in which she had won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . On Broadway in 1965 , she played a medieval nun obsessed with a priest ( Jason Robards ) in John Whiting 's play The Devils , based on the Aldous Huxley novel The Devils of Loudun . She was perhaps best known as the seductress , Mrs. Robinson , in The Graduate ( 1967 ) , a role that she later said had come to overshadow her other work . Bancroft received several other Oscar nominations and continued in lead roles until the late 1980s ; notable film roles during this time include The Turning Point ( 1977 ) and Agnes of God ( 1985 ) . In 1987 , she starred with Anthony Hopkins in 84 Charing Cross Road . She appeared in several movies directed or produced by her second husband , comedian Mel Brooks , including the award-winning drama The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) , as well as comedies To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) and Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) . She received an Emmy Award nomination for 2001 's Haven , and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone ( 2003 ) . She died two years later , in 2005 , after battling cancer ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banjica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banjica', 'summary': "Banjica ( Serbian : Бањица , pronounced [ bâɲitsa ] ) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade , the capital of Serbia . It is divided between the Belgrade 's municipalities of Savski Venac ( western half ) and Voždovac ( eastern half ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sava Mrmak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV mini-series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forbidden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forbidden_(1984_film)', 'summary': 'Forbidden is a 1984 drama film directed by Anthony Page and starring Jacqueline Bisset , Jürgen Prochnow and Irene Worth . The plot is inspired by the life of Maria von Maltzan originally told in the non-fiction book The Last Jews in Berlin by Leonard Gross about a countess who hides her Jewish boyfriend in her apartment in World War II . It was a co-production between England and West Germany . It was broadcast on television in the USA , but released in cinemas in other countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Page', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Page', 'summary': 'Anthony Page ( 21 September 1935 in Bangalore , Karnataka , India ) is a British stage and film director .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wannseekonferenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wannseekonferenz_(film)', 'summary': 'The Wannsee Conference ( German : Die Wannseekonferenz ) is a 1984 German TV film portraying the events of the Wannsee Conference , held in Berlin in January 1942 . The script is derived from the minutes of the meeting . Since no verbatim transcription of the meeting exists , the dialogue is necessarily fictionalised . The main theme of the film is the bureaucratic nature of the genocide . The same events were later depicted in the 2001 English-language film Conspiracy .'}]}, {'value': 'Heinz Schirk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Wallenberg : A Hero 's Story", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wallenberg:_A_Hero's_Story", 'summary': "Wallenberg : A Hero 's Story is a 1985 NBC television film starring Richard Chamberlain as Raoul Wallenberg , a Swedish diplomat instrumental in saving thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust . It won four Emmy Awards and was nominated for five more ."}]}, {'value': 'Lamont Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamont_Johnson', 'summary': 'Ernest Lamont Johnson Jr. ( September 30 , 1922 - October 24 , 2010 ) was an American actor and film director who has appeared in and directed many television shows and movies . He won two Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come and see', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_and_see', 'summary': "Come and See ( Russian : Иди и смотри , Idi i smotri ; Belarusian : Ідзі і глядзі , Idzi i hlyadzi ) is a 1985 Belarusian anti-war film directed by Elem Klimov filmed in the Soviet Union , with a screenplay written by Klimov and Ales Adamovich based on the 1978 book I Am from the Fiery Village ( original title : Я из огненной деревни , Ya iz ognennoj Derevni , 1977 ) by Adamovich et al . The film stars Aleksei Kravchenko and Olga Mironova . Come and See is generally viewed as one of the most important anti-war movies ever made , and one of the great World War II movies , with the most historically accurate depictions of the crimes on the Eastern Front . The film focuses upon the Nazi German occupation of Belarus , and primarily upon the events witnessed by a young Belarusian partisan teenager named Flyora , who - against his parents ' wishes - joins the Belarusian resistance movement , and thereafter depicts the Nazi atrocities and human suffering inflicted upon the Eastern European villages ' populace . The film mixes hyper-realism with an underlying surrealism , and philosophical existentialism with poetical , psychological , political and apocalyptic themes . Come and See had to fight eight years of censorship from the Soviet authorities before the film was finally allowed to be produced in its entirety to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Soviet victory in World War II , and was a major box-office hit , with 28,900,000 admissions in the Soviet Union alone . The film was selected as the Soviet entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Elem Klimov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elem_Klimov', 'summary': "Elem Germanovich Klimov ( Russian : Эле́м Ге́рманович Кли́мов ; 9 July 1933 - 26 October 2003 ) was a Soviet Russian film director . He studied at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography , and was married to film director Larisa Shepitko . Klimov is best known in the West for his final film , 1985 's Come and See ( Иди и смотри ) , which follows a teenage boy in German-occupied Byelorussia during the Great Patriotic War and is often considered one of the greatest war films ever made . He also directed dark comedies , children 's movies , and historical pictures ."}]}, {'value': 'Russian title : Idi i smotri', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom Yugoslavia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escape from Sobibor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escape_from_Sobibor', 'summary': "Escape from Sobibor is a 1987 British television film which aired on ITV and CBS . It is the story of the mass escape from the German extermination camp at Sobibor , the most successful uprising by Jewish prisoners of German extermination camps ( uprisings also took place at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka ) . The film was directed by Jack Gold and shot in Avala , Yugoslavia ( now Serbia ) . The full 176 minute version shown in the UK [ note 1 ] on 10 May 1987 was pre-empted by a 143 minute version shown in the United States on 12 April 1987 . The script , by Reginald Rose , was based on Richard Rashke 's 1983 book of the same name , along with a manuscript by Thomas Blatt , From the Ashes of Sobibor , and a book by Stanislaw Szmajzner , Inferno in Sobibor . [ citation needed ] Alan Arkin , Joanna Pacuła , and Rutger Hauer were the primary stars of the film . The film received a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and Hauer received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Television Film or Miniseries . Esther Raab , who died on April 15 , 2015 , was a camp survivor who had assisted Rashke with his book and served as a technical consultant . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Jack Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Gold', 'summary': 'Jack Gold ( 28 June 1930 - 9 August 2015 ) was a British film and television director . He was part of the British realist tradition which followed the Free Cinema movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the book by Richard Rashke Nominated for 3 Golden Globe Awards ; won 2 including Best Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Rashke', 'summary': 'Richard L. Rashke ( born 1936 ) is an American journalist , teacher and author , who has written non-fiction books , as well as plays and screenplays . He is especially known for his history , Escape from Sobibor , first published in 1982 , an account of the mass escape in October 1943 of hundreds of Jewish prisoners from the extermination camp at Sobibor in German-occupied Poland . The book was adapted as a 1987 TV movie by the same name , starring Rutger Hauer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film is one of the annual Golden Globe Awards given to the best miniseries or made-for-television film .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Au Revoir , Les Enfants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Au_Revoir,_Les_Enfants', 'summary': 'Au revoir les enfants ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ o ʁə.vwaʁ le zɑ̃.fɑ̃ ] , meaning Goodbye , Children ) is an autobiographical 1987 film written , produced and directed by Louis Malle . The film won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Louis Malle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Malle', 'summary': "Louis Marie Malle ( French : [ mal ] ; 30 October 1932 - 23 November 1995 ) was a French film director , screenwriter and producer . His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957 , although he was not credited at the ceremony ; the award was instead presented to the film 's co-director Jacques Cousteau . Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards . Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice . Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood , and he produced both French and English language films . His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud ( 1958 ) , the World War II drama Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) , the romantic crime film Atlantic City ( 1980 ) , the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre ( 1981 ) , and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants ( 1987 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'And the Violins Stopped Playing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_the_Violins_Stopped_Playing', 'summary': 'And the Violins Stopped Playing ( Polish : I Skrzypce Przestały Grać ) ( 1988 ) is a Polish/American historical drama film written produced and directed by Alexander Ramati and based upon his biographical novel about an actual group of Romani people who were forced to flee from persecution by the Nazi regime at the height of the Porajmos ( Romani holocaust ) , during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Ramati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Ramati', 'summary': 'Alexander Ramati ( December 20 , 1921 - February 18 , 2006 ) , born David Solomonovich Grinberg , was a Polish writer and film director .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Attic : The Hiding of Anne Frank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Attic:_The_Hiding_of_Anne_Frank', 'summary': "The Attic : The Hiding of Anne Frank is a 1988 television film directed by John Erman . It is based on Miep Gies 's book Anne Frank Remembered . The film was broadcast as part of an ad hoc network , Kraft Golden Showcase Network . Playwright William Hanley received an Emmy for his script ."}]}, {'value': 'John Erman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Erman', 'summary': 'John Erman ( born August 3 , 1935 ) is an American television and film director , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hanna 's War", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hanna's_War", 'summary': "Hanna 's War is a 1988 film co-written and directed by Menahem Golan . The film is based on The Diaries of Hanna Senesh and the biographical novel A Great Wind Cometh by Yoel Palgi . It is a biopic detailing the true story of Hannah Szenes ."}]}, {'value': 'Menahem Golan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menahem_Golan', 'summary': "Menahem Golan ( Hebrew : מנחם גולן ; May 31 , 1929 - August 8 , 2014 ) was an Israeli film producer , screenwriter , and director . He was best known for co-owning The Cannon Group with his cousin Yoram Globus . Cannon specialized in producing low-to-mid-budget American films , primarily Genre films , during the 1980s after Golan and Globus had achieved significant filmmaking success in their native Israel during the 1970s . Golan produced movies featuring actors such as Sean Connery , Sylvester Stallone , Chuck Norris , Jean-Claude Van Damme , and Charles Bronson , and for a period , was known as a producer of comic book-style movies like Masters of the Universe , Superman IV : The Quest for Peace , Captain America , and his aborted attempt to bring Spider-Man to the silver screen . Golan also wrote and polished numerous film scripts under the pen name Joseph Goldman . At the time of his death , Golan had produced over 200 films , directed 44 , and won 8 Violin David Awards as well as The Israel Prize in Cinema . He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign-Language Film for Franco Zeffirelli 's Otello ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'War and Remembrance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_(miniseries)', 'summary': "War and Remembrance is an American miniseries based on the novel of the same name written by Herman Wouk , which aired from November 13 , 1988 , to May 14 , 1989 . It is the sequel to The Winds of War , which was also based on one of Wouk 's novels ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Curtis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Curtis', 'summary': 'Dan Curtis ( born Daniel Mayer Cherkoss ; August 12 , 1927 - March 27 , 2006 ) was an American director , writer , and producer of television and film , known among fans of horror films for his afternoon TV series Dark Shadows and TV films such as Trilogy of Terror . Dark Shadows originally aired from 1966 to 1971 and has aired in syndication for nearly 40 years . Curtis was responsible for the 1991 remake of Dark Shadows , which was canceled because of low ratings due to station pre-emptions concerning the Gulf War . For the general audience , Curtis is also known as the director and producer of the two epic 1980s miniseries The Winds of War and War and Remembrance , based on two novels by Herman Wouk , which follow the lives of two American families through the entirety of World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'TV mini-series ; based on the novel by Herman Wouk , and the sequel to The Winds of War Nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards ; won 3 including Outstanding Miniseries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_Wouk', 'summary': "Herman Wouk ( /woʊk/ WOHK ; May 27 , 1915 - May 17 , 2019 ) was an American author best known for historical fiction such as The Caine Mutiny ( 1951 ) which won the Pulitzer Prize . His other major works include The Winds of War and War and Remembrance , historical novels about World War II , and non-fiction such as This Is My God , an explanation of Judaism from a Modern Orthodox perspective , written for Jewish and non-Jewish audiences . His books have been translated into 27 languages . The Washington Post called Wouk , who cherished his privacy , the reclusive dean of American historical novelists . Historians , novelists , publishers , and critics who gathered at the Library of Congress in 1995 to mark Wouk 's 80th birthday described him as an American Tolstoy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Winds_of_War_(miniseries)', 'summary': 'The Winds of War is a 1983 miniseries , directed and produced by Dan Curtis , that follows the book of the same name written by Herman Wouk . Just as in the book , in addition to the lives of the Henry and Jastrow families , much time in the miniseries is devoted to the major global events of this period . Adolf Hitler and the German General Staff , with the fictitious general Armin von Roon as a major character , is a prominent subplot of the miniseries . The Winds of War also includes segments of documentary footage , narrated by William Woodson , to explain major events and important characters . It was followed by a sequel , War and Remembrance , in 1988 , also based on a novel written by Wouk and also directed and produced by Curtis . With 140 million viewers of part or all of Winds of War , it was the most-watched miniseries at that time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_Series', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series represents excellence in the category of limited series that are two or more episodes with a total running time of at least 150 minutes . The program must tell a complete , non-recurring story , and not have an ongoing storyline or main characters in subsequent seasons .'}]}], 'section_title': '1980s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Holocaust_films_4', 'intro': 'This is an index of films that deal with the Holocaust in Europe. Films dealing with the subject of the Holocaust include both documentary and narrative films. These films were produced from the early 1940s before the extent of the Holocaust was widely known and have continued to be made since then. The films span multiple genres, with documentary films including footage filmed both by the Germans for their propaganda purposes and by the Allies, compilations, survivor testimonies and docudramas, and narrative films including war films, action films, love stories, psychological dramas, and even comedies.'}
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Who directed the film written by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett ?
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Boris Sagal
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04057407d21cb2a7
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_AFL_draft', 'title': '1995 AFL draft', 'header': ['Type', 'Player', 'Recruited from', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': 'Father/son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father-Son_Rule', 'summary': 'The father-son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the team in Australian rules football , most notably the Australian Football League . The rule was first established in the late 1940s . There have been more than ten amendments , most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Round', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Round', 'summary': "David Round ( born 25 June 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Round , the son of former Brownlow Medal winner Barry , was drafted by the Western Bulldogs under the father-son rule . He was recruited from the Calder Cannons and before that played at Strathmore . A ruckman , he was aged 18 when he made his AFL debut in round three of the 1997 AFL season , against Richmond at the MCG . He could only manage one kick but kept his spot in the side for the following week 's fixture against Melbourne . Round again struggled to have an impact , with just two hit-outs and a solitary kick . Having been delisted at the end of the season , Round was rookie listed by North Melbourne . However , he did not play a senior game and ended up at Victorian Football League ( VFL ) club Williamstown , another of his father 's former clubs . In 1999 he won Williamstown 's best and fairest award but by 2001 was spending a lot of time in the reserves . He performed so well in the 2001 VFL reserves competition that he took home the Todd Medal , as the league 's best player . In 2002 he moved to Queensland to join Southport and was a Grogan Medal winner in his first season . He won another Grogan Medal in 2005 , this time while at Broadbeach ."}]}, {'value': 'Calder Cannons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calder_Cannons', 'summary': 'The Calder Cannons is an Australian rules football club from Melbourne , Australia . The club competes in the NAB League , the Victorian Statewide Under-18s competition , and fields squads in the Under-15s , Under-16s and Under-18s . The club was formed in 1995 after the need for two more metropolitan clubs . The geographic catchment area for the club is the north western suburbs of Melbourne extending to cover the Macedon Ranges area .'}]}, {'value': 'Footscray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Father/son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father-Son_Rule', 'summary': 'The father-son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the team in Australian rules football , most notably the Australian Football League . The rule was first established in the late 1940s . There have been more than ten amendments , most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Simon Fletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fletcher_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': "Simon Fletcher ( born 17 August 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton and Richmond in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Fletcher was initially drafted to Geelong , from the Falcons , under the father/son rule . His father Gary did not play at VFL/AFL level but the rule was used because he was a manager at the club . A knee injury in 1997 kept him out of action and he was delisted at the end of the season . Carlton rookie listed Fletcher in 1998 and he made his senior debut late in the 1999 AFL season . He impressed enough to keep his spot for the finals series and made three appearances , but after having just five disposals in the preliminary final was replaced by Adrian Hickmott for the grand final . Fletcher , who played mostly on the wing and flanks , missed just one game in 2000 and played in another preliminary final . A former Grovedale player , he was again a regular member of the team in 2001 and put together a sequence of 28 consecutive games before it ended in 2002 . He was delisted after the 2003 season and nominated for the national draft , where he was selected by Richmond with the 79th selection . He was unable to have an impact from six games , and was delisted . He continued his playing career in the Geelong Football League with St Mary 's , playing there from 2005 until 2009 . After the 2009 season , Fletcher took the role as player development manager for the newly formed Gold Coast Football Club ; he remains in the role as of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Falcons', 'summary': "The Geelong Falcons is a youth Australian rules football representative club in the NAB League , the Victorian statewide under-18s competition , Victoria , Australia . The club takes in talented junior players from the Geelong , Colac and Warrnambool regions in order to prepare them for AFL selection . There is an under-15 vline cup side and an under-16 side , but the club 's main focus is its under-18 side , who play a longer season . In 2007 , Jimmy Bartel became the first ex-Falcon to win the AFL Brownlow Medal , for the league 's best and fairest player , while Jonathan Brown became the first ex-Falcon to win the Coleman Medal for the most goals in the season . Gary Ablett Jnr also became the first ex-Falcon to win the Leigh Matthews Trophy , for being voted the Most Valuable Player by the AFL Players Association . Hawthorn half-back Luke Hodge became the first Falcon to win the Norm Smith Medal for his best on ground performance in the 2008 Grand Final against the Geelong Cats . Nick Maxwell became the first Geelong Falcons player to captain a premiership team when he led Collingwood to the 2010 AFL Premiership ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'Father/son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father-Son_Rule', 'summary': 'The father-son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the team in Australian rules football , most notably the Australian Football League . The rule was first established in the late 1940s . There have been more than ten amendments , most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joel Bowden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Bowden', 'summary': 'Joel Bowden ( born 21 June 1978 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was drafted at the end of the 1995 AFL season under a father-son selection , and is the son of former Richmond 1969 premiership player Michael Bowden . In 2006 , Bowden was among the leading possession getters in the AFL , and had the most possessions shared between any two players with his brother Patrick . He played his 200th AFL game in round 8 against Adelaide , gathering 34 possessions as the Tigers upset the then-ladder-leading Crows by three points just a week after suffering a 118-point loss to the Sydney Swans . In round 16 , 2008 , Bowden was at the centre of a major controversy regarding rushed behinds . With Richmond up by 6 points against Essendon with less than a minute left , Bowden proceeded to wipe the remaining time off the clock by rushing 2 behinds from the kick out . These tactics which caused an uproar with many calling for the current rules to be changed ; football journalist Mike Sheahan even likened it to the infamous Trevor Chappell underarm delivery incident . He played his last game against Collingwood , who defeated Richmond by 93 points .'}]}, {'value': 'West Alice Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Australian_Football_League', 'summary': 'The Central Australian Football League ( CAFL ) is an Australian rules football competition operating out of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory , Australia . The CAFL organises the annual Ngurratjuta Town Vs Country Challenge event and local Rec Footy competitions . It is notable for producing VFL/AFL players such as Darryl White , Joel Bowden and Liam Jurrah . The home of the CAFL is Traeger Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'Father/son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father-Son_Rule', 'summary': 'The father-son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the team in Australian rules football , most notably the Australian Football League . The rule was first established in the late 1940s . There have been more than ten amendments , most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Jewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Jewell', 'summary': "Nicholas Nick Jewell ( born 27 August 1977 ) is a former Australian rules footballer and a professional cricketer who played for Victoria . Jewell was educated at Caulfield Grammar School in Melbourne and played for Under-18s football for Prahran ; in Year 12 at Caulfield , he set a then Associated Public Schools of Victoria record for the most runs in a season ( later eclipsed in season 2005/06 by Melbourne Grammar School cricket captain Bryan Vance ) , and captained the school 's First XI team . Jewell played one Australian Football League game for the Richmond Football Club in 1997 , the club for whom his father Tony Jewell had played for , before turning his attention to cricket . He made his second XI debut for the Victorian Bushrangers in the 2001-02 season , and made his senior debut shortly afterwards , in a four-run ING Cup loss to the Queensland Bulls . Jewell was seen as a one-day specialist early in his career and opened the batting with a focus on attack . This left him unsettled , and he switched between the second XI and the first XI for the following three seasons . In the 2005-06 season he changed his approach and adopted a dour , defensive style that has seen him start in all first class games played by Victoria . In January 2006 , Jewell scored his maiden first-class century against New South Wales Blues at Lismore . On 21 November 2007 , playing for Victoria against Queensland at the Gabba , Jewell made his highest first class score of 188 . He and Brad Hodge batted undefeated for the entire third day of the game , only the fourth wicketless day 's play in the history of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Prahran Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prahran_Dragons', 'summary': 'The Sandringham Dragons are an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at the Trevor Barker Oval in Sandringham , Victoria , representing the southern suburban area of Melbourne . The Dragons were one of the founding metropolitan clubs of the competition in 1992 as part of a plan by the Victorian State Football League to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . The club was originally named the Central Dragons and played out of Toorak Oval in Prahran , Victoria . In 1995 the name of the club was changed to Prahran Dragons as part of the agreement which saw the Prahran Two Blues exit the senior Victorian Football League . In 2000 , the club relocated to the Trevor Barker Beach Oval in Sandringham and changed its name for the new locality .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'Father/son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father-Son_Rule', 'summary': 'The father-son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the team in Australian rules football , most notably the Australian Football League . The rule was first established in the late 1940s . There have been more than ten amendments , most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Cousins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Cousins', 'summary': "Benjamin Luke Cousins ( born 30 June 1978 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for West Coast and Richmond in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Cousins is listed by journalist Mike Sheahan as one of the fifty greatest players of all time . During his 12-year , 238-game career with West Coast , he won several of the league 's highest individual awards , including a Brownlow Medal , Most Valuable Player and a premiership medallion . He was also selected six times in the All-Australian Team and represented Australia in the International Rules Series . He was West Coast 's club champion for four seasons and captain for five seasons . Cousins ' football career was marred by highly publicised off-field incidents involving recreational drug use , traffic convictions and association with criminal elements . On several occasions he was fined or sanctioned by West Coast , culminating in his contract 's termination in October 2007 . The following month , he was banned from AFL for one year by the AFL Commission for bringing the game into disrepute . Amid predictions that he would remain undrafted , Richmond claimed Cousins with the last pick of the 2008 draft . He played 32 games across two seasons at the club , retiring from the AFL at the end of the 2010 season . Cousins co-produced a documentary film titled Such is Life : The Troubled Times of Ben Cousins , saying he hoped it would serve as a cautionary tale against drug use . Released days after his retirement , it went onto become one of the most-watched documentaries in Australian history ."}]}, {'value': 'East Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The East Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Sharks , is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The team 's home ground is East Fremantle Oval . East Fremantle are the most successful club in WAFL history , winning 29 premierships since their entry into the competition in 1898 ."}]}, {'value': 'West Coast Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Father/son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father-Son_Rule', 'summary': 'The father-son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the team in Australian rules football , most notably the Australian Football League . The rule was first established in the late 1940s . There have been more than ten amendments , most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Walls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southport_Australian_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Southport Australian Football Club ( nicknamed The Sharks ) is a Gold Coast based club competing in the NEAFL Australian rules football competition . Southport has claim to be the most successful ever Queensland based AFL club with a total of 13 premierships in only 26 years . The club has been involved in Australian Football League licence bids since 1996 . To date none of these bids have been granted , however the AFL began taking interest in 2006 with pushes to merge Southport with a Melbourne-based AFL club . Southport Sharks joined the NEAFL competition in 2011 . As of 2016 , the current competition consists of the following sides : Southport Sharks , Aspley Hornets , Redland Bombers , NT Thunder , Sydney University Students , Canberra Demons , Gold Coast Suns , Brisbane Lions , Sydney Swans , Greater Western Sydney Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pre-draft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFL_Pre-season_Draft', 'summary': 'The AFL pre-season draft is the drafting of uncontracted players to teams in the Australian Football League . The draft is conducted after the national AFL draft and before the start of the next AFL season . It is conducted at the same time as the AFL rookie draft . The pre-season draft is a place for any uncontracted players to nominate that missed the AFL draft or who were delisted after the main draft . It was first held in 1989 and has been diminishing greatly in its importance ; the last five years have only averaged 8 selections per year , compared to over 50 in each of the first five years . It was considered that the pre-season draft only existed to protect the league from writs for restraint-of-trade , but due to the introduction of free agency in 2012 , there have been calls to scrap the pre-season draft and extend the free agency period .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Parker_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Daniel Parker ( born 25 May 1974 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Dockers between 1996 and 1999 . He was drafted from Subiaco in the WAFL as a predraft selection in the 1995 AFL Draft and played mainly as a key position player . The much taller brother of Fremantle games record holder Shane Parker , Daniel struggled to hold his position in the side . His 25 games at the club over 4 seasons saw him play both in the forward and backlines , but inconsistent form saw him delisted at the end of the 1999 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Subiaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subiaco_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Subiaco Football Club , nicknamed the Lions and known before 1973 as the Maroons , is an Australian rules football club in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . It was founded in 1896 , and admitted to the WAFL in 1901 , along with North Fremantle . The club is currently based at Leederville Oval , having previously played at Subiaco Oval ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Danny Dickfos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Dickfos', 'summary': 'Danny Dickfos ( born 30 September 1970 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Brisbane Bears and Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'North Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zillmere_Eagles_Australian_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Zillmere Eagles Australian Football Club ( formerly Windsor-Zillmere , North Brisbane and Northern Eagles ) is an Australian rules football club based in the suburb of Zillmere in the northern suburbs of Brisbane . The team plays in the QAFA Division 4 . It reformed the senior side in 2013 and it was undefeated all year in the SEQAFL State Div 4 northern competition . Zillmere once competed in the AFL Queensland Australian Football League , where it ceased to play in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Bears', 'summary': 'The Brisbane Football Club , nicknamed the Bears , was the first professional Australian rules football club established in Queensland . The club , along with the West Coast Eagles , joined the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1987 and played its first ever VFL game against North Melbourne at the MCG on Friday 27 March 1987 which it won 19.23.137 to 15.14.104 . Unlike the AFLs more recent expansion clubs , the Gold Coast Suns and Greater Western Sydney Giants ( GWS ) , Brisbane received absolutely no assistance from the VFL/AFL when it was first established and was given only 5 months to recruit an entire team . Despite this however , the club went on to secure 6 wins in its first season and remains the only expansion club from the northern states to avoid finishing in last place on the ladder at the end of their first season . In contrast , the Gold Coast Suns only won 3 games in their first season and GWS only won 4 . Both the Gold Coast Suns and GWS Giants , unlike Brisbane , also finished on the bottom of the ladder at the end of their first season . Brisbane made the finals for the first time in 1995 and only narrowly missed out on a position in the grand final the following year when they were defeated by North Melbourne in the preliminary finals . Many of the Brisbane players who played in this match would go to be stars of Brisbanes 2001 , 2002 and 2003 triple premiership winning teams . The club merged with the Fitzroy Football Club at the completion of the 1996 season to form the Brisbane Lions without giving their members a vote on the matter . Many Brisbane supporters are still unhappy with the way the club handled the merger and this is exasperated by the clubs reluctance to acknowledge the Bears history despite its clear willingness to regularly acknowledge that of Fitzroys . This has created significant unrest , particularly in Melbourne , between longstanding Brisbane supporters and the small number of former Fitzroy supporters who chose to support the club after Fitzroy went into administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Brett Voss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Voss', 'summary': "Brett Charles Voss ( born 22 February 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Brisbane Lions and the St Kilda Football Club . He was drafted by the Brisbane Bears as a zone selection in 1995 . Voss , now with the Lions , made his debut in 1997 but was delisted at the end of 2000 , struggling to gain selection in a successful Brisbane side , and over-shadowed by his older brother , Brownlow Medallist Michael Voss . The St Kilda Football Club , under the leadership of then coach Malcolm Blight , recruited Voss in the 2001 pre-season draft . His 2001 season with the club was inconsistent , but he played 19 matches and found some confidence . It was in 2002 that Voss came into his own as an AFL footballer . He played almost every match between 2004 and 2006 for the Saints , who played finals in each of those three seasons . Voss played in St Kildas 2004 AFL Wizard Home Loans Cup winning side - St Kilda Football Clubs 2nd AFL Cup Win . Voss became known for his courage , and often played well above his height in defence . A feature of his game during 2004 and 2005 was his strong marking in the backline , and Voss was one of the Saints ' toughest and most reliable players during his time at the club . Voss won Network Ten 's Before The Game 'Tool of the Year ' award in 2004 . The 2006 season saw Voss have close to his best year , racking up 350 possessions , 140 marks and kicking 15 goals for the year playing in a new role as a half-forward ."}]}, {'value': 'Morningside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morningside_Australian_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Morningside Australian Football Club , also known as the Morningside Panthers , is an Australian rules football club based at Jack Esplen Oval in the suburb of Hawthorne in Brisbane . The club consists of Masters , Amateurs , Women 's , Junior and Senior football sections . Its senior team competed in the North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) competition in 2011-14 and now is a member club of the Queensland Australian Football League . Its junior sides compete in the AFL Brisbane Juniors ( AFLBJ ) competition . The club also caters for young girls and boys by running Auskick skills clinics , which are held at the beginning of the season and do not involve competitive games . Morningside Football Club has operated successfully as a football club in Brisbane for over 50 years and is one of the most widely recognised Queensland based AFL clubs within Australia . It developed from the Hawthorne Juniors club which was founded in 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Bears', 'summary': 'The Brisbane Football Club , nicknamed the Bears , was the first professional Australian rules football club established in Queensland . The club , along with the West Coast Eagles , joined the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1987 and played its first ever VFL game against North Melbourne at the MCG on Friday 27 March 1987 which it won 19.23.137 to 15.14.104 . Unlike the AFLs more recent expansion clubs , the Gold Coast Suns and Greater Western Sydney Giants ( GWS ) , Brisbane received absolutely no assistance from the VFL/AFL when it was first established and was given only 5 months to recruit an entire team . Despite this however , the club went on to secure 6 wins in its first season and remains the only expansion club from the northern states to avoid finishing in last place on the ladder at the end of their first season . In contrast , the Gold Coast Suns only won 3 games in their first season and GWS only won 4 . Both the Gold Coast Suns and GWS Giants , unlike Brisbane , also finished on the bottom of the ladder at the end of their first season . Brisbane made the finals for the first time in 1995 and only narrowly missed out on a position in the grand final the following year when they were defeated by North Melbourne in the preliminary finals . Many of the Brisbane players who played in this match would go to be stars of Brisbanes 2001 , 2002 and 2003 triple premiership winning teams . The club merged with the Fitzroy Football Club at the completion of the 1996 season to form the Brisbane Lions without giving their members a vote on the matter . Many Brisbane supporters are still unhappy with the way the club handled the merger and this is exasperated by the clubs reluctance to acknowledge the Bears history despite its clear willingness to regularly acknowledge that of Fitzroys . This has created significant unrest , particularly in Melbourne , between longstanding Brisbane supporters and the small number of former Fitzroy supporters who chose to support the club after Fitzroy went into administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Derek Wirth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Wirth', 'summary': "Derek Wirth ( born 29 November 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A Springwood junior , Wirth was a key position player , originally drafted to the Brisbane Bears . He was recruited from Mount Gravatt , as one of three zone selections in the 1995 AFL Draft . He did n't play a league game for Brisbane in 1996 and at the end of the year was signed by the Lions , who were formed from a merger between the Bears and Fitzroy . He spent two years with the Lions and in his second season finally made his debut , against Melbourne at the MCG in round 18 . Wirth kicked two goals and was one of just two multiple goal-scorers from Brisbane , but lost his place in the side following a 95-point loss . It was the only AFL game he would play , despite also spending a year at Geelong , who had picked him up in the rookie draft . In 2000 he was a member of the Redland team which competed in their inaugural Queensland State League season . He went on to make over 100 appearances with the club and served as captain from 2003 to 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Gravatt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Gravatt_Australian_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Mount Gravatt Australian Football Club , is a Brisbane based club which competed in the North East Australian Football League competition from 2011-2013 and as of 2014 is a member club of the Queensland Australian Football League. , formed in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Bears', 'summary': 'The Brisbane Football Club , nicknamed the Bears , was the first professional Australian rules football club established in Queensland . The club , along with the West Coast Eagles , joined the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1987 and played its first ever VFL game against North Melbourne at the MCG on Friday 27 March 1987 which it won 19.23.137 to 15.14.104 . Unlike the AFLs more recent expansion clubs , the Gold Coast Suns and Greater Western Sydney Giants ( GWS ) , Brisbane received absolutely no assistance from the VFL/AFL when it was first established and was given only 5 months to recruit an entire team . Despite this however , the club went on to secure 6 wins in its first season and remains the only expansion club from the northern states to avoid finishing in last place on the ladder at the end of their first season . In contrast , the Gold Coast Suns only won 3 games in their first season and GWS only won 4 . Both the Gold Coast Suns and GWS Giants , unlike Brisbane , also finished on the bottom of the ladder at the end of their first season . Brisbane made the finals for the first time in 1995 and only narrowly missed out on a position in the grand final the following year when they were defeated by North Melbourne in the preliminary finals . Many of the Brisbane players who played in this match would go to be stars of Brisbanes 2001 , 2002 and 2003 triple premiership winning teams . The club merged with the Fitzroy Football Club at the completion of the 1996 season to form the Brisbane Lions without giving their members a vote on the matter . Many Brisbane supporters are still unhappy with the way the club handled the merger and this is exasperated by the clubs reluctance to acknowledge the Bears history despite its clear willingness to regularly acknowledge that of Fitzroys . This has created significant unrest , particularly in Melbourne , between longstanding Brisbane supporters and the small number of former Fitzroy supporters who chose to support the club after Fitzroy went into administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Brown_(Australian_rules_footballer)', 'summary': 'Michael Brown ( born 20 September 1976 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played as a Centre half-forward for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Originally from Western Australian Football League ( WAFL ) club Swan Districts , Brown was drafted by Fremantle in the 1995 Pre-Season draft . He made his senior AFL debut for Fremantle in Round 4 1996 , against Collingwood at Victoria Park . Brown played 22 games before he was delisted at the end of the 1998 AFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'Swan Districts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swan_Districts_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Swan Districts Football Club , nicknamed the Swans , is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The club is based at Bassendean Oval , in Bassendean , an eastern suburb of Perth , Western Australia . The club was formed in 1932 , and joined the then-Western Australian National Football League ( WANFL ) in 1934 , acting as a successor to the Midland Junction Football Club , which had disbanded during World War I , in the Perth Hills region ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Trent Carroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Carroll', 'summary': 'Trent Carroll ( born 28 April 1978 ) is an Australian rules footballer . He played as a full back and began his senior football career at Claremont in the WAFL . He is the older brother of former Melbourne defender Nathan Carroll .'}]}, {'value': 'Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Clark_(sportsman)', 'summary': 'Michael Wayne Clark ( born 31 March 1978 ) is an Australian cricketer and former Australian rules footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Swan Districts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swan_Districts_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Swan Districts Football Club , nicknamed the Swans , is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The club is based at Bassendean Oval , in Bassendean , an eastern suburb of Perth , Western Australia . The club was formed in 1932 , and joined the then-Western Australian National Football League ( WANFL ) in 1934 , acting as a successor to the Midland Junction Football Club , which had disbanded during World War I , in the Perth Hills region ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'James Clement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Clement', 'summary': 'James Clement ( born 4 September 1976 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer for Collingwood and Fremantle in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was selected in the All-Australian Team on two occasions , represented Australia in the International Rules Series and was vice-captain of Collingwood .'}]}, {'value': 'South Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The South Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Bulldogs , is an Australian rules football club , based in Fremantle , Western Australia , playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) . It was formed in 1900 and plays its home games at Fremantle Oval .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Brendon Feddema', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brendon_Feddema', 'summary': 'Brendon Feddema ( born 14 May 1974 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Dockers between 1996 and 1998 . He was drafted from East Fremantle in the WAFL as a zone selection in the 1995 AFL Draft and played mainly as a key forward .'}]}, {'value': 'East Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The East Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Sharks , is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The team 's home ground is East Fremantle Oval . East Fremantle are the most successful club in WAFL history , winning 29 premierships since their entry into the competition in 1898 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Harding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Harding', 'summary': "Greg Harding ( born 17 September 1976 ) is an Australian rules footballer . He played for both the Fremantle Football Club and the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was drafted by Fremantle from Claremont in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) as a zone selection in the 1995 AFL Draft and played mainly as a defender . He made his AFL debut in the opening round Western Derby in 1996 . In round 4 of that year , he was awarded the weekly nomination for the AFL Rising Star award . In 1997 he had his best season for Fremantle , playing in 18 games and coming fifth in the club 's best and fairest award . Injuries and poor form hampered his career after 1997 , and he played only a further 33 games in the next three seasons for Fremantle before being traded to the West Coast Eagles in return for Daniel Metropolis and a draft selection that would be used to draft Dion Woods . His career at West Coast was brief , with only 9 games in 2001 before he again succumbed to injury . In total he underwent 12 operations during his time in the AFL . After being delisted by West Coast at the end of the 2002 season , Harding continued to play for Claremont , being appointed their vice-captain in 2003 and 2004 and winning their best and fairest award in 2003 . Greg Harding was the Swan Districts Football Club colts ' coach . He took the colts to a premiership in 2008 , and consecutive finals in 2009 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Steven Koops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Koops', 'summary': 'Steven John Koops ( born 24 July 1978 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer , who played for the Fremantle Football Club and Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'West Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Perth_Football_Club', 'summary': "The West Perth Football Club , nicknamed the Falcons , is an Australian rules football club located in Joondalup , Western Australia . West Perth competes in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and is the oldest existing Australian rules football club in Western Australia . Originally located at Leederville Oval , the team was relocated in 1994 to Arena Joondalup , a sports complex in the northern suburbs of Perth . The team 's club song is It 's a Grand Old Flag and its traditional rivals are East Perth ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Gavin Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Mitchell_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Gavin Mitchell ( born 28 December 1972 ) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League . Known for his pace and goalsneak ability , Mitchell debuted with the Fremantle Dockers in 1996 , a season where he played 21 matches . Despite having played for Claremont Football Club in the West Australian Football League in 1994 and 1995 , the official AFL records list Mitchell as being drafted from West Kimberley , hence making him one of the few players to have been drafted from outside of the main state leagues . In 1997 he played 15 games but was traded to the St Kilda Football Club for 1998 . He performed well for the Saints , playing 23 games for 22 goals , including a haul of four . 1999 saw a further improvement from the mustachioed Mitchell , where he booted 34 goals from 20 matches . In 2000 , however , Mitchell fell out of favour . After a bag of 5 goals in the Round 1 loss to Sydney , his form tapered and he averaged only 8 disposals for a total of 1 goal over the next 5 games . This saw Mitchell dropped from the side , although he was recalled in Round 15 . By then , the Saints were bottom of the ladder , with the midfield unable to supply Mitchell with enough crumbing opportunities . He failed to perform in his next two games , which turned out to be his last with the club . He was delisted at the end of the 2000 season .'}]}, {'value': 'West Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Kimberley_Football_Association', 'summary': 'The West Kimberley Football Association is an Australian rules football competition in the far North West of Western Australia . The league covers an area from Bidyadanga in the west to Derby in the east . Games are played during the day in Broome and Derby with the majority of games and all finals taking place on Haynes Oval in Broome . At the end of the 2005 season there were eight teams participating - Broome Bulls , Broome Saints , Towns , Bidyadanga Emus , Peninsula Bombers , Cable Beach Greenbacks , Derby Lightning and Mowanjum Hawks . In 2006 the Looma Eagles joined the competition after leaving the Central Kimberley Football League ( CKFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Whitelaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Whitelaw', 'summary': 'Martin Whitelaw ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Dockers between 1997 and 1998 . He was drafted from West Perth in the WAFL as a zone selection in the 1995 AFL Draft and played as a ruckman .'}]}, {'value': 'West Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Perth_Football_Club', 'summary': "The West Perth Football Club , nicknamed the Falcons , is an Australian rules football club located in Joondalup , Western Australia . West Perth competes in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and is the oldest existing Australian rules football club in Western Australia . Originally located at Leederville Oval , the team was relocated in 1994 to Arena Joondalup , a sports complex in the northern suburbs of Perth . The team 's club song is It 's a Grand Old Flag and its traditional rivals are East Perth ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoning_(Australian_rules_football)', 'summary': 'In Australian rules football , zoning ( originally called district football , or electorate football in South Australia ) refers to a system whereby a given area , either region or lower-level football league , is reserved exclusively for one club . Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues , being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hollands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Hollands', 'summary': 'Ben Hollands ( born 12 January 1978 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'North Albury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Albury_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Albury Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Hoppers , is an Australian rules football and netball club playing in the Ovens & Murray Football League ( O & MFL ) . They are incorporated as part of the North Albury Sports Club licensed club at Bunton Park in North Albury , Albury , where they play their home matches . The club has won six O & MFL premierships . The Hoppers currently play in forest green guernseys with a gold vee and the Hopper logo on the right side . Previous guernsey designs included a dark green and gold design similar to the West Coast Eagles ' classic wingtip design ( up to 2008 ) and a gold design with two dark green vees over the yoke . The club song is a version of Join in the Chorus with some words altered from the AFL Kangaroos version ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Swans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}], 'section_title': '1995 pre-draft selections', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1995_AFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1995 AFL draft was held at the conclusion of the 1995 Australian Football League (AFL) season. The AFL draft is the annual draft of new unsigned players by Australian rules football clubs that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League. Clubs receive picks based on the position in which they finish on the ladder during the season, although these picks can be swapped around by teams for trading players.'}
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What is the Home Park of the team that had a player recruited from that played his last game against Collingwood ?
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Traeger Park
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040677c9766cd531
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Rwanda_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Rwanda at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrien Niyonshuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrien_Niyonshuti', 'summary': "Adrien Niyonshuti ( born 2 January 1987 ) is a professional bicycle racer , who last rode for South African UCI WorldTeam Team Dimension Data . Although he survived , six of Niyonshuti 's brothers were killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 . Niyonshuti began riding a bicycle given to him by his uncle as a teenager , when he came to the attention of former professional cyclist Jonathan Boyer in 2006 during the first Wooden Bike Classic . After riding for the Rwanda national cycling team , Niyonshuti secured a professional contract with Team MTN Cycling , beginning in the 2009 professional season ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The cycling competitions of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro were held at four venues scheduled to host Eighteen events between 6 August and 21 August . The venues were Fort Copacabana in the Copacabana venues were in Clusters for the start and finish of the road cycling road race , Pontal in the Barra Cluster for the road cycling time trial competitions , the Rio Olympic Velodrome , also in the Barra Cluster for track cycling , the Olympic BMX Center for BMX and the Mountain Bike Centre for mountain biking , both in the Deodoro Cluster . Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics , artistic gymnastics , fencing and swimming . Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road race from Athens to Marathon and back , Olympic cycling had gradually evolved to include women 's competitions , mountain bike and BMX to arrive at the current eighteen events . In February 2013 , the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) announced its intention to petition the IOC to extend the cycling programme by three events for both men and women : the return of the points races ( track event ) , a BMX freestyle event and a mountain bike eliminator but in August 2013 the IOC stated that the cycling programme will be the same as in 2012 . No changes were made to the 2016 Olympic cycling programme compared to the cycling at the 2012 Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrien Niyonshuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrien_Niyonshuti', 'summary': "Adrien Niyonshuti ( born 2 January 1987 ) is a professional bicycle racer , who last rode for South African UCI WorldTeam Team Dimension Data . Although he survived , six of Niyonshuti 's brothers were killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 . Niyonshuti began riding a bicycle given to him by his uncle as a teenager , when he came to the attention of former professional cyclist Jonathan Boyer in 2006 during the first Wooden Bike Classic . After riding for the Rwanda national cycling team , Niyonshuti secured a professional contract with Team MTN Cycling , beginning in the 2009 professional season ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling', 'summary': 'Cycling , also called biking or bicycling , is the use of bicycles for transport , recreation , exercise or sport . People engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists , bikers , or less commonly , as bicyclists . Apart from two-wheeled bicycles , cycling also includes the riding of unicycles , tricycles , quadracycles , recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles ( HPVs ) . Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number approximately one billion worldwide . They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world . Cycling is widely regarded as a very effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances . Bicycles provide numerous benefits in comparison with motor vehicles , including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling , easier parking , increased maneuverability , and access to roads , bike paths and rural trails . Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels , less air or noise pollution , and much reduced traffic congestion . These lead to less financial cost to the user as well as to society at large ( negligible damage to roads , less road area required ) . By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses , transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve . In addition , cycling provides a variety of health benefits . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) states that cycling can reduce the risk of cancers , heart disease , and diabetes that are prevalent in sedentary lifestyles .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pamela Girimbabazi Rugabira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Girimbabazi_Rugabira', 'summary': "Pamela Girimbabazi Rugabira , born January 10 , 1985 , is an Olympic swimmer from Rwanda . She swam for Rwanda at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympics ; and was the country 's flagbearer in 2008 . During that time , she never had a formal swim lesson or regular coach . She was disqualified during the Sydney Games due to technical rules that she was unaware of , and subsequently taught herself the rules by consulting the Internet . Later , she also taught herself from a book about swimming belonging to fellow Rwandan swimmer Jackson Niyomugabo . She trained in a hotel pool 25 metres in length . Her personal best in the 50 metre freestyle prior to the Beijing Olympics was 35 seconds . She failed to improve on that time in Beijing , finishing third out of four in her heat , and 88th overall , with a time of 39:78 . Girimbabazi has been described as a minor celebrity and an icon of pure sport spirit , an athlete who competes for the love of the game , not for the thrill of victory or the fame and riches that might follow ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_(sport)', 'summary': "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathias Ntawulikura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Ntawulikura', 'summary': "Mathias Ntawulikura ( born 14 June 1964 in Gisovu/Kibuye ) is a retired Rwandan long-distance runner . He reached the World Athletics Championships final and participated in the Olympic Games in the 5000 ( 1988 ) and 10000 metres ( 1992 , 1996 ) and Marathon ( 2000 , 2004 ) . He also participated five times in the IAAF World Cross Country Championships . His best Olympic performance was 8th in the 10 000m at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics , a race where the top eight positions were taken by ( six ) African countries . He was forty when he competed in the marathon at the 2004 Athens Olympics ; of the hundred men who started the race , he came 62nd with a time of 2hours , 26 minutes , 5 seconds . He is the first ( and as of 2010 , only ) Rwandan to compete at five Olympic Games . The only African to compete in five Olympics before him was Egyptian shooter Mohamed Khorshed . In 2004 , Ntawulikura joined three other track and field athletes - Nigerian Mary Onyali , Mozambican Maria Mutola , and Angolan João N'Tyamba in becoming the second African to compete at five Olympics . He was affiliated with the Pro Patria Milano sporting club in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre Karemera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parfait Ntukamyagwe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathias Ntawulikura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Ntawulikura', 'summary': "Mathias Ntawulikura ( born 14 June 1964 in Gisovu/Kibuye ) is a retired Rwandan long-distance runner . He reached the World Athletics Championships final and participated in the Olympic Games in the 5000 ( 1988 ) and 10000 metres ( 1992 , 1996 ) and Marathon ( 2000 , 2004 ) . He also participated five times in the IAAF World Cross Country Championships . His best Olympic performance was 8th in the 10 000m at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics , a race where the top eight positions were taken by ( six ) African countries . He was forty when he competed in the marathon at the 2004 Athens Olympics ; of the hundred men who started the race , he came 62nd with a time of 2hours , 26 minutes , 5 seconds . He is the first ( and as of 2010 , only ) Rwandan to compete at five Olympic Games . The only African to compete in five Olympics before him was Egyptian shooter Mohamed Khorshed . In 2004 , Ntawulikura joined three other track and field athletes - Nigerian Mary Onyali , Mozambican Maria Mutola , and Angolan João N'Tyamba in becoming the second African to compete at five Olympics . He was affiliated with the Pro Patria Milano sporting club in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Twagirayezu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Rwanda at theOlympicsIOC codeRWANOCComité National Olympique et Sportif du RwandaMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances1984198819921996200020042008201220162020 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Rwanda at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Rwanda_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Rwanda at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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The 2008 flag bearer for Rwanda at the Summer Olympics was born in what year ?
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1985
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0407311a25eabc64
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NFL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Seasons Since Win', 'Team', 'Last playoff game win', 'Loss Streak', 'Playoff Losses - Teams'], 'data': [{'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_Bengals_seasons', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals franchise was founded in 1968 as a member of the West division of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Bengals joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as a result of the AFL-NFL merger prior to 1970 . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1968 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Bengals have played over 750 games in their history , including two conference championships , eight division championships , and 12 playoff appearances . The franchise has experienced several extended periods of success in their history . These periods came from 1981 to 1990 when the Bengals qualified for the playoffs four times and played in two Super Bowls , and from 2009 to the present . However , during a 14-year span - 1991 to 2004 - the Bengals did not qualify for the playoffs . During this time , the franchise had nine seasons with 10 or more losses , and three of those seasons the franchise had the league 's worst record . Since 2005 the Bengals have been more successful , posting seven winning seasons , three division titles and seven wild card playoff berths ( including a streak of five consecutive playoff seasons , a first in franchise history ) ."}]}, {'value': '1990 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990–91_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 1990 season began on January 5 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV , 20-19 , on January 27 , at Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida . The league expanded its playoff system from a 10-team to a 12-team tournament , which is still in use . With these changes , three wild card teams ( those non-division champions with the conference 's best won-lost-tied percentages ) qualified , up from two the year before . The format consisted of the following :"}]}, {'value': '8 ♦', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Lions_seasons', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Lions compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team began play in 1928 as an independent professional team . The 2015 season was their 88th in the NFL . The Lions have won four NFL championships , tied for 9th overall in total championships amongst all 32 NFL franchises ; although the last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals . The Lions were the first franchise to finish a full ( non-strike shortened ) regular season with no wins or ties since the move to sixteen season games in 1978 , going 0-16 during the 2008 NFL season . They are also one of four current teams , and the only one in the NFC , to have never played in the Super Bowl ."}]}, {'value': '1991 NFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1991 season began on December 28 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Washington Redskins defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI , 37-24 , on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': '9 ♣ ♣', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Buffalo_Bills_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Buffalo Bills American football franchise . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Bills ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Bills finished their most recent season ( 2019 ) with a record of ten wins and six losses ."}]}, {'value': '1995 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1995 season began on December 30 , 1995 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX , 27-17 , on January 28 , 1996 , at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': '6 ♦', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville 2019 Wild Card - Houston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22**', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the leagues four championships . While the National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns AAFC championships , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the teams championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1995 , then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the teams history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modells new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record-keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . In 2017 , the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history to suffer an 0-16 record .'}]}, {'value': '1994 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994–95_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1994 season began on December 31 , 1994 . The postseason tournament concluded with the San Francisco 49ers defeating the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 49-26 , on January 29 , 1995 , at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Miami_Dolphins_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL , from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL-NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league , playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6 . Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons , in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL . Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995 . After Shula retired in 1995 , the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt , but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times , reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since , and during the mid-2000s , briefly intensified the Dolphins-Patriots rivalry , when Nick Saban , a former Bill Belichick assistant was hired as the Dolphins head coach in 2005 and when he nearly signed quarterback Drew Brees with the Dolphins the following year . In 2007 , if not for their overtime victory over the Baltimore Ravens , would 've suffered an imperfect season , a year before the Detroit Lions became the first team to go winless since the NFL expanded to a 16-game schedule . That same season , the Dolphins became the first team in NFL history to win their division following a 1-15 season , and as of 2018 , marked the last non-Patriot division title in the AFC East . For complete team history , see History of the Miami Dolphins ."}]}, {'value': '2000 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2000 season began on December 30 , 2000 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Baltimore Ravens defeating the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV , 34-7 , on January 28 , 2001 , at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . This would be the final season where the playoffs began in December . The following year , the league pushed the start of the season back one week ( to the weekend after Labor Day ) , which effectively pushed the start of playoffs one week later ( into January ) .'}]}, {'value': '4 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Vegas Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Las_Vegas_Raiders_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Las Vegas Raiders American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Raiders ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '2002 AFC Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs for the 2002 season began on January 4 , 2003 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII , 48-21 , on January 26 , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . Prior to the 2002-03 season , the league realigned its teams into eight divisions ( four in each conference ) . Thus , the 12-team playoff format was modified . The league still abides by this updated system today :'}]}, {'value': '2 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , an American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers are members of the South division in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Buccaneers first joined the NFL in 1976 as members of the AFC West . The following year , they moved to the NFC Central . The Tampa Bay expansion franchise was originally awarded to Tom McCloskey , a construction company owner from Philadelphia . It soon became apparent that McCloskey had financial problems , so the NFL found a replacement in Hugh Culverhouse . They were purchased by Malcolm Glazer in 1995 for $ 192 million , following Culverhouse 's death . The front office staff of the team includes Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , and Joel Glazer . The Buccaneers ' only Super Bowl championship was won in Super Bowl XXXVII , at the conclusion of the 2002 season . This was the teams ' only Super Bowl appearance , having reached the NFC conference championship on two other occasions . The Buccaneers have been divisional champions six times , three of them in the NFC Central and the other three in NFC South ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XXXVII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs for the 2002 season began on January 4 , 2003 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII , 48-21 , on January 26 , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . Prior to the 2002-03 season , the league realigned its teams into eight divisions ( four in each conference ) . Thus , the 12-team playoff format was modified . The league still abides by this updated system today :'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Redskins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Redskins ' franchise from 1932 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Redskins franchise was founded as the Boston Braves , named after the local baseball franchise . The team changed its name to the Redskins in 1933 and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The Redskins have played over 1,000 games . In those games , the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls . The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They also played in and lost the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl VII and XVIII . They have made 24 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 19 losses . Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins : the New England Patriots ( eleven ) , the Dallas Cowboys , Pittsburgh Steelers , Denver Broncos ( eight ) , and San Francisco 49ers ( six ) ; the Redskins ' five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two ten-year spans ."}]}, {'value': '2005 NFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2005 season began on January 7 , 2006 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL , 21-10 , on February 5 , at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . After scrutiny in the Wild Card and Divisional rounds , the league reversed a three-year precedent , and returned to all star officiating crews for the Conference Championship games . [ citation needed ] Since the 2003-04 NFL playoffs , postseason officiating had been done by entire crews from the regular season .'}]}, {'value': '4 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Jets_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the New York Jets , formerly the New York Titans , an American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Jets ' franchise from 1960 to the present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Titans were a part of the inaugural season of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . In 1963 , the Titans changed their name to the Jets after a change in ownership . The New York Jets have won one National Football League championship in Super Bowl III . In their 53-year history , they have an overall regular season record of 373 wins , 439 losses , and 8 ties . They have made 14 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 12 wins and 13 losses ."}]}, {'value': '2010 AFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2010 season began on January 8 , 2011 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV , 31-25 , on February 6 , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first Super Bowl in which the NFC representative was a # 6 seed , and only the second time one has made the Super Bowl ( the previous being the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL ) . This was only the second postseason in NFL history that included a team with a losing record , and the first to occur with a full regular season . The Seattle Seahawks won their division with a 7-9 record , as all four teams in the NFC West had losing seasons in 2010 . Only the 1982-83 NFL playoffs , following the strike-shortened 1982 , had previously included teams with losing records ( under a modified 16-team tournament , with eight from each conference , the 1982 Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions qualified with records of 4-5 ) . Six days after winning the division , the Seahawks defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints to become the first playoff team with a losing record to win in the postseason . In the opening wildcard round of the playoffs , three of the four home teams had fewer wins than the away team . The exception was the Green Bay Packers-Philadelphia Eagles match , where both were 10-6 ( the Packers had defeated the Eagles in Week 1 of the season , but were on the road because they were the wild card team ) . But away teams finished 6-4 this playoff season for wins . This was the second time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the number one playoff seeds advanced to their conference 's respective championship game , the other time being in the 2008-09 NFL playoffs . Also , had the New York Jets also won their conference championship game it would have been the first # 6 vs # 6 seed in Super Bowl history ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bears_seasons', 'summary': "The Chicago Bears franchise was founded as the Decatur Staleys , a charter member of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) . The team moved to Chicago , Illinois , in 1921 and changed its name to the Bears in 1922 , the same year the APFA changed its name to the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1920 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Chicago Bears have played over 1,000 games in their history , and have had eight NFL Championships victories and one Super Bowl win . The Bears ' nine championships are the second most by any team in NFL history . The franchise has captured 18 NFL divisional titles and four NFL conference championships . The Bears have also recorded more regular season victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise has experienced three major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1932 to 1946 when the Bears won six NFL Championships . In this period the Bears participated in the first National Football League playoff game , the first NFL Championship Game , and become the American football sports dynasty of the 1940s . The Bears played in four straight NFL Championship Games between 1940 and 1943 , winning three of them , including an NFL record 73-0 victory over the Washington Redskins in 1940 . The second period of success was between 1984 and 1991 when the Bears captured six NFC Central Division titles in eight years and won Super Bowl XX ."}]}, {'value': '2010 NFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2010 season began on January 8 , 2011 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV , 31-25 , on February 6 , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first Super Bowl in which the NFC representative was a # 6 seed , and only the second time one has made the Super Bowl ( the previous being the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL ) . This was only the second postseason in NFL history that included a team with a losing record , and the first to occur with a full regular season . The Seattle Seahawks won their division with a 7-9 record , as all four teams in the NFC West had losing seasons in 2010 . Only the 1982-83 NFL playoffs , following the strike-shortened 1982 , had previously included teams with losing records ( under a modified 16-team tournament , with eight from each conference , the 1982 Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions qualified with records of 4-5 ) . Six days after winning the division , the Seahawks defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints to become the first playoff team with a losing record to win in the postseason . In the opening wildcard round of the playoffs , three of the four home teams had fewer wins than the away team . The exception was the Green Bay Packers-Philadelphia Eagles match , where both were 10-6 ( the Packers had defeated the Eagles in Week 1 of the season , but were on the road because they were the wild card team ) . But away teams finished 6-4 this playoff season for wins . This was the second time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the number one playoff seeds advanced to their conference 's respective championship game , the other time being in the 2008-09 NFL playoffs . Also , had the New York Jets also won their conference championship game it would have been the first # 6 vs # 6 seed in Super Bowl history ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay 2018 Wild Card - Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Giants_seasons', 'summary': "The New York Giants are an American football team based in East Rutherford , New Jersey . They are a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) and play in the NFL 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In 95 completed seasons , the franchise has won eight NFL championships , including four Super Bowl victories . The Giants have won more than 600 games and appeared in the NFL playoffs 32 times . Though the Giants play home games in East Rutherford , they draw fans from throughout the New York metropolitan area . In 2010 , the team began playing in MetLife Stadium , formerly New Meadowlands Stadium . After Tim Mara paid $ 500 for the franchise , the Giants joined the NFL in the 1925 season and won their first championship two years later . In 1934 , the team won its second title , defeating the Chicago Bears in the NFL Championship Game . The Giants won another championship four years later , and made four appearances in the NFL Championship Game from 1939 to 1946 , losing each time . New York won its fourth NFL title in 1956 , with a 47-7 win over the Bears in the championship game . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants reached the NFL Championship Game five times , but were defeated on each occasion . Following the 1963 season , the franchise did not return to the playoffs until 1981 , only finishing .500 or better five times during the postseason drought ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XLVI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2011 season began on January 7 , 2012 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI , 21-17 , on February 5 , at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis . The Detroit Lions and Houston Texans both made team history with their clinching of playoff spots . The Lions had not been to the playoffs since 1999 while the Texans , who entered the league in 2002 , had never made the playoffs in their nine-season history . The Buffalo Bills , who were eliminated from playoff contention for the twelfth straight year then , were the only team that had not made the playoffs in the 21st century ( and would not do so again until 2017 ) . This team was tied with the Lions for the overall longest failure streak entering the season ( the Bills had also not made the playoffs since qualifying as a wild card in 1999 where they were defeated by the Tennessee Titans ) . Unless otherwise noted , all times listed are Eastern Standard Time ( UTC−05 )'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Wild Card - Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_Ravens_seasons', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football franchise based in Baltimore , Maryland . They are a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; from 1996 to 2001 , they played in the AFC Central . The team began play in the 1996 season as a result of former Cleveland Browns team owner Art Modell 's decision to move the Browns to Baltimore . The Ravens have won two Super Bowl championships in franchise history : in 2000 , when the team defeated the New York Giants 34-7 in Super Bowl XXXV ; and in 2012 , when the team defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31 in Super Bowl XLVII . As of 2019 [ update ] they are the only team to reach the Super Bowl more than once and win each time . Until their defeat by the Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII , the 49ers were the only team to never lose in the Super Bowl with multiple appearances ."}]}, {'value': '2014 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2014 season began on January 3 , 2015 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , 28-24 , on February 1 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': '3 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Divisional - New England 2018 Wild Card - Los Angeles Chargers 2019 Divisional - Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Cardinals_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Arizona Cardinals . The Cardinals are an American football franchise competing as a member of the West division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cardinals ' franchise from 1920 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '2015 NFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 NFC Championship - Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Carolina_Panthers_seasons', 'summary': "The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The team was founded in 1993 , when , along with the Jacksonville Jaguars , they were accepted into the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team . The Panthers are owned by David Tepper . The Carolina Panthers began play in 1995 , and spent their first 7 seasons in the NFC West division , making it to the NFC Championship game in 1996 , which was only their 2nd year as a football franchise . In 2002 , the Panthers were moved to the NFC South after the NFL realigned their divisions due to the Houston Texans joining the league as an expansion team . Over their 20 seasons in the NFL , the Panthers have played in over 300 games , winning 6 division titles ( one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South ) and reaching the NFL playoffs 8 times . The Panthers have never had back-to-back winning seasons , but recorded their first back-to-back-to-back playoff seasons in 2013 and 2014 , becoming the first team in the history of the NFC South to win consecutive division titles in the process . They won a third consecutive division title in 2015 , finishing with a league-best 15-1 record and securing homefield advantage in the playoffs for the first time in team history . The team 's worst regular season record was 2001 , where they finished 1-15 , worst in the league for that season ; although they won their first game , they lost each of the remaining 15 . Their best regular season record was accomplished in 2015 , when they finished 15-1 . The team has reached the Super Bowl twice ; in 2003 , when they lost Super Bowl XXXVIII 29-32 to the New England Patriots , and 2015 , when they lost Super Bowl 50 10-24 to the Denver Broncos . Overall , the team has recorded 7 winning seasons , 14 losing seasons , and three 8-8 seasons ; they have reached the playoffs 8 times ."}]}, {'value': '2015 NFC Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Denver_Broncos_seasons', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are an American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . Founded by Bob Howsam on August 14 , 1959 , the team was one of the founder members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , which began in 1960 , before merging with the National Football League ( NFL ) ahead of the 1970 season , when the Broncos became part of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division ; they have been in the same division ever since . As of the end of the 2019 season , Denver has completed 60 seasons ( playing in over 950 combined regular season and playoff games ) , and has appeared in eight Super Bowls ; although they lost in each of their first four Super Bowl appearances , they have since won three of them , including Super Bowl 50 . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1976 to 1981 , when the Broncos did not have a losing season ( a season when the team has more losses than wins ) , and won two AFC West division titles , and one AFC championship . The second began in 1983 and ended in 1998 . During this period , the Broncos had just two losing seasons , were AFC champions five times and were Super Bowl champions for two consecutive years . This second period of success is best remembered for John Elway being the team 's quarterback . The most recent run of success began in 2011 , lasting until their victory in Super Bowl 50 at the end of the 2015 season . The five-year stretch was primarily spearheaded by the 2012 free agent acquisition of the then four-time League MVP former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning , and included five AFC West titles , two AFC championships , as well as the Super Bowl . From their inaugural season in 1960 until 1975 , they did not make either the AFL playoffs or NFL playoffs and had just two winning seasons . The Broncos were the only charter AFL franchise to never have a winning season during the AFL 's 10 years of existence ( although the team finished at 7-7 in 1962 ) , with their first winning season not occurring until 1973 , their fourth year as a member of the NFL 's AFC ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl 50', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_50', 'summary': "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2015 season . The American Football Conference ( AFC ) champions Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champions Carolina Panthers , 24-10 . The game was played on February 7 , 2016 , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , in the San Francisco Bay Area . As this was the 50th Super Bowl game , the league emphasized the golden anniversary with various gold-themed initiatives during the 2015 season , as well as suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as Super Bowl L ) , so the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 5 and 0 . The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15-1 record , racking up the league 's top offense , and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49-15 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise began playing in 1995 . The Broncos finished the regular season with a 12-4 record , bolstered by having the league 's top defense . The Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 20-18 in the AFC Championship Game joining the Patriots , Dallas Cowboys , and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl . This record would later be broken the next season , in 2017 , when the Patriots advanced to their ninth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl LI . The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed . Denver recorded seven sacks and forced four turnovers . Carolina likewise kept pace by recording five sacks and forcing two turnovers ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-game win streak', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers_seasons', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Steelers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC ; seven franchises in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) have longer tenures in the NFL . The team struggled to be competitive in its early history , posting winning records in just 8 of its first 39 seasons . Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 , however , it has appeared in eight Super Bowls and one of only two teams , along with the New England Patriots have won the Super Bowl six times . The six championships place the Steelers fourth in the league in terms of total championships ( including those prior to the first Super Bowl ) , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 championships ) , the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) and the New York Giants ( 8 ) . The club 's 15 AFC Championship Game appearances are second all-time , behind the Patriots ( 16 ) . In addition , they have hosted the second-most conference championship games ( 11 ) than any franchise in either conference , and are tied for second with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos with eight Super Bowl appearances ; the Patriots currently hold the record of eleven appearances , as of 2019 . From 1974 to 1979 the franchise became the first NFL franchise to win four Super Bowl titles in six seasons , a feat which is yet to be matched . The 2005 team was the first sixth-seeded team to advance to a conference championship game since the playoff field was expanded to 12 teams in 1990 ; the same team also became the first sixth-seed to win the Super Bowl . The Steelers are 6-2 in Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl IX , Super Bowl X , Super Bowl XIII , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XL , Super Bowl XLIII and losing Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XLV . As of the start of the 2018 season , the Steelers franchise are second all-time in playoff appearances , with 31 , which is the most among active AFC franchises , as well as the most since the official start of the NFL-AFL merger in 1970 . The Giants , Cowboys , and Packers are all tied for first all-time in playoff appearances , with 32 each ."}]}, {'value': '2016 AFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2016 NFL season began on Saturday , January 7 , 2017 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl LI on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 , when the New England Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Atlanta_Falcons_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the Atlanta Falcons American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Falcons ' franchise from 1966 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Falcons did not record consecutive winning seasons until 2008 with an 11-5 record , then in 2009 , the team won their final three games of the regular season and finished with a 9-7 record after winning their season finale against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Atlanta has since added its first stretch of five straight winning seasons , with a 13-3 record in 2010 , a 10-6 record in 2011 , and a 13-3 record in 2012 . The streak ended with a 4-12 record in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2017 NFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 NFL playoffs began on January 6 , 2018 , after the 2017 season , and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Several teams broke long playoff droughts , as the Buffalo Bills , Los Angeles Rams , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2008 , respectively . The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game , extending their own NFL record , and the Eagles snapping a 57-year championship drought and claiming their first in the Super Bowl era . For the first time since 2013-14 , no games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 Divisional - Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksonville Jaguars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Jacksonville_Jaguars_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Jacksonville Jaguars American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Jaguars ' franchise from 1995 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Jaguars , along with the Carolina Panthers , joined the NFL as 1995 expansion teams . Jacksonville is one of four teams to have never played in a Super Bowl . They have played in the AFC Championship in the 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2017 AFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 NFL playoffs began on January 6 , 2018 , after the 2017 season , and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Several teams broke long playoff droughts , as the Buffalo Bills , Los Angeles Rams , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2008 , respectively . The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game , extending their own NFL record , and the Eagles snapping a 57-year championship drought and claiming their first in the Super Bowl era . For the first time since 2013-14 , no games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 AFC Championship - New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_Colts_seasons', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Colts , formerly the Baltimore Colts , are an American football team playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the season-by-season records of the Colts franchise from 1953 to present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . In 1953 , a Baltimore-based group led by Carroll Rosenbloom gained the rights to a new Baltimore franchise . Rosenbloom was granted an NFL team , and was awarded the holdings of the defunct Dallas Texans organization . The new team was named the Colts after the previous team that folded after the 1950 NFL season . After 31 seasons in Baltimore , Colts owner Robert Irsay moved the team to Indianapolis , Indiana . The Colts have won two Super Bowl championships ( Super Bowl V and Super Bowl XLI ) . They also played in and lost Super Bowl III and Super Bowl XLIV . Before the AFL and NFL merged in 1970 , they won three NFL Championships ( 1958 , 1959 , and 1968 ) . By winning Super Bowl XLI the Colts became the first team that played its home games in a domed stadium to win a Super Bowl held in an outdoor stadium . After the Colts owner Jim Irsay hired Tony Dungy in 2002 , the Colts made the playoffs for nine straight seasons . They won five straight AFC South titles from 2003 to 2007 and had seven consecutive seasons of 12 or more victories from 2003 to 2009 , the first time that has been achieved in the NFL 's 90-year history ."}]}, {'value': '2018 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018-19_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 NFL playoffs began on Saturday , January 5 , 2019 , after the 2018 season , and concluded with the New England Patriots becoming champions by defeating the Los Angeles Rams in Super Bowl LIII on Sunday , February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . For the first time in NFL history , both conference championship games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Divisional - Kansas City', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Chargers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football franchise based in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Chargers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The club was founded in 1959 by Barron Hilton and played the 1960 season in Los Angeles as part of the American Football League ( AFL ) . In the next season , the Chargers moved to San Diego . In 2017 , the Chargers relocated back to the Los Angeles area . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1960 to 1965 , when the Chargers were AFL West champions five times and AFL champions once . The second was from 1978 to 1982 , when the Chargers had winning seasons ( seasons with more wins than losses ) in each of these years , and won three consecutive division championships for the second time in franchise history . The most recent accomplishments range from 2004 to 2009 , with the franchise reaching the playoffs five times in six years . Their only Super Bowl appearance was in 1994 . The Chargers have experienced three notable periods of decline . Between 1970 and 1977 , the Chargers never won more games than they lost as part of a 13-year period without playing in the postseason , including four consecutive years last in their division from 1972 to 1975 , in which year they bottomed out before two late wins avoided the NFL 's first 0-14 season ."}]}, {'value': '2018 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018-19_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 NFL playoffs began on Saturday , January 5 , 2019 , after the 2018 season , and concluded with the New England Patriots becoming champions by defeating the Los Angeles Rams in Super Bowl LIII on Sunday , February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . For the first time in NFL history , both conference championship games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Divisional - New England', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Active team droughts -- Playoff game victory droughts', 'section_text': 'Updated through the 2019–20 Playoffs Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0^0 Longest drought in team history 0†0 Tied for longest drought in team history 0♦0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0¤0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0♣ ♣0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history', 'uid': 'List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts_1', 'intro': "This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system. As of the 2018 NFL season, every active NFL team has qualified for and won a game in the playoffs. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play. Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four (4) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and the Texans). The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The seven (7) other clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers/Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL-NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title, leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at 72 seasons. Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 seasons. Since returning 21 years ago, they have only made the playoffs once, while the Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history."}
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Who was the 1995 owner of the team with 22 seasons since their last victory ?
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Art Modell
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040816a22266344f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup_disciplinary_record', 'title': '2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup disciplinary record', 'header': ['Team', 'Yellow', 'Red', 'Red Cards', 'Reason', 'Suspensions'], 'data': [{'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The Canada men 's national soccer team ( CanMNT ; ( French : Équipe du Canada de soccer masculin ) represents Canada in men 's international soccer competitions at the senior men 's level officially since 1924 . They are overseen by the Canadian Soccer Association and compete in the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . Their most significant achievements are winning the 1985 CONCACAF Championship to qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup and winning the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup to qualify for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup . Canada is the only national team to win a Gold Cup aside from regional powerhouses Mexico and the United States . Canada also won a gold medal in the 1904 Summer Olympics . The 1986 World Cup was their only successful qualification campaign in their history ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. Dunfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Dunfield', 'summary': 'Terence Terry Dunfield ( born February 20 , 1982 ) is a Canadian retired soccer player who played as a midfielder . He is now the head coach of the Toronto FC Academy U14 team , as well as a soccer analyst for TSN .'}]}, {'value': 'Costa Rica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Costa Rica national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Costa Rica ) represents Costa Rica in international football . The national team is administered by the Costa Rican Football Federation ( FEDEFUTBOL ) , the governing body for football in Costa Rica . It has been a member of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) since 1927 , the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) since 1961 , and a member of the Central American Football Union ( UNCAF ) since 1990 . Costa Rica is the most successful national football team in history from the region of Central America . Winning three CONCACAF Championships ( 1963 , 1969 , 1989 ) and leading the Copa Centroamericana tournament with three championships up until 2017 , when it was absorbed into the CONCACAF Nations League . Costa Rica is the only national team in Central America to have played in five FIFA World Cup editions . Costa Rica 's national football team has the all-time highest average Football Elo Ranking in Central America with 1597.1 , and the all-time highest Football Elo Ranking in Central America , with 1806 in 2014 . Since the late 1980s , the team has continuously been visible as a solidly competitive side , with a prominent performance in the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , making it to the knockout stage in their debut after finishing second in their group during the first phase , below Brazil . They also managed to qualify for the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups . In 2014 , Costa Rica achieved their best performance in history by finishing first in their group that consisted of three former World Cup champions : Uruguay , Italy , and England . During the Round of 16 they defeated Greece 5-3 via a penalty shootout after a 1-1 draw . Moreover , during the match against a much better team , Navas saved more than 15 shots due to the Costa Rican very weak defense ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Salvatierra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Salvatierra', 'summary': 'José Andres Salvatierra López ( born 10 October 1989 ) is a Costa Rican football player , currently playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense , and for the Costa Rica national football team . He plays as a fullback .'}]}, {'value': 'Grenada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenada_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Grenada national football team represents Grenada in international football and is controlled by the Grenada Football Association , a member of the Caribbean Football Union of CONCACAF . The team is nicknamed The Spice Boys , a reference to the country being dubbed as the Island of Spice or the Spice Isle . Grenada has never qualified for the World Cup but have finished second in the Caribbean Cup in 1989 and 2008 . Their second-place finish in the 2008 Caribbean Cup gave Grenada its first qualification to a major international competition , that being the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadeloupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadeloupe_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Guadeloupe regional football team ( French : Sélection de la Guadeloupe de football ) represents the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe in international football . The team is controlled by the Ligue Guadeloupéenne de Football ( English : Guadeloupean Football League ) , a local branch of French Football Federation ( French : Fédération Française de Football ) . As an overseas department of the French Republic , Guadeloupe is not a member of FIFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup or any competition organized first-hand by the organization . Guadeloupeans , being French citizens , are eligible to play for the France national football team . Guadeloupe is , however , a member of CONCACAF and the CFU and is eligible for all competitions organized by both organizations . Indeed , according to the status of the FFF ( article 34 , paragraph 6 ) : [ . ] Under the control of related continental confederations , and with the agreement of the FFF , those leagues can organize international sport events at a regional level or set up teams in order to participate to them . ' Guadeloupe 's highest honor to date was reaching the final at the 2010 Caribbean Championship where they were defeated by Jamaica on penalties . In the CONCACAF Gold Cup , Guadeloupe reached the semi-finals in 2007 . The team performed well in the group stage defeating Canada and drawing with Haiti . In the knockout stage of the competition , Guadeloupe eliminated Honduras in the quarterfinals . In the semi-finals , Guadeloupe lost to Mexico 1-0 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. Tacalfred vs Panama straight red card J. Lambourde vs Canada straight red card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikael_Tacalfred', 'summary': 'Mickaël Tacalfred ( born 23 April 1981 ) is a Guadeloupean professional footballer who plays as a defender for French side Béziers . He represented the Guadeloupe national football team five times at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Panama_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Panama national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Panamá ) represents Panama in men 's international association football and it 's governed by Panamanian Football Federation , The team represents all three FIFA , CONCACAF and the regional UNCAF . Panama qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time for the 2018 tournament in Russia and scored their first goal of the World Cup against England , although they lost the match 6-1 . Panama finished as runners-up in the 2005 Gold Cup and 2013 Gold Cup , losing to the United States on both occasions . Panama has also competed in the sub-regional Central American Cup championship which they won in 2009 , beating Costa Rica in the final ( 0-0 on full-time , 5-3 on penalties ) . They finished in third place on three occasions ( 1993 , 2011 , 2014 ) , and finished as runners-up in the 2017 edition , which they hosted . The national team is nicknamed Los Canaleros ( The Canal Men ) , in reference to the Panama Canal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Luc_Lambourde', 'summary': "Jean-Luc Lambourde ( born 10 April 1980 ) is a French football player who plays for Amical Club on the island of Guadeloupe in the Guadeloupe Division d'Honneur . He plays as a Defender and began his football career playing for amateur club Avion in 2002 . After spending three seasons with the club , Lambourde ventured to his native homeland joining his current club , where he currently remains . In his second season with the club , he won the Coupe de Guadeloupe . Lambourde is also a member of the Guadeloupe national football team . He is one of a few players in the team to have participated in all three of the team 's appearances as the CONCACAF Gold Cup ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Canada_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The Canada men 's national soccer team ( CanMNT ; ( French : Équipe du Canada de soccer masculin ) represents Canada in men 's international soccer competitions at the senior men 's level officially since 1924 . They are overseen by the Canadian Soccer Association and compete in the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . Their most significant achievements are winning the 1985 CONCACAF Championship to qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup and winning the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup to qualify for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup . Canada is the only national team to win a Gold Cup aside from regional powerhouses Mexico and the United States . Canada also won a gold medal in the 1904 Summer Olympics . The 1986 World Cup was their only successful qualification campaign in their history ."}]}, {'value': 'violent conduct , tackling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. Tacalfred vs Canada J. Lambourde vs United States S. Auvray S. Zubar', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The Canada men 's national soccer team ( CanMNT ; ( French : Équipe du Canada de soccer masculin ) represents Canada in men 's international soccer competitions at the senior men 's level officially since 1924 . They are overseen by the Canadian Soccer Association and compete in the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . Their most significant achievements are winning the 1985 CONCACAF Championship to qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup and winning the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup to qualify for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup . Canada is the only national team to win a Gold Cup aside from regional powerhouses Mexico and the United States . Canada also won a gold medal in the 1904 Summer Olympics . The 1986 World Cup was their only successful qualification campaign in their history ."}, {'url': "/wiki/United_States_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The United States men 's national soccer team ( USMNT ) represents the USA in men 's international soccer competitions . The team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and is a member of FIFA and Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . The team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups , including the first in 1930 , where they reached the semi-finals and are officially credited with third place , the best finish by any countries from outside the UEFA and CONMEBOL in the World Cup . After participating again in 1934 and 1950 , the U.S. did not qualify for another World Cup until 1990 . After hosting the 1994 World Cup , the team qualified for five more consecutive World Cups after 1994 , becoming one of the tournament 's regular competitors and often advancing to the knockout stage . The U.S. reached the quarter-finals of the 2002 World Cup , their best finish in the modern era . The United States ' best appearance in a FIFA men 's senior tournament came in the 2009 Confederations Cup , where they eliminated top-ranked Spain in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil in the final . The team failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup , ending their streak of consecutive World Cups at seven . The U.S. will co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup along with Canada and Mexico . The U.S. also competes in continental tournaments , including the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América . The U.S. has won six Gold Cups and has achieved a fourth-place finish in two Copa Américas , including the 2016 edition . The team 's head coach is Gregg Berhalter and the general manager is Earnie Stewart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Auvray', 'summary': 'Stéphane Auvray ( born 4 September 1981 ) is a retired Guadeloupean footballer who played as a midfielder . He served as captain of the Guadeloupe national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Zubar', 'summary': 'Stéphane Zubar ( born 9 October 1986 ) is a Guadeloupean professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League South club Weymouth . He is the younger brother of Ronald Zubar and cousin of Claude Dielna , both of them being footballers . Zubar began his career at Caen , but never made a first-team appearance and was released from the club after spells on loan at Championnat National club Pau and Belgian First Division club Brussels . He spent the 2009-10 season with Romanian Liga I club Vaslui , where he experienced European football after helping the club to the 2010 Cupa României Final . Zubar signed with English club Plymouth Argyle in November 2010 , and moved on to Bournemouth in September 2011 . He was loaned out to Bury in January 2013 and to Port Vale in September 2014 . He joined League Two club York City in November 2014 , where he played for the rest of 2014-15 . Zubar returned to York on loan in August 2015 , but returned to Bournemouth after he suffered a cruciate ligament injury . He joined Weymouth on non-contract terms in August 2016 , before returning to full-time professional football with Yeovil Town in June 2017 , but after suffering another knee injury left without making an appearance . He returned to Weymouth and helped the club to win the Southern League Premier South champion title in 2018-19 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guatemala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Guatemala national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Guatemala ) represents Guatemala in men 's association football and it 's governed by the Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala . Founded in 1919 , it affiliated to FIFA in 1946 , and it is a member of CONCACAF . The team has n't qualified for the FIFA World Cup in history . The team has made three Olympic tournament appearances , competing at the 1968 , 1976 , and 1988 Olympic Games . Guatemala have never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup , although they have reached the final round of qualification on four occasions . Guatemala won the 1967 CONCACAF Championship and the 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup . The team 's best performance in a CONCACAF Gold Cup was in 1996 , when they finished fourth . Carlos Ruiz their top goal scorer , retired his career after the failure of his team to now win the gold cup . Guatemala has also earned a bronze medal at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas , Venezuela . The national team kits are supplied by Umbro . Past kit suppliers include Atletica , Adidas and Puma ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G. Cabrera vs Honduras second yellow card H. Medina vs Honduras second yellow card C. Noriega vs Jamaica second yellow card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_Cabrera', 'summary': 'Gustavo Adolfo Cabrera Marroquín ( born 13 December 1979 in Santo Tomás , Guatemala ) is a former Guatemalan football defender who last played for Deportivo Marquense in the Liga Nacional de Guatemala and was also a member of the Guatemala national team . On 12 September 2012 he was banned from play for life due to allegations of match-fixing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Honduras national football team ( Spanish : Selección nacional de fútbol de Honduras ) represents Honduras in men 's international football nicknamed Los Catrachos , La Bicolor or La H , it 's governed by the Federación Nacional Autónoma de Fútbol de Honduras ( FENAFUTH ) . To date , the team has qualified three times for the FIFA World Cup , in 1982 , 2010 and 2014 . Outside the FIFA World Cup tournament , Honduras has competed in several other international continental championships , like the CONCACAF Championship which they won in 1981 , and the Copa América championship in which their best result was third place in 2001 . Apart from that Honduras has also won the Central American Cup championship four times and are the current champions , having won the 2017 Copa Centroamericana , in Panama ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Medina', 'summary': "Henry Medina ( born 16 March 1981 ) is a Guatemalan football defender . He currently plays for CD Suchitepéquez in Guatemala 's top division ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cristian_Noriega', 'summary': 'Cristian Jafeth Noriega Santizo ( born 20 March 1987 ) is a Guatemalan professional football defender .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Jamaica national football team , nicknamed the Reggae Boyz , represents Jamaica in international football . The team 's first match was against Haiti in 1925 . The squad is under the supervising body of the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) , which is a member of the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , and the global jurisdiction of FIFA . Jamaica 's home matches have been played at Independence Park since its opening in 1962 . The national team has participated in three major football competitions . Their sole appearance in the FIFA World Cup was in 1998 , where the team finished third in its group and failed to advance . The team also competed in the Caribbean Cup winning six times . Jamaica also competes in the CONCACAF Gold Cup , appearing thirteen times and finishing twice as runners-up to Mexico in 2015 and the United States in 2017 . They also have been invited to the Copa América in 2015 , and 2016 with both times being eliminated in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': 'violent conduct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G. Cabrera vs Jamaica H. Medina vs Jamaica C. Noriega vs Grenada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Jamaica national football team , nicknamed the Reggae Boyz , represents Jamaica in international football . The team 's first match was against Haiti in 1925 . The squad is under the supervising body of the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) , which is a member of the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , and the global jurisdiction of FIFA . Jamaica 's home matches have been played at Independence Park since its opening in 1962 . The national team has participated in three major football competitions . Their sole appearance in the FIFA World Cup was in 1998 , where the team finished third in its group and failed to advance . The team also competed in the Caribbean Cup winning six times . Jamaica also competes in the CONCACAF Gold Cup , appearing thirteen times and finishing twice as runners-up to Mexico in 2015 and the United States in 2017 . They also have been invited to the Copa América in 2015 , and 2016 with both times being eliminated in the group stage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grenada_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Grenada national football team represents Grenada in international football and is controlled by the Grenada Football Association , a member of the Caribbean Football Union of CONCACAF . The team is nicknamed The Spice Boys , a reference to the country being dubbed as the Island of Spice or the Spice Isle . Grenada has never qualified for the World Cup but have finished second in the Caribbean Cup in 1989 and 2008 . Their second-place finish in the 2008 Caribbean Cup gave Grenada its first qualification to a major international competition , that being the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Honduras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Honduras national football team ( Spanish : Selección nacional de fútbol de Honduras ) represents Honduras in men 's international football nicknamed Los Catrachos , La Bicolor or La H , it 's governed by the Federación Nacional Autónoma de Fútbol de Honduras ( FENAFUTH ) . To date , the team has qualified three times for the FIFA World Cup , in 1982 , 2010 and 2014 . Outside the FIFA World Cup tournament , Honduras has competed in several other international continental championships , like the CONCACAF Championship which they won in 1981 , and the Copa América championship in which their best result was third place in 2001 . Apart from that Honduras has also won the Central American Cup championship four times and are the current champions , having won the 2017 Copa Centroamericana , in Panama ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R. Espinoza vs Mexico second yellow card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Espinoza', 'summary': 'Roger Aníbal Espinoza Ramírez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈroʝeɾ espiˈnosa ] ; born 25 October 1986 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer . Capable of playing both as a defensive midfielder and as a wing back , Espinoza has represented Honduras at two World Cups and the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Mexico national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de México ) represents Mexico in international football and is governed by the Mexican Football Federation ( Spanish : Federación Mexicana de Fútbol ) . It competes as a member of CONCACAF , which encompasses the countries of North and Central America , and the Caribbean . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca . Mexico has qualified to sixteen World Cups and has qualified consecutively since 1994 , making it one of six countries to do so . The Mexico national team , along with Brazil are the only two nations to make it out of the group stage over the last seven World Cups . Mexico played France in the very first match of the first World Cup on 13 July 1930 . Mexico 's best progression in World Cups has been reaching the quarter-finals in both the 1970 and 1986 World Cups , both of which were staged on Mexican soil . Mexico is historically the most successful national team in the CONCACAF region , having won eleven confederation titles , including eight CONCACAF Gold Cups and three CONCACAF Championships ( the precursor to the Gold Cup ) , as well as three NAFC Championships , one North American Nations Cup , and one CONCACAF Cup . It is one of eight nations [ a ] to have won two of the three most important football tournaments ( the World Cup , Confederations Cup , and Summer Olympics ) , having won the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Mexico is also the only team from CONCACAF to have won an official FIFA competition , winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . Although Mexico is under the jurisdiction of CONCACAF , the national team has been regularly invited to compete in the Copa América from 1993 to 2016 , finishing runner-up twice - in 1993 and 2001 - and obtaining the third-place medal on three occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'violent conduct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Mejía vs Costa Rica R. Espinoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfredo_Mejía', 'summary': 'Alfredo Antonio Mejía Escobar ( born 3 April 1990 ) is a Honduran professional footballer who plays for Greek Super League 2 club Levadiakos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Costa Rica national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Costa Rica ) represents Costa Rica in international football . The national team is administered by the Costa Rican Football Federation ( FEDEFUTBOL ) , the governing body for football in Costa Rica . It has been a member of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) since 1927 , the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) since 1961 , and a member of the Central American Football Union ( UNCAF ) since 1990 . Costa Rica is the most successful national football team in history from the region of Central America . Winning three CONCACAF Championships ( 1963 , 1969 , 1989 ) and leading the Copa Centroamericana tournament with three championships up until 2017 , when it was absorbed into the CONCACAF Nations League . Costa Rica is the only national team in Central America to have played in five FIFA World Cup editions . Costa Rica 's national football team has the all-time highest average Football Elo Ranking in Central America with 1597.1 , and the all-time highest Football Elo Ranking in Central America , with 1806 in 2014 . Since the late 1980s , the team has continuously been visible as a solidly competitive side , with a prominent performance in the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , making it to the knockout stage in their debut after finishing second in their group during the first phase , below Brazil . They also managed to qualify for the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups . In 2014 , Costa Rica achieved their best performance in history by finishing first in their group that consisted of three former World Cup champions : Uruguay , Italy , and England . During the Round of 16 they defeated Greece 5-3 via a penalty shootout after a 1-1 draw . Moreover , during the match against a much better team , Navas saved more than 15 shots due to the Costa Rican very weak defense ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Jamaica national football team , nicknamed the Reggae Boyz , represents Jamaica in international football . The team 's first match was against Haiti in 1925 . The squad is under the supervising body of the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) , which is a member of the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , and the global jurisdiction of FIFA . Jamaica 's home matches have been played at Independence Park since its opening in 1962 . The national team has participated in three major football competitions . Their sole appearance in the FIFA World Cup was in 1998 , where the team finished third in its group and failed to advance . The team also competed in the Caribbean Cup winning six times . Jamaica also competes in the CONCACAF Gold Cup , appearing thirteen times and finishing twice as runners-up to Mexico in 2015 and the United States in 2017 . They also have been invited to the Copa América in 2015 , and 2016 with both times being eliminated in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Taylor vs United States straight red card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jermaine_Taylor_(Jamaican_footballer)', 'summary': 'Jermaine Omar Taylor ( born 14 January 1985 ) is a Jamaican footballer who plays for Austin Bold in the USL Championship .'}, {'url': "/wiki/United_States_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The United States men 's national soccer team ( USMNT ) represents the USA in men 's international soccer competitions . The team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and is a member of FIFA and Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . The team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups , including the first in 1930 , where they reached the semi-finals and are officially credited with third place , the best finish by any countries from outside the UEFA and CONMEBOL in the World Cup . After participating again in 1934 and 1950 , the U.S. did not qualify for another World Cup until 1990 . After hosting the 1994 World Cup , the team qualified for five more consecutive World Cups after 1994 , becoming one of the tournament 's regular competitors and often advancing to the knockout stage . The U.S. reached the quarter-finals of the 2002 World Cup , their best finish in the modern era . The United States ' best appearance in a FIFA men 's senior tournament came in the 2009 Confederations Cup , where they eliminated top-ranked Spain in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil in the final . The team failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup , ending their streak of consecutive World Cups at seven . The U.S. will co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup along with Canada and Mexico . The U.S. also competes in continental tournaments , including the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América . The U.S. has won six Gold Cups and has achieved a fourth-place finish in two Copa Américas , including the 2016 edition . The team 's head coach is Gregg Berhalter and the general manager is Earnie Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'professional foul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Taylor R. Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodolph_Austin', 'summary': "Rodolph William Austin ( born 1 June 1985 ) is a Jamaican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Esbjerg fB . He is renowned as a tough tackling central midfielder who can play in attacking and central midfield as well as a central defender . He began his career at Portmore United , where he won two Jamaican National Premier League titles and the CFU Club Championship . In 2008 , he moved to Norway 's Brann , contesting four Tippeligaen seasons before moving to Leeds United in July 2012 . He spent three seasons at the Championship club , scoring eight goals in 101 appearances , and briefly captained the side . Austin is captain of the Jamaican national team , for whom he debuted in 2004 . He was part of their squads in three victorious Caribbean Cup tournaments , as well as three CONCACAF Gold Cups and the 2015 Copa América ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Mexico national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de México ) represents Mexico in international football and is governed by the Mexican Football Federation ( Spanish : Federación Mexicana de Fútbol ) . It competes as a member of CONCACAF , which encompasses the countries of North and Central America , and the Caribbean . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca . Mexico has qualified to sixteen World Cups and has qualified consecutively since 1994 , making it one of six countries to do so . The Mexico national team , along with Brazil are the only two nations to make it out of the group stage over the last seven World Cups . Mexico played France in the very first match of the first World Cup on 13 July 1930 . Mexico 's best progression in World Cups has been reaching the quarter-finals in both the 1970 and 1986 World Cups , both of which were staged on Mexican soil . Mexico is historically the most successful national team in the CONCACAF region , having won eleven confederation titles , including eight CONCACAF Gold Cups and three CONCACAF Championships ( the precursor to the Gold Cup ) , as well as three NAFC Championships , one North American Nations Cup , and one CONCACAF Cup . It is one of eight nations [ a ] to have won two of the three most important football tournaments ( the World Cup , Confederations Cup , and Summer Olympics ) , having won the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Mexico is also the only team from CONCACAF to have won an official FIFA competition , winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . Although Mexico is under the jurisdiction of CONCACAF , the national team has been regularly invited to compete in the Copa América from 1993 to 2016 , finishing runner-up twice - in 1993 and 2001 - and obtaining the third-place medal on three occasions ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Guardado vs Honduras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrés_Guardado', 'summary': "José Andrés Guardado Hernández ( Spanish pronunciation : [ anˈdɾez ɣwaɾˈðaðo ] ; born 28 September 1986 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis and captains the Mexico national team . Mainly a midfielder , he can also operate as a left winger or left back . Popularly known as Principito ( Spanish for Little Prince ) , he came through the youth ranks at Atlas , then signed with Spain 's Deportivo , where he spent five seasons . In 2012 he joined another team in the country , Valencia , and two years later moved to PSV with whom he won two Eredivisie titles . A Mexican international since 2005 , Guardado represented the country in four World Cups , four Gold Cups - winning the 2011 , 2015 and 2019 tournaments - two Copa Américas and two Confederations Cups , winning over 150 caps ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Honduras national football team ( Spanish : Selección nacional de fútbol de Honduras ) represents Honduras in men 's international football nicknamed Los Catrachos , La Bicolor or La H , it 's governed by the Federación Nacional Autónoma de Fútbol de Honduras ( FENAFUTH ) . To date , the team has qualified three times for the FIFA World Cup , in 1982 , 2010 and 2014 . Outside the FIFA World Cup tournament , Honduras has competed in several other international continental championships , like the CONCACAF Championship which they won in 1981 , and the Copa América championship in which their best result was third place in 2001 . Apart from that Honduras has also won the Central American Cup championship four times and are the current champions , having won the 2017 Copa Centroamericana , in Panama ."}]}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Panama national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Panamá ) represents Panama in men 's international association football and it 's governed by Panamanian Football Federation , The team represents all three FIFA , CONCACAF and the regional UNCAF . Panama qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time for the 2018 tournament in Russia and scored their first goal of the World Cup against England , although they lost the match 6-1 . Panama finished as runners-up in the 2005 Gold Cup and 2013 Gold Cup , losing to the United States on both occasions . Panama has also competed in the sub-regional Central American Cup championship which they won in 2009 , beating Costa Rica in the final ( 0-0 on full-time , 5-3 on penalties ) . They finished in third place on three occasions ( 1993 , 2011 , 2014 ) , and finished as runners-up in the 2017 edition , which they hosted . The national team is nicknamed Los Canaleros ( The Canal Men ) , in reference to the Panama Canal ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. Pérez vs El Salvador straight red card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blas_Pérez', 'summary': 'Blas Antonio Pérez Ortega ( born 13 March 1981 ) is a former Panamanian footballer who played as a forward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team', 'summary': "The El Salvador national football team ( Spanish : Selección de Fútbol de El Salvador ) represents El Salvador in international football , and is governed by the Salvadoran Football Federation ( FESFUT ) . In 1899 , two teams from Santa Ana and San Salvador met for the first known football game in El Salvador . The national team 's first match was played in September 1921 , when they were invited to participate in a tournament to celebrate 100 years of Central American Independence . El Salvador has made two FIFA World Cup appearances : first in 1970 and again in 1982 , but have never progressed beyond the first stage of a finals tournament . They were the 1943 CCCF champions , and finished in second-place in the 1941 and 1961 championships . They have competed in the CONCACAF regional tournaments fourteen times , finishing as runners-up in 1963 and 1981 . La Selecta also competes in the biennial UNCAF Nations Cup , the Pan American Games , the Olympics , and have won two gold medals in the Central American and Caribbean Games . The Estadio Cuscatlán , also known as El Coloso de Montserrat and La Catedral del Espectáculo , is the official home stadium of the El Salvador national football team . Since 2008 , the national team has had a kit sponsorship contract with England-based supplier Mitre . Raúl Díaz Arce is the all-time top-scorer for the national team , with 39 goals , while Alfredo Pacheco has the most caps , with 85 appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'violent conduct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. Pérez vs United States', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/United_States_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The United States men 's national soccer team ( USMNT ) represents the USA in men 's international soccer competitions . The team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and is a member of FIFA and Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . The team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups , including the first in 1930 , where they reached the semi-finals and are officially credited with third place , the best finish by any countries from outside the UEFA and CONMEBOL in the World Cup . After participating again in 1934 and 1950 , the U.S. did not qualify for another World Cup until 1990 . After hosting the 1994 World Cup , the team qualified for five more consecutive World Cups after 1994 , becoming one of the tournament 's regular competitors and often advancing to the knockout stage . The U.S. reached the quarter-finals of the 2002 World Cup , their best finish in the modern era . The United States ' best appearance in a FIFA men 's senior tournament came in the 2009 Confederations Cup , where they eliminated top-ranked Spain in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil in the final . The team failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup , ending their streak of consecutive World Cups at seven . The U.S. will co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup along with Canada and Mexico . The U.S. also competes in continental tournaments , including the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América . The U.S. has won six Gold Cups and has achieved a fourth-place finish in two Copa Américas , including the 2016 edition . The team 's head coach is Gregg Berhalter and the general manager is Earnie Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'El Salvador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team', 'summary': "The El Salvador national football team ( Spanish : Selección de Fútbol de El Salvador ) represents El Salvador in international football , and is governed by the Salvadoran Football Federation ( FESFUT ) . In 1899 , two teams from Santa Ana and San Salvador met for the first known football game in El Salvador . The national team 's first match was played in September 1921 , when they were invited to participate in a tournament to celebrate 100 years of Central American Independence . El Salvador has made two FIFA World Cup appearances : first in 1970 and again in 1982 , but have never progressed beyond the first stage of a finals tournament . They were the 1943 CCCF champions , and finished in second-place in the 1941 and 1961 championships . They have competed in the CONCACAF regional tournaments fourteen times , finishing as runners-up in 1963 and 1981 . La Selecta also competes in the biennial UNCAF Nations Cup , the Pan American Games , the Olympics , and have won two gold medals in the Central American and Caribbean Games . The Estadio Cuscatlán , also known as El Coloso de Montserrat and La Catedral del Espectáculo , is the official home stadium of the El Salvador national football team . Since 2008 , the national team has had a kit sponsorship contract with England-based supplier Mitre . Raúl Díaz Arce is the all-time top-scorer for the national team , with 39 goals , while Alfredo Pacheco has the most caps , with 85 appearances ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. González vs Mexico straight red card L. Anaya vs Panama second yellow card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvin_González', 'summary': 'Marvin René González Leiva ( born April 17 , 1982 in El Refugio ) is a Salvadoran footballer who last played as a defender for Santa Tecla in the Salvadoran First Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Mexico national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de México ) represents Mexico in international football and is governed by the Mexican Football Federation ( Spanish : Federación Mexicana de Fútbol ) . It competes as a member of CONCACAF , which encompasses the countries of North and Central America , and the Caribbean . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca . Mexico has qualified to sixteen World Cups and has qualified consecutively since 1994 , making it one of six countries to do so . The Mexico national team , along with Brazil are the only two nations to make it out of the group stage over the last seven World Cups . Mexico played France in the very first match of the first World Cup on 13 July 1930 . Mexico 's best progression in World Cups has been reaching the quarter-finals in both the 1970 and 1986 World Cups , both of which were staged on Mexican soil . Mexico is historically the most successful national team in the CONCACAF region , having won eleven confederation titles , including eight CONCACAF Gold Cups and three CONCACAF Championships ( the precursor to the Gold Cup ) , as well as three NAFC Championships , one North American Nations Cup , and one CONCACAF Cup . It is one of eight nations [ a ] to have won two of the three most important football tournaments ( the World Cup , Confederations Cup , and Summer Olympics ) , having won the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Mexico is also the only team from CONCACAF to have won an official FIFA competition , winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . Although Mexico is under the jurisdiction of CONCACAF , the national team has been regularly invited to compete in the Copa América from 1993 to 2016 , finishing runner-up twice - in 1993 and 2001 - and obtaining the third-place medal on three occasions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Luis_Anaya', 'summary': 'Luis Alonso Anaya Merino ( Born May 19 , 1981 , in San José Guayabal , El Salvador ) is a former Salvadoran professional football player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Panama_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Panama national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Panamá ) represents Panama in men 's international association football and it 's governed by Panamanian Football Federation , The team represents all three FIFA , CONCACAF and the regional UNCAF . Panama qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time for the 2018 tournament in Russia and scored their first goal of the World Cup against England , although they lost the match 6-1 . Panama finished as runners-up in the 2005 Gold Cup and 2013 Gold Cup , losing to the United States on both occasions . Panama has also competed in the sub-regional Central American Cup championship which they won in 2009 , beating Costa Rica in the final ( 0-0 on full-time , 5-3 on penalties ) . They finished in third place on three occasions ( 1993 , 2011 , 2014 ) , and finished as runners-up in the 2017 edition , which they hosted . The national team is nicknamed Los Canaleros ( The Canal Men ) , in reference to the Panama Canal ."}]}, {'value': 'professional foul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. González vs Costa Rica L. Anaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Costa Rica national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Costa Rica ) represents Costa Rica in international football . The national team is administered by the Costa Rican Football Federation ( FEDEFUTBOL ) , the governing body for football in Costa Rica . It has been a member of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) since 1927 , the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) since 1961 , and a member of the Central American Football Union ( UNCAF ) since 1990 . Costa Rica is the most successful national football team in history from the region of Central America . Winning three CONCACAF Championships ( 1963 , 1969 , 1989 ) and leading the Copa Centroamericana tournament with three championships up until 2017 , when it was absorbed into the CONCACAF Nations League . Costa Rica is the only national team in Central America to have played in five FIFA World Cup editions . Costa Rica 's national football team has the all-time highest average Football Elo Ranking in Central America with 1597.1 , and the all-time highest Football Elo Ranking in Central America , with 1806 in 2014 . Since the late 1980s , the team has continuously been visible as a solidly competitive side , with a prominent performance in the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , making it to the knockout stage in their debut after finishing second in their group during the first phase , below Brazil . They also managed to qualify for the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups . In 2014 , Costa Rica achieved their best performance in history by finishing first in their group that consisted of three former World Cup champions : Uruguay , Italy , and England . During the Round of 16 they defeated Greece 5-3 via a penalty shootout after a 1-1 draw . Moreover , during the match against a much better team , Navas saved more than 15 shots due to the Costa Rican very weak defense ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/United_States_men's_national_soccer_team", 'summary': "The United States men 's national soccer team ( USMNT ) represents the USA in men 's international soccer competitions . The team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and is a member of FIFA and Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . The team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups , including the first in 1930 , where they reached the semi-finals and are officially credited with third place , the best finish by any countries from outside the UEFA and CONMEBOL in the World Cup . After participating again in 1934 and 1950 , the U.S. did not qualify for another World Cup until 1990 . After hosting the 1994 World Cup , the team qualified for five more consecutive World Cups after 1994 , becoming one of the tournament 's regular competitors and often advancing to the knockout stage . The U.S. reached the quarter-finals of the 2002 World Cup , their best finish in the modern era . The United States ' best appearance in a FIFA men 's senior tournament came in the 2009 Confederations Cup , where they eliminated top-ranked Spain in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil in the final . The team failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup , ending their streak of consecutive World Cups at seven . The U.S. will co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup along with Canada and Mexico . The U.S. also competes in continental tournaments , including the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América . The U.S. has won six Gold Cups and has achieved a fourth-place finish in two Copa Américas , including the 2016 edition . The team 's head coach is Gregg Berhalter and the general manager is Earnie Stewart ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C. Bocanegra vs Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Bocanegra', 'summary': 'Carlos Manuel Bocanegra ( born May 25 , 1979 ) is an American sports executive and former professional soccer player . A two-time MLS Defender of the Year , Bocanegra also played professionally in England , Scotland , France , and Spain . He earned over 100 caps with the United States , serving as captain for six years . He is currently serving as technical director and vice president for Atlanta United .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Mexico national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de México ) represents Mexico in international football and is governed by the Mexican Football Federation ( Spanish : Federación Mexicana de Fútbol ) . It competes as a member of CONCACAF , which encompasses the countries of North and Central America , and the Caribbean . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca . Mexico has qualified to sixteen World Cups and has qualified consecutively since 1994 , making it one of six countries to do so . The Mexico national team , along with Brazil are the only two nations to make it out of the group stage over the last seven World Cups . Mexico played France in the very first match of the first World Cup on 13 July 1930 . Mexico 's best progression in World Cups has been reaching the quarter-finals in both the 1970 and 1986 World Cups , both of which were staged on Mexican soil . Mexico is historically the most successful national team in the CONCACAF region , having won eleven confederation titles , including eight CONCACAF Gold Cups and three CONCACAF Championships ( the precursor to the Gold Cup ) , as well as three NAFC Championships , one North American Nations Cup , and one CONCACAF Cup . It is one of eight nations [ a ] to have won two of the three most important football tournaments ( the World Cup , Confederations Cup , and Summer Olympics ) , having won the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Mexico is also the only team from CONCACAF to have won an official FIFA competition , winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . Although Mexico is under the jurisdiction of CONCACAF , the national team has been regularly invited to compete in the Copa América from 1993 to 2016 , finishing runner-up twice - in 1993 and 2001 - and obtaining the third-place medal on three occasions ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup_disciplinary_record_2', 'intro': "In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup the main disciplinary action taken against players comes in the form of red and yellow cards. Any player picking up a red card is expelled from the pitch and automatically banned for his country's next match, whether via a straight red or second yellow. After a straight red card, FIFA will conduct a hearing and may extend this ban beyond one match. If the ban extends beyond the end of the finals (i.e. if a player is sent off in the match in which his team was eliminated), it must be served in the team's next competitive international match(es)."}
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What is the team whose suspensions person was born on 10 October 1989 ?
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Costa Rica
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04091fec93d07aff
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Oregon alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Degree ( s )', 'Year ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Evan Baylis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evan_Baylis', 'summary': 'Evan Baylis ( born November 18 , 1993 ) is an American football tight end for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Oregon and was originally signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2017 . He has also been a member of the Indianapolis Colts , Carolina Panthers and the Green Bay Packers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Berry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Berry_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Robert Chadwick Berry ( born March 10 , 1942 ) is a former American football player , a quarterback in the National Football League for twelve seasons . He was selected to one Pro Bowl in 1969 as a member of the Atlanta Falcons . Berry was a member of three Super Bowl teams with the Minnesota Vikings in the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Pro Bowl NFL quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Josh Bidwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Bidwell', 'summary': 'Joshua John Bidwell ( born March 13 , 1976 ) is a former American football punter who played twelve seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the University of Oregon . He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft , and also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Washington Redskins . He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Bowl NFL punter with the Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jairus Byrd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jairus_Byrd', 'summary': 'Jairus Keelon Byrd ( born October 7 , 1986 ) is a former American football free safety . He played college football for the University of Oregon . He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft . He is a three-time Pro Bowl selection .'}]}, {'value': 'attended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Bowl NFL safety for the Carolina Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Panthers', 'summary': "The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Panthers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The team is headquartered in Bank of America Stadium in uptown Charlotte ; the stadium also serves as the team 's home field . They are one of the few NFL teams to own the stadium they play in , which is legally registered as Panthers Stadium , LLC . The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas ; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996 , it played home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina during its first season . The team hosts its annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina . The Panthers were announced as the league 's 29th franchise in 1993 , and began play in 1995 under original owner and founder Jerry Richardson . The Panthers played well in their first two years , finishing 7-9 in 1995 ( an all-time best for an NFL expansion team 's first season ) and 12-4 the following year , winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game . They did not have another winning season until 2003 , when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII , losing 32-29 to the New England Patriots . After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008 , the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013 , the first of three consecutive NFC South titles . After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014 , the Panthers returned to the Super Bowl in 2015 , but lost to the Denver Broncos . The Panthers have reached the playoffs eight times , advancing to four NFC Championship Games and two Super Bowls ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Chung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Chung', 'summary': 'Patrick Christopher Chung ( born August 19 , 1987 ) is a Jamaican professional American football strong safety for the New England Patriots of the National Football League . He was drafted by the Patriots in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft . He played college football at Oregon and has also been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safety for the New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_England_Patriots', 'summary': "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston area . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 28 miles ( 45 km ) southwest of Boston , Massachusetts . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . Founded in 1959 as the Boston Patriots , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the team joined the NFL in the leagues ' 1970 merger , then changed its name when it moved to Foxborough in 1971 . The New England Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium through 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . Since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 , the Patriots have become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , claiming 16 AFC East titles as part of 18 consecutive winning seasons since 2001 . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten-year period ( 126 , in 2003-2012 ) , an undefeated 16-game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21-game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( eleven straight division titles from 2009 to 2019 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( nine ) and wins ( six ) by a head coach-quarterback tandem , most conference championships overall ( eleven ) , most Super Bowl appearances overall ( eleven ) . The Patriots are tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most Super Bowl wins ( six ) , and with the Denver Broncos for the most Super Bowl losses ( five ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kellen Clemens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kellen_Clemens', 'summary': 'Kellen Vincent Clemens ( born June 6 , 1983 ) is a former American football quarterback who spent eleven seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was selected by the New York Jets in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at Oregon . He has also been a member of the Washington Redskins , Houston Texans , St. Louis Rams , and San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL quarterback with the San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers', 'summary': "The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Chargers previously played in San Diego , California as the San Diego Chargers from 1961 to 2017 before relocating back to Los Angeles where the team played their inaugural season . The Chargers franchise relocated from Los Angeles to San Diego in 1961 . The Chargers ' first home game in San Diego was at Balboa Stadium against the Oakland Raiders on September 17 , 1961 . Their final game as a San Diego-based club was played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego on January 1 , 2017 against the Kansas City Chiefs , who defeated the Chargers , 37-27 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gunther Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunther_Cunningham', 'summary': "Gunther Cunningham ( June 19 , 1946 - May 11 , 2019 ) was an American football head coach . He served as the Kansas City Chiefs head coach for two seasons . He also had two stints as the Chiefs ' Defensive Coordinator . He served as an assistant coach for five other National Football League ( NFL ) teams and four college teams . He coached football for 47 consecutive seasons without taking any years off ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs', 'summary': "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . ( It is not associated with the NFL Dallas Texans . ) In 1963 , the team moved to Kansas City and assumed its current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $ 2 billion . Hunt 's son , Clark , serves as chairman and CEO . While Hunt 's ownership stakes passed collectively to his widow and children after his death in 2006 , Clark is the operating head of the franchise ; he represents the Chiefs at all league meetings and has ultimate authority on personnel changes . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 . They became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , was the final such competition before the leagues ' merger went into full effect ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Dixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Dixon', 'summary': 'Dennis Lee Dixon Jr. ( born January 11 , 1985 ) is a former American football quarterback . He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft . He played college football at the University of Oregon . Dixon had a short professional baseball career , playing for the GCL Braves and the Danville Braves in 2007 . He was a member of the Baltimore Ravens practice squad during the 2012 season where they won the Super Bowl . Dixon is currently a member of the American Flag Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL quarterback with the Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In the 2017 season the team won Super Bowl LII , their first Super Bowl win in franchise history and their fourth NFL title overall , after winning the Championship Game in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Harold Carmichael , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has had an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all-time , Sports Illustrated ranks it as the fourth-best rivalry in the NFL , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well-known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high-profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry known as the battle of Pennsylvania , roughly dating back to 1933 . It mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks among the best in the league in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Reuben Droughns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reuben_Droughns', 'summary': 'Reuben Droughns ( /ˈdroʊnz/ ; born August 21 , 1978 ) is a retired American football running back who was the assistant coach for the Serbian team Vukovi Beograd , the two-time champions of the Central European Football League , from 2010-2013 . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He played college football at Oregon . Droughns has also been a member of the Miami Dolphins , Denver Broncos , Cleveland Browns , and New York Giants of the National Football League . He earned a Super Bowl ring with the Giants in their Super Bowl XLII victory against the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL running back with the New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants', 'summary': "The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and are the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre-Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 29 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y . A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the New York National League Football Company , Inc. in 1929 and changed to New York Football Giants , Inc. in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use New York Football Giants , Inc. as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the New York Football Giants . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including Big Blue , the G-Men , and the Jints , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'A.J . Feeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.J._Feeley', 'summary': 'Adam Joshua Feeley ( born May 16 , 1977 ) is a former American football quarterback . He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fifth round of the 2001 NFL Draft . He played college football for the University of Oregon . He was also a member of the Miami Dolphins , San Diego Chargers , Carolina Panthers and St. Louis Rams .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL quarterback with the St. Louis Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Rams', 'summary': "In 1995 , the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League relocated the franchise from southern California to the Midwestern United States , moving to St. Louis , Missouri and becoming known as the St. Louis Rams . The Rams called St. Louis home from 1995 until the end of the 2015 season , after which they returned to playing in their former home in Los Angeles . The Rams ' relocation to St. Louis gave the city a professional football team for the first time since the end of the 1987 season . That was the last year that the now-Arizona Cardinals played there before moving to Tempe in 1988 . The relocation was the second in Rams franchise history ; the team previously called Cleveland , Ohio home until 1946 . The Rams played their home games at what is now known as The Dome at America 's Center in downtown St. Louis , which the city had been constructing for the previous few years in the hopes of gaining an NFL team . The city was left out of the expansion that brought Charlotte and Jacksonville into the league for 1995 and another attempt to secure a franchise fell through when the ownership group controlling the New England Patriots was forced out of power by their stadium 's owner and operator . The Rams new stadium was not ready for them when they initially arrived in Missouri , so they were forced to temporarily share Busch Memorial Stadium with the St. Louis Cardinals . Their first game in St. Louis against the New Orleans Saints was played on September 10 , 1995 with the Rams winning 17-13 . The then- Trans World Dome opened on November 12 , 1995 with the home team scoring a 28-17 victory against the Carolina Panthers . The Rams ' last game played in St. Louis , in what was by then known as the Edward Jones Dome , was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17 , 2015 , which they won , 31-23 . The Rams last game as a St. Louis-based franchise was on January 3 , 2016 , against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi 's Stadium , when they lost in overtime 19-16 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Fouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Fouts', 'summary': 'Daniel Francis Fouts ( born June 10 , 1951 ) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for 15 years in the National Football League ( NFL ) , spending his entire career with the San Diego Chargers ( 1973-1987 ) . He led the NFL in passing yards four straight years from 1979 to 1982 and became the first player in history to throw for 4,000 yards in three consecutive seasons . The Chargers advanced to the AFC Championship Game twice during his career , but never reached the Super Bowl . A member of the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team , Fouts was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993 . He lives in Sisters , Oregon and is currently a color analyst for NFL games on CBS television and Westwood One radio . Dan is the son of Bay Area Radio Hall of Famer Bob Fouts .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Football Hall of Fame member ; former six-time Pro Bowl NFL quarterback ; ABC television sports announcer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . Opened in 1963 , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football , including players , coaches , franchise owners , and front-office personnel , almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year . The Hall of Fame 's Mission is to Honor the Heroes of the Game , Preserve its History , Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE . As of 2020 [ update ] , there are a total of 346 members of the Hall of Fame , 189 of whom are living . Members are referred to as Gold Jackets due to the distinctive gold jackets they receive during the induction ceremony . Between four and eight new inductees are normally enshrined every year . In 2020 , an additional 15 members , known as the Centennial Slate , were inducted into the Hall of Fame to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the NFL ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Russ Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russ_Francis', 'summary': 'Russell Ross Francis ( born April 3 , 1953 ) , is a retired American football player , a tight end for thirteen seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers . Francis finished his NFL career with 393 receptions for 5,262 yards and 40 touchdowns . He was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former three-time Pro Bowl NFL tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Gaechter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Gaechter', 'summary': 'Michael Theodore Mike Gaechter ( January 9 , 1940 - August 17 , 2015 ) was an American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at the University of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former NFL safety for the Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys', 'summary': "The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record eleven Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers ; both are second to Pittsburgh 's and New England 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966-85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $ 4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes ."}]}, {'value': 'Roy Gagnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Gagnon', 'summary': 'Roy Joseph Maurice Gagnon ( January 6 , 1913 - June 29 , 2000 ) was an American football guard who played one season with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League . He played college football at the University of Oregon and attended DeLaSalle High School in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL guard for the Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Lions', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team formally joined the NFL on July 12 , 1930 and began play in the 1930 season . Despite success within the NFL , they could not survive in Portsmouth , then the NFL 's second smallest city . The team was purchased and relocated to Detroit and subsequently renamed the Lions for the 1934 season . The Lions have won four NFL championships . However , their last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals ( who last won in 1947 ) . They are one of four current teams and the only NFC team to have not yet played in the Super Bowl . They are also the only franchise to have been in operation for all 54 seasons of the Super Bowl era without having appeared in one ( the Cleveland Browns were not in operation for the 1996 to 1998 seasons ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Grayson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Grayson', 'summary': 'David Lee Grayson ( June 6 , 1939 - July 29 , 2017 ) was an American football defensive back in the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders . He played college football at the University of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former AFL / NFL safety for the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs', 'summary': "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . ( It is not associated with the NFL Dallas Texans . ) In 1963 , the team moved to Kansas City and assumed its current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $ 2 billion . Hunt 's son , Clark , serves as chairman and CEO . While Hunt 's ownership stakes passed collectively to his widow and children after his death in 2006 , Clark is the operating head of the franchise ; he represents the Chiefs at all league meetings and has ultimate authority on personnel changes . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 . They became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , was the final such competition before the leagues ' merger went into full effect ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Raiders', 'summary': 'The professional American football team now known as the Las Vegas Raiders played in Oakland , California as the Oakland Raiders from 1960 to 1981 and again from 1995 to 2019 before relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada . Between 1982 and 1994 , the team played in Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Tony Hargain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Hargain', 'summary': 'Anthony Michael Hargain ( born December 26 , 1967 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played one season with the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the eighth round of the 1991 NFL Draft . He played college football at the University of Oregon and attended Center High School in Elverta , California . He was also a member of the Los Angeles Rams and Sacramento Gold Miners . Tony is the owner and founder of Hustlin USA Clothing Company .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former NFL wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}]}, {'value': 'Joey Harrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joey_Harrington', 'summary': 'John Joseph Harrington Jr. ( born October 21 , 1978 ) is a former American football quarterback . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions third overall in the 2002 NFL Draft , where he played for most of his professional career . He played college football at Oregon . In addition to the Lions , Harrington played for the Miami Dolphins , Atlanta Falcons , and New Orleans Saints .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former NFL quarterback with the Detroit Lions , Miami Dolphins , Atlanta Falcons and New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Lions', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team formally joined the NFL on July 12 , 1930 and began play in the 1930 season . Despite success within the NFL , they could not survive in Portsmouth , then the NFL 's second smallest city . The team was purchased and relocated to Detroit and subsequently renamed the Lions for the 1934 season . The Lions have won four NFL championships . However , their last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals ( who last won in 1947 ) . They are one of four current teams and the only NFC team to have not yet played in the Super Bowl . They are also the only franchise to have been in operation for all 54 seasons of the Super Bowl era without having appeared in one ( the Cleveland Browns were not in operation for the 1996 to 1998 seasons ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miami_Dolphins', 'summary': "The Miami Dolphins are a professional American football team based in the Miami metropolitan area . The Dolphins compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The Dolphins play their home games at Hard Rock Stadium , located in the northern suburb of Miami Gardens , Florida . The Dolphins are the oldest professional sports team in Florida . Of the four AFC East teams , they are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Dolphins were founded by attorney-politician Joe Robbie and actor-comedian Danny Thomas . They began play in the AFL in 1966 . The region had not had a professional football team since the days of the Miami Seahawks , who played in the All-America Football Conference in 1946 , before becoming the first incarnation of the Baltimore Colts . For the first few years , the Dolphins ' full-time training camp and practice facilities were at Saint Andrew 's School , a private boys boarding prep school in Boca Raton . In the 1970 AFL-NFL merger , the Dolphins joined the NFL . The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI , losing to the Dallas Cowboys , 24-3 . The following year , the Dolphins completed the NFL 's only perfect season , culminating in a Super Bowl win , winning all 14 of their regular season games , and all three of their playoff games , including Super Bowl VII ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons', 'summary': "The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta , Georgia . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then-owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 53 years of existence ( through 2018 ) , the Falcons have compiled a record of 368-466-6 ( 358-452-6 in the regular season and 10-14 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34-19 , and the second was 18 years later , a 34-28 overtime loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons ' current home field is Mercedes-Benz Stadium , which opened for the 2017 season ; the team 's headquarters and practice facilities are located at a fifty-acre ( 20 ha ) site in Flowery Branch , northeast of Atlanta in Hall County ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints', 'summary': "The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Saints currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The team was founded by John W. Mecom Jr. , David Dixon , and the city of New Orleans on November 1 , 1966 . The Saints began play in Tulane Stadium in 1967 where they remained until the 1974 NFL season , when they moved to the new Louisiana Superdome ( now the Mercedes-Benz Superdome ) . The name Saints is an allusion to November 1 being All Saints ' Day in the Catholic faith . New Orleans has a large Catholic population , and the spiritual When the Saints Go Marching In is strongly associated with New Orleans and is often sung by fans at games . The team 's primary colors are old gold and black ; their logo is a simplified fleur-de-lis . For most of their first 20 years , the Saints were barely competitive , only getting to .500 twice . In 1987 , they finished 12-3 - their first-ever winning season - and qualified for the NFL playoffs for the first time in franchise history , but lost to the Minnesota Vikings 44-10 . The next season in 1988 ended with a 10-6 record , but no playoff berth . Following the 2000 regular season , the Saints defeated the defending Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams 31-28 to notch their first-ever playoff win . In 2005 , Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and much of the Gulf Coast region ."}]}, {'value': 'Josh Huff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Huff', 'summary': 'Josh Huff ( born October 14 , 1991 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Oregon . He also played with Tampa Bay Buccaneers , New Orleans Saints , and Arizona Hotshots . In the former Alliance of American Football'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL wide receiver with the Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In the 2017 season the team won Super Bowl LII , their first Super Bowl win in franchise history and their fourth NFL title overall , after winning the Championship Game in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Harold Carmichael , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has had an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all-time , Sports Illustrated ranks it as the fourth-best rivalry in the NFL , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well-known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high-profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry known as the battle of Pennsylvania , roughly dating back to 1933 . It mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks among the best in the league in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Shy Huntington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shy_Huntington', 'summary': 'Charles A . Shy Huntington ( July 7 , 1891 - January 1973 ) was a quarterback and later a multi-sport coach at the University of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former football , basketball , and baseball head coach for the Oregon Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Ducks', 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon , located in Eugene . The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . With eighteen varsity teams , Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program , which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as Track Town , USA . Oregon 's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers ( the Civil War ) and the Washington Huskies , though they also have a major rivalry with the Washington State Cougars ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_James_(American_football)', 'summary': "Richard Dick Alwin James ( May 22 , 1934 - June 28 , 2000 ) was an American football halfback and defensive back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins , New York Giants , and the Minnesota Vikings . He played college football at the University of Oregon and was drafted in the eighth round of the 1956 NFL Draft . James ' Mother was Mohawk/Mohican Native American . He set a team record with four touchdowns in one game as the Redskins beat the Dallas Cowboys , 34-24 in 1961 . He scored 34 touchdowns in his National Football League career . James was one of the smallest players in the NFL at 5-9 and 175 pounds . James was also known as gymnast , performing such acts as walking on his hands down flights of stairs before games . He died in 2000 of prostate cancer at the age of 66 . He had a short stint as a sports announcer in the Washington DC area after he retired mainly covering the Redskins on game day ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Pro Bowl NFL running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Sports -- Football', 'section_text': 'Full list of former University of Oregon players who have played football professionally Full list of former University of Oregon players who are currently playing in the NFL', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni_19', 'intro': 'This List of University of Oregon alumni includes graduates and current students of the University of Oregon as well as former students who studied at the university but did not obtain a formal degree. The university opened in 1876 and the first class contained only five members, graduating in 1878. The university has over 195,000 alumni, 10 of whom are Pulitzer Prize winners, and 2 of whom are Nobel laureates.'}
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For how many seasons has this former American football player play this position in the NFL colloquially known as signal caller ?
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twelve seasons
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040aa00749904092
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court', 'title': 'Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court', 'header': ['#', 'Chief Justice', 'Took office', 'Left office', 'Appointed by', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Stoughton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Stoughton_(Massachusetts)', 'summary': "William Stoughton ( 1631 - July 7 , 1701 ) was a colonial magistrate and administrator in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . He was in charge of what have come to be known as the Salem Witch Trials , first as the Chief Justice of the Special Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 , and then as the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature in 1693 . In these trials he controversially accepted spectral evidence ( based on supposed demonic visions ) . Unlike some of the other magistrates , he never admitted to the possibility that his acceptance of such evidence was in error . After graduating from Harvard College in 1650 , he continued religious studies in England , where he also preached . Returning to Massachusetts in 1662 , he chose to enter politics instead of the ministry . An adept politician , he served in virtually every government through the period of turmoil in Massachusetts that encompassed the revocation of its first charter in 1684 and the introduction of its second charter in 1692 , including the unpopular rule of Sir Edmund Andros in the late 1680s . He served as lieutenant governor of the province from 1692 until his death in 1701 , acting as governor ( in the absence of an appointed governor ) for about six years . He was one of the province 's major landowners , partnering with Joseph Dudley and other powerful figures in land purchases , and it was for him that the town of Stoughton , Massachusetts was named ."}]}, {'value': '1692', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir William Phips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Phips', 'summary': "Sir William Phips ( or Phipps ; February 2 , 1651 - February 18 , 1695 ) [ Note 1 ] was born in Maine in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was of humble origin , uneducated , and fatherless from a young age but rapidly advanced from shepherd boy , to shipwright , ship 's captain and treasure hunter , the first New England native to be knighted , and the first royally appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Phips was famous in his lifetime for recovering a large treasure from a sunken Spanish galleon , but is perhaps best remembered today for establishing the court associated with the infamous Salem Witch Trials , which he grew unhappy with , and forced to prematurely disband after five months ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wait Winthrop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wait_Winthrop', 'summary': 'Waitstill Winthrop ( 27 February 1642 - 7 November 1717 ) was a colonial magistrate , military officer , and politician of New England .'}]}, {'value': '1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Governor 's Council", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor's_Council", 'summary': "The Massachusetts Governor 's Council ( also known as the Executive Council ) is a governmental body that provides advice and consent in certain matters - such as judicial nominations , pardons , and commutations - to the Governor of Massachusetts . Councillors are elected by the general public and their duties are set forth in the Massachusetts Constitution . The Governor 's Council has gone through many different formations throughout its history . At times being simply a legal counsel , also serving as provincial magistrates and judges , sometimes acting as an executive in the absence of a Governor , to serving as an upper house of the Massachusetts General Court . Whether going by the name of Council of Assistants or Governor 's Council , the power of the council has ebbed and flowed , however it has remained a mainstay in New England politics from the earliest colonial days of Massachusetts Bay"}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaac Addington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Addington', 'summary': 'Isaac Addington ( January 22 , 1645 - March 19 , 1719 ) was a longtime functionary of various colonial governments of Massachusetts , including a brief period as the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature , the highest court in the Province of Massachusetts Bay .'}]}, {'value': '1702', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1703', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Dudley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Dudley', 'summary': "Joseph Dudley ( September 23 , 1647 - April 2 , 1720 ) was a colonial administrator , a native of Roxbury in Massachusetts Bay Colony , and the son of one of its founders . He had a leading role in the administration of the Dominion of New England ( 1686-1689 ) which was overthrown in the 1689 Boston revolt . He served briefly on the council of the Province of New York where he oversaw the trial which convicted Jacob Leisler , the ringleader of Leisler 's Rebellion . He then spent eight years in England in the 1690s as Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight , including one year as a Member of Parliament for Newtown ( Isle of Wight ) . In 1702 , he returned to New England after being appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and Province of New Hampshire , posts that he held until 1715 . His rule of Massachusetts was characterized by hostility and tension , with political enemies opposing his attempts to gain a regular salary and regularly making complaints about his official and private actions . Most of his tenure was dominated by the French and Indian Wars , in which the two provinces were on the front lines with New France and suffered from a series of major and minor French and Indian raids . He orchestrated an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Acadian capital of Port Royal in 1707 , raised provincial militia forces for its successful capture in 1710 , and directed an unsuccessful expedition against Quebec in 1711 . Dudley 's governorship initiated a hostility in Massachusetts toward royal governance , most frequently over the issue of the salaries of crown officials . The colonial legislature routinely challenged or disputed the prerogatives of the governor , and this hostility affected most of the governors of Massachusetts up to the American Revolutionary War and the end of British rule . Dudley 's rule of New Hampshire , however , was comparatively uncontroversial ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wait Winthrop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wait_Winthrop', 'summary': 'Waitstill Winthrop ( 27 February 1642 - 7 November 1717 ) was a colonial magistrate , military officer , and politician of New England .'}]}, {'value': '1708', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1717', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Dudley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Dudley', 'summary': "Joseph Dudley ( September 23 , 1647 - April 2 , 1720 ) was a colonial administrator , a native of Roxbury in Massachusetts Bay Colony , and the son of one of its founders . He had a leading role in the administration of the Dominion of New England ( 1686-1689 ) which was overthrown in the 1689 Boston revolt . He served briefly on the council of the Province of New York where he oversaw the trial which convicted Jacob Leisler , the ringleader of Leisler 's Rebellion . He then spent eight years in England in the 1690s as Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight , including one year as a Member of Parliament for Newtown ( Isle of Wight ) . In 1702 , he returned to New England after being appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and Province of New Hampshire , posts that he held until 1715 . His rule of Massachusetts was characterized by hostility and tension , with political enemies opposing his attempts to gain a regular salary and regularly making complaints about his official and private actions . Most of his tenure was dominated by the French and Indian Wars , in which the two provinces were on the front lines with New France and suffered from a series of major and minor French and Indian raids . He orchestrated an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Acadian capital of Port Royal in 1707 , raised provincial militia forces for its successful capture in 1710 , and directed an unsuccessful expedition against Quebec in 1711 . Dudley 's governorship initiated a hostility in Massachusetts toward royal governance , most frequently over the issue of the salaries of crown officials . The colonial legislature routinely challenged or disputed the prerogatives of the governor , and this hostility affected most of the governors of Massachusetts up to the American Revolutionary War and the end of British rule . Dudley 's rule of New Hampshire , however , was comparatively uncontroversial ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Sewall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Sewall', 'summary': "Samuel Sewall ( /ˈsuːəl/ ; March 28 , 1652 - January 1 , 1730 ) was a judge , businessman , and printer in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , best known for his involvement in the Salem witch trials , for which he later apologized , and his essay The Selling of Joseph ( 1700 ) , which criticized slavery . He served for many years as the chief justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature , the province 's high court ."}]}, {'value': '1718', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1728', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Shute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Shute', 'summary': "Samuel Shute ( January 12 , 1662 - April 15 , 1742 ) was an English military officer and royal governor of the provinces of Massachusetts and New Hampshire . After serving in the Nine Years ' War and the War of the Spanish Succession , he was appointed by King George I as governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in 1716 . His tenure was marked by virulent disagreements with the Massachusetts assembly on a variety of issues , and by poorly conducted diplomacy with respect to the Native American Wabanaki Confederacy of northern New England that led to Dummer 's War ( 1722-1725 ) . Although Shute was partly responsible for the breakdown in negotiations with the Wabanakis , he returned to England in early 1723 to procure resolutions to his ongoing disagreements with the Massachusetts assembly , leaving conduct of the war to Lieutenant Governor William Dummer . His protests resulted in the issuance in 1725 of the Explanatory Charter , essentially confirming his position in the disputes with the assembly . He did not return to New England , being replaced as governor in 1728 by William Burnet , and refused to be considered for reappointment after Burnet 's sudden death in 1729 . Thomas Hutchinson ( Massachusetts royal governor in the early 1770s ) , in his history of Massachusetts , described Shute 's tenure as governor as the most contentious since the Antinomian Controversy of the 1630s ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Lynde Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Lynde_Sr.', 'summary': "Benjamin Lynde ( September 22 , 1666 - January 28 , 1749 ) was a lawyer and magistrate of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Born in Salem , he was sent to England by his parents , where he read law at the Middle Temple . He was the first Chief Justice ( appointed associate 1712 , chief justice 1729 ) of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature , the province 's highest court , to have formal training as a lawyer . Lynde 's family gave its name to the town of Lyndeborough , New Hampshire , established in an area where they had extensive land holdings . His son Benjamin Jr. also served as a Massachusetts chief justice ."}]}, {'value': '1729', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1745', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Burnet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Burnet_(administrator)', 'summary': 'William Burnet ( March 1687/88 - 7 September 1729 ) was a British civil servant and colonial administrator who served as governor of New York and New Jersey ( 1720-1728 ) and Massachusetts and New Hampshire ( 1728-1729 ) . Born into a position of privilege ( his godfather became William III of England not long after his birth , and his father Gilbert Burnet was later Bishop of Salisbury ) , Burnet was well educated , tutored among others by Isaac Newton . Active for most of his life in intellectual pursuits ( he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1705/6 ) , he occupied no posts of importance until financial considerations and political connections brought him the governorships of New York and New Jersey . His tenure in New Jersey was without major controversies , although he set a precedent there for accepting what were effectively bribes in exchange for his assent to legislation . In New York he sought unsuccessfully to end the fur trade between Albany and Montreal in order to implement a colonial policy preferring direct trade with the Native Americans in central North America . His New York rule was marked by an increase in political divisions between land owners ( with whom Burnet sided ) and merchants . After the death of King George I , King George II appointed Burnet governor of New Hampshire and Massachusetts . Although his New Hampshire tenure was inconsequential , he engaged in a nasty dispute with the Massachusetts assembly over the issue of his salary , holding the legislative body in session for six months and relocating it away from Boston . The dispute held up other colonial business , and was ongoing in September 1729 when Burnet died ; his death was apparently caused by illness contracted after his carriage overturned and dumped him in water .'}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Dudley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Dudley_(jurist)', 'summary': "Paul Dudley FRS ( September 3 , 1675 - January 25 , 1751 ) , Attorney-General of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , was the son of colonial governor Joseph Dudley and grandson of one of the colony 's founders , Thomas Dudley . Dudley was born in Roxbury , Massachusetts in 1675 . After graduating from the Roxbury Latin School and then , at the age of 15 , from Harvard in 1690 , he studied law at the Temple in London , and became Attorney General of Massachusetts from 1702 to 1718 . He was associate justice of the province 's highest court , the Superior Court of Judicature , from 1718 to 1745 , and chief justice from 1745 until his death in January 1751 . He was a member of the Royal Society ( London ) , to whose Transactions he contributed several valuable papers on the natural history of New England , as well as the founder of the Dudleian lectures on religion at Harvard University . Dudley was an investor in the Equivalent Lands . Along with his brother , William , he was the first proprietor and namesake of Dudley , Massachusetts . Dudley died in Roxbury , and is buried in the Eliot Burying Ground next to his father and grandfather ."}]}, {'value': '1745', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1751', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Shirley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Shirley', 'summary': "William Shirley ( 2 December 1694 - 24 March 1771 ) was a British colonial administrator who was the longest-serving governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay ( 1741-1749 and 1753-1756 ) and then Governor of the Bahamas ( 1760-1768 ) . He is best known for his role in organizing the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg during King George 's War , and for his role in military affairs during the French and Indian War . He spent most of his years in the colonial administration of North America working to defeat New France , but his lack of formal military training led to political difficulties and his eventual downfall . Politically well connected , Shirley began his career in Massachusetts as advocate general in the admiralty court , and quickly became an opponent of Governor Jonathan Belcher . He joined with Belcher 's other political enemies to bring about Belcher 's recall , and was appointed Governor of Massachusetts Bay in Belcher 's place . He successfully quieted political divisions within the province , and was able to bring about united action against New France when King George 's War began in 1744 . The successful Siege of Louisbourg , which Shirley had a major role in organizing , was one of the high points of his administration . After King George 's War Shirley became mired in disputes over funding and accounting for the war effort , and returned to England in 1749 to deal with political and legal matters arising from those disputes . He was then assigned to a commission established by Great Britain and France to determine the colonial borders in North America . His hard-line approach to these negotiations contributed to their failure , and he returned to Massachusetts in 1753 . Military matters again dominated Shirley 's remaining years in Massachusetts , with the French and Indian War beginning in 1754 . Shirley led a military expedition to reinforce Fort Oswego in 1755 , and became Commander-in-Chief , North America upon the death of General Edward Braddock ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Sewall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Sewall', 'summary': "Stephen Sewall ( December 14 , 1702 - September 10 , 1760 ) was a judge in colonial Massachusetts . Born in Salem , Massachusetts , he was the son of Stephen Sewall , the clerk of court at the Salem witchcraft trials , and a nephew of Chief Justice Samuel Sewall , who presided at the witchcraft trials . He was the uncle of lawyer Jonathan Sewall and of the poet , lawyer and patriot , Jonathan Mitchell Sewall of Portsmouth , NH . Although never formally trained as a lawyer or admitted to the bar , he was appointed as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature , the highest court in the colony . He also served on the Massachusetts Governor 's Council , which was then the upper house of the Massachusetts General Court . He was generally respected by both friends ( the court party ) and foes ( the popular party ) of royal government . Sewall 's death in Boston in 1760 was followed by controversy . James Otis , Jr. believed that his father , James Otis , Sr. , had been promised the office of chief justice , but Governor Francis Bernard appointed Crown supporter Thomas Hutchinson instead , creating a political rift that would have important implications in the development of the American Revolution . While Sewall had expressed doubts about the legality of writs of assistance , which were controversial general search warrants , Hutchinson authorized them - over the objections of Otis - in the famous writs of assistance case of 1761 ."}]}, {'value': '1752', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1760', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Shirley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Shirley', 'summary': "William Shirley ( 2 December 1694 - 24 March 1771 ) was a British colonial administrator who was the longest-serving governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay ( 1741-1749 and 1753-1756 ) and then Governor of the Bahamas ( 1760-1768 ) . He is best known for his role in organizing the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg during King George 's War , and for his role in military affairs during the French and Indian War . He spent most of his years in the colonial administration of North America working to defeat New France , but his lack of formal military training led to political difficulties and his eventual downfall . Politically well connected , Shirley began his career in Massachusetts as advocate general in the admiralty court , and quickly became an opponent of Governor Jonathan Belcher . He joined with Belcher 's other political enemies to bring about Belcher 's recall , and was appointed Governor of Massachusetts Bay in Belcher 's place . He successfully quieted political divisions within the province , and was able to bring about united action against New France when King George 's War began in 1744 . The successful Siege of Louisbourg , which Shirley had a major role in organizing , was one of the high points of his administration . After King George 's War Shirley became mired in disputes over funding and accounting for the war effort , and returned to England in 1749 to deal with political and legal matters arising from those disputes . He was then assigned to a commission established by Great Britain and France to determine the colonial borders in North America . His hard-line approach to these negotiations contributed to their failure , and he returned to Massachusetts in 1753 . Military matters again dominated Shirley 's remaining years in Massachusetts , with the French and Indian War beginning in 1754 . Shirley led a military expedition to reinforce Fort Oswego in 1755 , and became Commander-in-Chief , North America upon the death of General Edward Braddock ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Hutchinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)', 'summary': "Thomas Hutchinson ( 9 September 1711 - 3 June 1780 ) was a businessman , historian , and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution . He has been referred to as the most important figure on the loyalist side in pre-Revolutionary Massachusetts . He was a successful merchant and politician , and was active at high levels of the Massachusetts government for many years , serving as lieutenant governor and then governor from 1758 to 1774 . He was a politically polarizing figure who came to be identified by John Adams and Samuel Adams as a proponent of hated British taxes , despite his initial opposition to Parliamentary tax laws directed at the colonies . He was blamed by Lord North ( the British Prime Minister at the time ) for being a significant contributor to the tensions that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Hutchinson 's Boston mansion was ransacked in 1765 during protests against the Stamp Act , damaging his collection of materials on early Massachusetts history . As acting governor in 1770 , he exposed himself to mob attack in the aftermath of the Boston massacre , after which he ordered the removal of troops from Boston to Castle William . Letters of his calling for abridgement of colonial rights were published in 1773 , further intensifying dislike of him in the colony . He was replaced as governor in May 1774 by General Thomas Gage , and went into exile in England , where he advised the government on how to deal with the Americans . Hutchinson had a deep interest in colonial history , collecting a large number of historical documents . He wrote a three-volume History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay whose last volume , published posthumously , covered his own period in office . Historian Bernard Bailyn wrote of Hutchinson , If there was one person in America whose actions might have altered the outcome [ of the protests and disputes preceding the American Revolutionary War ] , it was he ."}]}, {'value': '1761', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1769', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Bernard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet', 'summary': "Sir Francis Bernard , 1st Baronet ( bapt . 12 July 1712 - 16 June 1779 ) was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of the provinces of New Jersey and Massachusetts Bay . His uncompromising policies and harsh tactics in Massachusetts angered the colonists and were instrumental in the building of broad-based opposition within the province to the rule of Parliament in the events leading to the American Revolution . Appointed governor of New Jersey in 1758 , he oversaw the province 's participation in the later years of the French and Indian War , and had a generally positive relationship with its legislature . In 1760 he was given the governorship of Massachusetts , where he had a stormy relationship with the assembly . Early actions turned the colony 's populists against him , and his responses to protests against Parliament 's attempts to tax the colonies deepened divisions . After protests against the Townshend Acts in 1768 , Bernard sought British Army troops be stationed in Boston to oversee the colonists . He was recalled after the publication of letters in which he was critical of the colony . After returning to England , he continued to advise the British government on colonial matters , calling for hardline responses to ongoing difficulties in Massachusetts that culminated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party . He suffered a stroke in 1771 and died in 1779 , leaving a large family ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Lynde Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1769', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1771', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Hutchinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)', 'summary': "Thomas Hutchinson ( 9 September 1711 - 3 June 1780 ) was a businessman , historian , and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution . He has been referred to as the most important figure on the loyalist side in pre-Revolutionary Massachusetts . He was a successful merchant and politician , and was active at high levels of the Massachusetts government for many years , serving as lieutenant governor and then governor from 1758 to 1774 . He was a politically polarizing figure who came to be identified by John Adams and Samuel Adams as a proponent of hated British taxes , despite his initial opposition to Parliamentary tax laws directed at the colonies . He was blamed by Lord North ( the British Prime Minister at the time ) for being a significant contributor to the tensions that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Hutchinson 's Boston mansion was ransacked in 1765 during protests against the Stamp Act , damaging his collection of materials on early Massachusetts history . As acting governor in 1770 , he exposed himself to mob attack in the aftermath of the Boston massacre , after which he ordered the removal of troops from Boston to Castle William . Letters of his calling for abridgement of colonial rights were published in 1773 , further intensifying dislike of him in the colony . He was replaced as governor in May 1774 by General Thomas Gage , and went into exile in England , where he advised the government on how to deal with the Americans . Hutchinson had a deep interest in colonial history , collecting a large number of historical documents . He wrote a three-volume History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay whose last volume , published posthumously , covered his own period in office . Historian Bernard Bailyn wrote of Hutchinson , If there was one person in America whose actions might have altered the outcome [ of the protests and disputes preceding the American Revolutionary War ] , it was he ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Oliver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Oliver_(loyalist)', 'summary': 'Peter Oliver ( March 26 , 1713 - October 12 , 1791 ) was Chief Justice of the Superior Court ( the highest court ) of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1772-1775 . He was a Loyalist during the American Revolution , and left Massachusetts in 1776 , settling in England .'}]}, {'value': '1772', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1775', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Hutchinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)', 'summary': "Thomas Hutchinson ( 9 September 1711 - 3 June 1780 ) was a businessman , historian , and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution . He has been referred to as the most important figure on the loyalist side in pre-Revolutionary Massachusetts . He was a successful merchant and politician , and was active at high levels of the Massachusetts government for many years , serving as lieutenant governor and then governor from 1758 to 1774 . He was a politically polarizing figure who came to be identified by John Adams and Samuel Adams as a proponent of hated British taxes , despite his initial opposition to Parliamentary tax laws directed at the colonies . He was blamed by Lord North ( the British Prime Minister at the time ) for being a significant contributor to the tensions that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Hutchinson 's Boston mansion was ransacked in 1765 during protests against the Stamp Act , damaging his collection of materials on early Massachusetts history . As acting governor in 1770 , he exposed himself to mob attack in the aftermath of the Boston massacre , after which he ordered the removal of troops from Boston to Castle William . Letters of his calling for abridgement of colonial rights were published in 1773 , further intensifying dislike of him in the colony . He was replaced as governor in May 1774 by General Thomas Gage , and went into exile in England , where he advised the government on how to deal with the Americans . Hutchinson had a deep interest in colonial history , collecting a large number of historical documents . He wrote a three-volume History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay whose last volume , published posthumously , covered his own period in office . Historian Bernard Bailyn wrote of Hutchinson , If there was one person in America whose actions might have altered the outcome [ of the protests and disputes preceding the American Revolutionary War ] , it was he ."}]}, {'value': 'Forced out by the revolution', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Adams', 'summary': "John Adams ( October 30 , 1735 [ a ] - July 4 , 1826 ) was an American statesman , attorney , diplomat , writer , and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States , from 1797 to 1801 . Before his presidency , he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain and served as the first vice president of the United States . Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history , including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams , and Thomas Jefferson . His letters and other papers serve as an important source of historical information about the era . A lawyer and political activist prior to the revolution , Adams was devoted to the right to counsel and presumption of innocence . He defied anti-British sentiment and successfully defended British soldiers against murder charges arising from the Boston Massacre . Adams was a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress and became a principal leader of the Revolution . He assisted in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and was its foremost advocate in Congress . As a diplomat in Europe , he helped negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain and secured vital governmental loans . Adams was the primary author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 , which influenced the United States ' own constitution , as did his earlier Thoughts on Government . Adams was elected to two terms as vice president under President George Washington and was elected as the United States ' second president in 1796 . He was the first , and only , president elected under the banner of the Federalist Party ."}]}, {'value': '1775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1776', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Governor 's Council", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor's_Council", 'summary': "The Massachusetts Governor 's Council ( also known as the Executive Council ) is a governmental body that provides advice and consent in certain matters - such as judicial nominations , pardons , and commutations - to the Governor of Massachusetts . Councillors are elected by the general public and their duties are set forth in the Massachusetts Constitution . The Governor 's Council has gone through many different formations throughout its history . At times being simply a legal counsel , also serving as provincial magistrates and judges , sometimes acting as an executive in the absence of a Governor , to serving as an upper house of the Massachusetts General Court . Whether going by the name of Council of Assistants or Governor 's Council , the power of the council has ebbed and flowed , however it has remained a mainstay in New England politics from the earliest colonial days of Massachusetts Bay"}]}, {'value': 'Adams accepted the appointment for political reasons , but never sat on the court and eventually resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Cushing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Cushing', 'summary': "William Cushing ( March 1 , 1732 - September 13 , 1810 ) was one of the original five associate justices of the United States Supreme Court ; confirmed by the United States Senate on September 26 , 1789 , he served until his death . His Supreme Court tenure of 20 years and 11 months was the longest among the Court 's inaugural members . In January 1796 he was nominated by President George Washington to become the Court 's Chief Justice ; though confirmed , he declined the appointment . He was the last judge in the United States to wear a full wig ( Court dress ) ."}]}, {'value': '1777', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1789', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Governor 's Council", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor's_Council", 'summary': "The Massachusetts Governor 's Council ( also known as the Executive Council ) is a governmental body that provides advice and consent in certain matters - such as judicial nominations , pardons , and commutations - to the Governor of Massachusetts . Councillors are elected by the general public and their duties are set forth in the Massachusetts Constitution . The Governor 's Council has gone through many different formations throughout its history . At times being simply a legal counsel , also serving as provincial magistrates and judges , sometimes acting as an executive in the absence of a Governor , to serving as an upper house of the Massachusetts General Court . Whether going by the name of Council of Assistants or Governor 's Council , the power of the council has ebbed and flowed , however it has remained a mainstay in New England politics from the earliest colonial days of Massachusetts Bay"}]}, {'value': 'Resigned upon appointment to the United States Supreme Court', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathaniel_Peaslee_Sargent', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent ( frequently also spelled Sargeant , November 2 , 1731 - October 12 , 1791 ) was a Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1782 to 1791 . He was the second Chief Justice of the court from 1790 to 1791 , after the American revolution .'}]}, {'value': '1790', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1791', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hancock', 'summary': "John Hancock ( January 23 , 1737 [ O.S . January 12 , 1736 ] - October 8 , 1793 ) was an American merchant , statesman , and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution . He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence , so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one 's signature . Before the American Revolution , Hancock was one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies , having inherited a profitable mercantile business from his uncle . He began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams , an influential local politician , though the two men later became estranged . Hancock used his wealth to support the colonial cause as tensions increased between colonists and Great Britain in the 1760s . He became very popular in Massachusetts , especially after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling . Those charges were eventually dropped ; he has often been described as a smuggler in historical accounts , but the accuracy of this characterization has been questioned . Hancock was one of Boston 's leaders during the crisis that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . He served more than two years in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia , and he was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence in his position as president of Congress . He returned to Massachusetts and was elected governor of the Commonwealth , serving in that role for most of his remaining years ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Dana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Dana', 'summary': 'Francis Dana ( June 13 , 1743 - April 25 , 1811 ) was an American lawyer , jurist , and statesman from Massachusetts . He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777-1778 and 1784 . He signed the Articles of Confederation . His wife Elizabeth was a daughter of Ann Remington and William Ellery , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . He was also the father-in-law of Washington Allston , a noted painter and poet .'}]}, {'value': '1791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hancock', 'summary': "John Hancock ( January 23 , 1737 [ O.S . January 12 , 1736 ] - October 8 , 1793 ) was an American merchant , statesman , and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution . He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence , so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one 's signature . Before the American Revolution , Hancock was one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies , having inherited a profitable mercantile business from his uncle . He began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams , an influential local politician , though the two men later became estranged . Hancock used his wealth to support the colonial cause as tensions increased between colonists and Great Britain in the 1760s . He became very popular in Massachusetts , especially after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling . Those charges were eventually dropped ; he has often been described as a smuggler in historical accounts , but the accuracy of this characterization has been questioned . Hancock was one of Boston 's leaders during the crisis that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . He served more than two years in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia , and he was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence in his position as president of Congress . He returned to Massachusetts and was elected governor of the Commonwealth , serving in that role for most of his remaining years ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theophilus Parsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theophilus_Parsons', 'summary': 'Theophilus Parsons ( February 24 , 1750 - October 30 , 1813 ) was an American jurist .'}]}, {'value': '1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caleb Strong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caleb_Strong', 'summary': "Caleb Strong ( January 9 , 1745 - November 7 , 1819 ) was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807 , and again from 1812 until 1816 . He assisted in drafting the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1779 and served as a state senator and on the Massachusetts Governor 's Council before being elected to the inaugural United States Senate . A leading member of the Massachusetts Federalist Party , his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts . A successful Northampton lawyer prior to 1774 , Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the American Revolutionary War . He played an influential role in the development of the United States Constitution at the 1788 Philadelphia Convention , and , as a US Senator , in the passage of its 11th Amendment . He also played a leading role in the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which established the federal court system . Adept at moderating the sometimes harsh political conflict between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans and popular in Massachusetts , he navigated the state in a Federalist direction through the early years of the 19th century as the rest of the country became progressively more Republican . Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governor 's race , the advent of the War of 1812 brought him back to the governor 's office as a committed opponent of the war . He refused United States Army requests that state militia be placed under army command , and in 1814 sought to engage Nova Scotia Governor John Coape Sherbrooke in peace talks . The state and federal government 's weak defense of Massachusetts ' northern frontier during Strong 's tenure contributed to the successful drive for Maine 's statehood , which was granted in 1820 ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Sewall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)', 'summary': "Samuel Sewall ( December 11 , 1757 - June 8 , 1814 ) was an American lawyer and congressman . He was born in Boston , Massachusetts . After attending Dummer Charity School ( now The Governor 's Academy ) , Sewall graduated from Harvard College ( A.B . 1776 , A.M. 1779 , honorary LL.D . 1808 ) and set up practice as a lawyer in Marblehead . He served as a member of the state legislature in 1783 , and from 1788-96 . He represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1796 to 1800 , and from 1800 to 1814 served as a judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , becoming Chief Justice in 1814 . He died at Wiscasset , Massachusetts ( now Maine ) while holding a court there . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1801 . American novelist Louisa May Alcott was Sewall 's great niece . His younger sister , Dorothy , was Alcott 's great-grandmother . In 1781 , he married Abigail Devereux ; they had a family of at least six sons and two daughters ."}]}, {'value': '1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caleb Strong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caleb_Strong', 'summary': "Caleb Strong ( January 9 , 1745 - November 7 , 1819 ) was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807 , and again from 1812 until 1816 . He assisted in drafting the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1779 and served as a state senator and on the Massachusetts Governor 's Council before being elected to the inaugural United States Senate . A leading member of the Massachusetts Federalist Party , his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts . A successful Northampton lawyer prior to 1774 , Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the American Revolutionary War . He played an influential role in the development of the United States Constitution at the 1788 Philadelphia Convention , and , as a US Senator , in the passage of its 11th Amendment . He also played a leading role in the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which established the federal court system . Adept at moderating the sometimes harsh political conflict between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans and popular in Massachusetts , he navigated the state in a Federalist direction through the early years of the 19th century as the rest of the country became progressively more Republican . Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governor 's race , the advent of the War of 1812 brought him back to the governor 's office as a committed opponent of the war . He refused United States Army requests that state militia be placed under army command , and in 1814 sought to engage Nova Scotia Governor John Coape Sherbrooke in peace talks . The state and federal government 's weak defense of Massachusetts ' northern frontier during Strong 's tenure contributed to the successful drive for Maine 's statehood , which was granted in 1820 ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaac Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(congressman)', 'summary': 'Isaac Parker ( June 17 , 1768 - May 26 , 1830 ) was a Massachusetts Congressman and jurist , including Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1814 to his death .'}]}, {'value': '1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caleb Strong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caleb_Strong', 'summary': "Caleb Strong ( January 9 , 1745 - November 7 , 1819 ) was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807 , and again from 1812 until 1816 . He assisted in drafting the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1779 and served as a state senator and on the Massachusetts Governor 's Council before being elected to the inaugural United States Senate . A leading member of the Massachusetts Federalist Party , his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts . A successful Northampton lawyer prior to 1774 , Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the American Revolutionary War . He played an influential role in the development of the United States Constitution at the 1788 Philadelphia Convention , and , as a US Senator , in the passage of its 11th Amendment . He also played a leading role in the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which established the federal court system . Adept at moderating the sometimes harsh political conflict between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans and popular in Massachusetts , he navigated the state in a Federalist direction through the early years of the 19th century as the rest of the country became progressively more Republican . Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governor 's race , the advent of the War of 1812 brought him back to the governor 's office as a committed opponent of the war . He refused United States Army requests that state militia be placed under army command , and in 1814 sought to engage Nova Scotia Governor John Coape Sherbrooke in peace talks . The state and federal government 's weak defense of Massachusetts ' northern frontier during Strong 's tenure contributed to the successful drive for Maine 's statehood , which was granted in 1820 ."}]}, {'value': 'Died in office', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lemuel Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lemuel_Shaw', 'summary': 'Lemuel Shaw ( January 9 , 1781 - March 30 , 1861 ) was an American jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1830-1860 ) . Prior to his appointment he also served for several years in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and as a state senator . In 1847 Shaw became the father-in-law of author Herman Melville . He ruled on prominent cases involving slavery , segregation , and religion .'}]}, {'value': '1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Levi Lincoln Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr.', 'summary': "Levi Lincoln Jr. ( October 25 , 1782 - May 29 , 1868 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Worcester , Massachusetts . He was the 13th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1825-1834 ) and represented the state in the U.S. Congress ( 1834-1841 ) . Lincoln 's nine-year tenure as governor is the longest consecutive service in state history ; only Michael Dukakis ( 12 years ) , John Hancock ( 11 years ) and Caleb Strong ( 10 years ) served more years , but they were not consecutive . Born to Levi Lincoln Sr. , a prominent Worcester lawyer , he studied law and entered the state legislature in 1812 as a Democratic-Republican . He supported the War of 1812 ( a minority position in Federalist-dominated Massachusetts ) and opposed the Hartford Convention . Over the next ten years his politics moderated , and he was elected governor in 1825 in a nonpartisan landslide after serving one year on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court . Lincoln oversaw significant economic development in Massachusetts during his tenure and issued the first-ever veto by a Massachusetts governor . Lincoln and Daniel Webster were leading forces in the foundation of the National Republican ( later Whig ) Party in Massachusetts , which dominated state politics until the 1850s . Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1835 , serving in the House of Representatives until 1841 , when President William Henry Harrison appointed him collector of the Port of Boston . He was a major civic and philanthropic force in Worcester , owning and developing land in the city , and serving as its first mayor in 1848 ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Tyler Bigelow', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathaniel Prentice Banks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks', 'summary': "Nathaniel Prentice ( or Prentiss ) Banks ( January 30 , 1816 - September 1 , 1894 ) was an American politician from Massachusetts and a Union general during the Civil War . A millworker by background , Banks was prominent in local debating societies , and his oratorical skills were noted by the Democratic Party . However , his abolitionist views fitted him better for the nascent Republican Party , through which he became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and Governor of Massachusetts in the 1850s . Always a political chameleon ( for which he was criticized by contemporaries ) , Banks was the first professional politician ( with no outside business or other interests ) to serve as Massachusetts Governor . At the outbreak of the Civil War , President Lincoln appointed Banks as one of the first 'political ' major generals , over the heads of West Point regulars , who initially resented him , but came to acknowledge his influence on the administration of the war . After suffering a series of inglorious setbacks in the Shenandoah River Valley at the hands of Stonewall Jackson , Banks replaced Benjamin Butler at New Orleans as commander of the Department of the Gulf , charged with administration of Louisiana and gaining control of the Mississippi River . But he failed to reinforce Grant at Vicksburg , and badly handled the Siege of Port Hudson , taking its surrender only after Vicksburg had fallen . He then launched the Red River Campaign , a failed attempt to occupy eastern Texas that prompted his recall . Banks was regularly criticized for the failures of his campaigns , notably in tactically important tasks including reconnaissance . Banks was also instrumental in early reconstruction efforts in Louisiana , intended by Lincoln as a model for later such activities . After the war , Banks returned to the Massachusetts political scene , serving in Congress , where he supported Manifest Destiny , influenced the Alaska Purchase legislation , and supported women 's suffrage . In his later years he adopted more liberal progressive causes , and served as a United States marshal for Massachusetts before suffering a decline in his mental faculties ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Composition -- List of Chief Justices', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court_0', 'intro': 'The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The SJC claims the distinction of being the oldest continuously functioning appellate court in the Americas, with a recognized history dating to the establishment of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature in 1692 under the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. [nb 1]\n Although it was historically composed of four associate justices and one chief justice, the court is currently composed of six associate justices and one chief justice.'}
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Who is the chief justice appointed by a governmental body that provides advice and consent in certain matters ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_al_Sas', 'title': 'Giro al Sas', 'header': ['Athlete', 'Country', 'Wins', 'Years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Antonio Ambu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Ambu', 'summary': 'Antonio Ambu ( born 10 May 1936 ) is an Italian former long-distance runner who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961 , 1964-1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwin Soi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Soi', 'summary': 'Edwin Cheruiyot Soi ( born 3 March 1986 in Kericho ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in the 3000 and 5000 metres . He is a two-time Olympian for Kenya . His earliest honours were team gold medals with Kenya at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2006 and 2007 . Soi has had his success on the track - he was the 5000 m bronze medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and was highly successful at the IAAF World Athletics Final , taking three gold and three silver medals from 2006 to 2008 . He became the continental champion on the track at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics and was the 3000 m bronze medallist at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships . Soi has won numerous 10K road races in his career ; he has won three times consecutively at the BOclassic , Memorial Peppe Greco and Giro Media Blenio races , and has had four straight wins at the Giro al Sas . His personal best for the distance is 27:46 minutes .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Nocco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1946 , 1947 , 1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franjo Mihalić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franjo_Mihalić', 'summary': 'Franjo Mihalić ( Serbo-Croatian pronunciation : [ frǎːɲo mǐxalitɕ ] ; 9 March 1920 - 14 February 2015 ) was a Croatian long-distance runner best known for his 1958 win at the Boston Marathon and his marathon silver medal in the 1956 Summer Olympics . Mihalić competed mostly in marathons , road races and cross country races , distinguishing himself by winning many top-level international competitions in the 1950s and setting a combined 25 Croatian and later Yugoslavian national records in long-distance track events between 5000 m and 25 km . In 1957 , he became the inaugural winner of the Golden Badge , the award for the best sportsperson of Yugoslavia awarded by the daily Sport . He is regarded as the most accomplished male athlete in the history of Croatian , Serbian and Yugoslav track and field .'}]}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957 , 1959 , 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gianni Demadonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gianni_Demadonna', 'summary': 'Gianni Demadonna ( born 14 June 1954 ) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at 5 editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships ( from 1977 to 1987 ) . He also won a national championships at senior level . He currently works as an athletics agent .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980 , 1983 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefano Baldini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Baldini', 'summary': 'Stefano Baldini ( born 25 May 1971 in Castelnovo di Sotto , Emilia-Romagna , Italy ) is a retired Italian runner who specialized in the marathon . He was the Olympic champion in Athens and was twice European champion ( 1998 and 2006 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 , 2004 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moses Mosop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moses_Mosop', 'summary': 'Moses Cheruiyot Mosop ( born 7 July 1985 ) is a Kenyan middle and long distance athlete . He competed for Kenya at the 2004 Olympic Games and went on to take 10,000 metres bronze at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . He has also been successful in cross country running , having won the silver at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships as well as team gold with Kenya in 2007 and 2009 . Until 2014-09-30 , Mosop was managed by Jos Hermens and coached by Renato Canova . At the 2011-04-18 Boston Marathon , Mosop and countryman Geoffrey Mutai ran what at the time were the fastest times ever recorded for a marathon - 2:03:06 and 2:03:02 , respectively - shattering the Boston course record by nearly three minutes .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Masai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Masai', 'summary': "Andrew Masai ( born 13 December 1960 ) is a Kenyan former long-distance runner who competed in road running and cross country running events . He was one of Kenya 's best cross country runners in the late 1980s , taking six team gold medals at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships . His best individual finish at that competition was sixth in 1987 . He was key to the rise of Kenya in cross country , helping the nation to its first team title and scoring points which helped establish an unbeaten streak in the team race which lasted from 1986 to 2003 . He was also a silver medallist at the African Cross Country Championships in 1985 . He was a one-time national champion , taking the long-course Kenyan title in 1991 . A member of the Sabaot tribe , Masai grew up in Chepkoya - a village on Mount Elgon in Kenya 's Bungoma County . Over his career spanning twenty years , from 1984 to 2004 , he ran mainly cross country until 1991 before switching to road running . He contested mainly races in France and Italy ( under Gianni DeMadonna 's management ) before turning to the United States professional circuit in 2000 . He was the national runner-up in cross country three times ( 1985 , 1987 , 1989 ) . Among his road victories were the Giro al Sas ( twice ) , Roma-Ostia Half Marathon ( twice ) , Lyon Half Marathon ( twice ) , the Paris Half Marathon and Indianapolis Half Marathon . He had one win over the marathon distance at the Südtirol Marathon in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francesco Panetta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesco_Panetta', 'summary': 'Francesco Panetta ( born 10 January 1963 in Siderno ) is a former Italian long-distance runner , who won several medals at international championships in the 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luigi Zarcone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luigi_Zarcone', 'summary': 'Luigi Zarcone ( 18 June 1950 , in Villabate - 9 June 2001 , in Palermo ) was an Italian middle and long distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primo Gretter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Werner Dössegger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werner_Dössegger', 'summary': "Werner Dössegger ( born 18 February 1938 ) is a Swiss long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Konrad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Konrad', 'summary': "Walter Konrad ( born 4 July 1928 ) is a German long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1956 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953 , 1955', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Multiple winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Giro_al_Sas_2', 'intro': "The Giro al Sas, also known as the Giro Podistico di Trento and the Giro Internazionale Città di Trento, is an annual 10-kilometre road running competition for men which takes place in October in the city of Trento, Italy. First held as a part of celebrations for Saint Vigilius of Trent in 1907, the competition was interrupted by World Wars but has been held virtually every year since 1945. This makes it one of Europe's longest-running competitions of its type. The race has been won by some of Italy's most successful long-distance runners, including Stefano Baldini, as well as elite foreign athletes such as Paul Tergat and Kenenisa Bekele. The race is held within the city centre and starts and finishes at Piazza del Duomo. The name of the race, roughly translated as the Sas Circuit, derives from the fact that the course features ten kilometre-long loops on the main city streets - which are locally referred to as al Sas. The running event should not be confused with the similarly named Giro del Trentino - a road cycling competition which the city has hosted since 1963."}
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From which country is the athlete who died on 9 June 2001 ?
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Italy
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040c84bf4b722260
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Castiglione', 'title': 'Nancy Castiglione', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Network'], 'data': [{'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magandang Tanghali Bayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magandang_Tanghali_Bayan', 'summary': "MTB or Magandang Tanghali Bayan ( Good Afternoon , Nation ) and Masayang Tanghali Bayan ( A Fun Afternoon , Nation ) was a noon time variety show broadcast by ABS-CBN . The show was aired on Weekdays and Saturdays and was also broadcast worldwide through The Filipino Channel . The show was known for its many formats and host changes over the years that it was broadcast . MTB is the third longest running noon time show of ABS-CBN after Eat Bulaga ! ( 1989-1995 ) and Wowowee ( 2005-2010 ) , staying on air for 4 years , 2 months and 22 days ( as Magandang Tanghali Bayan from 1998-2003 ) . Other MTB incarnations such as Masayang Tanghali Bayan and MTB Ang Saya Saya stayed on air for around one year each , before Wowowee eventually took over . Overall though , MTB was the longest running daily noontime show of ABS-CBN until It 's Showtime surpassed its run in 2009 in the 12:00PM time slot . The total run of It 's Showtime ( which includes its pre-afternoon years ) has already broken MTB 's record three years prior ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself / Host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN_(TV_network)', 'summary': "ABS-CBN ( an initialism of the network 's former names , Alto Broadcasting System - Chronicle Broadcasting Network ) is a Philippine free-to-air television network that is the flagship property of ABS-CBN Corporation , a company under the Lopez Group . The network is headquartered at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City , with additional offices and production facilities in 25 major cities including Baguio , Naga , Bacolod , Iloilo , Cebu , and Davao . ABS-CBN is formally referred to as The Kapamilya Network ; kapamilya is a Filipino term which means a member of a family . This was originally introduced in 1999 and was officially introduced in 2003 during the celebration of its 50th anniversary . It is the largest television network in the country in terms of revenues , assets , and international coverage . ABS-CBN is the oldest television broadcaster in Southeast Asia and one of the oldest commercial television broadcasters in Asia . It is also the leading television network in the Philippines with advertising revenues of 21.2 billion pesos for the fiscal year of 2015 . ABS-CBN 's first ever television broadcast was on October 23 , 1953 , as Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) on DZAQ-TV , just 3 months after the first broadcast of Japan 's NHK General TV and Nippon Television . It is also the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color , the first television network in the Philippines to formally launch a digital terrestrial television service , and the first broadcast television network in the Philippines to formally launch in high-definition . Today , the flagship television station of ABS-CBN is DWWX-TV ( ABS-CBN TV-2 Manila ) . The network operates across the Philippine archipelago through the ABS-CBN Regional division which controls 80 television stations . Its programs are also available outside the Philippines through the global subscription television channel The Filipino Channel ( TFC ) which is now available in over three million paying households worldwide as well as terrestrially in Guam through KEQI-LP ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kahit Kailan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kahit_Kailan', 'summary': 'Kahit Kailan ( International title : Always / transl . Anytime ) is a Philippine television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Ruel S. Bayani , it stars Jolina Magdangal . It premiered on May 5 , 2002 replacing Anna Karenina . The series concluded on July 6 , 2003 with a total of 62 episodes . It was replaced by Love to Love .'}]}, {'value': 'Abby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sana_Ay_Ikaw_Na_Nga', 'summary': "Sana ay Ikaw na Nga ( International title : It Might Be You / transl . Hope It 's Really You ) is a Philippine television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Gil Tejada Jr. , it stars Tanya Garcia and Dingdong Dantes . It premiered on December 3 , 2001 replacing Sa Dako Pa Roon . The series concluded on April 25 , 2003 with a total of 361 episodes . A remake aired in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starstruck : Season 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/StarStruck_(Philippine_TV_series)', 'summary': "StarStruck is a Philippine television reality talent competition show broadcast by GMA Network . Originally hosted by Dingdong Dantes and Nancy Castiglione , it premiered on October 27 , 2003 on the network 's Telebabad line up . Dingdong Dantes and Jennylyn Mercado currently serve as the hosts for the show 's seventh season ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself / Host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love to Love : Season 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_to_Love_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Love to Love is a Philippine television drama romance anthology broadcast by GMA Network . It premiered on July 13 , 2003 replacing Kahit Kailan . The show concluded on October 22 , 2006 with a total of 171 episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Emilie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mulawin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulawin', 'summary': "Mulawin is a Philippine television drama fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Don Michael Perez and Dode Cruz , it stars Richard Gutierrez , Angel Locsin and Dennis Trillo . It premiered on August 2 , 2004 on the network 's Telebabad line up . The series concluded on March 18 , 2005 with a total of 166 episodes . It was replaced by Darna in its timeslot . The success of the series led to television spin-offs - Encantadia in 2005 and Iglot in 2011 . While continuations of the series , the film Mulawin : The Movie was released in 2005 and the television series Mulawin vs. Ravena was broadcast in 2017 . The series is streaming online on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Muyak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lagot Ka , Isusumbong Kita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lagot_Ka,_Isusumbong_Kita', 'summary': "Lagot Ka . Isusumbong Kita ! ( lit . You 're Busted . I Will Tell ! ) is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network . Starring Joey Marquez , Benjie Paras , Richard Gomez , Raymart Santiago and Pilita Corrales , it premiered on October 20 , 2003 on the network 's KiliTV line up . The series concluded on April 9 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Trisha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanggang Kailan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanggang_Kailan', 'summary': "Hanggang Kailan ( International title : Circle of Hearts / transl . Until When ) is a 2004 Philippine television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Jose Javier Reyes and Mark A. Reyes , it stars Lorna Tolentino , Christopher de Leon and Alice Dixson . It premiered on March 8 , 2004 on the network 's Telebabad line up replacing Narito Ang Puso Ko . The series concluded on August 13 , 2004 with a total of 95 episodes . It was replaced by Joyride in its timeslot ."}]}, {'value': 'Tara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love to Love : Season 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_to_Love_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Love to Love is a Philippine television drama romance anthology broadcast by GMA Network . It premiered on July 13 , 2003 replacing Kahit Kailan . The show concluded on October 22 , 2006 with a total of 171 episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Honeylet / Jamie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Encantadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Encantadia', 'summary': 'Encantadia is a Filipino fantasy franchise produced and published by GMA Network . It consists of four television series that have run from 2005 to present and a single film . The first was shown in 2005 carrying the title alone and ended in the same year with total of 160 episodes . The second series title Etheria premiered in the same year and ended in 2006 with 50 episodes . Due to its significant success , the third series title Encantadia : Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas premiered in 2006 consisting of 48 episodes . In 2016 , 11 years after the original run , a reboot of the series premiered on the same network featuring new casts . In 2005 , Encantadia had a crossover film with Mulawin entitled Mulawin : The Movie , which was produced by GMA Films as an entry to the 2005 Metro Manila Film Festival'}]}, {'value': 'Muyak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Etheria : Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etheria', 'summary': "Etheria : Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia ( International title : Etheria : The Fifth Kingdom of Encantadia ) is a Philippine television drama fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network . The series is the second installment of the Encantadia franchise . Directed by Mark A. Reyes and Gil Tejada Jr. , it stars Sunshine Dizon , Iza Calzado , Karylle , Diana Zubiri , Dingdong Dantes and Dennis Trillo . It premiered on December 12 , 2005 on the network 's Telebabad line up replacing Encantadia . The series concluded on February 17 , 2006 with a total of 50 episodes . It was replaced by Encantadia : Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas in its timeslot . The series is streaming online on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Muyak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Encantadia : Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Encantadia:_Pag-ibig_Hanggang_Wakas', 'summary': "Encantadia : Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas ( International title : Avisala Encantadia : Love Until the End / transl . Encantadia : Love Until the End ) is a 2006 Philippine television drama fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network . The series is the third instalment of the Encantadia franchise set after Etheria . Directed by Gil Tejada Jr. , it stars Sunshine Dizon , Iza Calzado , Karylle , Diana Zubiri and Dingdong Dantes . It premiered on February 20 , 2006 on the network 's Telebabad line up replacing Etheria . The series concluded on April 28 , 2006 with a total of 48 episodes . The series is streaming online on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Muyak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Your Song Present : Para Sa 'Yo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Your_Song_episodes', 'summary': 'Your Song is a musical anthology program broadcast by ABS-CBN in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Nancy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN_(TV_network)', 'summary': "ABS-CBN ( an initialism of the network 's former names , Alto Broadcasting System - Chronicle Broadcasting Network ) is a Philippine free-to-air television network that is the flagship property of ABS-CBN Corporation , a company under the Lopez Group . The network is headquartered at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City , with additional offices and production facilities in 25 major cities including Baguio , Naga , Bacolod , Iloilo , Cebu , and Davao . ABS-CBN is formally referred to as The Kapamilya Network ; kapamilya is a Filipino term which means a member of a family . This was originally introduced in 1999 and was officially introduced in 2003 during the celebration of its 50th anniversary . It is the largest television network in the country in terms of revenues , assets , and international coverage . ABS-CBN is the oldest television broadcaster in Southeast Asia and one of the oldest commercial television broadcasters in Asia . It is also the leading television network in the Philippines with advertising revenues of 21.2 billion pesos for the fiscal year of 2015 . ABS-CBN 's first ever television broadcast was on October 23 , 1953 , as Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) on DZAQ-TV , just 3 months after the first broadcast of Japan 's NHK General TV and Nippon Television . It is also the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color , the first television network in the Philippines to formally launch a digital terrestrial television service , and the first broadcast television network in the Philippines to formally launch in high-definition . Today , the flagship television station of ABS-CBN is DWWX-TV ( ABS-CBN TV-2 Manila ) . The network operates across the Philippine archipelago through the ABS-CBN Regional division which controls 80 television stations . Its programs are also available outside the Philippines through the global subscription television channel The Filipino Channel ( TFC ) which is now available in over three million paying households worldwide as well as terrestrially in Guam through KEQI-LP ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Komiks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Komiks_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Komiks ( lit . Comics ) is a Philippine television fantasy-drama anthology broadcast by ABS-CBN from February 4 , 2006 to August 8 , 2009 spanned for 3 years . The series features popular local comic book stories and airs on Saturday evenings . It can also be seen on TFC .'}]}, {'value': 'Nancy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN_(TV_network)', 'summary': "ABS-CBN ( an initialism of the network 's former names , Alto Broadcasting System - Chronicle Broadcasting Network ) is a Philippine free-to-air television network that is the flagship property of ABS-CBN Corporation , a company under the Lopez Group . The network is headquartered at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City , with additional offices and production facilities in 25 major cities including Baguio , Naga , Bacolod , Iloilo , Cebu , and Davao . ABS-CBN is formally referred to as The Kapamilya Network ; kapamilya is a Filipino term which means a member of a family . This was originally introduced in 1999 and was officially introduced in 2003 during the celebration of its 50th anniversary . It is the largest television network in the country in terms of revenues , assets , and international coverage . ABS-CBN is the oldest television broadcaster in Southeast Asia and one of the oldest commercial television broadcasters in Asia . It is also the leading television network in the Philippines with advertising revenues of 21.2 billion pesos for the fiscal year of 2015 . ABS-CBN 's first ever television broadcast was on October 23 , 1953 , as Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) on DZAQ-TV , just 3 months after the first broadcast of Japan 's NHK General TV and Nippon Television . It is also the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color , the first television network in the Philippines to formally launch a digital terrestrial television service , and the first broadcast television network in the Philippines to formally launch in high-definition . Today , the flagship television station of ABS-CBN is DWWX-TV ( ABS-CBN TV-2 Manila ) . The network operates across the Philippine archipelago through the ABS-CBN Regional division which controls 80 television stations . Its programs are also available outside the Philippines through the global subscription television channel The Filipino Channel ( TFC ) which is now available in over three million paying households worldwide as well as terrestrially in Guam through KEQI-LP ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Spell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Spell', 'summary': 'Love Spell is a fantasy and romance-based program airing on ABS-CBN that tells a different love story each season with a new couple . It was aired from July 9 , 2006 to March 23 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABS-CBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABS-CBN_(TV_network)', 'summary': "ABS-CBN ( an initialism of the network 's former names , Alto Broadcasting System - Chronicle Broadcasting Network ) is a Philippine free-to-air television network that is the flagship property of ABS-CBN Corporation , a company under the Lopez Group . The network is headquartered at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City , with additional offices and production facilities in 25 major cities including Baguio , Naga , Bacolod , Iloilo , Cebu , and Davao . ABS-CBN is formally referred to as The Kapamilya Network ; kapamilya is a Filipino term which means a member of a family . This was originally introduced in 1999 and was officially introduced in 2003 during the celebration of its 50th anniversary . It is the largest television network in the country in terms of revenues , assets , and international coverage . ABS-CBN is the oldest television broadcaster in Southeast Asia and one of the oldest commercial television broadcasters in Asia . It is also the leading television network in the Philippines with advertising revenues of 21.2 billion pesos for the fiscal year of 2015 . ABS-CBN 's first ever television broadcast was on October 23 , 1953 , as Alto Broadcasting System ( ABS ) on DZAQ-TV , just 3 months after the first broadcast of Japan 's NHK General TV and Nippon Television . It is also the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color , the first television network in the Philippines to formally launch a digital terrestrial television service , and the first broadcast television network in the Philippines to formally launch in high-definition . Today , the flagship television station of ABS-CBN is DWWX-TV ( ABS-CBN TV-2 Manila ) . The network operates across the Philippine archipelago through the ABS-CBN Regional division which controls 80 television stations . Its programs are also available outside the Philippines through the global subscription television channel The Filipino Channel ( TFC ) which is now available in over three million paying households worldwide as well as terrestrially in Guam through KEQI-LP ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starstruck : Season 5 Live Finale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/StarStruck_(Philippine_TV_series)', 'summary': "StarStruck is a Philippine television reality talent competition show broadcast by GMA Network . Originally hosted by Dingdong Dantes and Nancy Castiglione , it premiered on October 27 , 2003 on the network 's Telebabad line up . Dingdong Dantes and Jennylyn Mercado currently serve as the hosts for the show 's seventh season ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself / Co-Host / Guest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMA Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GMA_Network', 'summary': "GMA Network ( Global Media Arts or simply GMA ) is a major national commercial broadcast television and radio network in the Philippines . GMA Network is the flagship property of publicly traded GMA Network Inc. Its first broadcast on television was on October 29 , 1961 . GMA Network ( formerly known as RBS TV Channel 7 , GMA Radio-Television Arts and GMA Rainbow Satellite Network ) is commonly referred to as the Kapuso Network in reference to the outline of the company 's logo . It has also been called the Christian Network , which refers to the apparent programming during the tenure of the new management , which took over in 1974 . It is headquartered in the GMA Network Center in Quezon City and its transmitter , Tower of Power , is located at Tandang Sora Avenue , Barangay Culiat also in Quezon City . The original meaning of the GMA acronym was Greater Manila Area , referring to the initial coverage area of the station . As the network expanded it changed into Global Media Arts . GMA 's flagship television station is DZBB-TV which carries VHF Channel 7 ( Analog broadcast ) and UHF Channel 15 ( Digital broadcast ) . The network has 4 originating stations and 48 relay stations nationwide . Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through GMA Pinoy TV , GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Nancy_Castiglione_0', 'intro': 'Nancy Castiglione (born Nancy Jane Castiglione[fn 1] on February 24, 1981) is a half Italian and half Filipina actress and singer in the Philippines.'}
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Which 2002 title of Nancy Castiglione was broadcast worldwide on The Filipino Channel ?
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Magandang Tanghali Bayan
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040dde3ae2f3de28
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland', 'title': 'List of oldest buildings in Scotland', 'header': ['Building', 'Location', 'Council area', 'Year Built', 'Use', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': "St Machar 's Cathedral", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Machar's_Cathedral", 'summary': "St Machar 's Cathedral ( or , more formally , the Cathedral Church of St Machar ) is a Church of Scotland church in Aberdeen , Scotland . It is located to the north of the city centre , in the former burgh of Old Aberdeen . Technically , St Machar 's is no longer a cathedral but rather a high kirk , as it has not been the seat of a bishop since 1690 ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Aberdeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Aberdeen', 'summary': "Old Aberdeen is part of the city of Aberdeen in Scotland . Old Aberdeen was originally a separate burgh , which was erected into a burgh of barony on 26 December 1489 . It was incorporated into adjacent Aberdeen by Act of Parliament in 1891 . It retains the status of a community council area . The town 's motto is concordia res parvae crescunt ( through harmony , small things increase ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen', 'summary': "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ."}]}, {'value': '1440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The nave and its two western towers were built between 1422 and 1440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kildrummy Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kildrummy_Castle', 'summary': 'Kildrummy Castle is a ruined castle near Kildrummy , in Aberdeenshire , Scotland . Though ruined , it is one of the most extensive castles dating from the 13th century to survive in eastern Scotland , and was the seat of the Earls of Mar . It is owned today by Historic Environment Scotland and is open to the public as a scheduled ancient monument with gardens that are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Kildrummy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kildrummy', 'summary': "Kildrummy ( Scottish Gaelic : Cionn Droma ) is a hamlet in Aberdeenshire , Scotland near the River Don , 7 miles west of Alford . The hamlet 's primary school closed in 2003 . Its church was built in 1805 . Nearby Kildrummy Castle has a long history dating back to at least the 14th century . The site of Brux Castle is also about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) away ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeenshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeenshire', 'summary': "Aberdeenshire ( Scots : Aiberdeenshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Obar Dheathain ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . It takes its name from the County of Aberdeen which has substantially different boundaries . The Aberdeenshire council area includes all of the area of the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire ( except the area making up the City of Aberdeen ) , as well as part of Banffshire . The county boundaries are officially used for a few purposes , namely land registration and lieutenancy . Aberdeenshire Council is headquartered at Woodhill House , in Aberdeen , making it the only Scottish council whose headquarters are located outside its jurisdiction . Aberdeen itself forms a different council area ( Aberdeen City ) . Aberdeenshire borders onto Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south , Highland and Moray to the west and Aberdeen City to the east . Traditionally , it has been economically dependent upon the primary sector ( agriculture , fishing , and forestry ) and related processing industries . Over the last 40 years , the development of the oil and gas industry and associated service sector has broadened Aberdeenshire 's economic base , and contributed to a rapid population growth of some 50% since 1975 . Its land represents 8% of Scotland 's overall territory . It covers an area of 6,313 square kilometres ( 2,437 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built mid 13th century , possibly by Gilbert de Moravia and fell under siege in 1306 during the Wars of Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_de_Moravia', 'summary': "Gilbert de Moravia ( died 1245 ) , later known as Saint Gilbert of Dornoch , or Gilbert of Caithness , was the most famous Bishop of Caithness and founder of Dornoch Cathedral . His name may suggest that he came from the semi-Gaelicized family of Flemish origin who were Lords of Duffus , and who during Gilbert 's episcopate would create the Earldom of Sutherland under Gilbert 's possible cousin , William de Moravia , 1st Earl of Sutherland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence', 'summary': 'The First War of Scottish Independence was the initial chapter of engagements in a series of warring periods between English and Scottish forces lasting from the invasion by England in 1296 until the de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328 . De facto independence was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn . England attempted to establish its authority over Scotland while the Scots fought to keep English rule and authority out of Scotland . The term War of Independence did not exist at the time . The war was given that name retroactively many centuries later , after the American War of Independence made the term popular .'}]}, {'value': 'Brechin Cathedral Round Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brechin_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Brechin Cathedral dates from the 13th century . As a congregation of the Church of Scotland , which is Presbyterian , the church is not technically a cathedral , in spite of its name . It is in the Pointed style , but suffered maltreatment in 1806 at the hands of restorers , whose work was subsequently removed during the restoration completed in 1902 . The western gable with its flamboyant window , Gothic door and massive square tower , parts of the ( much truncated ) choir , and the nave pillars and clerestory are all that is left of the original edifice . The modern stained glass in the chancel is reckoned amongst the finest in Scotland . The Cathedral is a category A listed building and the attached Round Tower is a scheduled monument .'}]}, {'value': 'Brechin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brechin', 'summary': 'Brechin ( /ˈbriːxɪn/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Breichinn ) is a town and former Royal burgh in Angus , Scotland . Traditionally Brechin was described as a city because of its cathedral and its status as the seat of a pre-Reformation Roman Catholic diocese ( which continues today as an episcopal seat of the Scottish Episcopal Church ) , but that status has not been officially recognised in the modern era . Nevertheless , the designation is often used , with examples being the City of Brechin and District Community Council , City of Brechin and Area Partnership , City of Brechin Civic Trust and Brechin City Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus,_Scotland', 'summary': 'Angus ( Scottish Gaelic : Aonghas ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland , a registration county and a lieutenancy area . The council area borders Aberdeenshire , Dundee City [ disambiguation needed ] and Perth and Kinross . Main industries include agriculture and fishing . Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has a significant presence in Montrose in the north of the county . Angus was historically a county , known officially as Forfarshire from the 18th century until 1928 , bordering Kincardineshire to the north-east , Aberdeenshire to the north and Perthshire to the west ; southwards it faced Fife across the Firth of Tay ( essentially the same border as today minus Dundee ) . It remains a registration county and a lieutenancy area . In 1975 some of its administrative functions were transferred to the council district of the Tayside Region , and in 1995 further reform resulted in the establishment of the unitary Angus Council .'}]}, {'value': '1012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Round Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_round_tower', 'summary': 'Irish round towers ( Irish : Cloigtheach ( singular ) , Cloigthithe ( plural ) - literally bell house ) are early medieval stone towers of a type found mainly in Ireland , with two in Scotland and one on the Isle of Man . As their name Cloigtheach indicates , they were originally bell towers , though they may have been later used for additional purposes . Generally found in the vicinity of a church or monastery , the door of the tower faces the west doorway of the church . In this way , it has been possible to determine without excavation the approximate site of lost churches , where the tower still exists .'}]}, {'value': 'The tower probably predates the cathedral itself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glebe cairn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilmartin Glen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilmartin_Glen', 'summary': 'Kilmartin Glen is an area in Argyll not far from Kintyre . It has the most important concentration of Neolithic and Bronze Age remains in mainland Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Argyll and Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute', 'summary': 'Argyll and Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd , pronounced [ ɛrˠəˈɣɛːəlˠ̪ akəs̪ ˈpɔːtʲ ] ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead .'}]}, {'value': '1700 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An early Bronze Age structure with two stone cists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze_Age', 'summary': "The Bronze Age is a historical period that was characterized by the use of bronze , and in some areas proto-writing , and other early features of urban civilization . The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system , as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen , for classifying and studying ancient societies . An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin , arsenic , or other metals , or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere . Bronze itself is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time , allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage . Whilst terrestrial iron is naturally abundant , its high melting point of 1,538 °C ( 2,800 °F ) placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the second millennium BC . Tin 's low melting point of 231.9 °C ( 449.4 °F ) and copper 's relatively moderate melting point of 1,085 °C ( 1,985 °F ) placed them within the capabilities of the Neolithic pottery kilns , which date back to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 °C ( 1,650 °F ) . Copper-tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze began in the third millennium BC . Worldwide , the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period , with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition . Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age , in some areas ( such as Sub-Saharan Africa ) , the Iron Age began as early as 2500 BC . Bronze Age cultures differed in their development of the first writing . According to archaeological evidence , cultures in Mesopotamia ( cuneiform script ) and Egypt ( hieroglyphs ) developed the earliest viable writing systems ."}]}, {'value': 'Clackmannan Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clackmannan_Tower', 'summary': "Clackmannan Tower is a five-storey tower house , situated at the summit of King 's Seat Hill in Clackmannan , Clackmannanshire , Scotland . It was built in the 14th century by King David II of Scotland and sold to his cousin Robert Bruce in 1359 . It is a designated scheduled ancient monument ."}]}, {'value': 'Clackmannan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clackmannan', 'summary': 'Clackmannan ( /klækˈmænən/ listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Clach Mhanainn , perhaps meaning Stone of Manau ) , is a small town and civil parish set in the Central Lowlands of Scotland . Situated within the Forth Valley , Clackmannan is 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south-east of Alloa and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south of Tillicoultry . The town is within the county of Clackmannanshire , of which it was formerly the county town , until Alloa overtook it in size and importance . According to a 2009 estimate the population of the settlement of Clackmannan is 3,348 residents .'}]}, {'value': 'Clackmannanshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clackmannanshire', 'summary': "Clackmannanshire ( /klækˈmænənˌʃɪər , -ʃər/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn ) is a historic county and council area in Scotland , bordering the council areas of Stirling , Fife and Perth & Kinross and the historic counties of Perthshire , Stirlingshire and Fife . The name is derived from three languages the first Scottish Gaelic : Clach meaning Stone , Mannan is a derivative of the Brythonic name of the Iron Age tribe the Manaw , who inhabited the area , and the English word shire . As Britain 's smallest historic county , it is often nicknamed The Wee County . When written , Clackmannanshire is commonly abbreviated to Clacks ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 14th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tower house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_house', 'summary': "A tower house is a particular type of stone structure , built for defensive purposes as well as habitation . Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages , especially in mountainous or limited access areas , in order to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces . At the same time , they were also used as an aristocrat 's residence , around which a castle town was often constructed ."}]}, {'value': 'L-plan tower house extended in the 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweetheart Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweetheart_Abbey', 'summary': 'The Abbey of Dulce Cor , better known as Sweetheart Abbey ( Gd : An Abaid Ur ) , was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 in what is now the village of New Abbey , in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway , 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of Dumfries .'}]}, {'value': 'New Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Abbey', 'summary': "New Abbey is a village in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway , Scotland . It is around 6 miles ( 10 km ) south of Dumfries . The summit of the prominent hill Criffel is 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) to the south . The village has a wealth of history including the ruined Cistercian abbey Sweetheart Abbey , founded by Lady Devorgilla in 1273 in memory of her husband John Balliol . She kept his embalmed heart close to her for the rest of her life . The monks named the abbey dulce cor ( sweet heart ) . The village has a watermill , the New Abbey Corn Mill . Loch Kindar has a crannog and the village has the remains of Kirk Kindar ( this was the parish church until just after 1633 when it was transferred to the refectory of the suppressed Sweetheart Abbey ) on an island located just outside the village . The village has a saw mill , a hotel , a village shop , a coffee shop , a primary school , a doctor 's surgery , a village hall , a bowling green , a football pitch - Maryfield Park ( home to Abbey Vale FC ) , a Church of Scotland church . A Roman Catholic church , St Mary 's , designed by the New Abbey born architect Walter Newall , closed in 2013 . It is now The Thomas Bagnall Centre with occasional retreats and Mass said here . Two burns flow through the village : the New Abbey Pow which runs into the River Nith Estuary and the Sheep Burn ."}]}, {'value': 'Dumfries and Galloway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway', 'summary': 'Dumfries and Galloway ( Scots : Dumfries an Gallowa ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Phrìs is Gall-Ghaidhealaibh ) is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands . It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire , Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire , the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway . The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries . Following the 1975 reorganisation of local government in Scotland , the three counties were joined to form a single region of Dumfries and Galloway , with four districts within it . Since the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , however , it has become a unitary local authority . For lieutenancy purposes , the historic counties are largely maintained with its three lieutenancy areas being Dumfries , Wigtown and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright . To the north , Dumfries and Galloway borders East Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire ; in the east the Borders ; and to the south the county of Cumbria in England and the Solway Firth . To the west lies the Irish Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1273', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cistercian', 'summary': "The Cistercians ( /sɪˈstɜːrʃənz/ ) officially the Order of Cistercians ( Latin : ( Sacer ) Ordo Cisterciensis , abbreviated as OCist or SOCist ) , are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict . They are also known as Bernardines , after the highly influential Bernard of Clairvaux ( though that term is also used of one of the Franciscan Orders in Poland and Lithuania ) ; or as White Monks , in reference to the colour of the cuccula or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits , as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks . The term Cistercian ( French Cistercien ) , derives from Cistercium , the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux , near Dijon in eastern France . It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098 , with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict . The best known of them were Robert of Molesme , Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding , who were the first three abbots . Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order . By the end of the 12th century , the order had spread throughout France and into England , Wales , Scotland , Ireland , Spain , Portugal , Italy , Scandinavia and Eastern Europe . The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict . Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone , the monks tried to replicate monastic life as it had been in Saint Benedict 's time ; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity . The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour , especially agricultural work in the fields , a special characteristic of Cistercian life . The Cistercians also made major contributions to culture and technology in medieval Europe : Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture ; and the Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture , hydraulic engineering , and metallurgy . The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency , and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monastery', 'summary': 'A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church , or temple , and may also serve as an oratory , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school , and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge , or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dervorguilla_of_Galloway', 'summary': "Dervorguilla of Galloway ( c. 1210 - 28 January 1290 ) was a 'lady of substance ' in 13th century Scotland , the wife from 1223 of John , 5th Baron de Balliol , and mother of John I , a future king of Scotland . The name Dervorguilla or Devorgilla was a Latinisation of the Gaelic Dearbhfhorghaill ( alternative spellings , Derborgaill or Dearbhorghil ) ."}]}, {'value': "St Mary 's Tower", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dundee_Parish_Church_(St_Mary's)", 'summary': "Dundee Parish Church ( St Marys ) is located in the east section of Dundee 's City Churches , the other being occupied by the Steeple Church . Both are congregations in the Church of Scotland , although with differing styles of worship . Dundee played an important role in the Reformation , and John Knox asserts in his History of the Reformation that the first face of a public church Reformed was that of St Mary 's in Dundee , by 1556 . The church dates back to 1190 , when it was founded by David , Earl of Huntingdon , brother of William the Lion , King of Scots . The original buildings have not survived . In 1303 the church was burnt by an invading English army . Following a further invasion in 1547 the church was burnt down again . In the late Middle Ages , Dundee 's was the largest parish church in Scotland with the Old Steeple , built in the 1470s during the Provostship of George Spalding , the tallest tower . In 1841 three of the City Churches were again destroyed by fire . Two were rebuilt , the South Church or St Paul 's and the East Church or St Mary 's . St Mary 's , now known as Dundee Parish Church ( St Mary 's ) was rebuilt being completed in 1844 to the design of William Burn . In 1847 the rebuilt South Church was reopened under the name St Paul 's ( South ) Church ."}]}, {'value': 'Nethergate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dundee City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee', 'summary': "Dundee ( /dʌnˈdiː/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dè or Dùn Dèagh [ ˈt̪uːn tʲeː ] ) is Scotland 's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom . The mid-year population estimate for 2018 was 148,750 , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi , the second-highest in Scotland . It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay , which feeds into the North Sea . Under the name of Dundee City ( officially the City of Dundee ) , it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Historically part of Angus , the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port . Rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution , particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry . This , along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute , jam and journalism . Today , Dundee is promoted as One City , Many Discoveries in honour of Dundee 's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery , Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic exploration vessel , which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point . Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s , and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom 's digital entertainment industry , including mobile app development and gaming . Dundee has two universities - the University of Dundee and the Abertay University . In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK 's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research , comics and video games . A unique feature of Dundee is that its two professional football clubs , Dundee F.C ."}]}, {'value': '1495', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as The Old Steeple and described as the oldest surviving building in Dundee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauchline Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauchline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauchline', 'summary': 'Mauchline ( /ˈmɒxlɪn/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Maghlinn ) is a town and civil parish in East Ayrshire , Scotland . In the 2001 census Mauchline had a recorded population of 4,105 .'}]}, {'value': 'East Ayrshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Ayrshire', 'summary': 'East Ayrshire ( Scots : Aest Ayrshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Àir an Ear ) is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland . It shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway , East Renfrewshire , North Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire . The headquarters of the council are located on London Road , Kilmarnock . With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire , it formed the former county of Ayrshire . The wider geographical region of East Ayrshire has a population of 122,100 at the last 2011 census , making it the 16th-largest local authority in Scotland . Spanning a geographical area of 1,262 km2 ( 487 sq mi ) , East Ayrshire is the 14th-largest local authority in Scotland in terms of geographical area . The majority of the population of East Ayrshire live within and surrounding the main town , Kilmarnock , having a population of over 46,000 people at the 2011 census . Other large population areas in East Ayrshire include Cumnock , the second-largest town in terms of population and area , and smaller towns and villages such as Stewarton , Darvel and Hurlford .'}]}, {'value': '1450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former grange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monastic_grange', 'summary': 'Monastic granges were outlying landholdings held by monasteries independent of the manorial system . The first granges were owned by the Cistercians and other orders followed . Wealthy monastic houses had many granges , most of which were largely agricultural providing food for the monastic community . A grange might be established adjacent to the monastery but others were established wherever it held lands , some at a considerable distance . Some granges were worked by lay-brothers belonging to the order , others by paid labourers . Granges could be of six known types : agrarian , sheep or cattle farms , horse studs , fisheries and industrial complexes . Industrial granges were significant in the development of medieval industries , particularly iron working .'}]}, {'value': 'Built by Andrew Hunter , abbot of Melrose Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melrose_Abbey', 'summary': "St Mary 's Abbey , Melrose is a partly ruined monastery of the Cistercian order in Melrose , Roxburghshire , in the Scottish Borders . It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks at the request of King David I of Scotland , and was the chief house of that order in the country until the Reformation . It was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose . Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument . The east end of the abbey was completed in 1146 . Other buildings in the complex were added over the next 50 years . The abbey was built in the Gothic manner , and in the form of a St. John 's Cross . A considerable portion of the abbey is now in ruins . A structure dating from 1590 is maintained as a museum open to the public . Alexander II and other Scottish kings and nobles are buried at the abbey . A lead container believed to hold the embalmed heart of Robert the Bruce was found in 1921 below the Chapter House site ; it was found again in a 1998 excavation . This was documented in records of his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Bardowie Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardowie_Castle', 'summary': 'Bardowie Castle is located 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) east of Milngavie , in East Dunbartonshire , Scotland . The A-Listed building overlooks Bardowie Loch .'}]}, {'value': 'Bardowie , between Bearsden , Milngavie , and Torrance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardowie', 'summary': 'Bardowie is a hamlet in East Dunbartonshire located within the civil parish of Baldernock . It is 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from Milngavie and 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from Strathblane . Along with other settlements in Baldernock , it was part of Stirlingshire until 1975 , when Bardowie became part of the Strathclyde region . In 1996 another reorganisation placed Bardowie in East Dunbartonshire . The 1795 Richardson Thomas map of the town of Glasgow & country seven miles around refers to Bardowie as Barduie . Despite being a hamlet , Bardowie is a conservation village . There are no plans to build any more houses in Bardowie . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bearsden', 'summary': "Bearsden ( /ˌbɛərzˈdɛn/ ( listen ) ) is a town in East Dunbartonshire , Scotland , on the northwestern fringe of Greater Glasgow . Approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) from Glasgow City Centre , the town is effectively a suburb , and its housing development coincided with the 1863 introduction of a railway line . The town was named after Bearsden railway station , which was named after a nearby cottage . Bearsden was ranked the seventh-wealthiest area in Britain in a 2005 survey and has the least social housing of any town in Scotland . The Roman Antonine Wall runs through the town , and the remains of a military bath house can be seen near the town centre . In 1649 , the first New Kilpatrick parish church was built , which became the centre of administration for the area . The town 's official Gaelic name Cille Phàdraig Ùr ( meaning new church of Patrick ) reflects the name of the parish . By the early 20th century , a town had grown up with large townhouses , primarily occupied by wealthy commuter business workers . Further development of more affordable housing has increased the population of the town to approximately 28,000 . Formerly a burgh , the town now has local government being the responsibility of East Dunbartonshire Council , but until 2011 , the council had some departmental offices at Boclair House in Bearsden ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milngavie', 'summary': 'Milngavie ( /mɪlˈɡaɪ/ ( listen ) mil-GHY ; Scots : Mulguye , Scottish Gaelic : Muileann-Gaidh ) is a town in East Dunbartonshire , Scotland . It is on the Allander Water , at the northwestern edge of Greater Glasgow , and about 6 miles ( 10 km ) from Glasgow city centre . It neighbours Bearsden . Milngavie is a commuter town , with much of its working population travelling to Glasgow to work or study . The town is served by Milngavie railway station on the North Clyde Line of the SPT rail network , which links it to Central Glasgow . The town was formerly served by routes 13 and 14 of the once extensive Glasgow tramway system . Tramway services in Milngavie were withdrawn in 1956 ; the entire system was dismantled by September 1962 . The town is a very popular retirement location , with an unusually high proportion of elderly . In the 2001 census the town had a population of 12,795 in 5,256 households . The Milngavie and Bearsden Herald , owned by Johnston Press , is a weekly newspaper that covers local events from the schools , town halls , community and government in the area . The paper was established in 1901 and is printed every Wednesday , to be sold on Thursdays . Currently the town is perhaps best known as the start of the West Highland Way long distance footpath which runs northwards for 95 miles ( 153 km ) to the town of Fort William .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Torrance,_East_Dunbartonshire', 'summary': 'Torrance is a village in East Dunbartonshire , Scotland , located 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the Glasgow city centre . Torrance used to mainly consist of farmland . The village was once famous as a resting place for workers on their way to the Campsie Fells 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north . The Forth and Clyde Canal has a wharf nearby at Hungryside , and the A807 runs along its southern edge . The village has an active community charity whose aims are to improve the village facilities .'}]}, {'value': 'East Dunbartonshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire', 'summary': "East Dunbartonshire ( Scots : Aest Dunbartanshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Dhùn Bhreatainn an Ear ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . It borders the north-west of the City of Glasgow and contains many of the suburbs of Glasgow as well as many of the city 's commuter towns and villages . East Dunbartonshire also shares borders with North Lanarkshire , Stirling and West Dunbartonshire . The council area covers parts of the historic counties of Dunbartonshire , Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire . The council area was formed in 1996 , as a result of the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , from the former Bearsden and Milngavie district and most of the former Strathkelvin district ( all areas except Chryston and Auchinloch , which became part of North Lanarkshire council area ) , within the wider Strathclyde region ."}]}, {'value': '1566', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16th-century tower with later additions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dirleton Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dirleton_Castle', 'summary': "Dirleton Castle is a medieval fortress in the village of Dirleton , East Lothian , Scotland . It lies around 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) west of North Berwick , and around 19 miles ( 31 km ) east of Edinburgh . The oldest parts of the castle date to the 13th century , and it was abandoned by the end of the 17th century . Begun in around 1240 by John De Vaux , the castle was heavily damaged during the Wars of Scottish Independence , when it was twice taken by the English . In the 14th century , Dirleton was repaired by the Haliburton family , and it was acquired by the Ruthvens in 1505 . The Ruthvens were involved in several plots against Mary , Queen of Scots , and King James VI , and eventually forfeited the castle in 1600 . Dirleton ceased to be a residence , although Oliver Cromwell was forced to besiege the castle to flush out a band of mosstroopers ( marauders ) , during the Third English Civil War in 1650 . The damaged castle was then acquired by John Nisbet , Lord Dirleton , who decided to build a new country house on the nearby Archerfield Estate . The Nisbet family of Dirleton continued to maintain the castle 's gardens , before handing Dirleton into state care in 1923 . The ruins and gardens are now maintained by Historic Environment Scotland . Dirleton Castle stands on a rocky outcrop , at the heart of the rich agricultural lands of the barony of Dirleton , and guards the coastal approach to Edinburgh from England , via the port of North Berwick . The ruins comprise a 13th-century keep , and a 16th-century house which the Ruthvens built adjacent ."}]}, {'value': 'Dirleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dirleton', 'summary': 'Dirleton is a village and parish in East Lothian , Scotland approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Edinburgh on the A198 . It contains 7,500 acres ( 30 km2 ) . Dirleton lies between North Berwick ( east ) , Gullane ( west ) , Fenton Barns ( south ) and the Yellowcraigs nature reserve , Archerfield Estate and the Firth of Forth ( north ) . Gullane parish was joined to Dirleton parish in 1612 by an Act of Parliament because Golyn ( as it was anciently spelt ) is ane decaying toun , and Dirleton is ane thriven place .'}]}, {'value': 'East Lothian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Lothian', 'summary': "East Lothian ( /ˈloʊðiən/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Lodainn an Ear ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland , a historic county , registration county and lieutenancy area . The county was also known as Haddingtonshire . In 1975 , the historic county was incorporated for local government purposes into Lothian Region as East Lothian District , with some slight alterations of its boundaries . The Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 later created East Lothian as one of 32 modern council areas . East Lothian lies south of the Firth of Forth in the eastern central Lowlands of Scotland . It borders Edinburgh to the west , Midlothian to the south-west and the Scottish Borders to the south . Its administrative centre and former county town is Haddington while the largest town is Musselburgh . Haddingtonshire has ancient origins and is named in a charter of 1139 as Hadintunschira and in another of 1141 as Hadintunshire . Three of the county 's towns were designated as royal burghs : Haddington , Dunbar , and North Berwick . As with the rest of Lothian , it formed part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia and later the Kingdom of Northumbria . Popular legend suggests that it was at a battle between the Picts and Angles in the East Lothian village of Athelstaneford in 823 that the flag of Scotland was conceived ."}]}, {'value': '1240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The de Vaux towers are the oldest extant structures', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mearns Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mearns_Castle', 'summary': 'Mearns Castle is a 15th-century tower house in Newton Mearns , East Renfrewshire , to the south of Glasgow , Scotland . It is a Category A listed building . The castle has been restored and is now part of the Maxwell Mearns Castle Church . It also gives its name to nearby Mearns Castle High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Newton Mearns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton_Mearns', 'summary': "Newton Mearns ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile Ùr na Maoirne [ ˈpalə ˈuːɾ nə ˈmɯːrˠɲə ] ) is an affluent suburban town and the largest settlement in East Renfrewshire , Scotland . It lies 7 miles ( 11 km ) southwest of Glasgow City Centre on the main road to Ayrshire , 410 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level . It has a population of approximately 22,636 , stretching from Whitecraigs and Kirkhill in the northeast to Maidenhill in the southeast , to Westacres and Greenlaw in the west and Capelrig/Patterton in the northwest . It is part of the Greater Glasgow conurbation . Its name derives from being a new town of the Mearns ( from Scottish Gaelic a ' Mhaoirne meaning a stewartry ) ."}]}, {'value': 'East Renfrewshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Renfrewshire', 'summary': 'East Renfrewshire ( Scots : Aest Renfrewshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Rinn Friù an Ear ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland . Until 1975 it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire , North Ayrshire and Inverclyde . Although no longer a local authority area , Renfrewshire still remains the registration county and lieutenancy area of East Renfrewshire . The East Renfrewshire local authority was formed in 1996 , as a successor to the Eastwood district , along with Barrhead , which came from Renfrew district . Its longest border is with East Ayrshire , followed by the City of Glasgow , then Renfrewshire and South Lanarkshire , followed by its extremely short border with North Ayrshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Post 1449', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tower house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_house', 'summary': "A tower house is a particular type of stone structure , built for defensive purposes as well as habitation . Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages , especially in mountainous or limited access areas , in order to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces . At the same time , they were also used as an aristocrat 's residence , around which a castle town was often constructed ."}]}, {'value': 'Restored and now used by a local church', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Margaret 's Chapel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Margaret's_Chapel", 'summary': "St Margaret 's Chapel , in Edinburgh Castle , is the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh , Scotland . An example of Romanesque architecture , it is a category A listed building . It was constructed in the 12th century , but fell into disuse after the Reformation . In the 19th century the chapel was restored and today is cared for by the St Margaret 's Chapel Guild ."}]}, {'value': 'Edinburgh Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle', 'summary': "Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of Edinburgh , the capital city of Scotland , from its position on the Castle Rock . Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age ( 2nd century AD ) , although the nature of the early settlement is unclear . There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century , and the site continued at times to be a royal residence until 1633 . From the 15th century , the castle 's residential role declined , and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison . Its importance as a part of Scotland 's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards , and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half . As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland , Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite rising of 1745 . Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history , giving it a claim to having been the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world . Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment . The most notable exceptions are St Margaret 's Chapel from the early 12th century , which is regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh , the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall , although the interiors have been much altered from the mid-Victorian period onwards . The castle also houses the Scottish regalia , known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland . The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle , although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative . Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'City of Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '1130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The oldest building in Edinburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tappoch Broch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torwood', 'summary': 'Torwood ( Scottish Gaelic : Coille Tor ) is a small village located 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north-northwest of Larbert , 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north-west of Falkirk and 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south-southeast of Stirling . Torwood lies within the Falkirk Council area of Scotland . The population recorded in the 2011 UK Census was 245 . The A9 road between Bannockburn and Camelon runs through the village . Torwood Has 3 streets : Castle Crescent , Forester Gait & Glen Road . Glen Road leads on to Torwood Castle , Quarry and Broch .'}]}, {'value': 'Falkirk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falkirk_(council_area)', 'summary': "Falkirk Council ( /ˈfɔːlkɜːrk/ ) is one of 32 unitary authority council areas of Scotland . It was formed on 1 April 1996 from the exact boundaries of Falkirk District Council by way of the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 . Prior to 1975 the majority of the council area was part of the county of Stirlingshire , and a small part , namely Bo'ness and Blackness , was part of the former county of West Lothian . The council area borders with North Lanarkshire , Stirling and West Lothian , and , across the Firth of Forth to the northeast , Clackmannanshire and Fife . The council is led by the SNP which gained 12 seats in the 2017 Council Election . The incumbent leader of is councillor Cecil Meiklejohn ; the provost is Billy Buchanan and the deputy provost is Ann Ritchie . Focurc is a language or dialect spoken in villages of the area , closely related to Scots ."}]}, {'value': '3rd century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Likely post dates Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonine_Wall', 'summary': "The Antonine Wall , known to the Romans as Vallum Antonini , was a turf fortification on stone foundations , built by the Romans across what is now the Central Belt of Scotland , between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde . Representing the northernmost frontier barrier of the Roman Empire , it spanned approximately 63 kilometres ( 39 miles ) and was about 3 metres ( 10 feet ) high and 5 metres ( 16 feet ) wide . Lidar scans have been carried out to establish the length of the wall and the Roman distance units used . Security was bolstered by a deep ditch on the northern side . It is thought that there was a wooden palisade on top of the turf . The barrier was the second of two great walls created by the Romans in Great Britain . Its ruins are less evident than those of the better-known Hadrian 's Wall to the south , primarily because the turf and wood wall has largely weathered away , unlike its stone-built southern predecessor . Construction began in AD 142 at the order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius , and took about 12 years to complete . Antoninus Pius never visited Britain , whereas his predecessor Hadrian had done so . Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus to send the empire 's troops further north . The Antonine Wall was protected by 16 forts with small fortlets between them ; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way . The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the Caledonians with decorative slabs , twenty of which survive ."}]}, {'value': "St Rule 's Tower", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral', 'summary': 'The Cathedral of St Andrew ( often referred to as St Andrews Cathedral ) is a ruined cathedral in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . It was built in 1158 and became the centre of the Medieval Catholic Church in Scotland as the seat of the Archdiocese of St Andrews and the Bishops and Archbishops of St Andrews . It fell into disuse and ruin after Catholic mass was outlawed during the 16th-century Scottish Reformation . It is currently a monument in the custody of Historic Environment Scotland . The ruins indicate that the building was approximately 119 m ( 390 ft ) long , and is the largest church to have been built in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'St Andrews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Andrews', 'summary': "St Andrews ( Latin : S. Andrea ( s ) ; Scots : Saunt Aundraes ; Scottish Gaelic : Cill Rìmhinn ) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland , 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of Dundee and 30 miles ( 50 km ) northeast of Edinburgh . St Andrews has a recorded population of 16,800 in 2011 , making it Fife 's fourth largest settlement and 45th most populous settlement in Scotland . The town is home to the University of St Andrews , the third oldest university in the English-speaking world and the oldest in Scotland . According to some rankings , it is ranked as the second best university in the United Kingdom , behind Cambridge . The University is an integral part of the burgh and during term time students make up approximately one third of the town 's population . [ citation needed ] The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle . There has been an important church in St Andrews since at least the 747 AD when it was mentioned in the Annals of Tigernach , and a bishopric since at least the 11th century . [ citation needed ] The settlement grew to the west of St Andrews cathedral with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness burn to the south . The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland , a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation . The famous cathedral , the largest in Scotland , now lies in ruins . St Andrews is also known worldwide as the home of golf . This is in part because The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews , founded in 1754 , which until 2004 exercised legislative authority over the game worldwide ( except in the United States and Mexico ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fife', 'summary': "Fife ( /faɪf/ , Scottish English : [ fɐi̯f ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Fìobha ; Scots : Fife ) is a council area and historic county of Scotland . It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth , with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross ( i.e . the historic counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire ) and Clackmannanshire . By custom it is widely held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms , known as Fib , and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland . Fife is one of the six local authorities part of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region . It is a lieutenancy area , and was a county of Scotland until 1975 . It was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire in old documents and maps compiled by English cartographers and authors . A person from Fife is known as a Fifer . Fife was a local government region divided into three districts : Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife . Since 1996 the functions of the district councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council . Fife is Scotland 's third largest local authority area by population . It has a resident population of just under 367,000 , over a third of whom live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes ."}]}, {'value': '1123', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constructed by the Culdees prior to the granting of the church to the Augustinian order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culdees', 'summary': 'The Culdees ( Irish : Céilí Dé , lit . Spouses of God ) were members of ascetic Christian monastic and eremitical communities of Ireland , Scotland , Wales and England in the Middle Ages . Appearing first in Ireland and subsequently in Scotland , attached to cathedral or collegiate churches , they lived in monastic fashion though not taking monastic vows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Augustinians', 'summary': 'Augustinians are members of Christian religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine , written about 400 by Augustine of Hippo . There are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders dating back to the 12th-13th centuries :'}]}, {'value': 'Glasgow Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral', 'summary': "Glasgow Cathedral , also called the High Kirk of Glasgow or St Kentigern 's or St Mungo 's Cathedral , is the oldest cathedral on mainland Scotland and is the oldest building in Glasgow . Since the Reformation the cathedral continues in public ownership , within the responsibility of Historic Environment Scotland . The congregation is part of the established Church of Scotland 's Presbytery of Glasgow and its services and associations are open to all . The cathedral and its kirkyard are at the top of High Street , at Cathedral Street . Immediately neighbouring it are Glasgow Royal Infirmary , opened in 1794 , and the elevated Glasgow Necropolis , opened in 1833 . Nearby are the Provand 's Lordship , Glasgow 's oldest house and its herbal medical gardens , the Barony Hall ( Barony Church ) , University of Strathclyde , Cathedral Square , Glasgow Evangelical Church ( North Barony Church ) , and St Mungo Museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Glasgow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow', 'summary': "Glasgow ( /ˈɡlæzɡoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈɡlɑːzɡoʊ , ˈɡlɑːsɡoʊ/ , US : /ˈɡlæsɡoʊ , ˈɡlæskoʊ/ ; Scots : Glesga [ ˈɡlezɡə ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Glaschu [ ˈkl̪ˠas̪əxu ] ) is the most populous city in Scotland , and the third most populous city in the United Kingdom , as of the 2017 estimated city population of 621,020 . Historically part of Lanarkshire , the city now forms the Glasgow City council area , one of the 32 council areas of Scotland ; the local authority is Glasgow City Council . Glasgow is situated on the River Clyde in the country 's West Central Lowlands . It is the fifth most visited city in the UK . Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians or , informally , as Weegies . Glasgow is also known for the Glasgow patter , a distinct dialect of the Scots language that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city . Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Scotland , and tenth largest by tonnage in Britain . Expanding from the medieval bishopric and royal burgh , and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the fifteenth century , it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the eighteenth century . From the eighteenth century onwards , the city also grew as one of Great Britain 's main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America and the West Indies . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the population and economy of Glasgow and the surrounding region expanded rapidly to become one of the world 's pre-eminent centres of chemicals , textiles and engineering ; most notably in the shipbuilding and marine engineering industry , which produced many innovative and famous vessels . Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period , although many cities argue the title was theirs . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Glasgow 's population grew rapidly , reaching a peak of 1,127,825 people in 1938 ."}]}, {'value': 'Glasgow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow', 'summary': "Glasgow ( /ˈɡlæzɡoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈɡlɑːzɡoʊ , ˈɡlɑːsɡoʊ/ , US : /ˈɡlæsɡoʊ , ˈɡlæskoʊ/ ; Scots : Glesga [ ˈɡlezɡə ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Glaschu [ ˈkl̪ˠas̪əxu ] ) is the most populous city in Scotland , and the third most populous city in the United Kingdom , as of the 2017 estimated city population of 621,020 . Historically part of Lanarkshire , the city now forms the Glasgow City council area , one of the 32 council areas of Scotland ; the local authority is Glasgow City Council . Glasgow is situated on the River Clyde in the country 's West Central Lowlands . It is the fifth most visited city in the UK . Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians or , informally , as Weegies . Glasgow is also known for the Glasgow patter , a distinct dialect of the Scots language that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city . Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Scotland , and tenth largest by tonnage in Britain . Expanding from the medieval bishopric and royal burgh , and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the fifteenth century , it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the eighteenth century . From the eighteenth century onwards , the city also grew as one of Great Britain 's main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America and the West Indies . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the population and economy of Glasgow and the surrounding region expanded rapidly to become one of the world 's pre-eminent centres of chemicals , textiles and engineering ; most notably in the shipbuilding and marine engineering industry , which produced many innovative and famous vessels . Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period , although many cities argue the title was theirs . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Glasgow 's population grew rapidly , reaching a peak of 1,127,825 people in 1938 ."}]}, {'value': '1150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Large cathedral in Glasgow City Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grey Cairns of Camster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Camster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Camster', 'summary': 'Upper Camster is a small hamlet , which lies at the source of the Camster Burn , 4 miles north of Lybster , in Caithness , Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland . The Grey Cairns of Camster are two large Neolithic chambered cairns located about quarter of a mile north of Upper Camster . The cairns , which are considered to be examples of the Orkney-Cromarty type of chambered cairn , were constructed in the third or fourth millennium BC in a desolate stretch of boggy peat-covered moorland in the Flow Country of Caithness .'}]}, {'value': 'Highland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highland_(council_area)', 'summary': "Highland ( Scottish Gaelic : A ' Ghàidhealtachd , pronounced [ ˈkɛːəl̪ˠt̪əxk ] ; [ a ] Scots : Heilan ) is a council area in the Scottish Highlands and is the largest local government area in the United Kingdom . It was the 7th most populous council area in Scotland at the 2011 census . It shares borders with the council areas of Aberdeenshire , Argyll and Bute , Moray and Perth and Kinross . Their councils , and those of Angus and Stirling , also have areas of the Scottish Highlands within their administrative boundaries . The Highland area covers most of the mainland and inner-Hebridean parts of the historic counties of Inverness-shire and Ross and Cromarty , all of Caithness , Nairnshire and Sutherland and small parts of Argyll and Moray ."}]}, {'value': '3000 BC or older', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A group of three cairns', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newark Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark_Castle,_Port_Glasgow', 'summary': 'Newark Castle is a well-preserved castle sited on the south shore of the estuary of the River Clyde in Port Glasgow , Inverclyde , Scotland , where the firth gradually narrows from the Firth of Clyde and navigation upriver is made difficult by shifting sandbanks . For centuries this location was used to offload seagoing ships , and led to the growth of Port Glasgow close to the castle on either side and to the south . When dredging techniques made the Clyde navigable as far as Glasgow the port became a shipbuilding centre , and the castle was surrounded by shipyards . Ferguson Shipbuilders , the last shipyard on the lower Clyde , stands close to the west of the castle , but the shipyards to the east were removed around the 1980s and new landscaped areas formed to the east of Newark Castle , opening up scenic views of the castle and across the Clyde from a new bypass road .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Glasgow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Glasgow', 'summary': 'The origins of Port Glasgow go back to the construction by Sir George Maxwell between 1450 and 1477 of the New Werke of Finlastoun , which became Newark Castle . At a good anchorage near the castle , a small fishing hamlet known as Newark formed , like other scattered hamlets along the shores of the River Clyde . After 1589 the village of Greenock formed just under 4 miles ( 6 kilometres ) to the west of Newark , and gradually became a market town with growing fishing and sea trade , although it had only a jetty in the bay to unload ships . Since seagoing ships could not go further up the Clyde due to sandbanks , the Glasgow merchants such as the Tobacco Lords wanted harbour access , but got into arguments with Greenock over harbour dues and warehouses . They put a bid in for the Easter Greenock estate for a harbour , but were outbid and the lands became the Barony of Cartsburn . They then negotiated with Sir Patrick Maxwell of Newark Estate , and in 1668 he agreed to lease the City of Glasgow 13 acres ( 5.3 hectares ) of land to the west of the castle , for payment of 1,300 merks and an annual feu duty of four merks . Construction of piers and breakwaters enclosing the harbour began promptly , and Newport Glasgow was constituted as a free port . Trade prospered quickly , and by 1710 Newport Glasgow had the principal Clyde custom house , initially in Customhouse Lane , then after 1754 in a new building constructed on the west quay of the harbour . Through that century the town became known simply as Port Glasgow . Ships , mostly owned by Glasgow merchants , imported tobacco , sugar , rum , cotton and mahogany from the Americas , as well as timber , iron and hemp from the Baltic . These goods were then taken by road to Glasgow , as was market garden produce from farms around Port Glasgow . A change began in 1773 when the Lang Dyke was constructed to deepen the upper river , and ships increasingly went upriver straight to Glasgow .'}]}, {'value': 'Inverclyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverclyde', 'summary': 'Inverclyde ( Scots : Inerclyde , Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Chluaidh , pronounced [ iɲiɾʲˈxlˠ̪uəj ] , mouth of the Clyde ) ; is one of 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Together with the East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire council areas , Inverclyde forms part of the historic county of Renfrewshire , which currently exists as a registration county and lieutenancy area - located in the west central Lowlands . It borders the North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire council areas , and is otherwise surrounded by the swamp Firth of Clyde . Inverclyde was formerly one of nineteen districts within Strathclyde Region , from 1975 until 1996 . Prior to 1975 , Inverclyde was governed as part of the local government county of Renfrewshire , comprising the burghs of Greenock , Port Glasgow and Gourock , and the former fifth district of the county . Its landward area is bordered by the Kelly , North and South Routen burns to the south west ( separating Wemyss Bay and Skelmorlie , North Ayrshire ) , part of the River Gryfe and the Finlaystone Burn to the south-east . It is one of the smallest in terms of area ( 29th ) and population ( 28th ) out of the 32 Scottish unitary authorities . Along with the council areas clustered around Glasgow it is considered part of Greater Glasgow in some definitions , although it is physically separated from the city area by open countryside and does not share a border with the city . The name derives from the extinct barony of Inverclyde ( 1897 ) conferred upon Sir John Burns of Wemyss Bay and his heirs .'}]}, {'value': '1478', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The original castle had a tower house within a barmkin entered through a large gatehouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_house', 'summary': "A tower house is a particular type of stone structure , built for defensive purposes as well as habitation . Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages , especially in mountainous or limited access areas , in order to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces . At the same time , they were also used as an aristocrat 's residence , around which a castle town was often constructed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barmkin', 'summary': 'Barmkin , also spelled barmekin or barnekin , is a Scots word which refers to a form of medieval and later defensive enclosure , typically found around smaller castles , tower houses , pele towers , and bastle houses in Scotland , and the north of England . It has been suggested that etymologically the word may be a corruption of the word barbican . The barmkin would have contained ancillary buildings , and could be used to protect cattle during raids . Examples of places which had barmkins include Halton Castle , Cheshire , Smailholm Tower , Scottish Borders , and Crichton Castle , Midlothian .'}]}, {'value': 'Crichton Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crichton_Castle', 'summary': 'Crichton Castle is a ruined castle near the village of Crichton in Midlothian , Scotland . It is situated at the head of the River Tyne , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of the village of Pathhead , and the same distance east of Gorebridge . Constructed as a tower house in the late 14th century , and it was expanded as power of the Crichton family grew . However , the Crichtons fell from favour in the later 15th century , and the castle passed to the Earls of Bothwell . Francis Stewart , 5th Earl of Bothwell , constructed the Italianate north range in the 1580s , featuring an elaborate diamond-patterned facade . After Bothwell was accused of witchcraft the castle fell into neglect . The ruins are now in the care of Historic Environment Scotland , and are open to the public . A mile to the south-west is Borthwick Castle , a 15th-century tower house that is still in use .'}]}, {'value': 'Crichton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crichton,_Midlothian', 'summary': "Crichton is a small village and civil parish in Midlothian , Scotland , around 2 miles ( 3 km ) south of Pathhead and the same distance east of Gorebridge . The second element of the name is clearly from the Old English word tūn 'farm , settlement ' . The first element is less certain , however , and could be from Gaelic crioch 'border ' or Cumbric craig 'rock ' . To the west of the village is the 15th-century parish church , formerly a collegiate church , established by William Crichton , 1st Lord Crichton , the Lord Chancellor of Scotland from 1439 to 1453 . To the south of the church is Crichton Castle , begun in the late 14th century by William 's father John de Crichton and featuring a fine 16th-century Italianate courtyard façade . The civil parish has a population of 1,223 in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Midlothian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midlothian', 'summary': 'Midlothian ( /mɪdˈloʊðiən/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Meadhan Lodainn ) is a historic county , registration county , lieutenancy area and one of 32 council areas of Scotland used for local government . Midlothian lies in the east-central Lowlands , bordering the City of Edinburgh , East Lothian and the Scottish Borders . Midlothian emerged as a county in the Middle Ages under larger boundaries than the modern council area , including Edinburgh itself - and also known as Edinburghshire until 1921 . It bordered West Lothian to the west , Lanarkshire , Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire to the south , and East Lothian , Berwickshire and Roxburghshire to the east . Traditional industries included mining , agriculture and fishing - although the modern council area is now landlocked . Under local government reforms in 1975 , Midlothian became a district council within the Lothian region and in 1996 the current unitary council area was created . It contains the towns of Dalkeith , Bonnyrigg and Penicuik , as well as a portion of the Pentland Hills Regional Park , Roslin Chapel and Dalkeith Palace .'}]}, {'value': 'Late 14th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tower house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_house', 'summary': "A tower house is a particular type of stone structure , built for defensive purposes as well as habitation . Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages , especially in mountainous or limited access areas , in order to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces . At the same time , they were also used as an aristocrat 's residence , around which a castle town was often constructed ."}]}, {'value': 'The tower is the oldest section , with later additions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pluscarden Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pluscarden_Abbey', 'summary': 'Pluscarden Abbey is a Roman Catholic Benedictine monastery in the glen of the Black Burn , 6 miles south-west of Elgin , Moray , Scotland . It was founded in 1230 by Alexander II for the Valliscaulian Order . In 1454 , following a merger with the priory of Urquhart , Pluscarden Priory became a Benedictine House . The Scottish Reformation saw the decline of the priory , and by 1680 it was in a ruinous condition . Some work to arrest decay took place in the late 19th century . In 1948 , the priory became a house of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation of Benedictines , and restoration began at the hands of monks from Prinknash Abbey in Gloucestershire . In 1966 , the priory received its independence from the mother-house ; it was elevated to abbatial status in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Elgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elgin,_Moray', 'summary': 'Elgin ( /ˈɛlɡɪn/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Eilginn , Scots : Ailgin ) is a town ( former cathedral city ) and formerly a Royal Burgh in Moray , Scotland . It is the administrative and commercial centre for Moray . The town originated to the south of the River Lossie on the higher ground above the floodplain where the town of Birnie is . There , the church of Birnie Kirk was built in 1140 and serves the community to this day . Elgin is first documented in the Cartulary of Moray in 1190 AD . It was created a royal burgh in the 12th century by King David I of Scotland , and by that time had a castle on top of the present day Lady Hill to the west of the town . The people of Elgin are collectively known as Elginites .'}]}, {'value': 'Moray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moray', 'summary': 'Moray ( /ˈmʌri/ MURR-ee ; Scottish Gaelic : Moireibh or Moireabh ; Latin : Moravia ; Old Norse : Mýræfi ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland . It lies in the north-east of the country , with coastline on the Moray Firth , and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland . Between 1975 and 1996 Moray , with similar boundaries , was a district of the then Grampian Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded 1230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monastery', 'summary': 'A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church , or temple , and may also serve as an oratory , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school , and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge , or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways .'}]}, {'value': 'Originally Valliscaulian , now a Benedictine House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valliscaulian_Order', 'summary': 'The Valliscaulian Order was a religious order of the Catholic Church . It was named after Vallis Caulium or Val-des-Choux , its first monastery , located in Burgundy . The order was founded at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until its absorption by the Cistercians in the eighteenth century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Benedictine', 'summary': "The Benedictines , officially the Order of Saint Benedict ( Latin : Ordo Sancti Benedicti , abbreviated as OSB ) , are a monastic Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict . They are also sometimes called the Black Monks , in reference to the colour of the members ' religious habits . Despite being called an order , the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organised as a collection of independent monastic communities , with each community ( monastery , priory or abbey ) within the order maintaining its autonomy . Unlike other religious orders , the Benedictines do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction . Instead , the order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation , an organization that was set up in 1893 to represent the order 's shared interests ."}]}, {'value': 'Barpa Langass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barpa_Langass', 'summary': 'Barpa Langass ( also known as Langass Barp or Langash Barp ; Scottish Gaelic : Barpa Langais [ ˈpaɾpə ˈl̪ˠaŋkɪʃ ] ) , is a Neolithic chambered cairn on the Isle of North Uist in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . It measures about 72 feet in diameter by 18 feet in height , and is around 5,000 years old . The roof is constructed of two massive slabs with a third slab superimposed . The entrance is at the east side . Although the structure has partially collapsed , it is still possible to enter one chamber . The antiquary Erskine Beveridge believed that a second and perhaps a third chamber exist . In or prior to 1911 , Dr Beveridge excavated within and near the cairn , and he found evidence of burnt burials as well as pieces of pottery ( some with patterned lines ) , wood ashes , burnt bones , a flint arrowhead , a scraper , and a piece of pierced talc . Barpa Langass is located at grid reference NF838657 ( 57°34′14″N 7°17′30″W / 57.57056°N 7.29167°W / 57.57056 ; -7.29167 ) ( 57.570581 , -7.291557 ) . It can be reached via footpath from the A867 about 5 miles southwest of Lochmaddy . Alternatively , one can park at the Langass Lodge Hotel , follow the footpath to the Pobull Fhinn stone circle , and then continue up Ben Langass to Barpa Langass .'}]}, {'value': 'North Uist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist a Tuath ) is an island and community in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Na h-Eileanan Siar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_Siar', 'summary': 'The Outer Hebrides ( /ˈhɛbrɪdiːz/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Na h-Eileanan Siar [ nə ˈhelanən ˈʃiəɾ ] ( listen ) or Na h-Eileanan an Iar [ nə ˈhelanən əˈɲiəɾ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Western Isles , Innse Gall ( islands of the strangers ) or the Long Isle/Long Island ( Scottish Gaelic : An t-Eilean Fada ) , is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland . [ Note 1 ] The islands are geographically coextensive with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar , one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland . They form part of the archipelago of the Hebrides , separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch , the Little Minch , and the Sea of the Hebrides . Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language , although in a few areas English speakers form a majority . Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic rocks and the climate is mild and oceanic . The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of 26,830 and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands . From Barra Head to the Butt of Lewis is roughly 210 kilometres ( 130 mi ) . There are various important prehistoric structures , many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors . The Western Isles became part of the Norse kingdom of the Suðreyjar , which lasted for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266 . Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs , principal of whom were the MacLeods , MacDonalds , Mackenzies and MacNeils . The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline . Much of the land is now under local control and commercial activity is based on tourism , crofting , fishing , and weaving .'}]}, {'value': '3000 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hebrides', 'summary': 'The Hebrides ( /ˈhɛbrɪdiːz/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Innse Gall , pronounced [ ˈĩːʃə ˈkaul̪ˠ ] ; Old Norse : Suðreyjar ) comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland . There are two main groups : the Inner and Outer Hebrides . These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic , and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic- , Norse- , and English-speaking peoples . This diversity is reflected in the names given to the islands , which are derived from the languages that have been spoken there in historic and perhaps prehistoric times . The Hebrides are the source of much of Scottish Gaelic literature and Gaelic music . Today the economy of the islands is dependent on crofting , fishing , tourism , the oil industry , and renewable energy . The Hebrides have lower biodiversity than mainland Scotland , but there is a significant presence of seals and seabirds .'}]}], 'section_title': 'By council area', 'section_text': ' The following are amongst the oldest buildings in each council area of Scotland .', 'uid': 'Oldest_buildings_in_Scotland_6', 'intro': 'This article lists the oldest extant freestanding buildings in Scotland. In order to qualify for the list a structure must:'}
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What is the year built for the building whose ruins indicate that the building was approximately 119 m ( 390 ft ) long ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts', 'title': 'List of newspapers in Massachusetts', 'header': ['Newspaper', 'Language', 'Place of publication'], 'data': [{'value': 'Armenian Mirror-Spectator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_Mirror-Spectator', 'summary': 'The Armenian Mirror-Spectator is a newspaper published by the Baikar Association , in Watertown , Massachusetts . Among others , Arthur Derounian ( John Roy Carlson ) wrote for it .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Baikar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baikar', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Armenian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_language', 'summary': 'The Armenian language ( classical : հայերէն ; reformed : հայերեն [ hɑjɛˈɾɛn ] hayeren ) is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch . It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh . Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands , today , Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots .'}]}, {'value': 'Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Dielli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dielli', 'summary': 'Dielli is a newspaper published in the United States by Vatra , the Pan-Albanian Federation of America .'}]}, {'value': 'Albanian , English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanian_language', 'summary': 'Albanian ( /ælˈbeɪniən/ ; shqip [ ʃc͡çip ] or gjuha shqipe [ ɟ͡ʝuha ˈʃc͡çipɛ ] ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and the Albanian diaspora in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . With about 7.5 million speakers , it comprises an independent branch within the Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language . First attested in the 15th century , it is the last Indo-European branch to appear in written records . This is one of the reasons why its still-unknown origin has long been a matter of dispute among linguists and historians . Albanian is considered to be the descendant of one of the Paleo-Balkan languages of antiquity . For more historical and geographical reasons than specifically linguistic ones , there are various modern historians and linguists who believe that the Albanian language may have descended from a southern Illyrian dialect spoken in much the same region in classical times . Alternative hypotheses hold that Albanian may have descended from Thracian or Daco-Moesian , other ancient languages spoken farther east than Illyrian . Not enough is known of these languages to completely prove or disprove the various hypotheses . The two main Albanian dialects , Gheg and Tosk which are primarily distinguished by phonological differences , are mutually intelligible , with Gheg spoken in the north and Tosk spoken in the south of the Shkumbin river . Their characteristics in the treatment of the native and loanwords from other languages , have led to the conclusion that the dialectal split occurred after Christianisation of the region ( 4th century AD ) and at the time of the Slavic migration to the Balkans , with the historic boundary between Gheg and Tosk being the Shkumbin which straddled the Jireček line . Standard Albanian is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on the Tosk dialect . It is the official language of Albania and Kosovo [ a ] and a co-official language in North Macedonia as well as a minority language of Italy , Montenegro , Romania and Serbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Hairenik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hairenik', 'summary': 'Hairenik Association Inc. has also published :'}]}, {'value': 'Armenian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_language', 'summary': 'The Armenian language ( classical : հայերէն ; reformed : հայերեն [ hɑjɛˈɾɛn ] hayeren ) is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch . It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh . Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands , today , Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots .'}]}, {'value': 'Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Hellenic Chronicle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'El Mundo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'El Planeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Planeta', 'summary': 'El Planeta is a Boston-based Spanish language newspaper serving the Hispanic community of New England . It is the largest Spanish-language newspaper in New England . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese Times', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguese_language', 'summary': "Portuguese ( português or , in full , língua portuguesa ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula . It is the sole official language of Portugal , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe . It also has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Chinese Macau . As the result of expansion during colonial times , a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa , Daman and Diu in India ; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka ; in the Indonesian island of Flores ; in the Malacca state of Malaysia ; and the ABC islands in the Caribbean where Papiamento is spoken , while Cape Verdean Creole is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based Creole . A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as Lusophone ( Lusófono ) . Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology and lexicon . With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 250 million total speakers , Portuguese is usually listed as the sixth most natively spoken language in the world , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers , and the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere . It is also the second-most spoken language , after Spanish , in South America and all of Latin America , one of the 10 most spoken languages in Africa and is an official language of the European Union , Mercosur , OAS , ECOWAS and the African Union . The Community of Portuguese Language Countries is an international organization made up of all of the world 's officially Lusophone nations ."}]}, {'value': 'New Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Predvestnik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_language', 'summary': 'Russian ( русский язык , tr . rússky yazýk ) is an East Slavic language , which is an official language in Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe , the Baltic states , the Caucasus and Central Asia . It was the de facto language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 25 December 1991 . Although nearly three decades have passed since the breakup of the Soviet Union , Russian is used in official capacity or in public life in all the post-Soviet nation-states , as well as in Israel and Mongolia . Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages , one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages , and part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch . Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onward . Russian is the largest native language in Europe and the most geographically widespread language in Eurasia . It is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages , with 144 million speakers in Russia , Ukraine and Belarus . Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers and the seventh by total number of speakers . The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet , after English . Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without , the so-called soft and hard sounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Westfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Westfield is a city in Hampden County , in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts , United States . Westfield was first settled in 1660 . It is part of the Springfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 41,094 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Raivaaja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raivaaja', 'summary': 'Raivaaja ( English : The Pioneer ) was a Finnish-language newspaper published from 1905 to 2009 in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , by Raivaaja Publishing Company . For the first three decades of its existence the publication was closely associated with the Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) . In 1936 as part of a large factional split in the SPA , the former Finnish Socialist Federation severed its connection to become the Finnish American League for Democracy , with Raivaaja remaining the official organ of this remodeled organization . During its final years the publication included both English language and Finnish language content . It was last edited by Marita Cauthen from 1984 until its termination in 2009 . Today the not-for-profit Raivaaja Foundation still runs a website and an online bookstore .'}]}, {'value': 'Finnish , English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finnish_language', 'summary': 'Finnish ( suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) or suomen kieli [ ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li ] ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland . Finnish , along with Swedish , is an official language of Finland ; Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden . In Sweden , both Standard Finnish and Meänkieli , its own language or a dialect of Finnish , are spoken . The Kven language , a dialect of Finnish or even a distinct language , is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent . The status of Kven and Meänkieli is debated . Finnish is a member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages . It modifies and inflects nouns , adjectives , pronouns , numerals and verbs , depending on their roles in the sentence . Sentences are normally formed following the subject-verb-object syntax , although the extensive use of inflection allows them to be ordered otherwise . Words are written using a Latin-script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet , and are meant to be spelled exactly as they are pronounced , with each letter representing one phoneme . Vowel length and geminated consonants are distinguished , and its phonology includes a range of diphthongs , although vowel harmony limits which diphthongs are possible .'}]}, {'value': 'Fitchburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The third-largest city in the county , its population was 40,318 at the 2010 census . Fitchburg is home to Fitchburg State University as well as 17 public and private elementary and high schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Sampan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sampan', 'summary': 'A sampan is a relatively flat-bottomed Chinese and Malay wooden boat . Some sampans include a small shelter on board and may be used as a permanent habitation on inland waters . Sampans are generally used for transportation in coastal areas or rivers and are often used as traditional fishing boats . It is unusual for a sampan to sail far from land , as they do not have the means to survive rough weather . The word sampan comes from the original Cantonese term for the boats , sāan báan ( 三板 ) , literally meaning three planks . The name referred to the hull design , which consists of a flat bottom ( made from one plank ) joined to two sides ( the other two planks ) . The design closely resembles Western hard chine boats like the scow or punt . However , Pierre-Yves Manguin pointed out possible Austronesian origin of the word , attested in a Malay inscription from 684 CE . Sampans may be propelled by poles , oars ( particularly a single , long sculling oar called a yuloh ) or may be fitted with outboard motors . Sampans are still in use by rural residents of Southeast Asia , particularly in Malaysia , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Myanmar , Sri Lanka and Vietnam . In the Malay community in Southeast Asia , they also use the term sampan for their boats . Large boats such as sampan panjang , kolek and perahu panjang are used and built by the Malays and Orang Laut living in their coastal villages .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_language', 'summary': "Chinese ( simplified Chinese : 汉语 ; traditional Chinese : 漢語 ; pinyin : Hànyǔ ; literally : 'Han language ' ; or especially though not exclusively for written Chinese : 中文 ; Zhōngwén ; 'Chinese writing ' ) is a group of languages that forms the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages . Chinese languages are spoken by the ethnic Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China . About 1.2 billion people ( around 16% of the world 's population ) speak some form of Chinese as their first language . The varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be regional variants of ethnic Chinese speech , without consideration of whether they are mutually intelligible . Due to their lack of mutual intelligibility , linguists generally describe them as distinct languages , perhaps hundreds , sometimes noting that they are more varied than the Romance languages . [ b ] Investigation of the historical relationships among the Sinitic languages is just getting started . Currently , most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups , based on often superficial phonetic developments , of which the most populous by far is Mandarin ( about 800 million speakers , e.g . Southwestern Mandarin ) , followed by Min ( 75 million , e.g . Southern Min ) , Wu ( 74 million , e.g . Shanghainese ) , Yue ( 68 million , e.g . Cantonese ) . These groups are unintelligible to each other , and generally many of their subgroups are mutually unintelligible as well ( e.g. , not only is Min Chinese a family of mutually unintelligible languages , but Southern Min itself is not a single language ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'World Journal ( Boston edition )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Journal', 'summary': 'World Journal ( Chinese : 世界日報 ; pinyin : Shìjiè Rìbào ) is a daily Chinese language broadsheet newspaper published in North America . It is the largest Chinese language newspaper in the United States and one of the largest Chinese language newspapers outside of China , with a daily circulation of 350,000 . The newspaper is headquartered in the College Point neighborhood of Queens in New York City . World Journal is published in major cities in the United States with large overseas Chinese populations including New York as well as Boston , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Los Angeles , Philadelphia , and San Francisco . The publication is widely sold in many Chinatowns and major suburbs . Subscription is available in the United States and Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinese , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston ?', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Foreign-language newspapers', 'section_text': "This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2013 )", 'uid': 'List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of newspapers in Massachusetts, including print and online.'}
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What is the place of publication for the newspaper that is headquartered in the College Point neighborhood of Queens in New York City ?
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Boston ?
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040f79915d6bae1d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_breaststroke', 'title': 'World record progression 200 metres breaststroke', 'header': ['Time', 'Swimmer', 'Date', 'Place'], 'data': [{'value': '3:38.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Van Den Bogaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 7 , 1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antwerp , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '3:34.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Van Den Bogaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': '3:31.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Van Den Bogaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 4 , 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antwerp , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:20.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irene Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irene_Gilbert_(swimmer)', 'summary': "Irene Gilbert ( 22 January 1903 - October 1988 ) was a British swimmer . She competed in the women 's 200 metre breaststroke event at the 1924 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotherham , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotherham', 'summary': 'Rotherham ( /ˈrɒðərəm/ ( listen ) ) is a large minster town in South Yorkshire , England , which together with its conurbation and outlying settlements to the north , south and south-east forms the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham , with a recorded population of 257,280 in the 2011 census . Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire , its central area is on the banks of the River Don below its confluence with the Rother on the traditional road between Sheffield and Doncaster . Rotherham was well known as a coal mining town as well as a major contributor to the steel industry . Traditional industries included glass making and flour milling .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '3:20.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erna Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 5 , 1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '3:19.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brita Hazelius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brita_Hazelius', 'summary': 'Brita Hazelius ( later Johansson , January 22 , 1909 - March 5 , 1975 ) was a Swedish breaststroke swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics . She was born in Denmark and died in Gothenburg . In 1928 she finished sixth in the 200 metre breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'August 11 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm , Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '3:18.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mietje Baron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mietje_Baron', 'summary': 'Mietje Marie Baron ( 5 February 1908 - 23 July 1948 ) was a Dutch swimmer and diver who competed at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics . In 1924 she was sixth in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay . She was disqualified in the first round of the 200 m breaststroke event , as the judges believed she touched the wall with one hand instead of two hands at one of the turns . Meanwhile , her time of 3:22.6 was several seconds ahead of the gold medalist . Four years later she swam 3:15.2 , but this was only enough for a silver medal , as her main rival Hilde Schrader clocked 3:12.6 . At the 1928 Games Baron also competed in the 10 m platform diving event and finished fourth . Between 1926 and 1926 Baron set four breaststroke world records , two in the 200 m ( 3:18:40 on 24 October 1926 and 3:12:80 on 22 April 1928 ) and two in the obsolete 400 m event ( 6:54:80 on 20 March 1927 and 6:45:60 on 25 November 1928 ) . In October 1929 she announced her engagement and retired from swimming . Next year she married Pieter Lourens de Puij .'}]}, {'value': 'October 24 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:16.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Else Jacobsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Else_Jacobsen', 'summary': 'Else Agnes Ella Jacobsen ( later Baade ) ( 31 May 1911 - 3 April 1965 ) was a Danish swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and 1932 Summer Olympics . In the 1928 Olympics she was fourth in the 200 m breaststroke event and fourth in her first round heat of the 100 m backstroke event and did not advance . Four years later she won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oslo , Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '3:15.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Mühe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Mühe', 'summary': 'Charlotte Lotte Mühe ( January 24 , 1910 in Uelzen - January 10 , 1981 in Magdeburg ) was a German swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics . In the 1928 Olympics she won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdeburg , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdeburg', 'summary': "Magdeburg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈmakdəbʊɐ̯k ] ( listen ) ; Low Saxon : Meideborg , [ ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐ̯x ] ) is the capital city and the second largest city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It is situated on the Elbe River . Otto I , the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg , was buried in the town 's cathedral after his death . Magdeburg 's version of German town law , known as Magdeburg rights , spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe . Until 1631 , Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League . Magdeburg has been destroyed twice in its history . The Catholic League sacked Magdeburg in 1631 , resulting in the death of 25,000 non-combatants , the largest loss of the Thirty Years ' War . Allies bombed the city in 1945 , destroying much of it . Magdeburg is the site of two universities , the Otto-von-Guericke University and the Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences . Magdeburg is situated on autobahn route 2 , and hence is at the connection point of the East ( Berlin and beyond ) with the West of Europe , as well as the North and South of Germany . As a modern manufacturing center , the production of chemical products , steel , paper , and textiles are of particular economic significance , along with mechanical engineering and plant engineering , ecotechnology and life-cycle management , health management and logistics . In 2005 Magdeburg celebrated its 1200th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': '3:11.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mietje Baron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mietje_Baron', 'summary': 'Mietje Marie Baron ( 5 February 1908 - 23 July 1948 ) was a Dutch swimmer and diver who competed at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics . In 1924 she was sixth in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay . She was disqualified in the first round of the 200 m breaststroke event , as the judges believed she touched the wall with one hand instead of two hands at one of the turns . Meanwhile , her time of 3:22.6 was several seconds ahead of the gold medalist . Four years later she swam 3:15.2 , but this was only enough for a silver medal , as her main rival Hilde Schrader clocked 3:12.6 . At the 1928 Games Baron also competed in the 10 m platform diving event and finished fourth . Between 1926 and 1926 Baron set four breaststroke world records , two in the 200 m ( 3:18:40 on 24 October 1926 and 3:12:80 on 22 April 1928 ) and two in the obsolete 400 m event ( 6:54:80 on 20 March 1927 and 6:45:60 on 25 November 1928 ) . In October 1929 she announced her engagement and retired from swimming . Next year she married Pieter Lourens de Puij .'}]}, {'value': 'April 22 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotterdam , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotterdam', 'summary': "Rotterdam ( /ˈrɒtərdæm/ , UK also /ˌrɒtərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ˌrɔtərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the second-largest Dutch city after the capital Amsterdam , and is located in the province of South Holland , at the mouth of the Nieuwe Maas channel leading into the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta at the North Sea . Its history goes back to 1270 , when a dam was constructed in the Rotte , after which people settled around it for safety . In 1340 , Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , Rotterdam is in the centre of the Rijnmond conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . A major logistic and economic centre , Rotterdam is Europe 's largest seaport , and had previously been the largest port of the world for a long time . It has a population of 651,446 as of January 2020 and is home to over 180 nationalities . Rotterdam is known for its Erasmus University , its riverside setting , lively cultural life , maritime heritage and modern architecture . The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape , including sky-scrapers ( an uncommon sight in other Dutch cities ) designed by renowned architects such as Rem Koolhaas , Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel . The Rhine , Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe , including the highly industrialized Ruhr . The extensive distribution system including rail , roads , and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames Gateway to Europe and Gateway to the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '3:11.2 =', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Mühe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 15 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '3:10.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margery Hinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margery_Hinton', 'summary': 'Margery Hinton ( 25 June 1915 - February 1996 ) was an English breaststroke and freestyle swimmer who competed for Great Britain in the 1928 Summer Olympics , 1932 Summer Olympics , and 1936 Summer Olympics . She was born in Manchester . In 1928 she was eliminated in the first round of the 200-metre breaststroke event . At these Games she was the youngest member of the Great Britain team . Four years later she finished fourth the 200-metre breaststroke competition . At the 1936 Games she was eliminated in the first round of the 100-metre freestyle event .'}]}, {'value': 'July 20 , 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': '3:08.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clare Dennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clare_Dennis', 'summary': "Clara Clare Dennis ( 7 March 1916 - 5 June 1971 ) , later known by her married name Clare Golding , was an Australian breaststroke swimmer of the 1930s who won the gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Born in Burwood , New South Wales ( a suburb of Sydney ) as one of six children of Alec Dennis , a policeman who acted as a police prosecutor , Clare and her siblings were taught to swim by their father , himself an amateur swimmer , after their family relocated from Burwood to Clovelly Beach . Dennis ' sister Thora developed quickly into a competent competitive swimmer , and joined the Sydney Ladies ' Swimming Club and was later selected for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam , but was prevented from going on the grounds of being too young to travel alone overseas . Dennis pleaded with her father to let her join , which he agreed to on the condition that she first swim the 33 yards ( approximately 30 metres ) across Clovelly Bay . She managed this by pushing off the bottom of the ocean , disguising this with extravagant stroking . Her first lesson and race at the club ended in her having to be fished out of the pool after her endurance failed and the bottom of the pool was too deep to push off . Dennis attended Randwick Primary School , where she acquired a reputation for being interested in sport rather than schoolwork . She spent large amounts of time playing cricket against the male students . Dennis initially swam as a freestyler , but converted to breaststroke at the age of 13 . At her first New South Wales Championships in 1930 , held at the Ramsgate Baths , she was disqualified after drifting out of her unmarked lane . The freestyle race was held four times due to multiple lane crossing . It was later discovered that the taps regulating the water flow had been accidentally left on ."}]}, {'value': 'January 18 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '3:08.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Rocke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Rocke', 'summary': 'Lisa Rocke was a German swimmer who set a 200m . world record for breaststroke for women in Berlin on 23 April 1932 with a time of 3 minutes 8.2 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'April 21 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:03.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Else Jacobsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Else_Jacobsen', 'summary': 'Else Agnes Ella Jacobsen ( later Baade ) ( 31 May 1911 - 3 April 1965 ) was a Danish swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and 1932 Summer Olympics . In the 1928 Olympics she was fourth in the 200 m breaststroke event and fourth in her first round heat of the 100 m backstroke event and did not advance . Four years later she won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke event .'}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm , Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:00.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hideko Maehata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hideko_Maehata', 'summary': "Hideko Maehata ( 前畑 秀子 , Maehata Hideko , May 20 , 1914 - February 24 , 1995 ) was a Japanese breaststroke swimmer and the first Japanese woman to earn a gold medal in the Olympics . Maehata was born in Hashimoto , Wakayama , as the daughter of a tofu producer and as a child learned to swim in the Kinokawa River . In the fifth grade of elementary school , she set an unofficial youth record for the 50-meter breaststroke . She went on to win numerous competitions , and was sponsored to attend a womens boarding school in Nagoya which specialized in swimming , but the sudden death of her parents in 1931 forced her return home . Yet she was selected for the Japanese Olympic swimming team for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , and won the silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event . She lost to Clare Dennis a mere 0.1 of a second . During the post-Olympic celebration after her return to Japan , she stated that she was considering to retire from competitive swimming due to family issues , but then Tokyo mayor Hidejirō Nagata reportedly asked her why she did not bring back a gold medal . Over the next four years , Maehata trained very hard , and set a new world record for the 200-meter breaststroke on September 30 , 1933 . During the 1936 Berlin Olympics , Maehata competed in a dead heat against the reigning German national champion , Martha Genenger , winning the gold medal for the Women 's 200 m breaststroke by over one second . Despite the time difference , the race was broadcast live in Japan by NHK Radio . In 1937 , Maehata married Masahiko Hyodo , a professor of the medical school of Nagoya University , and retired from competition . She was awarded the Purple Ribbon of Merit by the Japanese government in 1964 and inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 30 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '3:00.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jopie Waalberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jopie_Waalberg', 'summary': "Johanna Maria Elisabeth Jopie Waalberg ( 13 April 1920 - 5 July 1979 ) was a Dutch breaststroke swimmer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and was the first woman to swim the 200 meter breaststroke under 3 minutes . In 1936 she finished fifth in the 200 metre breaststroke event , the single breaststroke event until the 1968 Olympics . At the 1938 European Aquatics Championships in London she won a bronze medal on the same distance . On May 11 , 1937 she broke Hideko Maehata 's four-year-old breaststroke record by 0.2 seconds ( 3:00.2 ) . On Jun 27 of that year , in Zaandijk , she improved on that record by more than 2 seconds to 2:58.0 . She improved her own world record once more on October 2 to 2:56.9 . She further held world records in the unconventional distances of 200 yard , 400 m and 500 m breaststroke ."}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '2:58.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jopie Waalberg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaandijk , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaandijk', 'summary': "The first citizens of Zaandijk were members of the family of Hendrik Pietersz who moved into 'de Lage dijk ' ( The Lower Dike ) in the year 1494 . De Lagedijk still exists in Zaandijk . In 1570 the town consisted of 19 houses . These dwellings were burned by the Spaniards in 1572 , during the Eighty Years ' War . The town began to prosper and grow following the return of the populace ."}]}, {'value': '2:56.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jopie Waalberg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghent , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghent', 'summary': "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ."}]}, {'value': '2:56.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Lenk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Lenk', 'summary': 'Maria Emma Hulga Lenk ( January 15 , 1915 - April 16 , 2007 ) was a Brazilian swimmer and to date is considered one of the greatest Brazilian female athletes . At the age of 17 , she was the first Brazilian and South-American woman to participate in the Summer Olympic Games , at the 1932 Summer Olympics , in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro , Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Long course', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'World_record_progression_200_metres_breaststroke_2', 'intro': "The first world record in the men's 200 metres breaststroke in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1908 and the first world record in the women's 200 metres breaststroke was recognised in 1921. In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since March 3, 1991. There have been two rule changes enacted by FINA for this event that have resulted in the nullification of world records. In the mid-1930s, many breaststroke swimmers began practicing an early variant of the butterfly stroke that involved recovering the arms above the water in an effort to reduce drag. This technique was disallowed when the butterfly stroke was established as a distinct stroke with its own rules in 1953, and world records set using the technique were nullified. Another style was developed by the Japanese swimmer Masaru Furukawa shortly after this rule change. It involved swimming underwater for as much of each pool length as possible without surfacing, as the act of breaking the water's surface created resistance, slowing a swimmer. This method of swimming the breaststroke was disallowed by FINA in 1956 and records set with the technique were nullified. (see History of swimming)"}
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Okinawa)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Okinawa)', 'header': ['Site', 'Island', 'Municipality'], 'data': [{'value': 'Maeda Ichirizuka 真栄田の一里塚 Maeda no ichirizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ichirizuka', 'summary': 'Ichirizuka ( 一里塚 ) are historic Japanese distance markers akin to milestones . Comprising a pair of earthen mounds ( tsuka or zuka ) covered in trees and flanking the road , they denoted the distance in ri ( 3.927 kilometres ( 2.440 mi ) ) to Nihonbashi , the Bridge of Japan , erected in Edo in 1603 . Ichirizuka were encountered and described by Engelbert Kaempfer , c.1690 : serving as a milestone are two hills , facing each other , which are raised up on both sides of the road , and planted with one or more trees . [ note 1 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Onna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onna,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Onna ( 恩納村 , Onna-son , Okinawan : Unna ) is a village located in Kunigami District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of 2013 , the village had an estimated population of 10,443 and a population density of 210 persons per km² . The total area is 50.77 square kilometres ( 19.60 sq mi ) . Unlike other areas of Japan , Onna has been in an sustained period of population growth in the post-war period . In 1965 the population of the village was 8,471 , and by 2003 had grown to over 10,000 residents . Onna is the site of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology , a research institute turned graduate university .'}]}, {'value': 'Nanzan Castle Site 南山城跡 Nanzan-gusuku ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanzan_Castle', 'summary': 'Nanzan Castle ( 南山城 , Nanzan jō , Okinawan : Nanzan Gushiku ) , officially Shimajiri-Ōzato Castle ( 島尻大里城 , Shimajiri-Ōzato jō , Okinawan : Shimajiri-Ufuzatu Gushiku ) , is a Ryūkyūan gusuku and was the largest in , and capital of , Nanzan until 1429 . It is in ruins , and is located in Itoman .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Itoman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itoman,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Itoman ( 糸満市 , Itoman-shi , Okinawan : イチマン Ichiman or イチュマン Ichuman ) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The city occupies the southern tip of Okinawa Island . As of April 2013 , the city has an estimated population of 59,605 and a population density of 1,335.53 persons per km² . The total area is 46.63 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Tonnaha Castle Site 登武那覇城跡 Tonnaha-gusuku ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kumejima Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumejima', 'summary': "Kumejima ( 久米島町 , Kumejima-chō , Okinawan : Kumishima ) is a town located in Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town consists of the islands of Kume , Ōjima , Ōhajima , Torishima , and Iōtorishima . Among the islands , only Kumejima and Ōjima are populated . Kumejima is located approximately 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west of Naha . The town can be accessed by the New Kumejima Ferry , Japan Transocean Air , or Ryukyu Air Commuter . Kumejima Airport serves the island . As of 2016 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,647 and a population density of 120 persons per km² . The total area is 63.50 km² . Kume Island is often said to be one of the most beautiful of the Okinawa Islands . It is well known for its textiles , called Kumejima-tsumugi which are designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property . The town is also known for its Kumesen Awamori ( Okinawan sake ) and deep sea water . Kumejima 's main industries are sugar cane ( sato-kibi ) , tourism , and deep seawater products ."}]}, {'value': 'Kumejima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumejima,_Okinawa', 'summary': "Kumejima ( 久米島町 , Kumejima-chō , Okinawan : Kumishima ) is a town located in Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town consists of the islands of Kume , Ōjima , Ōhajima , Torishima , and Iōtorishima . Among the islands , only Kumejima and Ōjima are populated . Kumejima is located approximately 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west of Naha . The town can be accessed by the New Kumejima Ferry , Japan Transocean Air , or Ryukyu Air Commuter . Kumejima Airport serves the island . As of 2016 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,647 and a population density of 120 persons per km² . The total area is 63.50 km² . Kume Island is often said to be one of the most beautiful of the Okinawa Islands . It is well known for its textiles , called Kumejima-tsumugi which are designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property . The town is also known for its Kumesen Awamori ( Okinawan sake ) and deep sea water . Kumejima 's main industries are sugar cane ( sato-kibi ) , tourism , and deep seawater products ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamagusuku Chōkun Tomb 玉城朝薫の墓 ( 邊土名の墓 ) Tamagusuku Chōkun no haka ( Hentona no haka )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamagusuku_Chōkun', 'summary': "Tamagusuku Ueekata Chōkun ( 玉城 親方 朝薫 , September 11 , 1684 - March 1 , 1734 ) , also known by the Chinese-style name Shō Juyū ( 向 受祐 ) , was a Ryūkyūan aristocrat-bureaucrat credited with the creation of the Ryūkyūan dance-drama form known as kumi odori . Tamagusuku was born in what is today the Gibo neighborhood of Shuri . A member of the aristocrat-bureaucrat class of the Ryūkyū Kingdom , Tamagusuku had already journeyed to Edo and Kagoshima five times before being named udui bugyō ( J : odori bugyō ; Magistrate of Dance ) in 1715 . The title was first held by Tansui Ueekata ( 湛水親方 , 1622-1683 ) , and was a post chiefly responsible for organizing the formal entertainments of the Chinese investiture envoys to Ryukyu . Having studied and viewed various Japanese dance and drama forms during his trips to Edo and Kagoshima , including Noh , kabuki and kyōgen , after regaining the title of udui bugyô in 1718 , Tamagusuku formulated the dance-drama form known as kumi udui in Okinawan , and as kumi odori in Japanese . It was then performed for the first time , before the Chinese investiture envoys , on a chrysanthemum-viewing day , the ninth day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar , the following year . The two plays performed that day are called Nidō Tichiuchi ( The Vendetta of the Two Sons ) and Shūshin Kani'iri ( Possessed by Love , Thwarted by the Bell ) . Though it 's presumed that he wrote many more , five plays by Tamagusuku survive today , and are still performed . They are known today as Chōkūun no Goban ( The Chōkun Five Plays ) or just Goban ( The Five Plays ) . The other three are : Mekarushi , Kōkō nu Maki ( Filial Piety ) , and Unna Munu Gurui ( The Madwoman ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Urasoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urasoe,_Okinawa', 'summary': "Urasoe ( 浦添市 , Urasoe-shi , Okinawan : Urashii ) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The neighboring municipalities are Naha to the south , Ginowan to the north , and Nishihara to the east . As of November 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 113,718 and a population density of 5,956.9 persons per km2 . The total area is 19.09 km2 . United States Marine Corps base Camp Kinser is located on the city 's coast ."}]}, {'value': "Perry 's Banner Rock ペリーの旗立岩 Perī no hata-tate iwa", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Expedition', 'summary': "The Perry Expedition was a diplomatic and military expedition to Bakumatsu period Japan , involving two separate trips by warships of the United States Navy , which took place during 1853-54 . The goals of this expedition included exploration , surveying , and the establishment of diplomatic relations and negotiation of trade agreements with various nations of the region ; opening contact with the government of Japan was considered a top priority of the expedition , and was one of the key reasons for its inception . The expedition was commanded by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , under orders from American President Millard Fillmore . Perrys primary goal was to force an end to Japans 220-year-old policy of isolation and to open Japanese ports to American trade , through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary . The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western Great Powers , and eventually to the collapse of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration . Following the expedition , Japan 's burgeoning trade routes with the world led to the cultural trend of Japonism , in which aspects of Japanese culture influenced art in Europe and America ."}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakagusuku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakagusuku,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Nakagusuku ( 中城村 , Nakagusuku-son , Okinawan : Nakagushiku ) is a village located in Nakagami District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 20,030 and a density of 1,300 persons per km² . The total area is 15.46 km² . The ruins of a gusuku ( Ryukyuan castle ) , Nakagusuku Castle , are also in this village . It is famous for its ancient Chinese dance , Tafaku , which has been handed down for generations . The village is well known among Okinawans as an agricultural farming village , with its staple crop being sugar cane ( Okinawan : wuuji . Japanese : satokibi ) . It is also known for its white or yellow colored carrots . Ryukyu University is partially located within Nakagusuku , and partially in the neighboring town of Nishihara . Nakagusuku features one of the largest percentages of people of Okinawan descent who immigrated overseas out of all the districts in Okinawa .'}]}, {'value': 'Naminoue 波上 Naminoue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naminoue_Shrine', 'summary': 'Naminoue Shrine ( 波上宮 , Naminoue-gū ) is a Shinto shrine in Naha , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan , the ichinomiya ( primary shrine ) of the prefecture . It sits atop a high bluff , overlooking Naminoue Beach and the ocean . Originally a sacred space of the native Ryukyuan religion , due to its location and natural beauty , it was dedicated to nirai kanai , the mythical source of all life , and to the sea . At some point it came to be known as Hana gusuku and Nanminsan ; Nanmin is the Okinawan reading of 波上 , meaning above the waves , which is pronounced as Naminoue in Japanese . In 1890 , it was recognized in the system of State Shinto . It is among the ranked , nationally significant shrines or Kanpei-shōsha ( 官幣小社 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Sakiyama Utaki 崎山御嶽 Sakiyama-utaki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginowan Udun Tombs 宜野湾御殿の墓及び墓域 Ginowan-udun no haka oyobi boiki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Takushi Uekata Tomb 沢岻親方の墓 Takushi Uekata no haka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Amamichū Tomb アマミチューの墓 Amamichū no haka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amamichū', 'summary': 'Amamikyu ( 阿摩美久 or 阿摩彌姑 , Okinawan : アマミチュー Amamichuu ) , or Amekushin-otome-ōankami ( 天久臣乙女王御神 ) , is the creation goddess of the Ryukyu Islands in the Ryukyuan religion .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamahiga Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uruma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruma,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Uruma ( うるま市 , Uruma-shi ) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The modern city of Uruma was established on April 1 , 2005 , when the cities of Gushikawa and Ishikawa were merged with the towns of Katsuren and Yonashiro ( both from Nakagami District ) . As of May 1 , 2013 , the city has an estimated population of 118,330 and a population density of 1,400 persons per km² . The total area is 86.00 km² . The city covers part of the east coast of the south of Okinawa Island , the Katsuren Peninsula , and the eight Yokatsu Islands . The Yokatsu Islands include numerous sites important to the Ryukyuan religion , and the city as a whole has numerous historical sites , including : Katsuren Castle , Agena Castle , and Iha Castle and the Iha Shell Mound . It is home to the largest venue for Okinawan bullfighting . The Mid-Sea Road , which crosses the ocean and connects the Yokatsu Islands to the main island of Okinawa , is now a symbol of Uruma . Uruma is noted for its role in hosting large-scale refugee camps and the initial organization of local government of Okinawa immediately after the Battle of Okinawa in 1945 . As such the city is considered the home of the starting point of the restoration of civil life in Okinawa immediately after the end of World War II . United States maintains four military bases in Uruma , some of which span other municipalities in Okinawa : Kadena Ammunition Storage Area , Camp McTureous , Camp Courtney , and White Beach Naval Facility . The bases cover 12.97% of the total area of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Uni-Ufugusuku Tomb 鬼大城の墓 Uni-Ufugusuku no haka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uni-Ufugusuku', 'summary': "Uni-Ufugusuku ( 鬼大城 ) , or Ufugusuku Kenyu ( 大城賢雄 ) ( fl . 15th century ) , was a martial arts master and Ryukyuan general who served the Ryukyu Kingdom . Uni is an Okinawan cognate of the Japanese oni , which means ogre . He received this nickname because he was about 6 feet ( 1.8 metres ) tall . He was the personal attendant of King Shō Taikyū 's daughter , and lived in Katsuren Castle when she married the Aji Amawari . During the Aji 's infamous grab for power in 1458 , Ufugusuku took the King 's daughter back to Shuri Castle . He led the Ryūkyūan army to depose Amawari , and personally executed him . He later became Aji of Goeku Magiri , residing in Chibana Castle , and married the king 's daughter . He was expelled after the First Shō Dynasty fell and later committed suicide . His tomb is at Chibana Castle , in Chibana , Okinawa City , dug into the hillside next to his wife 's tomb ."}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Island', 'summary': 'Okinawa Island ( 沖縄本島 , Okinawa-hontō , alternatively 沖縄島 Okinawa-jima ; Okinawan : 沖縄/うちなー Uchinaa or 地下/じじ jiji ; Kunigami : ふちなー Fuchináa ) is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu ( Nansei ) Islands of Japan in the Kyushu region . It is the smallest and least populated of the five main islands of Japan . The island is approximately 66 miles ( 106 km ) long and an average 7 miles ( 11 km ) wide , and has an area of 1,206.98 square kilometers ( 466.02 sq mi ) . It is roughly 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of the main island of Kyushu and the rest of Japan . It is 500 km ( 300 mi ) north of Taiwan . The total population of Okinawa Island is 1,384,762 . The Greater Naha area has roughly 800,000 residents while the city itself has about 320,000 people . Naha is home to the prefectural seat of Okinawa Prefecture on the southwestern part of Okinawa Island . It has a humid subtropical climate . Okinawa is part of the Kyushu region . Okinawans are among the longest living peoples in the world . Okinawans have less cancer , heart disease and dementia than residents in other parts of the world , while Okinawan women live longer than anywhere else on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Okinawa ( 沖縄市 , Okinawa-shi , Japanese : [ okinaɰa ] ) is the second-largest city in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan , following Naha , the capital city . It is located in the central part of the island of Okinawa , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of Naha . As of December 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 138,431 and a population density of 2,625.12 persons per km² . The total area is 49.00 km² .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Municipal Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 1 May 2019 , a further three hundred and six Sites have been designated as being of municipal importance , [ 5 ] [ 34 ] including :', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Okinawa)_2', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Okinawa. Much of the heritage of the Ryūkyū Kingdom and Islands was destroyed during the Battle of Okinawa. The mausoleum complex of Tamaudun, Shuri Castle, Katsuren Castle, Nakagusuku Castle, Nakijin Castle, Zakimi Castle, Sefa-utaki, and Sonohyan-utaki all form part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.'}
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What is the average width in miles of the island where a site is of the person credited with the creation of the Ryūkyūan dance-drama form known as kumi odori ?
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7
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04139a83b2819ca5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Forest_Citys_all-time_roster', 'title': 'Cleveland Forest Citys all-time roster', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': 'Art Allison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Allison', 'summary': 'Arthur Algernon Art Allison ( January 29 , 1849 - February 25 , 1916 ) was a Major League Baseball player from 1871 to 1876 . He played both as an outfielder and first baseman . He played with many teams , but his best year was with the 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes , when he had a career-high batting average of .323 . Despite his performance , his team still ended up in last place .'}]}, {'value': 'CF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_fielder', 'summary': 'A center fielder , abbreviated CF , is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in center field - the baseball and softball fielding position between left field and right field . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the center fielder is assigned the number 8 .'}]}, {'value': '1871 - 1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'John Bass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Bass_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Elias Bass ( 1848 - September 25 , 1888 ) was an American professional baseball player who played shortstop in the major leagues from 1871-1877 . He played for the Cleveland Forest Citys , Brooklyn Atlantics , and Hartford Dark Blues . In 1871 , he led the National Association in triples with ten . He is buried in Riverside Cemetery in Denver , CO .'}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Battin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Battin', 'summary': 'Joseph V. Battin ( November 11 , 1853 - December 10 , 1937 ) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player . He was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Battin played major league baseball from 1871 to 1884 and then returned for one season in 1890 , after several years in various minor leagues . Battin primarily played at second base and third base , although he occasionally filled in at other roles as well . His best year was in 1876 for the St. Louis Brown Stockings , when he batted .300 and scored 34 runs . In 1936 the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum listed Battin on the ballot . He received one vote . Battin died at the age of 84 in Akron , Ohio , where he was buried at the Glendale Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Carleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Carleton', 'summary': 'James Leslie Carleton ( August 20 , 1848 - April 25 , 1910 ) was a Major League Baseball player for the Cleveland Forest Citys from 1871 to 1872 .'}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1871 - 1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'George Ewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Ewell', 'summary': 'George W. Ewell ( October 29 , 1850 - October 20 , 1910 ) was an American professional baseball player . He appeared in one game for the Cleveland Forest Citys in 1871 . Ewell was born and died in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and is interred at Mount Moriah Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'RF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_fielder', 'summary': "A right fielder , abbreviated RF , is the outfielder in baseball or softball who plays defense in right field . Right field is the area of the outfield to the right of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher 's mound . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the right fielder is assigned the number 9 ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Hastings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Hastings_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Winfield Scott Hastings ( August 10 , 1847 - August 14 , 1907 ) was a major league baseball player and manager in the late 19th century . Primarily a catcher and outfielder , Hastings also appeared as a first baseman , second baseman , and shortstop over the course of his career .'}]}, {'value': 'UT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utility_player', 'summary': "In sports , a utility player is one who can play several positions competently . Sports in which the term is often used include association football , gridiron football , baseball , rugby union , rugby league , softball , and water polo . The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues , but in rugby union and rugby league , it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player 's versatility . The use of this term to describe a player may in some circumstances be a backhanded compliment , as it suggests the player is n't good enough to be considered a specialist in one position ."}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Holdsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Holdsworth', 'summary': 'James Holdsworth ( July 14 , 1850 - March 22 , 1918 ) , nicknamed Long Jim , was a professional baseball player who played shortstop in Major League Baseball for seven different teams during his nine-season career from 1872 to 1884 . Holdsworth died in his hometown of New York City , and is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'William Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Johnson_(baseball)', 'summary': "William Penn Johnson ( June 1 , 1848 - September 25 , 1909 ) was an American professional baseball player for the Cleveland Forest Citys during the 1871 season . Long identified as Caleb Johnson , the player 's true identity was uncovered in 2015 by Society for American Baseball Research member Peter Morris ."}]}, {'value': '2B / RF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Right_fielder', 'summary': "A right fielder , abbreviated RF , is the outfielder in baseball or softball who plays defense in right field . Right field is the area of the outfield to the right of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher 's mound . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the right fielder is assigned the number 9 ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gene Kimball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Kimball', 'summary': 'Eugene Boynton Kimball ( August 31 , 1850 - August 2 , 1882 ) was an American professional baseball player for the Cleveland Forest Citys during the 1871 season . He was the original slap hitter , posting a .008 ISO in 1871 . He only had one extra-base hit , a double .'}]}, {'value': 'UT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utility_player', 'summary': "In sports , a utility player is one who can play several positions competently . Sports in which the term is often used include association football , gridiron football , baseball , rugby union , rugby league , softball , and water polo . The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues , but in rugby union and rugby league , it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player 's versatility . The use of this term to describe a player may in some circumstances be a backhanded compliment , as it suggests the player is n't good enough to be considered a specialist in one position ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Mullen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Mullen', 'summary': 'Martin Mullen ( August 22 , 1852 - October 27 , 1915 ) was an American professional baseball player for the Cleveland Forest Citys . He played in one game on August 17 , 1872 and was hitless in four at-bats , scoring one run . He played in right field for the game . His one appearance in the professional leagues was due to an accident . Rynie Wolters , the regular outfielder for the Forest Citys , swallowed his chaw of tobacco and could not play so Mullen , a local amateur player made his professional debut .'}]}, {'value': 'RF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_fielder', 'summary': "A right fielder , abbreviated RF , is the outfielder in baseball or softball who plays defense in right field . Right field is the area of the outfield to the right of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher 's mound . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the right fielder is assigned the number 9 ."}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Pabor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Pabor', 'summary': 'Charles Henry Charlie Pabor ( September 24 , 1846 - April 23 , 1913 ) , also spelled Charley , nicknamed The Old Woman in the Red Cap , was an American Major League Baseball left fielder and manager throughout the existence of the National Association , 1871-1875 .'}]}, {'value': 'LF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_fielder', 'summary': "In baseball , a left fielder ( LF ) is an outfielder who plays defense in left field . Left field is the area of the outfield to the left of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher 's mound . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the left fielder is assigned the number 7 ."}]}, {'value': '1871 - 1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Pratt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Pratt_(baseball)', 'summary': "Albert G. Pratt ( November 19 , 1847 - November 21 , 1937 ) , nicknamed Uncle Al , was an American right-handed pitcher and outfielder in the National Association for the Cleveland Forest Citys , and was a manager in Major League Baseball with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association . A native of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Pratt was a Civil War veteran and baseball player . Pratt was 5 ' 7 , 140 lbs. , and compiled a 12-26 record in 43 professional games as a hurler . In successive years with Cleveland , 1871-1872 , Pratt hit .262 and .277 in 45 games with a total of 52 hits . He managed the Portsmouth , Ohio baseball team in 1868 . Afterward he was a member of the Forest City Club of Cleveland in the Professional League of Baseball Players . This was the first professional league in America . In 1880 Pratt founded the first major league club in Pittsburgh , the Alleghenys ( later renamed the Pittsburgh Pirates ) , which joined the American Association . Pratt celebrated his 90th birthday two days before his death in Pittsburgh on November 21 , 1937 . He was buried , according to his request , attired in his Grand Army of the Republic uniform ."}]}, {'value': 'SP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Starting_pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball ( hardball or softball ) , a starting pitcher or starter is the first pitcher in the game for each team . A pitcher is credited with a game started if they throw the first pitch to the opponent 's first batter of a game . Starting pitchers are expected to pitch for a significant portion of the game , although their ability to do this depends on many factors , including effectiveness , stamina , health , and strategy . A starting pitcher in professional baseball usually rests three , four , or five days after pitching a game before pitching another . Therefore , most professional baseball teams have four , five or six starting pitchers on their rosters . These pitchers , and the sequence in which they pitch , is known as the rotation . In modern baseball , a five-man rotation is most common . In contrast , a pitcher who enters the game after the first pitch of the game is a relief pitcher . Occasionally , an opening pitcher is used for only a few innings , and is replaced by a long reliever or a pitcher who would typically be a starting pitcher ."}]}, {'value': '1871 - 1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Quest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Quest', 'summary': "Joseph L. Quest ( November 16 , 1852 - November 14 , 1924 ) was an American professional baseball player from 1871 to 1892 . He played 10 seasons in Major League Baseball ( principally as a second baseman ) for seven different major league clubs . His longest time with one team was with the Chicago White Stockings from 1879 to 1882 , a stretch that included National League pennants in 1880 , 1881 , and 1882 . He also appeared in parts of the 1883 and 1884 seasons with the St. Louis Browns and with the Detroit Wolverines in 1883 and 1885 . Although accounts vary as to the phrase 's origin , Quest is perhaps most remembered for reportedly coining the phrase Charley horse to describe a sudden leg cramp or sprain . Quest appeared in 596 major league games and compiled a .217 batting average with 499 hits and 161 runs batted in . In 1878 , he led the National League in errors at all positions , though he also led the league 's second basemen in fielding percentage in both 1879 and 1881 . He also led all position players with 331 assists in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': 'UT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utility_player', 'summary': "In sports , a utility player is one who can play several positions competently . Sports in which the term is often used include association football , gridiron football , baseball , rugby union , rugby league , softball , and water polo . The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues , but in rugby union and rugby league , it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player 's versatility . The use of this term to describe a player may in some circumstances be a backhanded compliment , as it suggests the player is n't good enough to be considered a specialist in one position ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Simmons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Simmons_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Joseph S. Simmons , born as Joseph S. Chabriel , ( June 13 , 1845 - July 24 , 1901 ) was an American Major League Baseball player and manager from New York City . Joe played three seasons in the National Association , the last year he was player-manager for the Keokuk Westerns , a team that would win just one game of the 13 that they played . He later became the manager for the Wilmington Quicksteps of the Eastern League . Late in the 1884 season , after winning the Eastern League title , the Quicksteps joined the Union Association as a replacement team , but won only 2 of their 18 games . Joe died in Jersey City , New Jersey at the age of 56 , and was buried at the Bayview - New York Bay Cemetery in Jersey City under his birth name of Chabriel .'}]}, {'value': '1B / OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ezra Sutton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ezra_Sutton', 'summary': "Ezra Ballou Sutton ( September 17 , 1849 - June 20 , 1907 ) was an American third baseman in the National Association and Major League Baseball from 1871 to 1888 . Sutton collected 1,574 hits during this time period ; he had a lifetime batting average of .294 . Like many players in an era when walks were more rare , Sutton did not walk a lot , only drawing 169 walks in more than 5,500 plate appearances . By almost all measures , Sutton had his 2 best seasons in 1883 and 1884 - he collected 203 runs and 296 hits during those 2 seasons . On May 8 , 1871 , Sutton hit the first home run in professional baseball history for the Cleveland Forest Citys against the Chicago White Stockings . He would go on to hit another home run later in the game but Cleveland still lost the game 14-12 . The Seneca Falls , New York born Sutton came to the Cleveland Forest Citys in 1870 from the Alert club of Rochester , New York ( who had played the Forest Citys twice in 1869 ) , and then joined the Philadelphia Athletics in 1873 after the Cleveland club failed . As third baseman for each he had the unique distinction of playing in both the first National Association game on May 4 , 1871 and the first National League game on April 22 , 1876 . But his main team was the Boston Red Caps ( later redubbed the Beaneaters ) where he won pennants in 1877 , 1878 , and 1883 . After the National League 's formation in 1876 , he was one of the first several players to collect 1,000 hits in the major leagues . Sutton died at a private hospital in Braintree , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '3B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': '1871 - 1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Sweasy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Sweasy', 'summary': "Charles James Sweasy ( November 2 , 1847 - March 30 , 1908 ) , born Swasey , played second base for the original Cincinnati Red Stockings , the first fully professional baseball team . He returned to Cincinnati in 1876 , hired by the new club that was a charter member of the National League . In the meantime he played for six teams during the five seasons of the National Association , so he may be considered one of the first journeyman ballplayers . A right-handed thrower and batter , he almost exclusively played second base . Born 1847 in Newark , New Jersey , Sweasy 's debut with a major team was in 1866 with the New Jersey Irvingtons that hailed from Irvington , New Jersey about 20 miles inland . Irvington was a new member of the National Association of Base Ball Players , with many other clubs as the association tripled in size to more than 90 in its first post-war season . The Irvingtons frightened the champion Brooklyn Atlantics by winning their first meeting on June 14 and losing their third one only in extra innings on October 29 . Several team members would later play professionally including Sweasy and Andy Leonard , also of Newark ."}]}, {'value': '2B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Deacon White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deacon_White', 'summary': "James Laurie Deacon White ( December 2 , 1847 - July 7 , 1939 ) was an American baseball player who was one of the principal stars during the first two decades of the sport 's professional era . The outstanding catcher of the 1870s during baseball 's barehanded period , he caught more games than any other player during the decade , and was a major figure on five consecutive championship teams from 1873 to 1877 - three in the National Association ( NA ) , in which he played throughout its five-year existence from 1871 to 1875 , and two in the National League ( NL ) , which was formed as the first fully recognized major league in 1876 , partially as a result of White and three other stars moving from the powerhouse Boston Red Stockings to the Chicago White Stockings . Although he was already 28 when the NL was established , White played 15 seasons in the major leagues , completing a 23-year career at the top levels of the sport . In 1871 , White was the first batter to come to the plate in the National Association , the first professional baseball league . After compiling a .347 batting average over five NA seasons , he led the NL in runs batted in ( RBI ) in its first two seasons of play , and also led the league in batting ( .387 ) , slugging average , hits , triples and total bases in a brief shift to first base in 1877 . For three years afterward , he joined his younger brother Will , a successful pitcher , with the Cincinnati Reds and Cincinnati Stars . In his mid-30s he became an effective third baseman when the toil of catching had become too great , and was a major force on the championship Detroit Wolverines team of 1887 , batting .303 at age 39 . Over the 20-year period of his career , White batted .312 and had more RBI ( 988 ) than any player except Cap Anson . Upon his retirement , he was among baseball 's all-time leaders in career games , at bats , hits and total bases . He ranked fourth in career total chances at third base , fifth in assists , and sixth in putouts and double plays . White was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': '1871 - 1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Elmer White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmer_White', 'summary': "Willard Elmer White ( December 7 , 1849 - March 17 , 1872 ) was a Major League Baseball player in 1871 with the Cleveland Forest Citys . He was Forest City 's regular right fielder and back-up catcher until he broke his arm running into a fence on June 22 . White was the cousin of Deacon White and Will White . He batted .257 in 1871 and finished 5th in the National Association with 6 strikeouts , a high number for that era . White had the misfortune of becoming the first recorded professional league baseball player to die , succumbing to tuberculosis in Scio , New York at the age of 22 , shortly before the beginning of the 1872 season ."}]}, {'value': 'RF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_fielder', 'summary': "A right fielder , abbreviated RF , is the outfielder in baseball or softball who plays defense in right field . Right field is the area of the outfield to the right of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher 's mound . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the right fielder is assigned the number 9 ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1871_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eighth in the league with a record of 10-19 . Pitcher Al Pratt led the NA in strikeouts , with 34 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rynie Wolters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rynie_Wolters', 'summary': 'Reinder Albertus Wolters ( March 17 , 1842 - January 3 , 1917 ) was a professional baseball player from Nieuweschans , Netherlands . He played five seasons in the amateur National Association of Base Ball Players from 1866-70 , and three seasons in its professional successor , the National Association from 1871-73 . He was the first Dutch professional baseball player . While he was primarily a pitcher , he also played occasionally in the outfield . His first and best professional season was in 1871 with the New York Mutuals , when he pitched 283 innings and had a 3.43 earned run average . His second year was with the Cleveland Forest Citys , where he played much less and had a higher ERA . In his last year , he only pitched one game , with the Elizabeth Resolutes . He completed it , giving up 23 runs , but none were earned . Wolters died in Newark , New Jersey , at the age of 74 .'}]}, {'value': 'SP / RP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Starting_pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball ( hardball or softball ) , a starting pitcher or starter is the first pitcher in the game for each team . A pitcher is credited with a game started if they throw the first pitch to the opponent 's first batter of a game . Starting pitchers are expected to pitch for a significant portion of the game , although their ability to do this depends on many factors , including effectiveness , stamina , health , and strategy . A starting pitcher in professional baseball usually rests three , four , or five days after pitching a game before pitching another . Therefore , most professional baseball teams have four , five or six starting pitchers on their rosters . These pitchers , and the sequence in which they pitch , is known as the rotation . In modern baseball , a five-man rotation is most common . In contrast , a pitcher who enters the game after the first pitch of the game is a relief pitcher . Occasionally , an opening pitcher is used for only a few innings , and is replaced by a long reliever or a pitcher who would typically be a starting pitcher ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Relief_pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball and softball , a relief pitcher or reliever is a pitcher who enters the game after the starting pitcher is removed due to injury , ineffectiveness , fatigue , ejection , or for other strategic reasons , such as inclement weather delays or pinch hitter substitutions . Relief pitchers are further divided informally into various roles , such as closers , setup men , middle relief pitchers , left/right-handed specialists , and long relievers . Whereas starting pitchers usually rest several days before pitching in a game again due to the number of pitches thrown , relief pitchers are expected to be more flexible and typically pitch more games but with fewer innings pitched . A team 's staff of relievers is normally referred to metonymically as a team 's bullpen , which refers to the area where the relievers sit during games , and where they warm-up prior to entering the game ."}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Cleveland_Forest_Citys_season', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16 . The team folded at the conclusion of the season .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Players', 'section_text': "Starting third baseman for both seasons , Ezra Sutton Deacon White , the club 's catcher and short-time manager", 'uid': 'Cleveland_Forest_Citys_all-time_roster_0', 'intro': 'The Cleveland Forest Citys were a professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio for two seasons in the National Association from 1871 to 1872.'}
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When did the catcher die ?
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July 7 , 1939
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04142425a4177e73
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte_Football_Money_League', 'title': 'Deloitte Football Money League', 'header': ['Rank', 'Club', 'Income ( € million )', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '251.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': '218.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '200.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F.', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': '193.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}]}, {'value': '163.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '162.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.', 'summary': "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington , London , England , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 13 League titles , a record 13 FA Cups , 2 League Cups , 15 FA Community Shields , 1 League Centenary Trophy , 1 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and 1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 , and they reached the First Division in 1904 . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division , and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970-71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1989 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . He helped introduce the WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers , and added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club 's kit . Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies . He won a record 7 FA Cups , and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004 , receiving the nickname The Invincibles ."}]}, {'value': '150.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}]}, {'value': '149.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newcastle United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , Tyne and Wear , that plays in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . Founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End . Per the requirements from the Taylor Report , in response to the Hillsborough disaster , that all Premiership teams have an all-seater stadium , the grounds were adjusted in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,354. , The team plays its home matches at St James ' Park . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition 's history , spending 86 seasons in the top tier as of May 2018 , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 . They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup , the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club was relegated in 2009 and again in 2016 . The club won promotion at the first time of asking each time , returning to the Premier League as Championship winners in 2010 and 2017 for the 2017-18 season . Newcastle has a local rivalry with Sunderland , with whom they have contested the Tyne-Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their crest has elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses . Before each home game , the team enters the field to Local Hero , and Blaydon Races is also sung during games ."}]}, {'value': '139.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}]}, {'value': '134.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Rankings by season -- 2004', 'section_text': 'English clubs dominated the money league for the 2002–03 season , with five Premier League clubs occupying spots in the top 10 .', 'uid': 'Deloitte_Football_Money_League_17', 'intro': 'The Deloitte Football Money League is a ranking of football clubs by revenue generated from football operations. It is produced annually by the accountancy firm Deloitte and released in early February of each year, describing the season most recently finished.'}
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Which country is the most populous member state of the European Union ?
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Germany
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04146d35a7ea4d5b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Mexico_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Mexico at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniela Campuzano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniela_Campuzano', 'summary': 'Daniela Campuzano Chávez Peón ( born 21 October 1986 ) is a Mexican mountain biker who qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . She carried the Mexican flag at the opening ceremony during the Parade of Nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The cycling competitions of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro were held at four venues scheduled to host Eighteen events between 6 August and 21 August . The venues were Fort Copacabana in the Copacabana venues were in Clusters for the start and finish of the road cycling road race , Pontal in the Barra Cluster for the road cycling time trial competitions , the Rio Olympic Velodrome , also in the Barra Cluster for track cycling , the Olympic BMX Center for BMX and the Mountain Bike Centre for mountain biking , both in the Deodoro Cluster . Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics , artistic gymnastics , fencing and swimming . Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road race from Athens to Marathon and back , Olympic cycling had gradually evolved to include women 's competitions , mountain bike and BMX to arrive at the current eighteen events . In February 2013 , the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) announced its intention to petition the IOC to extend the cycling programme by three events for both men and women : the return of the points races ( track event ) , a BMX freestyle event and a mountain bike eliminator but in August 2013 the IOC stated that the cycling programme will be the same as in 2012 . No changes were made to the 2016 Olympic cycling programme compared to the cycling at the 2012 Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubertus_von_Fürstenberg-von_Hohenlohe', 'summary': 'Prince Hubertus of Hohenlohe-Langenburg ( born 2 February 1959 in Mexico City as Hubertus Rudolph zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg ; Spanish pronunciation : [ uˈβeɾt̪us ruˈðolf su oẽnˈloe.lãŋxẽmˈbuɾɣ ] ) is a Mexican Alpine skier , photographer , businessman , and a pop singer known as Andy Himalaya and Royal Disaster . He belongs to a family which reigned over a principality in what is now the northeastern of Baden-Württemberg in Germany until the early 19th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Russia from 9-22 February at Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , east of Sochi .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'María Espinoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/María_Espinoza', 'summary': 'María del Rosario Espinoza ( born November 27 , 1987 ) is a Mexican taekwondo practitioner . Espinoza is one of the two women from Mexico who have won an Olympic gold medal , the other being Soraya Jiménez .'}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held from 8 August to 11 August at the ExCeL London . Competition was held in eight weight categories ; four for men , and four for women .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubertus_von_Fürstenberg-von_Hohenlohe', 'summary': 'Prince Hubertus of Hohenlohe-Langenburg ( born 2 February 1959 in Mexico City as Hubertus Rudolph zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg ; Spanish pronunciation : [ uˈβeɾt̪us ruˈðolf su oẽnˈloe.lãŋxẽmˈbuɾɣ ] ) is a Mexican Alpine skier , photographer , businessman , and a pop singer known as Andy Himalaya and Royal Disaster . He belongs to a family which reigned over a principality in what is now the northeastern of Baden-Württemberg in Germany until the early 19th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paola Espinosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paola_Espinosa', 'summary': "Paola Milagros Espinosa Sánchez ( born 31 July 1985 ) is a Mexican diver and represented Mexico at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where she was her national team 's flagbearer , and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . In 1987 , the Espinosa Sánchez family moved to La Paz from Mexico City with Paola , who was barely nine months old . In Athens in 2004 , from speciality platform jumps of 10 meters , she placed in the individual jump and fifth in synchronized jumps . In the synchronized jumps , she participated with Tatiana Ortiz , who was also an Olympic medalist . On 8 August 2008 , she was the champion of the Mexico national team at the Opening ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games at the National Stadium in Beijing . She won a bronze medal in the Women 's Synchronized 10-meter Platform at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing on 12 August 2008 with a score of 330.06 . She won silver medal in the same event at the 2012 Summer Olympics with a score of 343.32 on Tuesday , 31 July 2012 . Espinosa won the gold medal in the 10-meter platform at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome with a score of 428.25 . The silver medal was won by the Chinese athlete Chen Ruolin , who is also an Olympian , with a score of 417.60 . The bronze medal was given to the Chinese athlete Kang Li , who had a score of 410.35 . In 2011 , she participated at the 2011 Pan American Games where she won the gold medal at the 10-meter platform individual and synchronized events , as well as gold in the 3-meter synchronized springboard event . She has won a total of 13 medals at the Pan American Games , 8 of them gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Diving competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 10 to August 23 , at the Beijing National Aquatics Centre .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Platas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Platas', 'summary': 'Fernando Fabricio Platas Álvarez ( born March 16 , 1973 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican diver . He began diving since he was a young boy . In 1990 he won in Germany two tests of 2 and 10 metres , and in that same year he won three gold medals in the Central American Games which took place in Mexico City . In 1992 , he represented Mexico in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain and in 1993 he won a silver medal in the FINA Championships . Winner of the silver medal in the FINA Championships , for 1999 he won the gold medal in the 3 metre springboard . During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia he won the silver medal in the 3 metre springboard . In his résumé , he is also distinguished by winning the Sport National Award in 1995 , and he has been twice the standard-bearer of the Mexican Olympic Delegation in the 2000 Summer Olympics and in the 2004 Summer Olympics , in Athens , Greece . He ran the National Action Party federal deputy for the Federal Electoral District XXIV Mexico State in the elections of 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , in Athens , eight diving events were contested during a competition that took place at the Olympic Aquatic Centre , from 20 to 28 August ( 14 and 16 August for the synchronized events ) , comprising a total of 125 divers from 30 nations .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberto Tamés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Tamés', 'summary': 'Roberto Tamés ( born 21 August 1964 ) is a Mexican bobsledder . He competed at the 1988 , 1992 and the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Three bobsleigh events were competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics , at Utah Olympic Park . The competition took place between February 16 and February 23 , 2002 . For the first time since 1932 , Olympic bobsleigh added a new event , with the first ever women 's competition , won by Jill Bakken and Vonetta Flowers of the United States . The men 's competitions comprised four heats . Teams raced in the first and third heats in the order of the draw . The second heat was raced in order of ranking after the first heat , and the fourth heat is raced in order of the ranking after the first three heats . Total time for the four heats determined the final rank . The two-woman competition utilized two heats , under the same format ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Platas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Platas', 'summary': 'Fernando Fabricio Platas Álvarez ( born March 16 , 1973 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican diver . He began diving since he was a young boy . In 1990 he won in Germany two tests of 2 and 10 metres , and in that same year he won three gold medals in the Central American Games which took place in Mexico City . In 1992 , he represented Mexico in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain and in 1993 he won a silver medal in the FINA Championships . Winner of the silver medal in the FINA Championships , for 1999 he won the gold medal in the 3 metre springboard . During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia he won the silver medal in the 3 metre springboard . In his résumé , he is also distinguished by winning the Sport National Award in 1995 , and he has been twice the standard-bearer of the Mexican Olympic Delegation in the 2000 Summer Olympics and in the 2004 Summer Olympics , in Athens , Greece . He ran the National Action Party federal deputy for the Federal Electoral District XXIV Mexico State in the elections of 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , eight diving events were contested for the first time due to the inclusion of synchronized variants for each of the traditional events . The competition took place at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre , from 22 to 30 September , comprising a total of 157 divers from 42 nations .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Contreras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Contreras', 'summary': 'Nancy Yareli Contreras Reyes ( born January 20 , 1978 in Ciudad de México , Distrito Federal ) is a female track cyclist from Mexico , who represented her native country twice at the Summer Olympics : 1996 and 2004 . She won a bronze medal in the 1995 Pan American Games in Mar del Plata , Argentina . Contreras won the 500m time trial gold during the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games , but failed the doping control with Pseudoephedrine and her medal was removed .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cycling competitions at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta consisted of three separate categories : road cycling , track cycling and mountain biking . The road cycling events took place in downtown Atlanta , track cycling was carried out at the Stone Mountain velodrome in neighboring DeKalb County , and the mountain biking events were held at the Georgia International Horse Park in Conyers .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubertus_von_Fürstenberg-von_Hohenlohe', 'summary': 'Prince Hubertus of Hohenlohe-Langenburg ( born 2 February 1959 in Mexico City as Hubertus Rudolph zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg ; Spanish pronunciation : [ uˈβeɾt̪us ruˈðolf su oẽnˈloe.lãŋxẽmˈbuɾɣ ] ) is a Mexican Alpine skier , photographer , businessman , and a pop singer known as Andy Himalaya and Royal Disaster . He belongs to a family which reigned over a principality in what is now the northeastern of Baden-Württemberg in Germany until the early 19th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Mena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Mena', 'summary': 'Jesús Mena Campos ( born 28 May 1968 in Gómez Palacio , Durango ) is a retired Mexican diver . At his first Olympic Games in 1988 he won a bronze medal in the 10 metre platform event , while also placing seventh in the 3 metre springboard competition . His final Olympic performance came in 1992 where he placed twelfth in the platform diving . He carried the flag at the opening ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , four diving events were contested during a competition that took place at the Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc , from 26 July to 4 August ( July 30-31 , rest days ) , comprising 95 divers from 30 nations .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberto Alvárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Alvárez', 'summary': 'Roberto Alvárez ( born 15 January 1960 ) is a Mexican cross-country skier . He competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1992 Winter Olympic games cross-country skiing results . The cross-country skiing competitions were held at Les Saisies , about 40 km from the host city Albertville .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernesto Canto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernesto_Canto', 'summary': "Ernesto Canto Gudiño ( born 18 October 1959 in Mexico City ) is a former Mexican race walker who mainly competed in the 20 kilometer walk . He competed for Mexico at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles , United States where he won the gold medal in the men 's 20 kilometer walk event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul a total number of 42 events in athletics were contested : 24 by men and 18 by women . There were a total number of 1617 participating athletes from 149 countries .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riccardo Olavarrieta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics took place at the Stampede Corral , the Olympic Saddledome and the Father David Bauer Olympic Arena in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivar Sisniega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivar_Sisniega', 'summary': 'Ivar Sisniega Campbell ( born 29 May 1958 ) is a Mexican modern pentathlete , politician , and businessman . He competed at the 1980 , 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics . He was formerly the head of CONADE as Sports minister under President Ernesto Zedillo from 1994 to 2000 , where he created the National Youth Olympics , as well as Executive President of C.D . Guadalajara from 2002 to 2006 . In 2015 , he was briefly the interim President of the Pan American Sports Organization , following the death of former president Mario Vázquez Raña . His son , Pablo Sisniega , is a goalkeeper for Los Angeles FC .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , 41 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 1273 participating athletes from 124 countries . Womens marathon and womens 3000 meters were contested for the first time at these Games .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Girón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Girón', 'summary': 'Carlos Armando Girón Gutiérrez ( 3 November 1954 - 13 January 2020 ) was a Mexican diver . He competed in four consecutive Summer Olympics , winning one medal . At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , Germany , he finished ninth in the 3 metre springboard event and eighth in the 10 metre platform event . In 1976 he repeated the position in the platform diving while advancing to a seventh place in the springboard . At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , USSR he finally won a silver medal in 3 metre springboard , and came close to another medal with a fourth place in the 10 metre platform . His final Olympic performance came in 1984 where he placed twelfth . On 13 January 2020 , Girón died from pneumonia at age 65 .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , four diving events were contested during a competition that took place at the Olimpiysky Sports Complex Swimming Pool , from 20 to 28 July ( 24 July , rest day ) , comprising 67 divers from 23 nations .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1976 Summer Olympics , officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad ( French : Les XXIes olympiques d'été ) , was an international multi-sport event in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1976 , and the first Olympic Games held in Canada . Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12 , 1970 , at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam , over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles . It was the first and , so far , only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada . Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010 , respectively . Twenty-nine countries , mostly African , boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) refused to ban New Zealand , after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations ' calls for a sporting embargo . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teresa Díaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teresa_Díaz', 'summary': 'Teresa Díaz ( born 28 October 1959 ) is a Mexican gymnast . She competed in five events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1976 Summer Olympics , fourteen different artistic gymnastics events were contested , eight for men and six for women . All events were held at the Montreal Forum in Montreal from July 18 through 23 . For the first time in Olympic competition , countries were limited to having three gymnasts in the all-around competition and two gymnasts in each apparatus final . This was a controversial decision , which prevented many gymnasts of strong teams from competing in the finals . In addition , for the first time the number of countries allowed to bring full teams of six gymnasts and compete in the team competition was limited to twelve . The results of the team competition at the previous world championships determined which countries were allowed to bring teams .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe Muñoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Muñoz', 'summary': "Felipe Muñoz Kapamas ( born February 3 , 1951 ) is a retired breaststroke swimmer from Mexico . He competed at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in the 200 m event in 1968 . Since 2008 , he is the President of the Mexican Olympic Committee . Since 2012 he serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress . Muñoz is of Greek descent on his mother 's side . His nickname is el tibio , which means lukewarm in Spanish , a nickname which has multiple possible explanations . According to some sources , it was coined because he had the habit of refusing to swim in an unheated pool . However , other sources , including the International Swimming Hall of Fame , have stated that it was because his mother was from the town of Río Frío ( meaning Cold River ) and his father was from the town of Aguascalientes ( meaning Hot Springs ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich , West Germany , 29 events in swimming were contested . There was a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing . Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming . Mark Spitz of the United States had a spectacular run , lining up for seven events , winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records . The seven world records in a single Olympic meet was tied by Michael Phelps in 2008 . According to the official Olympic website , He took part in the 4×200 m one hour after his final in the 100 m butterfly . As for the 200 m freestyle gold , it was his third medal in three days . On the women 's side of the competition , Shane Gould of Australia won 5 medals . She won the 200 m and 400 m freestyle as well as the 200 m individual medley , each with a new world record time . In addition , she won the silver and the bronze in the 800 m and 100 m freestyle , respectively . In terms of records , the Olympic record was broken at least once in all 29 events . In 20 of those events , there was a new world record set ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1968 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968 ) , officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City , Mexico , from October 12 to the 27th . These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country . They were the first Games to use an all-weather ( smooth ) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track . The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year , after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo . The Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the government 's repression . The United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bárcena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bárcena', 'summary': 'David Roberto Bárcena Ríos ( 26 December 1941 - 22 February 2017 ) was a Mexican equestrian who competed at five Olympic Games . He competed in the Modern Pentathlon at the 1964 and 1968 Olympics and in Eventing at the 1972 , 1976 and 1980 Olympics . At his fifth Olympics , he won bronze in the Team Event .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , 36 athletics events were contested , 24 for men and 12 for women . There were a total number of 1031 participating athletes from 93 countries . These games were notable for a number of Olympic firsts and numerous world records . These included :'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo , Japan , from 10 to 24 October 1964 . Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honour was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan 's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled because of World War II . The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and the first time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports . ( South Africa was , however , allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo , where it made its Paralympic Games debut . ) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany , on 26 May 1959 . These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas , as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier . The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite , and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts , albeit partially . Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches , sports huge in Japan , were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system , but only for the domestic market . History surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city 's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season . The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fidel Negrete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fidel_Negrete', 'summary': "Fidel Negrete Gamboa ( March 23 , 1932 - November 17 , 2016 ) was a long-distance runner from Mexico , whose biggest achievement during his career was winning the gold medal in the men 's marathon at the 1963 Pan American Games . He represented his nation in the same event at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , where he finished 21st in 2:26:07 . Negrete died on November 17 , 2016 following a heart attack . He was 84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , the athletics competition included 36 events , 24 for men and 12 for women . The women 's 400 metres and women 's pentathlon events were newly introduced at these Games . There were a total number of 1016 participating athletes from 82 countries ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Mexico at theOlympicsIOC codeMEXNOCMexican Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.com.org.mx ( in Spanish ) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances19001904–192019241928193219361948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances19281932–19801984198819921994199820022006201020142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Mexico at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Mexico_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Mexico at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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Which 1992 flag bearer is youngest ?
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Jesús Mena
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04150cec50ac7e9a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chryste Gaines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chryste_Gaines', 'summary': "Chryste Dionne Gaines ( born September 14 , 1970 in Lawton , Oklahoma ) is an American athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres . A 1988 graduate of South Oak Cliff High School in Dallas , Texas , Gaines competed for the United States in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. , in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the gold medal with teammates Olympic 100m champion Gail Devers , Inger Miller and Gwen Torrence who won the Olympic 200m in Barcelona and a bronze in the 100m in Atlanta . She returned to Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics as the sole survivor of the 4 x 100 meters , this time she lined up with double sprint gold medalist Marion Jones and fellow Americans Torri Edwards and Nanceen Perry but could only come away with the bronze medal . In 2003 , Gaines was issued a Public Warning and had her results disqualified for the detection of Modafinil . The same year she was investigated as part of the BALCO scandal and in 2004 she received a two-year doping ban . Recently , she ( with her other 4x100 meter teammates ) had been asked to return her bronze medal won at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 as well as other achievements due to steroid use . She and five other members of the 2000 team would successfully appeal the IOC 's decision to force them to return their 2000 medals in July 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modafinil ( positive test ) THG ( investigation : BALCO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modafinil', 'summary': 'Modafinil , sold under the brand name Provigil among others , is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer , the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include headache , anxiety , trouble sleeping , and nausea . Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , Stevens-Johnson syndrome , misuse , and hallucinations . It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe . The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems . It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia , significant hypertension , or left ventricular hypertrophy . How it works is not entirely clear . One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle . Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone', 'summary': 'Tetrahydrogestrinone ( THG ) , known by the nickname The Clear , is a synthetic and orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) which was never marketed for medical use . It was developed by Patrick Arnold and was used by a number of high-profile athletes such as Marion Jones and Dwain Chambers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BALCO_scandal', 'summary': 'The BALCO scandal was a scandal involving the use of banned , performance-enhancing substances by professional athletes . The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative ( BALCO ) was a San Francisco Bay Area business which supplied anabolic steroids to professional athletes . The incident surrounds a 2002 US Federal government investigation of the laboratory .'}]}, {'value': 'Public warning 2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Galkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Galkin', 'summary': "Anton Galkin ( born 20 February 1979 ) is a Russian sprinter . He competed in the men 's 400 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Ángel Gamonal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Half marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clenbuterol Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clenbuterol', 'summary': 'Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator . People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier . It is most commonly available as the hydrochloride salt , clenbuterol hydrochloride . It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 3 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_García_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Alberto García Fernández ( born 22 February 1971 in Madrid , Spain ) is a Spanish long-distance and cross-country runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance , cross country', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Gasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Gasser', 'summary': "Sandra Gasser ( born 27 July 1962 in Bern ) is a retired Swiss track and field athlete who specialised in middle distance running . After the 1987 World Championships , where she achieved third place in the 1500 metres , she failed a doping test and was disqualified . After her two-year ban she rejoined the world elite and picked up the bronze medal at both the 1990 European Championships and 1993 World Indoor Championships , although in the final of the latter she fell before the finish line . Sandra Gasser won seven Swiss championship titles , and still holds the Swiss national record at 800 metres . She is 1.71 m tall ( 5 ' 7 ) and her competition weight was 52 kg ( 114 lb ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steroids', 'summary': 'A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration . Steroids have two principal biological functions : as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity ; and as signaling molecules . Hundreds of steroids are found in plants , animals and fungi . All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol ( opisthokonts ) or cycloartenol ( plants ) . Lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene . The steroid core structure is typically composed of seventeen carbon atoms , bonded in four fused rings : three six-member cyclohexane rings ( rings A , B and C in the first illustration ) and one five-member cyclopentane ring ( the D ring ) . Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings . Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane . :1785f Steroids can also be more radically modified , such as by changes to the ring structure , for example , cutting one of the rings . Cutting Ring B produces secosteroids one of which is vitamin D3 . Examples include the lipid cholesterol , the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone , :10-19 and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Gatlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Gatlin', 'summary': 'Justin Gatlin ( born February 10 , 1982 ) is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 and 200 metres events . He is the 2017 100m World Champion . He is the 2004 Olympic champion in the 100 metres , the 2005 and 2017 World champion in the same event , and the 2005 World champion in the 200 metres . Gatlin was banned from competing between 2006 and 2010 by the USADA for failing a second drugs test , testing positive for testosterone .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amphetamine Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amphetamine', 'summary': 'Amphetamine [ note 1 ] ( contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine ) is a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy , and obesity . Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers : [ note 2 ] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine . Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical , the racemic free base , which is equal parts of the two enantiomers , levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine , in their pure amine forms . The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers , or to either of them alone . Historically , it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression . Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer , and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant . It is a prescription drug in many countries , and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use . [ sources 1 ] The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine , a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions . Currently , pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine , Adderall , [ note 3 ] dextroamphetamine , or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine . Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain , with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems . [ sources 2 ] At therapeutic doses , amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria , change in desire for sex , increased wakefulness , and improved cognitive control . It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time , fatigue resistance , and increased muscle strength .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '1 year ( Reduced from 2 years ) 4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyson Gay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyson_Gay', 'summary': "Tyson Gay ( born August 9 , 1982 ) is an American track and field sprinter who competes in the 100 and 200 meters dash . His 100 m personal best of 9.69 seconds is the American record and makes him tied for the second fastest athlete ever . His 200 m time of 19.58 makes him the seventh fastest athlete in that event . Gay has won numerous medals in major international competitions , including a gold medal sweep of the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at the 2007 Osaka World Championships . This made him the second man to win all three events at the same World Championships , after Maurice Greene ( Usain Bolt duplicated the feat two years later ) . Gay is a four-time U.S. champion in the 100 m. At the 2008 Olympic Trials , he ran a wind assisted 9.68 seconds in the 100 m. Days later , he suffered a severe hamstring injury in the 200 m trials and did not win any medals at the Beijing Olympics . His performance of 9.71 seconds to win the 100 m silver medal in the 2009 World Championships is the fastest non-winning time for the event . In July 2013 , it was announced that Gay had tested positive for a banned substance , following which he withdrew from consideration for the World Championships in Moscow . The United States Anti-Doping Agency ( USADA ) suspended him until June 23 , 2014 , and stripped him of his silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay from the 2012 Summer Olympics as a result . Gay is a two-time winner of the Jesse Owens Award , was the 2007 IAAF World Athlete of the Year , won Best Track and Field Athlete for Track & Field News in 2007 and for ESPY Award in 2008 and 2011 . He has also achieved multiple Men 's season 's best performances in the 100 m and 200 m ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Positive test : Exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid Investigation/Admittance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tibor Gécsek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tibor_Gécsek', 'summary': 'Tibor Gécsek ( born 22 September 1964 in Szentgotthárd ) is a retired male hammer thrower from Hungary . Gécsek is of Hungarian Slovenian descent . He won two consecutive World Championships bronze medals in 1993 and 1995 . Later that year he received a four-year ban by the IAAF for a positive drugs test . The next year , however , IAAF shortened the maximum ban to two years . Gécsek was therefore reinstated after two years . His personal best throw was 81.68 metres , achieved in September 1988 in Szombathely , until he threw 82.87 metres to win the 1998 European Championships . This achievement earned him the title 1998 Hungarian Sportsman of the Year . Later that year he threw 83.68 metres in Zalaegerszeg to record his ultimate career best . Gécsek was elected Vice President of the Hungarian Athletic Federation on 10 November 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroids', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '2 years ( Reduced from 4 years )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ines Geipel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1980 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turinabol ( self-admitted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turinabol', 'summary': 'Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ; brand name Oral Turinabol ) , also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone ( dehydromethyltestosterone ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shitaye Gemechu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shitaye_Gemechu', 'summary': "Shitaye Gemechu ( born 17 June 1980 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner , who specializes in marathon races . Shitaye was the women 's winner of the Rock ' n ' Roll Arizona Marathon for the years 2004 - 2006 . She won the 2007 edition of the Treviso Marathon . Shitaye first came to prominence with a win at the 2001 Amsterdam Marathon . She went on to represent Ethiopia in the marathon at the World Championships in Athletics four times consecutively from 2001 to 2007 . Her best finish was seventh at the 2001 edition . She was banned for two years in 2009 after failing a test for Erythropoietin ( EPO ) at a race in Luxembourg . She returned to competition in 2011 and placed fourth at the Turin Marathon . At the 2012 Hong Kong Marathon she was runner-up to Misiker Demissie , crossing the line in a time of 2:31:44 hours in spite of a toe injury . She was runner-up to Ashu Kasim at the Lanzhou Marathon in June 2013 . Her husband , Asnake Fekadu , is also a marathon runner ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Gertlein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Gertleyn', 'summary': 'Ivan Aleksandrovich Gertlein ( Russian : Иван Александрович Гертлейн ; born 25 September 1987 ) is a Russian pole vaulter . He competed at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing advancing to the final where he no-heighted . His personal bests in the event are 5.70 metres outdoors ( Beijing 2015 ) and 5.50 metres indoors ( Chelyabinsk 2011 ) . In October 2012 he tested positive for an anabolic steroid , testosterone , and received a two-year ban which lasted until October 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nordine Gezzar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle/Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finasteride , nandrolone EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finasteride', 'summary': 'Finasteride , sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others , is a medication mainly used to treat an enlarged prostate or hair loss in men . It can also be used to treat excessive hair growth in women and as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women . It is taken by mouth . Side effects are rare . Some men experience sexual dysfunction , depression , and breast enlargement . It may also increase the risk of certain forms of prostate cancer . Finasteride is a 5α-reductase inhibitor , and therefore an antiandrogen . It works by decreasing the production of dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) by about 70% , including in the prostate gland and the scalp . Finasteride was patented in 1984 and approved for medical use in 1992 . It is available as a generic medication . A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about £0.89 per month as of 2019 . In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US $ 2.34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 10 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachid Ghanmouni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachid_Ghanmouni', 'summary': 'Rachid Ghanmouni ( born 10 April 1978 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . He was born in Rich , Rachidia . He finished thirteenth in the marathon race at the 2003 World Championships in a personal best time of 2:10:56 hours . He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games , but did not finish . He finished 27th at the 2003 World Half Marathon Championships and 34th at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships . His personal best times are 2:09:11 in the marathon , achieved in April 2006 in the Paris Marathon ; and 1:01:36 hours in the half marathon , achieved in April 2003 in Safi . In October 2006 he was to be tested for doping in Formiguères , but fled from the site . He was subject to a two-year suspension in January 2008 , and after he lost a legal battle the suspension was upheld . The suspension expired in March 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evading doping control', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruqaya Al-Ghasra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruqaya_Al-Ghasra', 'summary': "Ruqaya Al-Ghasra ( Arabic : رقية الغسرة ; born September 6 , 1982 ) , is a Bahraini athlete . She was one of the first women to represent Bahrain at the Olympic Games , by taking part in the women 's 100 metres sprint at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . ( Bahraini women had , however , taken part in the Paralympics as early as 1984 . ) She won medals at the 2006 Asian Games and went on to run at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . She announced her international retirement in 2009 . It was revealed in July 2010 that Al-Ghasra had failed an out of competition doping test and she was banned from competing for two years ( between 17 September 2009 and 16 September 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrain', 'summary': "Bahrain ( /bɑːˈreɪn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : البحرين al-Baḥrayn Arabic pronunciation : [ al baħrajn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn ) , is a sovereign state in the Persian Gulf . The island nation comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mi ) King Fahd Causeway . According to the most recent 2010 census , Bahrain 's population is over 1.2 million , of which around half are non-nationals . At 780 square kilometres ( 300 sq mi ) in size , it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . The capital and largest city is Manama . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam , in 628 AD . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , it declared independence ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epitestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epitestosterone', 'summary': 'Epitestosterone , or isotestosterone , also known as 17α-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17α-ol-3-one , is an endogenous steroid and an epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone . It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) and a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor . Structurally , epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon , C17 . Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone ; a 1993 study found that around 50% of epitestosterone production in human males can be ascribed to the testis , although the exact pathway of its formation is still the subject of research . It has been shown to accumulate in mammary cyst fluid and in the prostate . Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males ; however , by adulthood , most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ratio ) of about 1:1 .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Gherasim ( Alina Tecuţa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Gherasim', 'summary': 'Camelia Alina Gherasim ( née Tecuţă , born November 10 , 1971 in Galaţi ) is a Romanian long-distance runner . Gherasim competed in the marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She has won a number of road races including the 1996 Paris Marathon , the 2005 Monaco Marathon ( 2:43:44 ) , and the 2006 California International Marathon ( 2:34:23 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroid', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bouchra Ghezielle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bouchra_Ghezielle', 'summary': 'Bouchra Ghézielle , née Ben Thami ( Arabic : بُشرا غزال ; born 19 May 1979 ) , is a Moroccan-French track and field athlete , now competing for France . She competes mainly on the 1500 m distance but also on 800 m and 3000 m distances . Born in Khemisset , she competed at the 2004 Olympic Games for Morocco . She won the bronze medals at the 1998 African Championships , the 1998 World Junior Championships and the 2005 World Championships , and finished fourth at the 2005 World Athletics Final . In 2008 , she was found guilty of rh-EPO doping . The sample was delivered on 9 February 2008 in an out-of-competition test in Franconville . She received a suspension from May 2008 to May 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patricia Girard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Girard', 'summary': 'Patricia Girard ( also Girard-Léno , born 8 April 1968 in Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe , ) is a French athlete who competed mainly in the 100m hurdles .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primobolan ( anabolic steroid )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primobolan', 'summary': 'Metenolone acetate , or methenolone acetate , sold under the brand names Primobolan and Nibal , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . It is taken by mouth . Although it was widely used in the past , the drug has mostly been discontinued and hence is now mostly no longer available . A related drug , metenolone enanthate , is given by injection into muscle . Side effects of metenolone acetate include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone enanthate is a metenolone ester and a prodrug of metenolone in the body . Metenolone acetate was introduced for medical use in 1961 . In addition to its medical use , metenolone acetate is used to improve physique and performance . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . It remains marketed for medical use only in a few countries , such as Japan and Moldova .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Glover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Glover', 'summary': 'Sandra Glover ( née Cummings ; born December 30 , 1968 in Palestine , Texas ) is an African American former track and field athlete who competed in the 400-meter hurdles . She was a medalist in that event at the World Championships in Athletics in 2003 ( silver ) and 2005 ( bronze ) . She also represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She was the national champion at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships for four consecutive years from 1999 to 2002 . She had five victories on the IAAF Golden League circuit during her career . She failed a doping test for wakefulness drug Modafinil in 2003 , receiving a public warning and disqualification of her performance . She holds the American masters record for the over-35 category , with her performance of 53.32 seconds at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . Glover attended the University of Houston and competed for the Houston Cougars track team .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modafinil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modafinil', 'summary': 'Modafinil , sold under the brand name Provigil among others , is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer , the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include headache , anxiety , trouble sleeping , and nausea . Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , Stevens-Johnson syndrome , misuse , and hallucinations . It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe . The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems . It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia , significant hypertension , or left ventricular hypertrophy . How it works is not entirely clear . One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle . Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance .'}]}, {'value': 'Disqualification and public warning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geronimo Goeloe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geronimo_Goeloe', 'summary': 'Geronimo Goeloe ( born 18 November 1981 ) is a sprinter , specializing in the 100 and 200 metres . He competed for the Netherlands Antilles until the dissolution of that country and now represents Aruba . He also holds the current national record , with a time of 10.42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands Antilles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles', 'summary': 'The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch : Nederlandse Antillen , pronounced [ ˌneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; Papiamentu : Antia Hulandes ) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea . The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles . The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies , and was dissolved in 2010 . The Dutch colony of Surinam , although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America , did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954 . All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today , although the legal status of each differs . As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean , regardless of their legal status .'}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Goller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Goller', 'summary': 'Thomas Goller ( born 28 October 1977 in Dohna , Bezirk Dresden ) is a retired German hurdler . He was banned from competing for two years for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boldenone , SARMs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boldenone', 'summary': 'Boldenone ( developmental code name RU-18761 ) , is a naturally occurring anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) and the 1 ( 2 ) -dehydrogenated analogue of testosterone . Boldenone itself has never been marketed ; as a pharmaceutical drug , it is used as boldenone undecylenate , the undecylenate ester .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SARMs', 'summary': 'Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands . ( The name follows the terminology currently used for similar molecules targeting the estrogen receptor , Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators , such as tamoxifen . ) They are intended to have the same kind of effects as androgenic drugs but be much more selective in their action , allowing them to be used for more uses than the relatively limited legitimate uses of anabolic steroids .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_6', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."}
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What is the capital of the country whose corresponding athlete was sanctioned for using a drug also called RU-18761 ?
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Berlin
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0415dd1f11cead35
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Tuolumne_County,_California', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Tuolumne County, California', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '406', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Oak Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Oak_Flat,_California', 'summary': 'Groveland-Big Oak Flat is an unincorporated community and former census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 3,388 at the 2000 census . This CDP included the communities of Groveland , Big Oak Flat and Pine Mountain Lake ( PML ) . The CDP was abolished prior to the 2010 census , and Groveland and Pine Mountain Lake were made into separate CDPs . The town hosts an annual 49er Festival on the 3rd Saturday of September , hosted by the Yosemite Chamber of Commerce , . Groveland is the location of the Groveland Ranger District office of the Stanislaus National Forest . The Groveland Community Services District provides services , including fire protection , to the community . The Department of Forestry and Fire Protection , Tuolumne-Calaveras Ranger Unit , Battalion 16 , has a Forest Fire Station west of Groveland on State Route 120 .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 37°50′45″N 120°12′28″W / 37.845833°N 120.207778°W / 37.845833 ; -120.207778 ( Big Oak Flat )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Oak Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Oak_Flat,_California', 'summary': 'Groveland-Big Oak Flat is an unincorporated community and former census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 3,388 at the 2000 census . This CDP included the communities of Groveland , Big Oak Flat and Pine Mountain Lake ( PML ) . The CDP was abolished prior to the 2010 census , and Groveland and Pine Mountain Lake were made into separate CDPs . The town hosts an annual 49er Festival on the 3rd Saturday of September , hosted by the Yosemite Chamber of Commerce , . Groveland is the location of the Groveland Ranger District office of the Stanislaus National Forest . The Groveland Community Services District provides services , including fire protection , to the community . The Department of Forestry and Fire Protection , Tuolumne-Calaveras Ranger Unit , Battalion 16 , has a Forest Fire Station west of Groveland on State Route 120 .'}]}, {'value': '445', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherokee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confidence-Tuolumne City Rd . 37°58′47″N 120°14′53″W / 37.97985°N 120.24805°W / 37.97985 ; -120.24805 ( Cherokee )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuolumne City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuolumne_City,_California', 'summary': 'Tuolumne is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 1,779 at the 2010 census , down from 1,865 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '423', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Camp,_California', 'summary': "Chinese Camp is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 126 at the 2010 census , down from 146 at the 2000 census . It lies in the grassy foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the southern end of California 's Gold Country ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 37°52′13″N 120°26′01″W / 37.870278°N 120.433611°W / 37.870278 ; -120.433611 ( Chinese Camp )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Camp,_California', 'summary': "Chinese Camp is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 126 at the 2010 census , down from 146 at the 2000 census . It lies in the grassy foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the southern end of California 's Gold Country ."}]}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_California', 'summary': "Columbia is a town located in the Sierra Nevada foothills , in Tuolumne County , California , United States . It was founded as a boomtown in 1850 when gold was found in the vicinity , and was known as the Gem of the Southern Mines . The town 's historic central district is within the Columbia State Historic Park , which preserves the 19th century mining town features . The U.S. historic district is a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia State Historic Park 38°02′02″N 120°24′04″W / 38.033889°N 120.401111°W / 38.033889 ; -120.401111 ( Columbia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Columbia State Historic Park , also known as Columbia Historic District , is a state park unit and National Historic Landmark District preserving historic downtown Columbia , California , USA . It includes almost 30 buildings built during the California Gold Rush , most of which remain today . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_California', 'summary': "Columbia is a town located in the Sierra Nevada foothills , in Tuolumne County , California , United States . It was founded as a boomtown in 1850 when gold was found in the vicinity , and was known as the Gem of the Southern Mines . The town 's historic central district is within the Columbia State Historic Park , which preserves the 19th century mining town features . The U.S. historic district is a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '446', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Groveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Groveland,_California', 'summary': "Groveland is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California . Groveland sits at an elevation of 3,136 feet ( 956 m ) . The 2010 United States census reported Groveland 's population was 601 . Groveland was created as a CDP prior to the 2010 census ; previously it was part of Groveland-Big Oak Flat CDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 37°49′54″N 120°14′23″W / 37.831667°N 120.239722°W / 37.831667 ; -120.239722 ( Groveland )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Groveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Groveland,_California', 'summary': "Groveland is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California . Groveland sits at an elevation of 3,136 feet ( 956 m ) . The 2010 United States census reported Groveland 's population was 601 . Groveland was created as a CDP prior to the 2010 census ; previously it was part of Groveland-Big Oak Flat CDP ."}]}, {'value': '419', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksonville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vista point near Don Pedro Bridge 37°50′20″N 120°20′49″W / 37.839°N 120.346917°W / 37.839 ; -120.346917 ( Jacksonville )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Camp,_California', 'summary': "Chinese Camp is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 126 at the 2010 census , down from 146 at the 2000 census . It lies in the grassy foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the southern end of California 's Gold Country ."}]}, {'value': '431', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamestown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamestown,_California', 'summary': 'Jamestown is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 3,433 at the 2010 census , up from 3,017 at the 2000 census . Formerly a California Gold Rush town , Jamestown is now a California Historical Landmark . Jamestown is the home of Railtown 1897 State Historic Park and the Sierra Railway , which operates steam passenger trains . Scenes from Back to the Future Part III , the third film in the final installment of the Back to the Future trilogy , were filmed in Jamestown . A scene from the 2004 movie Hidalgo was also filmed there . Exterior scenes from the TV series Petticoat Junction , The Wild Wild West , and Green Acres were filmed in and near Jamestown , as well as parts of Little House on the Prairie TV series .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 37°57′18″N 120°24′19″W / 37.955°N 120.405278°W / 37.955 ; -120.405278 ( Jamestown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamestown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamestown,_California', 'summary': 'Jamestown is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 3,433 at the 2010 census , up from 3,017 at the 2000 census . Formerly a California Gold Rush town , Jamestown is now a California Historical Landmark . Jamestown is the home of Railtown 1897 State Historic Park and the Sierra Railway , which operates steam passenger trains . Scenes from Back to the Future Part III , the third film in the final installment of the Back to the Future trilogy , were filmed in Jamestown . A scene from the 2004 movie Hidalgo was also filmed there . Exterior scenes from the TV series Petticoat Junction , The Wild Wild West , and Green Acres were filmed in and near Jamestown , as well as parts of Little House on the Prairie TV series .'}]}, {'value': '138', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Twain Cabin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°59′56″N 120°28′41″W / 37.999°N 120.478°W / 37.999 ; -120.478 ( Mark Twain Cabin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuttletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuttletown,_California', 'summary': "Tuttletown ( formerly , Mormon Gulch and Tuttleville ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California . It is located on State Route 49 near the gold rush community of Columbia . Tuttletown sits at an elevation of 1,047 feet ( 319 m ) . The 2010 United States census reported Tuttletown 's population was 668 ."}]}, {'value': '122', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montezuma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montezuma,_California', 'summary': "Montezuma is a former hamlet and township in Solano County , California , located in the California Delta region of the state ; the township , which embraced the hamlet , and several other places , such as Bird 's Landing - which still exists - included portions of the Montezuma Hills . The name Montezuma was used in multiple places within Solano County by Mormans settlement attempts during 1847-50 . The hamlet was also a stop on the Oakland , Antioch and Eastern Railway ( later absorbed into the Sacramento Northern Railway ) , an electrified interurban passenger rail line that ran , with the help of a ferry across Suisun Bay , from Oakland , through Contra Costa County , across the bay , and into Solano County , making stops at Chipps and Dutton , before passing through Montezuma on its way to Rio Vista , California . The railway stop was located approximately a mile and a half northwest of present-day Collinsville , just after the rail line swung due north , from its north-easterly trajectory from the ferry landing at Chipps Island , at the Suisun Bay shoreline ."}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 49 37°54′33″N 120°27′08″W / 37.909217°N 120.452317°W / 37.909217 ; -120.452317 ( Montezuma )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Camp,_California', 'summary': "Chinese Camp is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 126 at the 2010 census , down from 146 at the 2000 census . It lies in the grassy foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the southern end of California 's Gold Country ."}]}, {'value': '438', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Parrott 's Ferry", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Vista area on Calaveras side of Columbia-Vallecito Highway Bridge 38°02′22″N 120°27′23″W / 38.039517°N 120.456417°W / 38.039517 ; -120.456417 ( Parrott 's Ferry )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_California', 'summary': "Columbia is a town located in the Sierra Nevada foothills , in Tuolumne County , California , United States . It was founded as a boomtown in 1850 when gold was found in the vicinity , and was known as the Gem of the Southern Mines . The town 's historic central district is within the Columbia State Historic Park , which preserves the 19th century mining town features . The U.S. historic district is a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '139', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. James Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._James_Episcopal_Church_(Sonora,_California)', 'summary': 'St. James Episcopal Church , also known as the Red Church , is an historic Episcopal church building , formerly Anglican , located at 42 Snell Street , in Sonora , California . Built in 1859 in the Carpenter Gothic style , its board and batten exterior walls are of California redwood and are painted red . It was consecrated in 1870 by the Rt . Rev . William Ingraham Kip , first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of California . Reportedly the seventh Episcopal parish as well as the oldest Episcopal church building in California , it has been designated California Historical Landmark No . 139 . St. James took place in the Anglican realignment in the United States , [ when ? ] leaving the Episcopal Church and adopting the name of St. James Anglican Church , then a parish of the Anglican Diocese of San Joaquin and of the Anglican Church in North America . Its previous rector was the Rev . Wolfgang E. Krismanits , who died in a car crash , with his wife , on 27 November 2012 . A schism occurred over various theological issues and a number of the churches in the diocese dissolved their affiliation with The Episcopal Church .'}]}, {'value': 'N. Washington & Elkin Sts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonora,_California', 'summary': 'Sonora is the county seat of Tuolumne County , California . The city population was 4,610 during the 2010 Census , an increase of 380 from the 4,230 counted during the 2000 Census . Sonora is the only incorporated community in Tuolumne County .'}]}, {'value': '424', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sawmill Flat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sawmill_Flat_(Tuolumne_County,_California)', 'summary': 'Sawmill Flat is a locale , formerly a settlement during the California Gold Rush , now a ghost town in Tuolumne County , California . It lies at an elevation of 2,136 feet / 651 meters south of Martinez , another former gold rush settlement .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°01′22″N 120°22′48″W / 38.022717°N 120.379933°W / 38.022717 ; -120.379933 ( Sawmill Flat )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_California', 'summary': "Columbia is a town located in the Sierra Nevada foothills , in Tuolumne County , California , United States . It was founded as a boomtown in 1850 when gold was found in the vicinity , and was known as the Gem of the Southern Mines . The town 's historic central district is within the Columbia State Historic Park , which preserves the 19th century mining town features . The U.S. historic district is a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Garrotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Garrotte', 'summary': 'Second Garrotte is a ghost town located near Groveland in Tuolumne County , California originally settled during the California Gold Rush . It lies at an elevation of 2,894 feet / 882 meters in Second Garrotte Basin . The town was named after a nearby hanging tree , where according to local lore as many as thirty men were said to have been hanged . Certain contemporary accounts from miners and settlers in the area suggest only two men were hung at Second Garrotte , a pair of thieves caught stealing gold dust from a sluice box . Jason Chamerblain and James Chaffee , early settlers at Second Garrotte who owned the property on which the hanging tree stood , denied any hangings took place . The nearby town of Groveland was originally known as First Garrotte , named after an earlier hanging at that town .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 120 37°49′31″N 120°11′41″W / 37.825183°N 120.194817°W / 37.825183 ; -120.194817 ( Second Garrotte )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Groveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Groveland,_California', 'summary': "Groveland is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California . Groveland sits at an elevation of 3,136 feet ( 956 m ) . The 2010 United States census reported Groveland 's population was 601 . Groveland was created as a CDP prior to the 2010 census ; previously it was part of Groveland-Big Oak Flat CDP ."}]}, {'value': '395', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Shaw 's Flat", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Shaw 's Flat Rd . & Mt . Brow Rd . 38°00′14″N 120°24′05″W / 38.003767°N 120.401467°W / 38.003767 ; -120.401467 ( Shaw 's Flat )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_California', 'summary': "Columbia is a town located in the Sierra Nevada foothills , in Tuolumne County , California , United States . It was founded as a boomtown in 1850 when gold was found in the vicinity , and was known as the Gem of the Southern Mines . The town 's historic central district is within the Columbia State Historic Park , which preserves the 19th century mining town features . The U.S. historic district is a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '422', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonora-Mono Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Hwy 108 at Sugar Pine cutoff 38°03′40″N 120°11′58″W / 38.061133°N 120.199517°W / 38.061133 ; -120.199517 ( Sonora-Mono Road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sugar Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sugar_Pine,_California', 'summary': 'Sugar Pine is an unincorporated community in Madera County , California . It is located 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Yosemite Forks , at an elevation of 4236 feet ( 1291 m ) . It is located 1 mile east of California State Route 41 , between Oakhurst , California and the South Entrance of Yosemite National Park . Sugar Pine was built by the Madera Sugar Pine Company in 1899 to 1900 . The company which had an extensive logging operation in the area between the 1890s and 1931 . The mill pond and some service buildings are all that remain of the mill . The company housing units , over the years updated , are still in use today as residences and vacation homes . A post office operated at Sugar Pine from 1907 to 1934 .'}]}, {'value': '420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soulsbyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soulsbyville,_California', 'summary': 'Soulsbyville is an unincorporated census-designated place in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 2,215 at the 2010 census , up from 1,729 at the 2000 census . Formerly a California Gold Rush town , Soulsbyville is now registered as a California Historical Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 37°59′42″N 120°15′37″W / 37.995°N 120.260278°W / 37.995 ; -120.260278 ( Soulsbyville )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soulsbyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soulsbyville,_California', 'summary': 'Soulsbyville is an unincorporated census-designated place in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 2,215 at the 2010 census , up from 1,729 at the 2000 census . Formerly a California Gold Rush town , Soulsbyville is now registered as a California Historical Landmark .'}]}, {'value': '432', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_California', 'summary': 'Springfield is an unincorporated community located in Tuolumne County , California . It is a former California Gold Rush boomtown in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , and is now designated as a California Historical Landmark . Springfield is located 1.1 mi SW of Columbia another gold rush boomtown .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°01′15″N 120°24′41″W / 38.020833°N 120.411389°W / 38.020833 ; -120.411389 ( Springfield )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_California', 'summary': 'Springfield is an unincorporated community located in Tuolumne County , California . It is a former California Gold Rush boomtown in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , and is now designated as a California Historical Landmark . Springfield is located 1.1 mi SW of Columbia another gold rush boomtown .'}]}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuttletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuttletown,_California', 'summary': "Tuttletown ( formerly , Mormon Gulch and Tuttleville ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California . It is located on State Route 49 near the gold rush community of Columbia . Tuttletown sits at an elevation of 1,047 feet ( 319 m ) . The 2010 United States census reported Tuttletown 's population was 668 ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 38°00′25″N 120°27′04″W / 38.006944°N 120.451111°W / 38.006944 ; -120.451111 ( Tuttletown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuttletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuttletown,_California', 'summary': "Tuttletown ( formerly , Mormon Gulch and Tuttleville ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California . It is located on State Route 49 near the gold rush community of Columbia . Tuttletown sits at an elevation of 1,047 feet ( 319 m ) . The 2010 United States census reported Tuttletown 's population was 668 ."}]}, {'value': '407', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuolumne_City,_California', 'summary': 'Tuolumne is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 1,779 at the 2010 census , down from 1,865 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic district 37°57′42″N 120°14′13″W / 37.961667°N 120.236944°W / 37.961667 ; -120.236944 ( Summersville )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuolumne City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuolumne_City,_California', 'summary': 'Tuolumne is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 1,779 at the 2010 census , down from 1,865 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '140', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wells Fargo Express Company Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. & Solinsky Alley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Camp,_California', 'summary': "Chinese Camp is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tuolumne County , California , United States . The population was 126 at the 2010 census , down from 146 at the 2000 census . It lies in the grassy foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the southern end of California 's Gold Country ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Tuolumne County , California . Click the `` Map of all coordinates '' link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below .", 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Tuolumne_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Tuolumne County, California. Click the Map of all coordinates link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.'}
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In which town is a former hamlet and township in Solano County , California now located ?
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Chinese Camp
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041657e732dde7b7
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing', 'title': 'D. H. Morgan Manufacturing', 'header': ['Opened', 'Name', 'Park', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant Dipper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giant_Dipper', 'summary': "The Giant Dipper is a historic wooden roller coaster located at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk , an amusement park in Santa Cruz , California . The Giant Dipper , which replaced the Thompson 's Scenic Railway , took 47 days to build and opened on May 17 , 1924 at a cost of $ 50,000 . With a height of 70 feet ( 21 m ) and a speed of 55 miles per hour ( 89 km/h ) , it is one of the most popular wooden roller coasters in the world . As of 2012 , over 60 million people have ridden the Giant Dipper since its opening . The ride has received several awards such as being named a National Historic Landmark , a Golden Age Coaster award , and a Coaster Landmark award ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Beach_Boardwalk', 'summary': "The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is an oceanfront amusement park in Santa Cruz , California . Founded in 1907 , it is California 's oldest surviving amusement park and one of the few seaside parks on the West Coast of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985/86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Monstre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Monstre', 'summary': 'Le Monstre ( French for The Monster ) is a wooden roller coaster at La Ronde amusement park in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Le Monstre is the largest wooden roller coaster in Canada and is also the tallest two-track wooden roller coaster in the world . Being 39.9 meters ( 130.9 ft ) tall , it does not surpass the height of one of the newer attractions at La Ronde , Goliath , but is still taller than all of their other roller coasters . Le Monstre includes a hard first drop , airtime hills and has a top speed of 59.7 miles per hour ( 96.1 km/h ) . The first track of the ride opened in 1985 , but a second track was built for the 1986 season . This newer track does not run parallel to the first and instead gives a different ride experience . La Ronde once replaced the seats for new seats with safety belts , but were removed to classic bars at the request of riders . [ citation needed ] The seats have one lap bar for each row , as well as an individual seatbelt that attaches to the seat divider instead of the seat . This allows riders to float during airtime because the seatbelt does not come down to the seat even when fully tightened . New trains built by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters were added in 2013 . The ride was constructed by Martin & Vleminckx .'}]}, {'value': 'La Ronde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Ronde_(amusement_park)', 'summary': "La Ronde ( Round ) is an amusement park in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , built as the entertainment complex for Expo 67 , the 1967 world fair . Today , it is owned and operated by Six Flags . The park is under an emphyteutic lease with the City of Montreal , which expires in 2065 . It is the largest amusement park in Quebec and second largest in Canada . It is on 146 acres ( 59.1 ha ) located on the Northern tip of Saint Helen 's Island . This is a man-made extension to the island in the space where the small Ronde Island had been . The park hosts L'International des Feux Loto-Québec , a highly regarded international fireworks competition . La Ronde is one of three Six Flags parks not to be officially branded as a Six Flags park , Great Escape in Queensbury , New York , and Frontier City in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma being the other two ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced by PTC trains in 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters', 'summary': 'Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters , commonly referred to as PTC , is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world . Based in Hatfield , Pennsylvania , it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The company manufactured carousels , wooden roller coasters , toboggans ( roller coaster cars ) and later , roller coaster trains .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_(Six_Flags_New_England)', 'summary': 'Wicked Cyclone ( formerly Cyclone ) is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags New England amusement park . The ride originally opened as a wooden roller coaster named Cyclone on June 24 , 1983 . Its name and design were inspired by the historic 1927 Cyclone roller coaster located at Coney Island . In 2014 after 31 seasons , Cyclone was closed temporarily while being re-tracked with steel . It reopened as Wicked Cyclone on May 24 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Six Flags New England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_New_England', 'summary': "Six Flags New England is an amusement park located in Agawam , Massachusetts , a western suburb of Springfield , Massachusetts . Dating to the late 19th century , it is the oldest amusement park in the Six Flags chain ( though that is because historically it was not always a Six Flags park ) . Superman the Ride is among the park 's most notable rides having appeared in every Golden Ticket Awards publication by Amusement Today , ranking first or second in the Top Steel Roller Coasters category from 2001 to 2015 and third in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced by PTC trains in 2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters', 'summary': 'Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters , commonly referred to as PTC , is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world . Based in Hatfield , Pennsylvania , it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The company manufactured carousels , wooden roller coasters , toboggans ( roller coaster cars ) and later , roller coaster trains .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Grizzly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Grizzly', 'summary': "The Grizzly is a wooden roller coaster located at California 's Great America in Santa Clara , California . The ride was designed by Curtis D. Summers and manufactured by Kings Island Construction . It uses traditional tracks with steel wheels on the cars , and , therefore , is designed to maintain positive-g loading on the cars and riders throughout its course ."}]}, {'value': "California 's Great America", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/California's_Great_America", 'summary': "California 's Great America ( formerly known as Marriott 's Great America and Paramount 's Great America ) is a 100-acre ( 40 ha ) amusement park located in Santa Clara , California . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair , it originally opened in 1976 as one of two parks built by the Marriott Corporation . The park has appeared in 1994 films Beverly Hills Cop III and Getting Even with Dad and features over 40 rides and attractions . One of its most notable attractions , Gold Striker , has been featured as a top-ranked wooden roller coaster in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards publication . Also featured is Railblazer , one of the first Raptor Track roller coasters in the World , and Flight Deck , a B & M invert coaster ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Cyclone', 'summary': 'The Texas Cyclone was a wooden roller coaster at the defunct Six Flags AstroWorld in Houston , Texas . Designed by Don Rosser and William Cobb , it was manufactured by Frontier Construction Company and opened to the public on June 12 , 1976 . Well-known for its airtime , the roller coaster was 93 feet ( 28 m ) tall , 3,180 feet ( 970 m ) long , and had a ride time of two minutes and fifteen seconds . Texas Cyclone was modeled after the original Coney Island Cyclone , which AstroWorld had originally intended to purchase and move to their park before realizing the process would be too expensive .'}]}, {'value': 'AstroWorld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AstroWorld', 'summary': 'Six Flags AstroWorld or AstroWorld was a seasonally operated theme park located in Houston , Texas . Owned and operated by Six Flags , it was located on approximately 57 acres ( 23 ha ) of land , which was later expanded to over 75 acres ( 30 ha ) between Kirby Drive and Fannin Avenue , directly south of Loop 610 in Houston . Part of the Six Flags Houston complex , the park also included Six Flags WaterWorld , a water park that was adjacent to the main park . The park opened on June 1 , 1968 , and was originally developed and constructed as part of the Astrodomain , the brainchild of local philanthropist and former Houston mayor Judge Roy Hofheinz , who intended it to complement The Astrodome . AstroWorld was sold to the Six Flags Corporation by the Hofheinz family in 1975 . Although it was the fourth theme park to be included in the Six Flags family , it was the first to be acquired by that company rather than built from the ground up . Initially , it was marketed as AstroWorld : A Member of the Six Flags Family so as to not confuse patrons with Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington . AstroWorld was permanently closed by Six Flags , Inc. after its final day of operations on October 30 , 2005 , the final night of Fright Fest 2005 . Shortly after , it began to be demolished , which lasted through the first half of 2006 , though parts of WaterWorld were already being demolished prior to the final operating day at AstroWorld . The Loop 610 bridge crossing from the park to the parking lot continues to stand and is the last remaining structure from AstroWorld . The area where AstroWorld once stood is now just grassland , and is used for overflow parking during the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo .'}]}, {'value': 'Closed 2005 , demolished March 2006 , trains moved to La Ronde', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colossus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colossus_(Six_Flags_Magic_Mountain)', 'summary': "Twisted Colossus is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Santa Clarita , California . Originally designed and built by International Amusement Devices , the roller coaster opened as Colossus , a dual-tracked roller coaster , on June 29 , 1978 . It was the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world and the first with two drops greater than 100 feet ( 30 m ) . Colossus became well known after appearances in film and television , including the box-office hit National Lampoon 's Vacation and the made-for-TV movie Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park . After more than 36 years in operation , Six Flags announced that Colossus would be closed permanently on August 16 , 2014 . Within two weeks of its closure , Six Flags announced that the roller coaster would reemerge in 2015 as a steel-tracked roller coaster named Twisted Colossus . It was renovated by Rocky Mountain Construction to feature barrel roll inversions , and a near-vertical drop . Twisted Colossus opened on May 23 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Six Flags Magic Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Magic_Mountain', 'summary': "Six Flags Magic Mountain , originally Magic Mountain , is a 262-acre ( 106 ha ) theme park located in the Valencia neighborhood of Santa Clarita , California , 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of downtown Los Angeles . It opened on May 30 , 1971 , as a development of the Newhall Land and Farming Company . In 1979 , Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the park 's name . With 19 roller coasters , Six Flags Magic Mountain holds the world record for most roller coasters in an amusement park . In 2017 , the park had an estimated 3.3 million visitors , ranking it sixteenth in attendance in North America ."}]}, {'value': 'Coaster converted to Twisted Colossus running RMC trains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twisted_Colossus', 'summary': "Twisted Colossus is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Santa Clarita , California . Originally designed and built by International Amusement Devices , the roller coaster opened as Colossus , a dual-tracked roller coaster , on June 29 , 1978 . It was the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world and the first with two drops greater than 100 feet ( 30 m ) . Colossus became well known after appearances in film and television , including the box-office hit National Lampoon 's Vacation and the made-for-TV movie Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park . After more than 36 years in operation , Six Flags announced that Colossus would be closed permanently on August 16 , 2014 . Within two weeks of its closure , Six Flags announced that the roller coaster would reemerge in 2015 as a steel-tracked roller coaster named Twisted Colossus . It was renovated by Rocky Mountain Construction to feature barrel roll inversions , and a near-vertical drop . Twisted Colossus opened on May 23 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaconda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walygator Parc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walygator_Parc', 'summary': 'Walygator Parc is an amusement park located in Maizières-les-Metz , Lorraine , France . Since its opening , back in 1989 , the park has taken on a variety of names ; successively Big Bang Smurf , Walibi Schtroumpf ( Smurf ) , Walibi Lorraine up to its present name Walygator Parc .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Coaster_(Playland)', 'summary': "The Dragon Coaster is a wooden roller coaster at Playland amusement park in Rye , New York . Opened in 1929 , it was designed and built by amusement ride creator Frederick Church , the co-inventor of the Racing Derby , another early 20th century amusement park ride . The Dragon Coaster has approximately 3,400 feet of track and is , at its highest , approximately 80 feet tall . There is a tunnel along its span , a common feature of wooden roller coasters from the 1920s , that resembles the body and open mouth of a dragon . It was featured in the film Fatal Attraction , Mariah Carey 's music video Fantasy , and Big , starring Tom Hanks . The Dragon Coaster is still in operation ."}]}, {'value': 'Playland ( New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Playland_(New_York)', 'summary': 'Playland , often called Rye Playland and also known as Playland Amusement Park , is an amusement park located in Rye , New York , along the Long Island Sound . Built in 1928 , the 280-acre ( 110 ha ) park is owned by the Westchester County government . Beginning with the 2018 season , Standard Amusements LLC has been contracted to operate the park .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Rabbit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Rabbit_(Seabreeze)', 'summary': 'Jack Rabbit is an out and back wooden roller coaster located at Seabreeze Amusement Park in Irondequoit , New York . At its opening in 1920 , it was the fastest roller coaster in the world . The Giant Dipper in Santa Cruz , California , superseded it in 1924 . Jack Rabbit is the fourth oldest operating roller coaster in the world and the second oldest in the USA . The oldest , Leap-The-Dips in Altoona , Pennsylvania , was closed from 1985 to 1999 , making Jack Rabbit the oldest continuously operating coaster in the country . It features a double dip element , common on John A. Miller designs of the time including the well-known Jack Rabbit at Kennywood Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Seabreeze Amusement Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seabreeze_Amusement_Park', 'summary': 'Seabreeze Amusement Park , known locally as Seabreeze , is a historic amusement park in Irondequoit , a suburb of Rochester , New York . It is one of only thirteen trolley parks still operating in the United States . Seabreeze is in northeast Irondequoit , where Irondequoit Bay empties into Lake Ontario . It opened on August 5 , 1879 , and , according to the National Amusement Park Historical Association ( NAPHA ) , it is the twelfth-oldest operating amusement park in the world ( fourth-oldest in the United States ) . Its most celebrated ride is the Jack Rabbit , an out and back roller coaster , and the fourth-oldest operating roller coaster in the world ( opened 1920 ) . It is owned and operated by the Norris family , many of whom have lived on the property for years .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant Dipper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giant_Dipper_(Belmont_Park)', 'summary': 'The Giant Dipper , also known as the Mission Beach Roller Coaster and historically by other names , is a historical wooden roller coaster located in Belmont Park , a small amusement park in the Mission Beach area of San Diego , California . Built in 1925 , it and its namesake at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk are the only remaining wooden roller coasters on the West Coast designed by noted roller coaster designers Frank Prior and Frederick Church , and the only whose construction they supervised . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Belmont Park ( San Diego )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belmont_Park_(San_Diego)', 'summary': "Belmont Park is a historic amusement park located on Ocean Front at Surfrider Square in the Mission Bay area of San Diego , California . The park was developed by sugar magnate John D. Spreckels and opened on July 4 , 1925 as the Mission Beach Amusement Center . In addition to providing recreation and amusement , it also was intended as a way to help Spreckles sell land in Mission Beach . Located on the beach , it attracts millions of people each year . The park 's most iconic attraction is the historic Giant Dipper roller coaster , which is considered a local landmark ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rattler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Rattler', 'summary': 'Iron Rattler is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio , Texas . The ride opened in 2013 as a conversion of the Rattler , a wooden roller coaster that had opened in 1992 . Iron Rattler is the first hybrid wood and steel roller coaster to feature an inversion , namely a zero-g-roll . Iron Rattler was designed by Alan Schilke and built by Rocky Mountain Construction ( RMC ) . The wooden Rattler had been constructed by Roller Coaster Corporation of America . At the time of its opening , the Rattler was the tallest and fastest wooden coaster in the world , with a height of 179 feet ( 55 m ) , a first drop of 166 feet ( 51 m ) and a top speed of 73 mph ( 117 km/h ) . RMC modified the wooden Rattler by placing new steel track on top of the existing wooden support structure . The distance between the lowest and highest points of the first drop was increased from 124 to 171 feet ( 38 to 52 m ) and the drop was made steeper by changing the angle to 81 degrees . The resulting modifications increased the speed of the trains from 65 to 70 miles per hour ( 105 to 113 km/h ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Six Flags Fiesta Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas', 'summary': "Six Flags Fiesta Texas , formerly Fiesta Texas , is a theme park located in La Cantera , San Antonio , Texas . It is owned and operated by Six Flags . The park was built by Gaylord Entertainment Company and opened on March 14 , 1992 as the first business in the district of San Antonio . The park was later purchased by Time Warner in 1996 , who turned it into a Six Flags park . Spanning 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , the park was originally built to become a destination performance arts park with its focus on the musical culture of the state of Texas . The park 's current icon is Scream which can be seen from all around the park as well as outside the property . The vibrant colors of Scream can also be seen from the intersection of Loop 1604 and Interstate 10 , as well as miles away from Six Flags Fiesta Texas . Most of the other attractions at the park are hidden due to the park being surrounded by a rock quarry wall , but some key visible rides include the SkyScreamer , the Crow 's Nest Ferris wheel in Fiesta Bay Boardwalk , the lift hill of Superman : Krypton Coaster and the lift hill of Iron Rattler ."}]}, {'value': 'replaced by PTC trains in 1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters', 'summary': 'Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters , commonly referred to as PTC , is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world . Based in Hatfield , Pennsylvania , it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The company manufactured carousels , wooden roller coasters , toboggans ( roller coaster cars ) and later , roller coaster trains .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Canyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Canyon_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'White Canyon ( Japanese : ホワイトキャニオン ) was a wooden roller coaster at the Yomiuriland amusement park near Inagi , Tokyo , Japan . It was one of the first wooden roller coasters in Japan , and it was one of the largest Cyclone-style roller coasters in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Yomiuriland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yomiuriland', 'summary': 'Yomiuriland ( よみうりランド , Yomiurirando ) is a Japanese amusement park that first opened in 1964 . It is situated on hillsides , and features rides such as roller coasters and water flumes . It is home to Yomiuri Giants Stadium , one of the training fields for the Yomiuri Giants baseball team , and was the primary training ground before Tokyo Dome was completed . It is operated and run by the Yomiuri Group , the parent of media conglomerate Yomiuri Shimbun . A bath house was constructed to attract more senior citizens .'}]}, {'value': 'Coaster closed in 2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Wooden roller coaster trains', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing_1', 'intro': "D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, later simply known as Morgan, was a manufacturer of roller coaster trains, custom amusement rides, roller coasters, children's rides and other amusement devices. Founded in 1983, the company was originally headquartered in Scotts Valley, California. In 1991, the company moved to La Selva Beach, California and into a new 55,000 square-foot indoor manufacturing facility that also featured an acre of outdoor space. That facility was later increased to 75,000 square feet. The company produced a variety of rides from 1983 until 2001, but is probably best known for its steel hyper coasters."}
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The ride opened on 1985 in Six Flags New England was constructed out of what material ?
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steel
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0416a6d7522939d0
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria', 'title': 'List of mosques in Syria', 'header': ['Name', 'City', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Great Mosque of Aleppo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo', 'summary': 'The Great Mosque of Aleppo ( Arabic : جَـامِـع حَـلَـب الْـكَـبِـيْـر , Jāmi Ḥalab al-Kabīr ) or the Banu Umayya Mosque of Aleppo ( Arabic : جَـامِـع بَـنِي أُمَـيَّـة بِـحَـلَـب , Jāmi Banī Umayyah Bi-Ḥalab ) is the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the city of Aleppo , Syria . It is located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient City of Aleppo , a World Heritage Site , near the entrance to Al-Madina Souq . The mosque is purportedly home to the remains of Zechariah , the father of John the Baptist , both of whom are revered in Islam and Christianity . It was built in the beginning of the 8th century CE . However , the current building dates back to the 11th through 14th centuries . The minaret was built in 1090 , and was destroyed during fighting in the Syrian civil war in April 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Aleppo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleppo', 'summary': "Aleppo ( /əˈlɛpoʊ/ ; Arabic : ﺣَﻠَﺐ / ALA-LC : Ḥalab , IPA : [ ˈħalab ] ; French : Alep ) is a city in Syria , which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate , the most populous Syrian governorate . With an official population of 4.6 million in 2010 , Aleppo was the largest Syrian city before the Syrian Civil War ; however , it is now the second-largest city in Syria , after the capital Damascus . [ citation needed ] Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world ; it may have been inhabited since the 6th millennium BC . Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari , just south of the old city of Aleppo , show that the area was occupied by Amorites by the latter part of the 3rd millennium BC . That is also the time at which Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebla and Mesopotamia , which speak of it as part of the Amorite state of Yamhad , and note its commercial and military proficiency . Such a long history is attributed to its strategic location as a trading center midway between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia . For centuries , Aleppo was the largest city in the Syrian region , and the Ottoman Empire 's third-largest after Constantinople and Cairo . The city 's significance in history has been its location at one end of the Silk Road , which passed through Central Asia and Mesopotamia . When the Suez Canal was inaugurated in 1869 , much trade was diverted to sea and Aleppo began its slow decline . At the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I , Aleppo lost its northern hinterland to modern Turkey , as well as the important Baghdad Railway connecting it to Mosul . In the 1940s it lost its main access to the sea , Antakya and İskenderun , likewise to Turkey . Finally , the isolation of Syria in the past few decades further exacerbated the situation ."}]}, {'value': '715', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sayyidah_Zaynab_Mosque', 'summary': "Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque ( Arabic : مسجد السيدة زينب ) is a mosque located in the city of Sayyidah Zaynab , in the southern suburbs of Damascus , Syria . According to Twelver Shia Muslim tradition , the mosque contains the grave of Zaynab , the daughter of Alī and Fātimah and granddaughter of Muhammad . Sunni Muslim and Ismaili Shia tradition place Zaynab 's tomb in the mosque of the same name in Cairo , Egypt . The tomb became a center of Twelver religious studies in Syria and a destination of mass pilgrimage by Twelver Shia Muslims from across the Muslim world , beginning in the 1980s . The zenith of visitation normally occurs in the summer . The present-day mosque that hosts the tomb was built in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '682', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque', 'summary': "The Sayyidah Ruqayyah Mosque ( Arabic : مسجد السيدة رقية ) is located in Damascus , Syria , and contains the grave of Sukayna bint Husayn , also known as Ruqayyah , the young daughter of Al-Husayn ibn Alī . According to Shia Islamic narrations that are commemorated every year on the occasion of Ashura , after enduring the Battle of Karbala and the torturous journey to Damascus that followed it , Sukaynah died at the age of four in Yazid 's prison , where her body was originally buried . Years later , however , upon the flooding of her gravesite , her grave was reopened and the body was moved to the site where the Masjid now stands . The mosque was built around the mausoleum in 1985 and exhibits a modern version of Iranian architecture , with substantial amount of mirror and gold work . There is a small mosque area adjoining the shrine room , along with a small courtyard in front . This mosque is found a short distance from the Umayyad Mosque and the Al-Hamidiyah Souq in central Damascus ."}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tekkiye Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tekkiye_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Tekkiye Mosque or Sultan Selim Mosque ( Arabic : التكية السليمانية , Turkish : Selimiye Camii or Sultan Selim Camii ) is a mosque complex in Damascus , Syria , located on the banks of the Barada River .'}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nabi Habeel Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nabi_Habeel_Mosque', 'summary': 'Nabi Habeel Mosque ( Arabic : مسجد النبي هابيل ) is located on the west mountains of Damascus , near the Zabadani Valley , overlooking the villages of the Barada river ( Wadi Barada ) , in Syria .'}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Umayyad Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque', 'summary': "The Umayyad Mosque ( Arabic : الجامع الأموي ) , also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus ( Arabic : جامع بني أمية الكبير , Romanization : Ğāmi ' Banī 'Umayya al-Kabīr ) , located in the old city of Damascus , is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world . After the Muslim conquest of Damascus in 634 , the mosque was built on the site of a Christian basilica dedicated to John the Baptist ( Yahya ) , honored as a prophet by Christians and Muslims . A legend dating to the 6th century holds that the building contains the head of John the Baptist . The mosque is also believed by Muslims to be the place where Jesus ( Isa ) will return at the End of Days . The mausoleum containing the tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north wall of the mosque ."}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '715', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinan Pasha Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_Mosque_(Damascus)', 'summary': 'The Sinan Pasha Mosque ( Arabic : جامع السنانية , transliteration : Jami al-Sinaniya , Turkish : Sinan Paşa Camii ) is an early Ottoman-era mosque in Damascus , Syria , located along Suq Sinaniyya Street .'}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '1590', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aqsab Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aqsab_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Aqsab Mosque ( Arabic : جامع الأقصاب , transliteration : jāmiʿ al-aqṣāb ) is an Ayyubid-era mosque in Damascus , Syria . It is on Suq Sarujiyya outside the walls of the old city , near the Bab al-Salam gate .'}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '1234', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwish Pasha Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwish_Pasha_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Darwish Pasha Mosque ( Arabic : جامع درويش باشا , transliteration : Jami Darwish Pasha , Turkish : Derviş Paşa Camii ) is a 16th-century mosque in Damascus , Syria . The mosque was erected in 1574 by the Ottoman governor of Damascus Darwish Pasha .'}]}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus', 'summary': "Damascus ( /dəˈmæskəs/ ; Arabic : دمشق , romanized : Dimašq [ diˈmaʃq ] , Syrian Arabic : [ dɪˈmaʃʔ ] , French : Damas ) is the capital of Syria ; it is also the country 's largest city , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city . It is colloquially known in Syria as aš-Šām ( الشام ) and titled the City of Jasmine ( مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn ) . Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world . The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009 [ update ] . Located in south-western Syria , Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people ( 2004 ) . Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2,230 ft ) above sea level , Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect . The Barada River flows through Damascus . First settled in the second millennium BC , it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 . After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty , the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad . Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era , only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods . Today , it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries . As of September 2019 [ update ] , 8 years since the start of the Syrian Civil War , Damascus has been named the world 's least livable city by the Economist Intelligence Unit ."}]}, {'value': '1574', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nur al-Din Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Nur Al-Din Mosque ( Arabic : جامع نور الدين , transliteration : Jami Nur al-Din ) is a Zengid-era mosque in Hama , Syria . The mosque was profoundly damaged in the 1982 shelling of the city and subsequently restored to its current state .'}]}, {'value': 'Hama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hama', 'summary': 'Hama ( Arabic : حماة Ḥamāh , [ ħaˈmaː ] ; Syriac : ܚܡܬ Ḥmṭ , fortress ; Biblical Hebrew : חֲמָת Ḥamāth ) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria . It is located 213 km ( 132 mi ) north of Damascus and 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) north of Homs . It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate . With a population of 854,000 ( 2009 census ) , Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria after Damascus , Aleppo and Homs . The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens , which are locally claimed to date back to 1100 BC . Though historically used for purpose of irrigation , the norias exist today as an almost entirely aesthetic traditional show .'}]}, {'value': '1172', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khalid Ibn Al-Walid Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khalid_Ibn_Al-Walid_Mosque', 'summary': "The Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque ( Arabic : مسجد خالد ابن الوليد ) is a mosque in Homs , Syria , located in a park along Hama Street in ash-Shuhada Square . Noted for its Ottoman-Turkish architectural style , the mosque is dedicated to Khalid ibn al-Walid , an Arab military commander who led the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century following the decisive Battle of Yarmouk , which put an end to Byzantine rule in Syria . His dome-topped mausoleum is located in a corner of the prayer hall and has served as a pilgrimage center . Two tall minarets with narrow galleries constructed of alternating horizontal rows of white and black stone are situated at the building 's northwestern and northeastern comers and reflect the traditional Islamic architecture style of the Levant ."}]}, {'value': 'Homs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homs', 'summary': "Homs ( UK : /hɒms/ , US : /hɔːms , hɔːmz , hʊms/ ; Arabic : حمص / ALA-LC : Ḥimṣ [ ħɪmsˤ ] ; Levantine Arabic : حمص / Ḥumṣ [ ħɔmsˤ ] ) , known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa ( /ˈɛməsə/ ; Ancient Greek : Ἔμεσα , romanized : Émesa ) , is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate . It is 501 metres ( 1,644 ft ) above sea level and is located 162 kilometres ( 101 mi ) north of Damascus . Located on the Orontes River , Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast . Before the Syrian Civil War , Homs was a major industrial centre , and with a population of at least 652,609 people in 2004 , it was the third-largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south . Its population reflects Syria 's general religious diversity , composed of Sunni and Alawite Muslims , and Christians . There are a number of historic mosques and churches in the city , and it is close to the Krak des Chevaliers castle , a World Heritage Site . Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st century BCE at the time of the Seleucids . [ disputed - discuss ] It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesene dynasty who gave the city its name . [ disputed - discuss ] Originally a center of worship for the sun god El-Gabal , it later gained importance in Christianity under the Byzantines . Homs was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th century and made capital of a district that bore its current name . Throughout the Islamic era , Muslim dynasties contending for control of Syria sought after Homs due to the city 's strategic position in the area . Homs began to decline under the Ottomans and only in the 19th century did the city regain its economic importance when its cotton industry boomed ."}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Fadael Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homs', 'summary': "Homs ( UK : /hɒms/ , US : /hɔːms , hɔːmz , hʊms/ ; Arabic : حمص / ALA-LC : Ḥimṣ [ ħɪmsˤ ] ; Levantine Arabic : حمص / Ḥumṣ [ ħɔmsˤ ] ) , known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa ( /ˈɛməsə/ ; Ancient Greek : Ἔμεσα , romanized : Émesa ) , is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate . It is 501 metres ( 1,644 ft ) above sea level and is located 162 kilometres ( 101 mi ) north of Damascus . Located on the Orontes River , Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast . Before the Syrian Civil War , Homs was a major industrial centre , and with a population of at least 652,609 people in 2004 , it was the third-largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south . Its population reflects Syria 's general religious diversity , composed of Sunni and Alawite Muslims , and Christians . There are a number of historic mosques and churches in the city , and it is close to the Krak des Chevaliers castle , a World Heritage Site . Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st century BCE at the time of the Seleucids . [ disputed - discuss ] It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesene dynasty who gave the city its name . [ disputed - discuss ] Originally a center of worship for the sun god El-Gabal , it later gained importance in Christianity under the Byzantines . Homs was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th century and made capital of a district that bore its current name . Throughout the Islamic era , Muslim dynasties contending for control of Syria sought after Homs due to the city 's strategic position in the area . Homs began to decline under the Ottomans and only in the 19th century did the city regain its economic importance when its cotton industry boomed ."}]}, {'value': '1062', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Nouri Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Nouri_Mosque', 'summary': "The Great Mosque of al-Nuri ( Arabic : جامع النوري الكبير ) also called al-Nouri Mosque , is a mosque in Homs , Syria . It is situated off ash-Shouhada street , adjacent to the city 's historical roofed souqs ( markets ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Homs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homs', 'summary': "Homs ( UK : /hɒms/ , US : /hɔːms , hɔːmz , hʊms/ ; Arabic : حمص / ALA-LC : Ḥimṣ [ ħɪmsˤ ] ; Levantine Arabic : حمص / Ḥumṣ [ ħɔmsˤ ] ) , known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa ( /ˈɛməsə/ ; Ancient Greek : Ἔμεσα , romanized : Émesa ) , is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate . It is 501 metres ( 1,644 ft ) above sea level and is located 162 kilometres ( 101 mi ) north of Damascus . Located on the Orontes River , Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast . Before the Syrian Civil War , Homs was a major industrial centre , and with a population of at least 652,609 people in 2004 , it was the third-largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south . Its population reflects Syria 's general religious diversity , composed of Sunni and Alawite Muslims , and Christians . There are a number of historic mosques and churches in the city , and it is close to the Krak des Chevaliers castle , a World Heritage Site . Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st century BCE at the time of the Seleucids . [ disputed - discuss ] It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesene dynasty who gave the city its name . [ disputed - discuss ] Originally a center of worship for the sun god El-Gabal , it later gained importance in Christianity under the Byzantines . Homs was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th century and made capital of a district that bore its current name . Throughout the Islamic era , Muslim dynasties contending for control of Syria sought after Homs due to the city 's strategic position in the area . Homs began to decline under the Ottomans and only in the 19th century did the city regain its economic importance when its cotton industry boomed ."}]}, {'value': '1129', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ala ( Arabic : مسجد العلو )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raqqa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raqqa', 'summary': "Raqqa ( Arabic : الرَّقة ar-Raqqah ) , also called Raqa , Rakka and ar-Raqqah , is a city in Syria located on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River , about 160 kilometres ( 99 miles ) east of Aleppo . It is located 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) east of the Tabqa Dam , Syria 's largest dam . The Hellenistic , Roman , and Byzantine city and bishopric Callinicum ( formerly a Latin and now a Maronite Catholic titular see ) was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate between 796 and 809 , under the reign of Harun al-Rashid . It was also the capital of the Islamic State from 2014 to 2017 . With a population of 220,488 based on the 2004 official census , Raqqa is the sixth largest city in Syria . During the Syrian Civil War , the city was captured in 2013 by the Syrian opposition and then by Islamic State . ISIL made the city its capital in 2014 . As a result , the city was hit by airstrikes from the Syrian government , Russia , the United States , and several other countries . Most non-Sunni religious structures in the city were destroyed by ISIL , most notably the Shia Uwais al-Qarni Mosque , while others were converted into Sunni mosques . On 17 October 2017 , following a lengthy battle that saw massive destruction to the city , the Syrian Democratic Forces ( SDF ) declared the liberation of Raqqa from the Islamic State to be complete ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of mosques in Syria .', 'uid': 'List_of_mosques_in_Syria_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of mosques in Syria.'}
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Which publication 's group has stated the city which contains Nabi Habeel Mosque is the worst for living in ?
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Economist
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0416c07750dce79f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albion State Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion_State_Bank', 'summary': 'Albion State Bank was an historic structure in Albion , Oklahoma . Albion , located amidst the rugged and rural but verdant Kiamichi Mountains , in northeastern Pushmataha County , Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 1979 ( # 79002024 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off U.S. Route 271 34°39′48″N 95°05′59″W / 34.663333°N 95.099722°W / 34.663333 ; -95.099722 ( Albion State Bank )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_271', 'summary': "U.S. Route 271 ( US 271 , US-271 ) is a north-south United States highway . Never a long highway , it went from bi-state route ( Arkansas and Oklahoma ) to a tri-state route ( Arkansas , Oklahoma and Texas ) . Its southern terminus is in Tyler , Texas , at an intersection with State Highway 31 and SH 155 . The highway 's northern terminus is in Fort Smith , Arkansas , at an intersection with Business U.S. Route 71 and Highway 255 . It enters Arkansas from Oklahoma as a controlled-access highway , but the highway continues as Interstate 540 when US 271 exits toward downtown after one-half mile ( 800 m ) in Arkansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Albion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Albion is a town in Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , United States , about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of the Pushmataha-Latimer county line . The population was 106 at the 2010 census . When Albion was established , before Oklahoma became a state , the community was located in Wade County , Choctaw Nation , in what was then known as Indian Territory .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antlers Frisco Depot and Antlers Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antlers_Frisco_Depot_and_Antlers_Spring', 'summary': 'The Frisco Depot and adjacent Antlers Spring are historic sites in Antlers , Oklahoma , United States . The sites are a part of the National Register of Historic Places , in which they appear as a single entry .'}]}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1980 ( # 80003298 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119 W. Main St. 34°13′51″N 95°37′17″W / 34.2307°N 95.6214°W / 34.2307 ; -95.6214 ( Antlers Frisco Depot and Antlers Spring )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antlers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antlers,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Antlers is a city in and the county seat of Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 2,453 at the 2010 census , a 3.9 percent decline from 2,552 in 2000 . The town was named for a kind of tree that becomes festooned with antlers shed by deer , and is taken as a sign of the location of a spring frequented by deer .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Martin Baggs Log Barn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 8 , 2015 ( # 15000579 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W. side of Cty . Rd . N4480 34°24′11″N 95°03′52″W / 34.4031°N 95.0645°W / 34.4031 ; -95.0645 ( James Martin Baggs Log Barn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pickens,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Pickens is an unincorporated community in western McCurtain County , Oklahoma , United States . The community is in the Silver Creek Valley in the Ouachita Mountains . The community of Clebit lies adjacent to the southwest along Little Silver Creek . It was named for John T. Pickens , the first postmaster . The post office was established October 26 , 1912 and remains operational , with the ZIP code of 74952 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clayton High School-Auditorium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_High_School-Auditorium', 'summary': 'Clayton High School Auditorium is an historic structure serving the public school of Clayton , Oklahoma . Clayton is located in the Kiamichi Mountains of Pushmataha County , Oklahoma . The auditorium was constructed as a Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) public works project in 1936-1937 , during the Great Depression . It provided much-needed jobs in the Clayton area , which had been economically ravaged . According to an architectural survey completed in 1988 , the auditorium is almost unique in being only one of two known WPA buildings constructed for sole use as auditoriums rather than as dual-use auditoriums and gymnasiums . ( Much more common elsewhere in the county and Oklahoma was the dual-use auditorium and gymnasium , such as the WPA built elsewhere in the county in Antlers , Oklahoma , Moyers , Oklahoma and Rattan , Oklahoma . ) Art Deco was the prevalent architectural style during the 1930s , and the auditorium shows hints of it through its angular lines . The building is a single story T-shaped structure built of native untooled and uncoursed stone . According to the 1988 survey the stonework and masonry work are excellent . The roof is flat with parapets capped with limestone blocks . Entryways are recessed , and windows are emplaced in groups of two . A drainage ditch dug by the WPA surrounds the building and , like the building , has been kept in excellent condition .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1988 ( # 88001418 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W. Pine St. 34°35′22″N 95°21′16″W / 34.589444°N 95.354444°W / 34.589444 ; -95.354444 ( Clayton High School-Auditorium )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 1,012 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fewell School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fewell_School', 'summary': "Fewell School is a historic site located in Fewell , Oklahoma . Fewell , 10 miles east of Nashoba , Oklahoma , is a rural community in the Kiamichi Mountains of Pushmataha County , Oklahoma . Fewell School was constructed by the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) in 1936-1937 as a Great Depression public works project . As built , the school consisted of three rooms and measured 28 by 42 feet ( 8.5 by 12.8 m ) . An extension measures 15 by 13 feet ( 4.6 by 4.0 m ) feet and changed the building 's formerly rectangular footprint to that of an L shape . The school is constructed of uncoursed and undressed native sandstone . Beaded mortar sets the stones and , according to an architectural survey in 1988 , is of excellent workmanship . It is roofed with sheet metal and the roof has intersecting gables . The front entryway , at the southeast corner , is behind double arches . Wood sash windows on concrete sills rise to the eaves . At the time of the 1988 survey the building was found to be in good condition and was in use as a private residence - which the survey noted was an excellent example of adaptive reuse . Fewell School was examined in 1988 and nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1988 ( # 88001419 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off State Highway 144 34°31′18″N 95°02′33″W / 34.521667°N 95.0425°W / 34.521667 ; -95.0425 ( Fewell School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_144', 'summary': 'State Highway 144 ( abbreviated SH-144 ) is a state highway in the Little Dixie region of Oklahoma . It runs 36.97 miles ( 59.50 km ) in Pushmataha and Le Flore Counties . It does not have any lettered spur routes .'}]}, {'value': 'Nashoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashoba,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Nashoba is an unincorporated community in Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , 11 miles southeast of Tuskahoma . A United States Post Office opened at Nashoba , Indian Territory on September 13 , 1886 . The community took its name from Nashoba County , Choctaw Nation . The county took its name from nashoba , the word in the Choctaw language for wolf , and the county was often referred to as Wolf County . Portions of the Nashoba area were formerly in Nashoba County , Choctaw Nation . Nashoba County was disestablished upon Oklahoma statehood on November 16 , 1907 and incorporated into McCurtain County and Pushmataha County . Transportation in the Nashoba area was revolutionized during the 1950s with the construction of U.S. Highway 271 , an all-weather paved highway connecting it to Clayton on the north and Antlers on the south . Oklahoma State Highway 144 connects Nashoba with Honobia and the mountain communities to its east . More information on Nashoba and the Little River valley may be found in the Pushmataha County Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mato Kosyk House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mato_Kosyk_House', 'summary': 'The Mato Kosyk House is a private residence in Albion , Oklahoma . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 1979 ( # 79002025 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East of Albion off U.S. Route 271 34°40′33″N 95°07′24″W / 34.675833°N 95.123333°W / 34.675833 ; -95.123333 ( Mato Kosyk House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_271', 'summary': "U.S. Route 271 ( US 271 , US-271 ) is a north-south United States highway . Never a long highway , it went from bi-state route ( Arkansas and Oklahoma ) to a tri-state route ( Arkansas , Oklahoma and Texas ) . Its southern terminus is in Tyler , Texas , at an intersection with State Highway 31 and SH 155 . The highway 's northern terminus is in Fort Smith , Arkansas , at an intersection with Business U.S. Route 71 and Highway 255 . It enters Arkansas from Oklahoma as a controlled-access highway , but the highway continues as Interstate 540 when US 271 exits toward downtown after one-half mile ( 800 m ) in Arkansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Albion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Albion is a town in Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , United States , about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of the Pushmataha-Latimer county line . The population was 106 at the 2010 census . When Albion was established , before Oklahoma became a state , the community was located in Wade County , Choctaw Nation , in what was then known as Indian Territory .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snow School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snow_School', 'summary': 'Snow School is a historic school building in the rural community of Snow , Oklahoma , approximately 18 miles north of Antlers , Oklahoma . The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1988 ( # 88001420 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 271 34°23′48″N 95°24′45″W / 34.396667°N 95.4125°W / 34.396667 ; -95.4125 ( Snow School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_271', 'summary': "U.S. Route 271 ( US 271 , US-271 ) is a north-south United States highway . Never a long highway , it went from bi-state route ( Arkansas and Oklahoma ) to a tri-state route ( Arkansas , Oklahoma and Texas ) . Its southern terminus is in Tyler , Texas , at an intersection with State Highway 31 and SH 155 . The highway 's northern terminus is in Fort Smith , Arkansas , at an intersection with Business U.S. Route 71 and Highway 255 . It enters Arkansas from Oklahoma as a controlled-access highway , but the highway continues as Interstate 540 when US 271 exits toward downtown after one-half mile ( 800 m ) in Arkansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Snow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snow,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Snow is an unincorporated community in Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , 18 miles northeast of Antlers . Snow is located at 34°23′45″N 95°24′46″W / 34.39583°N 95.41278°W / 34.39583 ; -95.41278 . A United States Post Office was established here on July 21 , 1930 and was named for George Snow , local resident and merchant . Located in the Kiamichi Mountains , Snow was very isolated until construction and paving of U.S. Highway 271 during the 1950s , connecting the area to Nashoba and Clayton to the north and Antlers to the south . Snow is located along the upper reaches of Big Cedar Creek , which is almost always well watered and experiences reliable flow regardless of season . Although Snow once supported a school , churches and more than one general store , it never developed into a commercial or trading center . Today , it no longer has a store but currently still has a Post Office . Its school children attend public school in Antlers . During recent years , Snow School has been recognized as of historical and architectural significance , and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . More information on Snow may be found in the Pushmataha County Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuskahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choctaw_Capitol_Building', 'summary': 'The Choctaw Capitol Building is a historic building built in 1884 that housed the government of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma from 1884-1907 . The building is located in Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , two miles north of Tuskahoma . The site also includes the Choctaw Nation Council House and the Old Town Cemetery of Tuskahoma .'}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 1970 ( # 70000537 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '163665 N. 4355 Rd . 34°38′30″N 95°16′43″W / 34.6417°N 95.2785°W / 34.6417 ; -95.2785 ( Tuskahoma )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuskahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Tuskahoma is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in northern Pushmataha County , Oklahoma , four miles east of Clayton . The population at the 2010 census was 151 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 8 properties listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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Which historic site is located in the city whose post office was established October 26 , 1912 ?
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James Martin Baggs Log Barn
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0416f413bf61a1e1
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States', 'title': 'Southwestern United States', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'State', 'Population', 'Metro Population'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '1,445,632', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,192,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Paso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas', 'summary': "El Paso ( /ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ ; from Spanish , the pass ) is a city and the county seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States , in the far western part of the state . The 2018 population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 682,669 , making it the 22nd largest city in the United States . Its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 840,758 . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico-United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with 1.4 million people . Las Cruces , in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , has a population of 215,579 . On the U.S. side , the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,060,397 . Bi-nationally , these three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex . The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is home to three publicly traded companies , and former Western Refining , now Andeavor . as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and Southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '649,133', 'urls': []}, {'value': '804,123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nevada', 'summary': "Nevada ( /nɪˈvædə/ or /nɪˈvɑːdə/ ) is a state in the Western United States . It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest , Idaho to the northeast , California to the west , Arizona to the southeast , and Utah to the east . Nevada is the 7th most extensive , the 32nd most populous , and the 9th least densely populated of the U.S. states . Nearly three-quarters of Nevada 's people live in Clark County , which contains the Las Vegas-Paradise metropolitan area , including three of the state 's four largest incorporated cities . Nevada 's capital is Carson City . Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy . It is also known as the Battle Born State because it achieved statehood during the Civil War ( the words Battle Born also appear on the state flag ) ; as the Sagebrush State , for the native plant of the same name ; and as the Sage-hen State . Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid , much of it within the Great Basin . Areas south of the Great Basin are within the Mojave Desert , while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge . About 86% of the state 's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government , both civilian and military . Before European contact , American Indians of the Paiute , Shoshone , and Washoe tribes inhabited the land that is now Nevada . The first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish ."}]}, {'value': '583,736', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,951,269', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albuquerque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Albuquerque ( /ˈælbəkɜːrki/ ( listen ) AL-bə-kur-kee ; Navajo : Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil [ pèːʔèltíːl tɑ̀xsɪ̀nɪ̀l ] ; Eastern Keres : Arawageeki ; Jemez : Vakêêke ; Zuni : Alo : ke : k'ya ; Jicarilla Apache : Gołgéeki'yé ) , abbreviated as ABQ , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico , and the 32nd-most populous city in the United States . The city 's nicknames are The Duke City and Burque , both of which reference its 1706 founding by Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés as La Villa de Alburquerque , named in honor of then Viceroy the 10th Duke of Alburquerque , the Villa was an outpost on El Camino Real for the Tiquex and Hispano towns in the area ( such as Barelas , Corrales , Isleta Pueblo , Los Ranchos , and Sandia Pueblo ) . Since the city 's founding it has continued to be included on travel and trade routes including Santa Fe Railway ( ATSF ) , Route 66 , Interstate 25 , Interstate 40 , and the Albuquerque International Sunport . The population census-estimated population of the city as 560,218 in 2018 , it is the principal city of the Albuquerque metropolitan area , which has 915,927 residents as of July 2018 . The metropolitan population includes Rio Rancho , Bernalillo , Placitas , Zia Pueblo , Los Lunas , Belen , South Valley , Bosque Farms , Jemez Pueblo , Cuba , and part of Laguna Pueblo . This metro is included in the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area , with a population of 1,171,991 as of 2016 . The CSA constitutes the southernmost point of the Southern Rocky Mountain Front megalopolis , including other major Rocky Mountain region cities such as Cheyenne , Wyoming , and Denver , Colorado , with a population of 5,467,633 according to the 2010 United States Census . Albuquerque serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County , and is in north-central New Mexico . The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque , and the Rio Grande flows north to south through its center , while the West Mesa and Petroglyph National Monument make up the western part of the city . Albuquerque has one of the highest elevations of any major city in the U.S. , ranging from 4,900 feet ( 1,490 m ) above sea level near the Rio Grande to over 6,700 feet ( 1,950 m ) in the foothill areas of Sandia Heights and Glenwood Hills . The civic apex is found in an undeveloped area within the Albuquerque Open Space ; there , the terrain rises to an elevation of approximately 6880+ feet ( 2,097 m ) . The economy of Albuquerque centers on science , medicine , technology , commerce , education , entertainment , and culture outlets ."}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico', 'summary': "New Mexico ( Spanish : Nuevo México Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈnweβo ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) , Navajo : Yootó Hahoodzo pronounced [ jòːtxó xɑ̀xʷòːtsò ] ) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States of America ; its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe , which was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México ( itself established as a province of New Spain in 1598 ) , while its largest city is Albuquerque with its accompanying metropolitan area . It is one of the Mountain States and shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and Arizona . New Mexico is also bordered by the state of Texas to the east-southeast , Oklahoma to the northeast , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua to the south and Sonora to the southwest . With an estimated population of 2,096,829 as of the July 1 , 2019 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , New Mexico is the 36th largest state by population . With a total area of 121,592 sq mi ( 314,920 km2 ) , it is the fifth-largest and sixth-least densely populated of the 50 states . Due to their geographic locations , northern and eastern New Mexico exhibit a colder , alpine climate , while western and southern New Mexico exhibit a warmer , arid climate . The economy of New Mexico is dependent on oil drilling , mineral extraction , dryland farming , cattle ranching , lumber milling , and retail trade . As of 2018 , its total gross domestic product ( GDP ) was $ 101 billion with a GDP per capita of $ 45,465 . New Mexico 's status as a tax haven yields low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel , and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries . Because of this , its film industry has grown and contributed $ 1.23 billion to its overall economy . Due to its large area and economic climate , New Mexico has a large U.S. military presence marked notably with the White Sands Missile Range . Various U.S. national security agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico such as the Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories ."}]}, {'value': '558,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '887,077', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tucson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '520,116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '980,263', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Mesa ( /ˈmeɪsə/ MAY-sə ) is a city in Maricopa County , in the U.S. state of Arizona . It is a suburb located about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Phoenix in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area . It is bordered by Tempe on the west , the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek , and Apache Junction on the east . Mesa is the largest suburban city by population in the United States , the third-largest city in Arizona after Phoenix and Tucson , the 35th-largest city overall in the US , and the largest city that is not a county seat . The city is home to 508,958 people as of 2018 according to the Census Bureau , which makes it more populous than major cities such as Minneapolis , St. Louis , or Miami . Mesa is home to numerous higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University . It is also home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area , Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport , which is located in the southeastern corner of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '439,041', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,192,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada', 'summary': "Henderson is a city in Clark County , Nevada , United States , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) southeast of Las Vegas . It is the second-largest city in Nevada , after Las Vegas , with an estimated population of 310,390 in 2018 . The city is part of the Las Vegas metropolitan area , which spans the entire Las Vegas Valley . Henderson occupies the southeastern end of the valley , at an elevation of 1,864 feet ( 568 m ) . Henderson is known for its supply of magnesium during World War II . With the decline of magnesium production , the Nevada legislature approved a bill that gave Nevada 's Colorado River Commission the authority to purchase the industrial plants , and Henderson was incorporated in 1953 . Henderson is the location of Lake Las Vegas , and was ranked No . 66 in Best Places to Live by CNN Money . It was also ranked second in Forbes ' list of America 's Safest Cities in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nevada', 'summary': "Nevada ( /nɪˈvædə/ or /nɪˈvɑːdə/ ) is a state in the Western United States . It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest , Idaho to the northeast , California to the west , Arizona to the southeast , and Utah to the east . Nevada is the 7th most extensive , the 32nd most populous , and the 9th least densely populated of the U.S. states . Nearly three-quarters of Nevada 's people live in Clark County , which contains the Las Vegas-Paradise metropolitan area , including three of the state 's four largest incorporated cities . Nevada 's capital is Carson City . Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy . It is also known as the Battle Born State because it achieved statehood during the Civil War ( the words Battle Born also appear on the state flag ) ; as the Sagebrush State , for the native plant of the same name ; and as the Sage-hen State . Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid , much of it within the Great Basin . Areas south of the Great Basin are within the Mojave Desert , while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge . About 86% of the state 's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government , both civilian and military . Before European contact , American Indians of the Paiute , Shoshone , and Washoe tribes inhabited the land that is now Nevada . The first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish ."}]}, {'value': '257,729', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,951,269', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Chandler is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , and a prominent suburb of the Phoenix , Arizona , Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) . It is bordered to the north and west by Tempe , to the north by Mesa , to the west by Phoenix , to the south by the Gila River Indian Community , and to the east by Gilbert . As of 2018 , the population was estimated at 257,165 according to the United States Census Bureau .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '236,123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,192,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , located about nine miles ( 14 km ) northwest from Downtown Phoenix . According to the 2018 U.S. Census estimates , the population of the city is 250,702 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '226,721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,192,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scottsdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona', 'summary': "Scottsdale is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , part of the Greater Phoenix Area . Named Scottsdale in 1894 after its founder Winfield Scott , a retired U.S. Army chaplain , the city was incorporated in 1951 with a population of 2,000 . The 2018 population of the city was estimated to be 255,310 according to the U.S. Census Bureau . The New York Times described downtown Scottsdale as a desert version of Miami 's South Beach and as having plenty of late night partying and a buzzing hotel scene . Its slogan is The West 's Most Western Town . Scottsdale , 31 miles long and 11.4 miles wide at its widest point , shares boundaries with many other municipalities and entities . On the west , Scottsdale is bordered by Phoenix , Paradise Valley and unincorporated Maricopa County land . Carefree is located along the western boundary , as well as sharing Scottsdale 's northern boundary with the Tonto National Forest . To the south Scottsdale is bordered by Tempe . The southern boundary is also occupied by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community , which extends along the eastern boundary , which also borders Fountain Hills , the McDowell Mountain Regional Park and more unincorporated Maricopa County land ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '217,385', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,192,887', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cities and urban areas -- Largest cities and metropolitan areas ( 2010 census )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Southwestern_United_States_0', 'intro': "The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest, Desert Southwest, or simply The Southwest, is the informal name for a region of the western United States. Definitions of the region's boundaries vary a great deal and have never been standardized, though many boundaries have been proposed. For example, one definition includes the stretch from the Mojave Desert in California (117° west longitude) to Carlsbad, New Mexico (104° west longitude), and from the Mexico-United States border to the southern areas of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (39° north latitude). The largest metropolitan areas are centered around Phoenix (with an estimated population of more than 4.7 million as of 2017[update]), Las Vegas (more than 2.2 million), Tucson (more than 1 million), Albuquerque (more than 900,000), and El Paso (more than 840,000). Those five metropolitan areas have an estimated total population of more than 9.6 million as of 2017[update], with nearly 60 percent of them living in the two Arizona cities - Phoenix and Tucson. Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico. European settlement was almost non-existent outside New Mexico in 1848, when it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, while southern areas of Arizona and southwestern New Mexico were added in the later Gadsden Purchase."}
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How many billions of dollars has the film industry contributed to the economy of the state that has a city whose terrain rises to an elevation of approximately 2,097 meters ?
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$ 1.23
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0417400f6bcc457c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Music_Awards', 'title': 'Seoul Music Awards', 'header': ['Edition', 'Year', 'Awardee', 'Title song'], 'data': [{'value': '28th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iKon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IKon', 'summary': "iKon ( Korean : 아이콘 ) , stylized as iKON , is a South Korean boy band formed in 2015 by YG Entertainment . The group was first introduced in the reality survival program WIN : Who is Next as Team B . After that , Team B went on to appear in the 2014 reality survival program Mix & Match , which determined the final seven-member lineup of iKon : B.I , Bobby , Jinhwan , Ju-ne , Yunhyeong , Donghyuk and Chanwoo . The group released their debut studio album Welcome Back ( 2015 ) , which debuted atop the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and produced the number-one singles My Type , Apology and Dumb & Dumber and three top-ten singles : Rhythm Ta , Airplane and Anthem . The album was commercially a success , selling 260,000 copies in Asia , and the songs sold 4.8 million copies , which lead the group to win several best new artist awards on major Asia award shows , including Mnet Asian Music Awards , Japan Record Awards and QQ Music Awards . The following two years , the group released the singles # WYD and New Kids : Begin , and they focused on their first Asia tour and several Japanese tours . The group 's second studio album , Return , was released on January 25 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Love Scenario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Scenario', 'summary': "Love Scenario ( Korean : 사랑을 했다 ; RR : Sarang-eul haetda ) is a song recorded by South Korean boy group iKon . It was released as the lead single of their second studio album , Return . The song holds the record for the most weeks at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart , spending six weeks at the top in early 2018 . The song won Song of the Year at the 2018 Melon Music Awards and 33rd Golden Disc Awards . It is recognized as one of iKon 's signature songs ."}]}, {'value': '27th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoon Jong-shin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoon_Jong-shin', 'summary': 'Yoon Jong-shin ( Korean : 윤종신 ; born October 15 , 1969 ) is a South Korean singer-songwriter , record producer , and the CEO of Mystic Story .'}]}, {'value': 'Like It', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twice_(band)', 'summary': "Twice ( Korean : 트와이스 ; Japanese : トゥワイス ; stylized in all caps ) is a South Korean girl group formed by JYP Entertainment through the 2015 reality show Sixteen . The group is composed of nine members : Nayeon , Jeongyeon , Momo , Sana , Jihyo , Mina , Dahyun , Chaeyoung and Tzuyu . The group debuted on October 20 , 2015 , with the extended play ( EP ) The Story Begins . Twice rose to fame in 2016 with their single Cheer Up . The song charted at number 1 on the Gaon Digital Chart and became the best-performing single of the year . It also won Song of the Year at two major music awards shows - Melon Music Awards and Mnet Asian Music Awards . Their subsequent single TT , from their third EP Twicecoaster : Lane 1 , claimed the top spot for four consecutive weeks . The EP was the highest selling K-pop girl group album of 2016 , which sold 350,852 copies by year-end . Within 19 months after debut , Twice has sold over 1.2 million units of their four EPs and special album . The group officially debuted in Japan on June 28 , 2017 , under Warner Music Japan with the release of their first compilation album titled # Twice . The album debuted at number 2 on the Oricon Albums Chart , which sold 136,157 copies within seven days , the highest first-week album sales of a K-pop artist in Japan in two years . It was followed by the release of Twice 's first original Japanese maxi single titled One More Time in October ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheer Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheer_Up_(song)', 'summary': 'Cheer Up ( stylized in all caps ) is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Twice . It was released by JYP Entertainment on April 25 , 2016 , as the lead single from their second extended play Page Two . It was written and composed by Sam Lewis and Black Eyed Pilseung respectively . The song is the best-performing single of 2016 , charting at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart . It also won several awards including Song of the Year in two major music awards shows , Melon Music Awards and Mnet Asian Music Awards .'}]}, {'value': '25th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)', 'summary': 'Big Bang ( Korean : 빅뱅 ; stylized as BIGBANG ) is a South Korean boy band formed by YG Entertainment . The group consists of four members : G-Dragon , T.O.P , Taeyang , and Daesung . Member Seungri retired from the industry on March 11 , 2019 . They are often cited as one of the most influential acts to shape the K-pop industry by helping spread the Korean Wave internationally and are often dubbed the Kings of K-pop by the media . Their experimental and diverse use of music genres , personal involvement in producing their own records , and stage performances have received a positive critical reception . Despite their debut album , Bigbang Vol.1 ( 2006 ) , earning a lukewarm reception , success followed with a string of notable hits credited to the quintet , including Lies ( Korean : 거짓말 ) , which topped major Korean music charts for a record-breaking six consecutive weeks and won Song of the Year at the 2007 Mnet Km Music Festival and the 2008 Seoul Music Awards ; Last Farewell ( Korean : 마지막 인사 ) ; Day by Day ( Korean : 하루하루 ) ; and Sunset Glow ( Korean : 붉은노을 ) . After receiving the Artist of the Year award from the 2008 Mnet Korean Music Festival and the 2008 Seoul Music Awards , the group expanded their endeavors to Japan , releasing four studio albums , Big Bang ( 2009 ) , Big Bang 2 ( 2011 ) , Alive ( 2012 ) , and Made Series ( 2016 ) , which are all certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . After a two-year hiatus in South Korea , the quintet produced increasingly innovative and critically acclaimed recordings . Their fourth EP , Tonight ( 2011 ) , led to their emergence as the inaugural Best Worldwide Act winner at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards . Their fifth EP , Alive ( 2012 ) , became the first Korean album to chart on the Billboard 200 . Their widely acclaimed third album , Made ( 2016 ) , was preceded by several chart-topping singles , winning the group their third Artist of the Year award at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards and their first at the 2015 Melon Music Awards . The supporting world tour gathered 1.5 million people in attendance , making it the most attended concert tour headlined by a Korean act in history at the time .'}]}, {'value': 'Bang Bang Bang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Bang_Bang_(Big_Bang_song)', 'summary': "Bang Bang Bang ( Korean : 뱅뱅뱅 ) is a song recorded by South Korean boy band Big Bang . It was released digitally on June 1 , 2015 by YG Entertainment , as the second single from Made , being included in the single album A . It was written and composed by G-Dragon and Teddy , with additional rap parts penned by T.O.P . The track won Song of the Year at 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards , making the group the second act to be awarded this prize for second time . Gaon Chart announced Bang Bang Bang as the best-selling and most-streamed single in South Korea of 2015 . It also peaked atop Billboard 's World Digital Songs . In Japan , the single peaked at number two on the Japan Hot 100 and was awarded Asian Song of the Year at the Japan Gold Disc Award for two consecutive years , in 2016 and 2017 . With over five million downloads sold across Asia , Bang Bang Bang is one of the best-selling digital singles of all-time ."}]}, {'value': '24th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soyou & Junggigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soyou', 'summary': 'Kang Ji-hyun ( born February 12 , 1992 ) , known professionally as Soyou , is a South Korean singer . She is best known as a former member of the South Korean girl group Sistar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Junggigo', 'summary': 'Go Jung-gi ( born September 5 , 1980 ) , better known by his stage name Junggigo , is a South Korean singer .'}]}, {'value': 'Some', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Some_(song)', 'summary': 'Some ( Korean : 썸 ) is a song by South Korean singers Soyou ( SISTAR ) and Junggigo , featuring Lil Boi of Geeks . It was released online as a digital single on February 7 , 2014 through Starship Entertainment . The song was a commercial success , peaking at number 1 on the Gaon Digital Chart , Gaon Download Chart , and Gaon Streaming Chart . The song has been streamed over 109,772,229 times and has sold over 2,212,895 downloads as of 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '23rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exo_(band)', 'summary': "Exo ( Korean : 엑소 ; stylized in all caps ) is a South Korean-Chinese boy band based in Seoul , with nine members : Xiumin , Suho , Lay , Baekhyun , Chen , Chanyeol , D.O. , Kai and Sehun . The band was formed by SM Entertainment in 2011 and debuted in 2012 . Their music incorporates genres like pop , hip-hop , and R & B , alongside electronic dance music genres like house , trap , and synth-pop . Exo releases and performs music in Korean , Mandarin , and Japanese . The band ranked as one of the top five most influential celebrities on the Forbes Korea Power Celebrity list each year from 2014 to 2018 , and have been named the biggest boy band in the world and the kings of K-pop by media outlets . Since 2014 , Exo has exclusively performed as one group , while continuing to release and perform music in multiple languages . Previously , the band debuted with twelve members separated into two sub-groups : Exo-K ( Suho , Baekhyun , Chanyeol , D.O. , Kai , and Sehun ) and Exo-M ( Xiumin , Lay , Chen , and former members Kris , Luhan , and Tao ) . Exo-K and Exo-M performed music in Korean and Mandarin , respectively , until the release of their third EP Overdose in 2014 . After the departures of Kris , Luhan , and Tao amid legal battles in 2014 and 2015 , the band continued with the remaining nine members . Since 2016 , Chen , Baekhyun , and Xiumin have also released music and performed as a sub-unit named Exo-CBX , and members Sehun and Chanyeol have promoted as a sub-unit named Exo-SC since 2019 . All of Exo 's members also maintain solo careers in fields including music , film , and television . Exo 's first album XOXO ( 2013 ) , which contains the breakthrough hit Growl , was a critical and commercial success ."}]}, {'value': 'Growl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Growl_(Exo_song)', 'summary': "Growl ( Korean : 으르렁 Eureureong ; Chinese : 咆哮 Páoxiào ) is a song recorded by South Korean-Chinese boy band Exo for the repackaged edition of their first studio album XOXO . It was released in Korean and Chinese by S.M . Entertainment on August 5 , 2013 . The song is known as Exo 's breakthrough single , having sold over two million copies ."}]}, {'value': '22nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sistar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sistar', 'summary': 'Sistar ( Korean : 씨스타 , often stylized as SISTAR ) was a South Korean girl group formed in 2010 by Starship Entertainment . The group consisted of Hyolyn , Bora , Soyou , and Dasom . Their debut studio album So Cool was released on 9 August 2011 . Their second album , Give It to Me , was released on 11 June 2013 . Their biggest hits include So Cool , Alone , Touch My Body , Loving U and Give It to Me . Their fourth single , So Cool , debuted at number one at Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100 singles chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Give It To Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Give_It_To_Me_(album)', 'summary': 'Give It to Me is the second and final studio album by South Korean girl group Sistar . The album was released on June 11 , 2013 by Starship Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment , with the song of the same title used as the promotional song . The album contains 11 songs .'}]}, {'value': '21st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-ara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-ara', 'summary': "T-ara ( /tiˈɑːrə/ ; Korean : 티아라 ) is a South Korean girl group , formed in 2009 by MBK Entertainment . T-ara 's career is marked by hook-heavy dance-pop music , a result of their close partnership with composer Shinsadong Tiger . A broad array of visual concepts have earned the group a chameleon-like reputation . [ b ] The group officially debuted in July 2009 with the single Lie , following line-up changes due to creative differences . Their debut studio album Absolute First Album was released in December 2009 and spawned several hit songs including TTL ( Time to Love ) , Bo Peep Bo Peep , and You Drive Me Crazy . T-ara gained nationwide recognition after releasing Roly-Poly in 2011 , which went on to become the Gaon chart 's best-selling single of the year . At the height of K-pop 's popularity in Japan , T-ara signed onto management agency J-Rock for $ 4.7 million - reportedly the highest figure of any Korean girl group expanding into the territory at the time . Both their debut Japanese single and studio album reached number one on the Oricon weekly charts and were subsequently certified Gold . T-ara 's late-2011 Korean release Black Eyes spawned three consecutive number ones : Cry Cry , We Were in Love and Lovey-Dovey . In 2012 , T-ara experienced a dip in popularity as the group faced accusations of internal discord , resulting in Hwayoung 's immediate departure with Areum following a year after . T-ara 's later material was released to varying degrees of success before the group began focusing on promotional activities in China , where they attracted attention for their cover of Chopstick Brothers ' Little Apple in 2014 . T-ara is regarded as one of the most popular K-pop girl groups in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Roly Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roly-Poly_(T-ara_song)', 'summary': "Roly-Poly is a dance-pop song by South Korean girl group T-ara . It was taken from their second mini album John Travolta Wannabe , released on June 29 , 2011 . The song was written and produced by Shinsadong Tiger and Choi Gyu Sung , who were also behind the group 's hit song Bo Peep Bo Peep . Roly-Poly won three weekly # 1 awards on Mnet 's M ! Countdown and SBS 's Inkigayo , and went on to becoming the top grossing and most downloaded song of 2011 with a record $ 2 million in sales and 4,077,885 downloads . A remix of the song titled Roly-Poly in Copacabana was released on August 2 and was used for the group 's follow up promotions . In 2012 , Roly-Poly was made into a stage musical starring T-ara 's Hyomin , Jiyeon and Soyeon , Kang Min-kyung ( Davichi ) , Jang Hye-jin ( I Am a Singer ) , veteran musical actress Park Hae-mi , Han Ji-sub , Kim Jae-hee and Yoon Young-joon . The song was re-released in Japanese on February 29 , 2012 , as the group 's third single . Stereogum ranked the music video of the song No . 12 on its list of 20 Best K-pop videos . It was named the fourth best K-pop song by Edge Media ."}]}, {'value': '20th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IU_(singer)', 'summary': "Lee Ji-eun ( Korean : 이지은 ; born May 16 , 1993 ) , known professionally as IU ( Korean : 아이유 ) , is a South Korean singer-songwriter and actress . During her middle school years , IU auditioned for various talent agencies in hopes of becoming a singer . She signed with Kakao M ( formerly LOEN Entertainment ) in 2007 as a trainee and debuted as a singer at the age of fifteen with her album , Lost and Found . Although her follow-up albums , Growing Up and IU.IM , brought mainstream success , it was after the release of Good Day ( Korean : 좋은 날 ) , the lead single from her 2010 album Real , that she achieved national stardom . Good Day went on to spend five consecutive weeks at the top position of South Korea 's Gaon Digital Chart , a joint record along with Psy 's Gangnam Style , [ failed verification ] and in 2019 , it was ranked number one on Billboard magazine 's 100 Greatest K-Pop Songs of the 2010s . With the success of her 2011 albums , Real+ and Last Fantasy , IU established herself as a formidable force on the music charts of her native country and further cemented her girl next door image as Korea 's little sister . 2011 also saw her first foray into songwriting with Hold My Hand , which was written for the television series The Greatest Love . IU 's third full-length album release , Modern Times ( 2013 ) , showcased a more mature style that marked a departure from her earlier girlish image , with several tracks reaching the top 10 positions on Gaon Digital Chart . While her subsequent releases , including albums A Flower Bookmark , Chat-Shire , and Palette , continued to deviate from the mainstream K-pop style , IU retained her dominance on music charts . Chat-Shire marked the first time she is credited as the sole lyricist and composer of her own album . IU has released a total of four studio albums and nine extended plays in her career , scoring three number-one albums and twenty-two number-one singles on the Gaon Music Charts . One of the best-selling solo acts in the group-dominated K-pop industry , she has been included on Forbes magazine 's annual Korea Power Celebrity list since 2012 and reached a peak ranking of number three that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Good Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Girls ' Generation", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Girls'_Generation", 'summary': "Girls ' Generation ( Korean : 소녀시대 ; RR : Sonyeo Sidae ) , also known as SNSD , is a South Korean girl group formed by SM Entertainment . The group is composed of eight members : Taeyeon , Sunny , Tiffany , Hyoyeon , Yuri , Sooyoung , Yoona , and Seohyun . Originally a nine-piece group , Jessica departed from the group in September 2014 . One of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave , the group has earned numerous accolades and the honorific nickname The Nation 's Girl Group in their home country . Girls ' Generation debuted in August 2007 with their eponymous Korean album and the single Into the New World . The group rose to fame in 2009 with the single Gee , which claimed the top spot on KBS 's Music Bank for a record-breaking nine consecutive weeks and was Melon 's most popular song of the 2000s decade . Girls ' Generation consolidated their popularity in South Korea with follow-up singles Genie , Oh ! , and Run Devil Run , which were released between mid-2009 and early 2010 . Their second Korean studio album , Oh ! ( 2010 ) , won the Golden Disc award for Album of the Year , making the group the only female act to win the grand prize so far . The group ventured into the Japanese music scene in 2011 with their eponymous Japanese album , which became the first album by a non-Japanese girl group to be certified million by the RIAJ . The group 's third Korean studio album , The Boys , was the best-selling album of 2011 in South Korea . An English version of the single The Boys was released in an attempt to expand the group 's endeavor to the global music scene ."}]}, {'value': 'Gee', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gee_(Girls'_Generation_song)", 'summary': "Gee is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation . The original Korean-language version was released as a single from the extended play of the same name on January 5 , 2009 . Gee is a bubblegum pop and electropop song with elements of hip hop and techno that lyrically talks about the girls ' affections when they are in love . The single was a success in the group 's native country , claiming the top spot on Music Bank for a record-breaking nine consecutive weeks and on Inkigayo for three weeks . It became the best-selling single of 2009 in South Korea was named most popular song of the 2000s decade by Melon . A Japanese-language version was recorded and released as the group 's second single in Japan in October 2010 in conjunction with their foray into the Japanese music scene . The single peaked at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart and number one on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart . It received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan for exceeding physical shipments of 100,000 copies , and later earned a million certification for digital sales of over one million copies . Gee has been widely recognized as a K-pop standard and considered as the frontier in modern Korean bubblegum pop music trend ."}]}, {'value': '18th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wonder Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wonder_Girls', 'summary': "Wonder Girls ( Korean : 원더걸스 ) was a South Korean girl group formed by JYP Entertainment . The group debuted in February 2007 with the single Irony and five members : Yeeun , Sunye , Sunmi , Hyuna and Sohee . After Hyuna 's departure in July , Yubin was added into the group prior to the release of their debut studio album , The Wonder Years ( 2007 ) . The album spawned the hit single Tell Me , which topped various South Korea 's on and offline music charts . Wonder Girls further established themselves as one of the top girl groups in the country with the hit singles So Hot and Nobody , which were released in 2008 . After being released as a single in the United States in 2009 , Nobody charted at number seventy-six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making Wonder Girls the first South Korean group to enter the chart . The group began their entry into the American market the same year as an opening act for the Jonas Brothers ' World Tour , performing the English version of their songs . In 2010 , Sunmi left the group to pursue an academic career and was replaced by Hyerim prior to the Korean & US releases of the single 2 Different Tears . Their second studio album , Wonder World ( 2011 ) , yielded the successful single Be My Baby . In 2012 , Wonder Girls released their last three singles as a quintet , notably Like This , before going on a three-year long hiatus . In 2015 , it was announced that Sunye and Sohee decided to leave the group while Sunmi would resume promotion with the remaining members . The four-piece adapted a band-oriented concept for their acclaimed third and final studio album , Reboot ( 2015 ) , and the number one 2016 single Why So Lonely ."}]}, {'value': 'Nobody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobody_(Wonder_Girls_song)', 'summary': "Nobody is a song performed by South Korean girl group Wonder Girls , from their first EP , The Wonder Years : Trilogy . It was released as a digital download single on September 22 , 2008 in South Korea . The song was written and produced by Park Jin-young and features a sample from the Italian trio La La 's Johnny Johnny . It immediately rose to prominence , becoming a top search term and ranking number one on various digital music sites . The song was recorded and released in four different languages : Korean , English , Mandarin Chinese , and Japanese . A live performance video of Nobody at M ! Countdown was for some period of time the most viewed K-pop video on YouTube , until being surpassed on September 1 , 2011 by the music video for Gee by Girls ' Generation . The live performance was also the first K-pop video to reach 50 million views on YouTube ( in 2011 ) . [ citation needed ] Billboard ranked the song # 43 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time ."}]}, {'value': '17th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)', 'summary': 'Big Bang ( Korean : 빅뱅 ; stylized as BIGBANG ) is a South Korean boy band formed by YG Entertainment . The group consists of four members : G-Dragon , T.O.P , Taeyang , and Daesung . Member Seungri retired from the industry on March 11 , 2019 . They are often cited as one of the most influential acts to shape the K-pop industry by helping spread the Korean Wave internationally and are often dubbed the Kings of K-pop by the media . Their experimental and diverse use of music genres , personal involvement in producing their own records , and stage performances have received a positive critical reception . Despite their debut album , Bigbang Vol.1 ( 2006 ) , earning a lukewarm reception , success followed with a string of notable hits credited to the quintet , including Lies ( Korean : 거짓말 ) , which topped major Korean music charts for a record-breaking six consecutive weeks and won Song of the Year at the 2007 Mnet Km Music Festival and the 2008 Seoul Music Awards ; Last Farewell ( Korean : 마지막 인사 ) ; Day by Day ( Korean : 하루하루 ) ; and Sunset Glow ( Korean : 붉은노을 ) . After receiving the Artist of the Year award from the 2008 Mnet Korean Music Festival and the 2008 Seoul Music Awards , the group expanded their endeavors to Japan , releasing four studio albums , Big Bang ( 2009 ) , Big Bang 2 ( 2011 ) , Alive ( 2012 ) , and Made Series ( 2016 ) , which are all certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . After a two-year hiatus in South Korea , the quintet produced increasingly innovative and critically acclaimed recordings . Their fourth EP , Tonight ( 2011 ) , led to their emergence as the inaugural Best Worldwide Act winner at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards . Their fifth EP , Alive ( 2012 ) , became the first Korean album to chart on the Billboard 200 . Their widely acclaimed third album , Made ( 2016 ) , was preceded by several chart-topping singles , winning the group their third Artist of the Year award at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards and their first at the 2015 Melon Music Awards . The supporting world tour gathered 1.5 million people in attendance , making it the most attended concert tour headlined by a Korean act in history at the time .'}]}, {'value': 'Lies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lies_(Big_Bang_song)', 'summary': "Lies ( Korean : 거짓말 ; RR : Geojitmal ) is a song recorded by the South Korean boy group Big Bang . The song was written and composed by rapper G-Dragon . It was released on August 16 , 2007 by YG Entertainment as the first single from Big Bang 's first extended play Always ( 2007 ) . It became the group 's breakout hit , topping charts in their home country for several weeks and consequently winning Song of the Year at the 2007 Mnet Asian Music Awards . The song remains one of their most critically acclaimed song to date and is often view as one of their signature songs ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Discontinued awards -- Record of the Year in Digital Release ( Bonsang )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Seoul_Music_Awards_3', 'intro': "The Seoul Music Awards (Korean: 서울가요대상; RR: Seoul Gayo Daesang) is an awards show founded in 1990 that is presented annually by Sports Seoul for outstanding achievements in the music industry in South Korea. The winners are selected from singers who have released albums during the year, combined with 30 percent mobile votes, 40 percent digital downloads and album sales, and 30 percent judges' scores."}
| null | null |
How many copies of the first five records by the musicians with the single Cheer Up were purchased ?
|
1.2 million
|
04192b2083dd1817
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cruise_ships', 'title': 'List of cruise ships', 'header': ['Name', 'Operator', 'Began operation', 'Tonnage', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Independence of the Seas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_of_the_Seas', 'summary': "Independence of the Seas is a Freedom-class cruise ship operated by the Royal Caribbean cruise line that entered service in April 2008 . The 15-deck ship can accommodate 4,370 passengers and is served by 1,360 crew . She was built in the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard , Finland . At 154,407 GT , she joined Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels then built . She is 1,112 feet ( 339 m ) long , and typically cruises at 21.6 knots ( 40.0 km/h ; 24.9 mph ) . Independence of the Seas is the third of the Freedom-class vessels . In October 2009 , Oasis of the Seas , the first ship in the Oasis class , displaced the Freedom class as the world 's largest passenger ship ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Caribbean International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International', 'summary': "Royal Caribbean International ( RCI ) , previously known as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line ( RCCL ) , is a cruise line brand founded in 1968 in Norway and organised as a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. ( RCCL ) since 1997 . Based in Miami , Florida , United States , it is the largest cruise line by revenue and second largest by passengers counts . In 2018 , Royal Caribbean International controlled 19.2% of the worldwide cruise market by passengers and 14.0% by revenue . It also operates many of the world 's largest ships ; as of July 2019 [ update ] , the line operates twenty-six ships , including the four largest cruise ships in the world , and has six additional ships on order ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '154,407', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Independence', 'summary': "SS Independence was a US built and flagged ocean liner which entered service in February 1951 for American Export Lines . Between 1974 and 1982 the vessel sailed as Oceanic Independence for Atlantic Far East Lines and American Hawaii Cruises , before reverting to the original name . Independence was then operated by American Global Line between 1982 and 1996 , and again American Hawaii Cruises until being laid up in San Francisco in 2001 . In 2006 the ship was renamed Oceanic and , after being mothballed for seven years , left San Francisco for Singapore on February 8 , 2008 . That destination was later changed to Dubai , and in 2009 the aged liner left there under tow as the Platinum II for the shipbreaking yards in Alang , India . After having been turned away from those scrap yards due to hazardous materials on board , the then 58-year-old ship was grounded off Alang . There the rusting ship 's hull broke in two aft of the smokestacks ( making refloating impossible ) and was scrapped on the spot . Independence 's sister ship , SS Constitution , sank while under tow in 1997 en route to be scrapped ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Far East Lines / American Hawaiian Cruises', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,719', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renamed Oceanic Independence ( 1974-79 ) , renamed the Independence ( 1982-2006 ) , renamed the Oceanic ( 2006 ) , sold for scrap in 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_(cruise_ship)', 'summary': 'Independence is a small cruise ship owned and operated by American Cruise Lines ( ACL ) . She was built in 2010 by Chesapeake Shipbuilding in Salisbury , Maryland for overnight coastal , river , and inland waterway cruising within the continental United States .'}]}, {'value': 'American Cruise Lines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Cruise_Lines', 'summary': 'American Cruise Lines , Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford , Connecticut , United States . The line operates twelve small cruise ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard ( including Alaska ) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Insignia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Insignia', 'summary': "MS Insignia is the lead ship of the R class of cruise ships built for Renaissance cruises . She is now owned by Oceania Cruises as part of its Regatta Class of ships , but recently sailed for Hapag-Lloyd as the Columbus 2 . She was built in 1998 by the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in St. Nazaire , France for Renaissance Cruises as MS R One . On 11 December 2014 , 3 crew members died in a fire that broke out in the engine room when the ship was docked in St. Lucia ."}]}, {'value': 'Oceania Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania_Cruises', 'summary': "Oceania Cruises is a cruise line based in Miami , Florida , that operates six cruise ships on worldwide itineraries . It typically offers cruises that last between 10 and 14 days , but is also known for its long cruises lasting up to 195 days . The line 's President and CEO is Bob Binder ; he is vice-chairman and also a co-founder of the brand . Since September 2014 , Oceania Cruises has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings , which also owns Norwegian Cruise Line and Regent Seven Seas Cruises ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,277', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'formerly R One , Insignia , Columbus 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Escape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Escape', 'summary': 'MS Island Escape was launched as the cruiseferry MS Scandinavia in 1981 . In 1985 she was renamed MS Stardancer and in 1990 MS Viking Serenade before being converted to a cruise ship in 1991 . She became MS Island Escape in 2002 being renamed once more as MV Ocean Gala in 2015 . Her final name was MV Ocean Gala 1 before being scrapped in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Island Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Cruises', 'summary': "Island Cruises was a cruise line that was founded as a joint venture between Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. and First Choice Travel PLC , each of whom owned 50% of the company . The company operated in Europe , the Caribbean , and South America , aiming its products primarily at markets in the United Kingdom , Brazil and Argentina . First Choice was later acquired by TUI Travel . In 2008 , Royal Caribbean sold its stake in the company to TUI , and the cruise line 's only fully owned ship , the Island Escape , was transferred to TUI 's Thomson Cruises . Island Cruises was discontinued in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,132', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sold for scrap in 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Island_Princess_(2003)', 'summary': "Island Princess is a cruise ship for the Princess Cruises line . She is the sister ship to Coral Princess and together they are the only Panamax ships in Princess 's fleet together with their R-class vessels and Sun-class ships . She was constructed at Chantiers de l'Atlantique , France ."}]}, {'value': 'Princess Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Cruises', 'summary': 'Princess Cruises is a cruise line owned by Carnival Corporation & plc . The company is incorporated in Bermuda and its headquarters are in Santa Clarita , California . As of 2018 , it is the second largest cruise line by net revenue . It was previously a subsidiary of P & O Princess Cruises , and is currently under Holland America Group within Carnival Corporation & plc , which holds executive control over the Princess Cruises brand . The line has 18 ships cruising global itineraries that are marketed to both American and international passengers . The company was made famous by the American television series , The Love Boat , in which its ship Pacific Princess was featured . In May 2013 , Royal Princess , the first Royal-class ship and the largest ship constructed for Princess at the time , became the flagship of Princess Cruises .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Sky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noble Caledonia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating . Formerly : MS Renaissance Eight , MS Renai II , MS Sky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Franko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Ivan_Franko', 'summary': "MS Ivan Franko was the first Ivan Franko-class passenger ship owned by the Soviet Union 's Black Sea Shipping Company . She was built in 1964 by V.E.B . Mathias-Thesen Werft , Wismar , East Germany . She was scrapped in 1997 at Alang , India ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Sea Shipping Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipping_Company', 'summary': "Black Sea Shipping Company ( Ukrainian : Чорноморське морське пароплавство ) is a Ukrainian shipping company based in Odessa . During Soviet rule , the company held the title of world 's largest shipping company for several years and was instrumental in important foreign trade and international aid initiatives of the Soviet government . In February 2009 , it was declared bankrupt by the Higher Commercial Court of Ukraine ( previously by the Commercial Court of Odessa Oblast and the Odessa Appellate Commercial Court ) . The State Property Fund of Ukraine decided in January 2017 to sell the company at auction ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped 1997 under name Fran', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'I', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cruise_ships_8', 'intro': "This is a list of cruise ships, both those in service and those that have ceased to operate. Ocean liners are included on this list only if they also functioned as cruise ships. (See: list of ocean liners.) As some cruise ships have operated under multiple names, all names will be listed in the Status section, along with the history of the vessel, under the vessel's current or most recent name. If a vessel is not currently operating as a cruise ship, only the most recent operation will be listed here. Likewise, if a vessel fulfilled another role before becoming a cruise ship, the first entry for the vessel will occur when the vessel began its career as a cruise ship."}
| null | null |
Where is the Operator based whose ship can accommodate 4,370 passengers and is served by 1,360 crew ?
|
Miami
|
04196a95018d093b
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Gamma_(sorority)', 'title': 'Alpha Phi Gamma (sorority)', 'header': ['Chapter', 'Status', 'Founding institution', 'Location', 'Chaptered date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California State Polytechnic University , Pomona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona', 'summary': "California State Polytechnic University , Pomona ( Cal Poly Pomona , CPP , or Cal Poly [ Note 1 ] ) is a public polytechnic university in Pomona , California . It is one of two polytechnic universities in the California State University system . Cal Poly Pomona began as the southern campus of the California Polytechnic School ( today known as Cal Poly San Luis Obispo ) in 1938 when the Voorhis School for Boys and its adjacent farm in the city of San Dimas were donated by Charles Voorhis and his son Jerry Voorhis . Cal Poly 's southern campus grew further in 1949 when the University of California , W.K . Kellogg Institute also known as W.K . Kellogg Institute of Animal Husbandry - University of California , Pomona in the neighboring city of Pomona , which had belonged to Will Keith Kellogg , was acquired from the University of California . Cal Poly Pomona , then known as Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis , and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo continued operations under a unified administrative control until they became independent from one another in 1966 . Cal Poly Pomona currently offers bachelor 's degrees in 94 majors , 39 master 's degrees , 13 teaching credentials and a doctorate across 9 distinct academic colleges . The university is one among a small group of polytechnic universities in the United States which tend to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts and applied sciences . Its sports teams are known as the Cal Poly Pomona Broncos and play in the NCAA Division II as part of the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The Broncos sponsor 10 varsity sports and have won 14 NCAA national championships . Current and former Cal Poly Pomona athletes have won 7 Olympic medals ( 3 gold , 1 silver , and 3 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pomona , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomona,_California', 'summary': "Pomona ( /pəˈmoʊnə/ ) is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley , between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 149,058 . The California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , also known as Cal Poly Pomona or merely as Cal Poly , main campus lies mostly within Pomona 's city limits ; some campus areas lie within San Dimas and Walnut 's city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Illinois University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University', 'summary': "Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is a public research university in DeKalb , Illinois . It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22 , 1895 , by Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld as part of an expansion of the state 's system for producing college-educated teachers . In addition to the main campus in DeKalb , it has satellite centers in Chicago , Hoffman Estates , Naperville , Rockford , and Oregon The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni . Many of NIU 's programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . NIU is one of only three public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports , Division I . The university 's athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'DeKalb , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois', 'summary': "DeKalb /dɪˈkælb/ is a city in DeKalb County , Illinois , United States . The population was 43,862 according to the 2010 census , up from 39,018 at the 2000 census . The city is named after decorated Franconian-French war hero Johann de Kalb , who died during the American Revolutionary War . Founded in 1856 , DeKalb became important in the development and manufacture of barbed wire , especially for agriculture and raising livestock . While agricultural related industries remain a facet of the city , together with health and services , the city 's largest employer in the 21st century is Northern Illinois University founded in DeKalb in 1895 . Located about 50 miles from Chicago , the city is part of the Chicago metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_State_University', 'summary': "San Diego State University ( SDSU ) is a public research university in San Diego , California . Founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School , it is the third-oldest university in the 23-member California State University ( CSU ) system . SDSU has a Fall 2019 student body of 35,081 and an alumni base of more than 300,000 . It is classified among Doctoral Universities : High Research Activity . In the 2015-16 fiscal year , the university obtained $ 130 million in public and private funding - a total of 707 awards - up from $ 120.6 million the previous fiscal year . As reported by the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index released by the Academic Analytics organization of Stony Brook , New York , SDSU is the number one small research university in the United States in 2006 and 2007 . SDSU sponsors the second-highest number of Fulbright Scholars in the State of California , just behind UC Berkeley . Since 2005 , the university has produced over 65 Fulbright student scholars . The university generates over $ 2.4 billion annually for the San Diego economy , while 60 percent of SDSU graduates remain in San Diego , making SDSU a primary educator of the region 's work force . Committed to serving the diverse San Diego region , SDSU ranks among the top ten universities nationwide in terms of ethnic and racial diversity among its student body , as well as the number of bachelor 's degrees conferred upon minority students . San Diego State University consistently ranks in the top 500 universities in the world , and according to Forbes , is among the top 93rd percentile of public colleges in the United States . San Diego State University is a member of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , the American Association of State Colleges and Universities , and the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}]}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DePaul University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePaul_University', 'summary': "DePaul University is a private , Roman Catholic university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded by the Vincentians in 1898 , the university takes its name from the 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul . In 1998 , it became the largest Catholic university by enrollment in the United States . Following in the footsteps of its founders , DePaul places special emphasis on recruiting first-generation students and others from disadvantaged backgrounds . DePaul 's two campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop . The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , Science and Health , and Education . It also houses the School of Music , the Theatre School , and the John T. Richardson Library . The Loop campus houses the Colleges of Communication , Computing and Digital Media , and Law , as well as the School of Public Service and the School for New Learning . It is also home to the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business , which is part of the nationally ranked Driehaus College of Business , the tenth oldest business school in the nation . The Loop campus also houses the Loop Library , the Rinn Law Library , and the Barnes and Noble-based Student Center . The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduates and about 7,600 graduate/law students , making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States , and the largest private university in Illinois . According to the Division of Student Affairs website , about 90% of DePaul 's students commute or live off campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University', 'summary': "Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan . MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862 . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 634,300 living alumni worldwide . U.S. News & World Report ranks its graduate programs the best in the U.S. in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , rehabilitation counseling , African history ( tied ) , supply chain logistics and nuclear physics in 2019 . MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , supply chain management , and communication sciences . Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system . The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four eight times since the 1998-1999 season , including in 2019 with a victory over Duke ."}]}, {'value': 'East Lansing , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan', 'summary': 'East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan directly east of Lansing , the state capital . Most of the city is within Ingham County , with the rest in Clinton County . The population was 48,579 at the 2010 census , an increase from 46,420 in 2000 . It is best known as the home of Michigan State University . It is part of the Lansing-East Lansing metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Missouri', 'summary': "The University of Missouri ( Mizzou , MU , or Missouri ) is a public research university in Columbia , Missouri . It is Missouri 's largest university and the flagship of the four campus University of Missouri System . Founded in 1839 , it was the first public university west of the Mississippi River . It is a member of the Association of American Universities as well as a land-grant and space-grant institution . Enrolling 30,046 students in 2019 , it offers over 300 degree programs in thirteen major academic divisions . Its well-known Missouri School of Journalism was founded by Walter Williams in 1908 as the world 's first journalism school ; It publishes a daily newspaper , the Columbia Missourian , and operates an NBC affiliate KOMU . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the world 's most powerful university research reactor and is the United States sole source of isotopes used in nuclear medicine . The university operates University of Missouri Health Care , running a number of hospitals and clinics in Mid-Missouri . Its NCAA Division I athletic teams are known as the Missouri Tigers , and compete in the Southeastern Conference . The American tradition of homecoming is claimed to have originated at Missouri . The campus is home to the State Historical Society of Missouri , and the Museum of Art and Archaeology . Its historic center , Francis Quadrangle , is a National Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri', 'summary': "Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri . Founded in 1821 , it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area . It is Missouri 's fourth most-populous and fastest growing city , with an estimated 123,180 residents in 2018 . As a Midwestern college town , Columbia has a reputation for progressive politics , persuasive journalism , and public art . The tripartite establishment of Stephens College ( 1833 ) , the University of Missouri ( 1839 ) , and Columbia College ( 1851 ) , which surround the city 's Downtown to the east , south , and north , has made the city a center of learning . At its center is 8th Street , also known as the Avenue of the Columns , which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse and the City Hall . Originally an agricultural town , the cultivation of the mind is Columbia 's chief economic concern today . Never a major center of manufacturing , the city also depends on healthcare , insurance , and technology businesses . Companies such as Shelter Insurance , Carfax , and Slackers CDs and Games , were founded in the city . Cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri , the Museum of Art and Archaeology , and the annual True/False Film Festival . The Missouri Tigers , the state 's only major college athletic program , play football at Faurot Field and basketball at Mizzou Arena as members of the rigorous Southeastern Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'July 18 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_State_University', 'summary': "Colorado State University ( Colorado State or CSU ) is a public research university in Fort Collins , Colorado . The university is the state 's land grant university and the flagship university of the Colorado State University System . In 2004 , enrollment was approximately 33,877 students , including resident and non-resident instruction students . The university has approximately 2,000 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments . Bachelor 's degrees are offered in 65 fields of study , with master 's degrees in 55 fields . Colorado State confers doctoral degrees in 40 fields of study , in addition to a professional degree in veterinary medicine . In fiscal year 2017 , CSU spent $ 338.4 million on research and development , ranking 70th in the nation overall and 41st when excluding medical school spending . CSU graduates include Pulitzer Prize winners , astronauts , CEOs , and two former governors of Colorado ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Collins , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fort Collins is a municipality in northern Colorado , which serves as the seat of Larimer County . Situated on the Cache La Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range , Fort Collins is located 56 mi ( 90 km ) north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . With a 2018 estimated population of 167,830 , it is the fourth most populous city in Colorado after Denver , Colorado Springs , and Aurora . Fort Collins is a midsize college city , home to Colorado State University and Front Range Community College 's Larimer campus ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Nevada , Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise , Nevada . The 332-acre ( 134 ha ) campus is about 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) east of the Las Vegas Strip . It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969 . The university includes the Shadow Lane Campus , just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , which houses both School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine . UNLV 's law school , the William S. Boyd School of Law , is also the only law school in the state . UNLV is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is annually ranked among the top hospitality programs in the United States due in part to the university 's proximity to the Las Vegas Strip . Its Thomas & Mack Center hosted the 2007 NBA All-Star Game , concerts and lectures by Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev as part of various UNLV-affiliated lecture series ."}]}, {'value': 'Paradise , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada', 'summary': 'Paradise is an unincorporated town and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Clark County , Nevada , United States , adjacent to the city of Las Vegas . The population was 231,858 as of 2017 , making it the most populous CDP in the United States . As an unincorporated town , it is governed by the Clark County Commission with input from the Paradise Town Advisory Board . Paradise was formed on December 8 , 1950 . Paradise contains McCarran International Airport ; the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) ; and most of the Las Vegas Strip . Paradise contains most tourist attractions in the Las Vegas area , excluding downtown . Despite this , the name Paradise remains relatively unknown because all of the ZIP Codes serving Paradise are assigned the default place name Las Vegas .'}]}, {'value': 'June 16 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Nevada , Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Reno ( Nevada , the University of Nevada , or UNR ) is a public research university in Reno , Nevada . Founded on October 12 , 1874 in Elko , Nevada is the sole land grant institution for the state of Nevada . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The campus is home to the large-scale structures laboratory in the College of Engineering , which has put Nevada researchers at the forefront nationally in a wide range of civil engineering , earthquake and large-scale structures testing and modeling . The Nevada Terawatt Facility , located on a satellite campus of the university , includes a terawatt-level Z-pinch machine and terawatt-class high-intensity laser system - one of the most powerful such lasers on any college campus in the country . It is home to the School of Medicine , with a campus in Nevada 's major urban center in Reno and a health network that extends to much of rural Nevada . The school includes 16 clinical departments and five nationally recognized basic science departments . It is also home to the School of Journalism , which has produced six Pulitzer Prize winners ."}]}, {'value': 'Reno , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno,_Nevada', 'summary': "Reno ( /ˈriːnoʊ/ REE-noh ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Lake Tahoe , known as The Biggest Little City in the World . Known for its casino & tourism industry , Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in a high desert river valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and its downtown area ( along with Sparks ) occupies a valley informally known as the Truckee Meadows , which due to large-scale investments from Seattle & Bay Area companies such as Amazon , Tesla , Panasonic , Microsoft , Apple and Google has become a new major technology hub in the United States . The city is named after Union Major General Jesse L. Reno , who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain on Fox 's Gap . Reno is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area , 2nd most populous in Nevada after Las Vegas-Henderson , both of which are part of the Las Vegas Valley . Greater Reno , which consists of Washoe , Storey , and Lyon counties plus Carson City ( the capital of Nevada ) , is the second largest metropolitan area in Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'May 21 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Illinois at Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago', 'summary': "The University of Illinois at Chicago ( UIC ) is a public research university in Chicago , Illinois . Its campus is in the Near West Side community area , adjacent to the Chicago Loop . The second campus established under the University of Illinois system , UIC is also the largest university in the Chicago area , having more than 33,000 students enrolled in 16 colleges . UIC competes in NCAA Division I Horizon League as the UIC Flames in sports . The Credit Union 1 Arena ( formerly UIC Pavilion ) is the Flames ' venue for home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'February 26 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Minnesota-Twin Cities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota-Twin_Cities', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': 'June 15 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University', 'summary': "North Carolina State University ( also referred to as NCSU , NC State , or just State ) is a public research university in Raleigh , North Carolina . It is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land- , sea- , and space-grant institution . The university forms one of the corners of the Research Triangle together with Duke University in Durham and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts , now NC State , on March 7 , 1887 , as a land-grant college . Today , NC State has an enrollment of more than 35,000 students , making it the largest university in the Carolinas and among the largest in the country . NC State has historical strengths in engineering , statistics , agriculture , life sciences , textiles and design and offers bachelor 's degrees in 106 fields of study . The graduate school offers master 's degrees in 104 fields , doctoral degrees in 61 fields , and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'Raleigh , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Raleigh ( /ˈrɑːli/ ; RAH-lee ) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States . Raleigh is the second-largest city in the state , after Charlotte . Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its many oak trees , which line the streets in the heart of the city . The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles ( 370 km2 ) . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 469,298 as of July 1 , 2018 . It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country . The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County . Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University ( NCSU ) and is part of Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) , together with Durham ( home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University ) and Chapel Hill ( home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham and Wake counties , among the three cities and their universities . The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013 . The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 . Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County , with a very small portion extending into Durham County ."}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}]}, {'value': 'Tempe , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tempe ( /tɛmˈpiː/ tem-PEE ; Oidbaḍ in O'odham ) , is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038 . The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece . Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix ; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west , Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler on the south , and Mesa on the east . Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University ."}]}, {'value': 'May 21 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': 'Urbana , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Urbana /ɜːrˈbænə/ is a city in and the county seat of Champaign County , Illinois , United States . The population is estimated at 41,989 as of July 1 , 2017 . Urbana is the tenth-most populous city in Illinois outside of the Chicago metropolitan area . It is included in the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area . Urbana is notable for sharing the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with its sister city of Champaign .'}]}, {'value': 'April 13 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Associate Charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State University of New York , Stony Brook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_University_of_New_York,_Stony_Brook', 'summary': "The State University of New York at Stony Brook , commonly referred to as Stony Brook University , SBU , or SUNY Stony Brook , is a public sea-grant and space-grant research university in Stony Brook , New York . It is one of four university centers of the State University of New York system . The institution was founded 63 years ago in 1957 in Oyster Bay as State University College on Long Island , and moved to Stony Brook in 1962 . In 2001 , Stony Brook was elected to the Association of American Universities . It is also a member of the larger Universities Research Association . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Stony Brook University , in partnership with Battelle , manages Brookhaven National Laboratory - a national laboratory of the United States Department of Energy . The university acquired land for a Research & Development Park adjacent to its main campus in 2004 , and has four business incubators across the region . The university 's impact on the Long Island economy amounts to $ 7.23 billion in increased output , and research expenditures have surpassed the $ 230 million mark annually . Stony Brook is the largest single-site employer on Long Island ; 26,814 students are enrolled at the university , which has over 15,000 employees and over 2,700 faculty . Stony Brook 's intercollegiate athletic teams are the Seawolves . Since 1999 , they have competed in Division I of the NCAA , and are members of the America East Conference , Colonial Athletic Association , and Missouri Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Stony Brook , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stony_Brook,_New_York', 'summary': "Stony Brook is a hamlet and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County , New York , on the North Shore of Long Island . Begun in the colonial era as an agricultural enclave , the hamlet experienced growth first as a resort town and then to its current state as one of Long Island 's major tourist towns and centers of education . Despite being referred to as a village by residents and tourists alike , Stony Brook has never been legally incorporated by the state . The population was 13,740 at the 2010 census . The CDP is adjacent to the main campus of Stony Brook University , a major research center within the State University of New York , and also The Stony Brook School , a private college preparatory school . It is also home to the Long Island Museum of American Art , History , and Carriages and the Stony Brook Village Center , a privately maintained commercial center planned in the style of a traditional New England village ."}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Associate Charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kansas', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence , Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas', 'summary': "Lawrence is the county seat of Douglas County and sixth-largest city in Kansas . It is in the northeastern sector of the state , astride Interstate 70 , between the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 87,643 ; by 2017 the estimated population had risen to 96,892 . Lawrence is a college town and the home to both the University of Kansas and Haskell Indian Nations University . Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company ( NEEAC ) , and was named for Amos Adams Lawrence , a Republican abolitionist originally from Massachusetts , who offered financial aid and support for the settlement . Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas period ( 1854-61 ) , and the site of the Wakarusa War ( 1855 ) and the Sacking of Lawrence ( 1856 ) . During the American Civil War it was also the site of the Lawrence massacre ( 1863 ) . Lawrence began as a center of free-state politics . Its economy diversified into many industries , including agriculture , manufacturing , and education , beginning with the founding of the University of Kansas in 1865 and Haskell Indian Nations University in 1884 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 20 , 2003', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Chapters', 'section_text': 'Alpha Phi Gamma currently has fourteen active charters and three associate charters* . [ 4 ] *Associate charters are currently inactive .', 'uid': 'Alpha_Phi_Gamma_(sorority)_0', 'intro': 'Alpha Phi Gamma National Sorority, Inc. (Greek: ΑΦΓ, also known as APhiG and Alpha Phi Gamma) is an Asian-interest sorority founded on February 1, 1994, at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona).'}
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How many students are enrolled in the school that has the Lambda chapter ?
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33,000
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041bcd236a687c90
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chryste Gaines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chryste_Gaines', 'summary': "Chryste Dionne Gaines ( born September 14 , 1970 in Lawton , Oklahoma ) is an American athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres . A 1988 graduate of South Oak Cliff High School in Dallas , Texas , Gaines competed for the United States in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. , in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the gold medal with teammates Olympic 100m champion Gail Devers , Inger Miller and Gwen Torrence who won the Olympic 200m in Barcelona and a bronze in the 100m in Atlanta . She returned to Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics as the sole survivor of the 4 x 100 meters , this time she lined up with double sprint gold medalist Marion Jones and fellow Americans Torri Edwards and Nanceen Perry but could only come away with the bronze medal . In 2003 , Gaines was issued a Public Warning and had her results disqualified for the detection of Modafinil . The same year she was investigated as part of the BALCO scandal and in 2004 she received a two-year doping ban . Recently , she ( with her other 4x100 meter teammates ) had been asked to return her bronze medal won at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 as well as other achievements due to steroid use . She and five other members of the 2000 team would successfully appeal the IOC 's decision to force them to return their 2000 medals in July 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modafinil ( positive test ) THG ( investigation : BALCO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modafinil', 'summary': 'Modafinil , sold under the brand name Provigil among others , is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer , the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include headache , anxiety , trouble sleeping , and nausea . Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , Stevens-Johnson syndrome , misuse , and hallucinations . It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe . The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems . It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia , significant hypertension , or left ventricular hypertrophy . How it works is not entirely clear . One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle . Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone', 'summary': 'Tetrahydrogestrinone ( THG ) , known by the nickname The Clear , is a synthetic and orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) which was never marketed for medical use . It was developed by Patrick Arnold and was used by a number of high-profile athletes such as Marion Jones and Dwain Chambers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BALCO_scandal', 'summary': 'The BALCO scandal was a scandal involving the use of banned , performance-enhancing substances by professional athletes . The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative ( BALCO ) was a San Francisco Bay Area business which supplied anabolic steroids to professional athletes . The incident surrounds a 2002 US Federal government investigation of the laboratory .'}]}, {'value': 'Public warning 2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Galkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Galkin', 'summary': "Anton Galkin ( born 20 February 1979 ) is a Russian sprinter . He competed in the men 's 400 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Ángel Gamonal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Half marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clenbuterol Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clenbuterol', 'summary': 'Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator . People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier . It is most commonly available as the hydrochloride salt , clenbuterol hydrochloride . It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 3 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_García_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Alberto García Fernández ( born 22 February 1971 in Madrid , Spain ) is a Spanish long-distance and cross-country runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance , cross country', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Gasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Gasser', 'summary': "Sandra Gasser ( born 27 July 1962 in Bern ) is a retired Swiss track and field athlete who specialised in middle distance running . After the 1987 World Championships , where she achieved third place in the 1500 metres , she failed a doping test and was disqualified . After her two-year ban she rejoined the world elite and picked up the bronze medal at both the 1990 European Championships and 1993 World Indoor Championships , although in the final of the latter she fell before the finish line . Sandra Gasser won seven Swiss championship titles , and still holds the Swiss national record at 800 metres . She is 1.71 m tall ( 5 ' 7 ) and her competition weight was 52 kg ( 114 lb ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steroids', 'summary': 'A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration . Steroids have two principal biological functions : as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity ; and as signaling molecules . Hundreds of steroids are found in plants , animals and fungi . All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol ( opisthokonts ) or cycloartenol ( plants ) . Lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene . The steroid core structure is typically composed of seventeen carbon atoms , bonded in four fused rings : three six-member cyclohexane rings ( rings A , B and C in the first illustration ) and one five-member cyclopentane ring ( the D ring ) . Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings . Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane . :1785f Steroids can also be more radically modified , such as by changes to the ring structure , for example , cutting one of the rings . Cutting Ring B produces secosteroids one of which is vitamin D3 . Examples include the lipid cholesterol , the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone , :10-19 and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Gatlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Gatlin', 'summary': 'Justin Gatlin ( born February 10 , 1982 ) is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 and 200 metres events . He is the 2017 100m World Champion . He is the 2004 Olympic champion in the 100 metres , the 2005 and 2017 World champion in the same event , and the 2005 World champion in the 200 metres . Gatlin was banned from competing between 2006 and 2010 by the USADA for failing a second drugs test , testing positive for testosterone .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amphetamine Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amphetamine', 'summary': 'Amphetamine [ note 1 ] ( contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine ) is a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy , and obesity . Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers : [ note 2 ] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine . Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical , the racemic free base , which is equal parts of the two enantiomers , levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine , in their pure amine forms . The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers , or to either of them alone . Historically , it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression . Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer , and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant . It is a prescription drug in many countries , and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use . [ sources 1 ] The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine , a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions . Currently , pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine , Adderall , [ note 3 ] dextroamphetamine , or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine . Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain , with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems . [ sources 2 ] At therapeutic doses , amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria , change in desire for sex , increased wakefulness , and improved cognitive control . It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time , fatigue resistance , and increased muscle strength .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '1 year ( Reduced from 2 years ) 4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyson Gay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyson_Gay', 'summary': "Tyson Gay ( born August 9 , 1982 ) is an American track and field sprinter who competes in the 100 and 200 meters dash . His 100 m personal best of 9.69 seconds is the American record and makes him tied for the second fastest athlete ever . His 200 m time of 19.58 makes him the seventh fastest athlete in that event . Gay has won numerous medals in major international competitions , including a gold medal sweep of the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at the 2007 Osaka World Championships . This made him the second man to win all three events at the same World Championships , after Maurice Greene ( Usain Bolt duplicated the feat two years later ) . Gay is a four-time U.S. champion in the 100 m. At the 2008 Olympic Trials , he ran a wind assisted 9.68 seconds in the 100 m. Days later , he suffered a severe hamstring injury in the 200 m trials and did not win any medals at the Beijing Olympics . His performance of 9.71 seconds to win the 100 m silver medal in the 2009 World Championships is the fastest non-winning time for the event . In July 2013 , it was announced that Gay had tested positive for a banned substance , following which he withdrew from consideration for the World Championships in Moscow . The United States Anti-Doping Agency ( USADA ) suspended him until June 23 , 2014 , and stripped him of his silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay from the 2012 Summer Olympics as a result . Gay is a two-time winner of the Jesse Owens Award , was the 2007 IAAF World Athlete of the Year , won Best Track and Field Athlete for Track & Field News in 2007 and for ESPY Award in 2008 and 2011 . He has also achieved multiple Men 's season 's best performances in the 100 m and 200 m ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Positive test : Exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid Investigation/Admittance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tibor Gécsek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tibor_Gécsek', 'summary': 'Tibor Gécsek ( born 22 September 1964 in Szentgotthárd ) is a retired male hammer thrower from Hungary . Gécsek is of Hungarian Slovenian descent . He won two consecutive World Championships bronze medals in 1993 and 1995 . Later that year he received a four-year ban by the IAAF for a positive drugs test . The next year , however , IAAF shortened the maximum ban to two years . Gécsek was therefore reinstated after two years . His personal best throw was 81.68 metres , achieved in September 1988 in Szombathely , until he threw 82.87 metres to win the 1998 European Championships . This achievement earned him the title 1998 Hungarian Sportsman of the Year . Later that year he threw 83.68 metres in Zalaegerszeg to record his ultimate career best . Gécsek was elected Vice President of the Hungarian Athletic Federation on 10 November 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroids', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '2 years ( Reduced from 4 years )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ines Geipel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1980 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turinabol ( self-admitted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turinabol', 'summary': 'Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ; brand name Oral Turinabol ) , also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone ( dehydromethyltestosterone ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shitaye Gemechu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shitaye_Gemechu', 'summary': "Shitaye Gemechu ( born 17 June 1980 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner , who specializes in marathon races . Shitaye was the women 's winner of the Rock ' n ' Roll Arizona Marathon for the years 2004 - 2006 . She won the 2007 edition of the Treviso Marathon . Shitaye first came to prominence with a win at the 2001 Amsterdam Marathon . She went on to represent Ethiopia in the marathon at the World Championships in Athletics four times consecutively from 2001 to 2007 . Her best finish was seventh at the 2001 edition . She was banned for two years in 2009 after failing a test for Erythropoietin ( EPO ) at a race in Luxembourg . She returned to competition in 2011 and placed fourth at the Turin Marathon . At the 2012 Hong Kong Marathon she was runner-up to Misiker Demissie , crossing the line in a time of 2:31:44 hours in spite of a toe injury . She was runner-up to Ashu Kasim at the Lanzhou Marathon in June 2013 . Her husband , Asnake Fekadu , is also a marathon runner ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Gertlein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Gertleyn', 'summary': 'Ivan Aleksandrovich Gertlein ( Russian : Иван Александрович Гертлейн ; born 25 September 1987 ) is a Russian pole vaulter . He competed at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing advancing to the final where he no-heighted . His personal bests in the event are 5.70 metres outdoors ( Beijing 2015 ) and 5.50 metres indoors ( Chelyabinsk 2011 ) . In October 2012 he tested positive for an anabolic steroid , testosterone , and received a two-year ban which lasted until October 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nordine Gezzar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle/Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finasteride , nandrolone EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finasteride', 'summary': 'Finasteride , sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others , is a medication mainly used to treat an enlarged prostate or hair loss in men . It can also be used to treat excessive hair growth in women and as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women . It is taken by mouth . Side effects are rare . Some men experience sexual dysfunction , depression , and breast enlargement . It may also increase the risk of certain forms of prostate cancer . Finasteride is a 5α-reductase inhibitor , and therefore an antiandrogen . It works by decreasing the production of dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) by about 70% , including in the prostate gland and the scalp . Finasteride was patented in 1984 and approved for medical use in 1992 . It is available as a generic medication . A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about £0.89 per month as of 2019 . In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US $ 2.34 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 10 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachid Ghanmouni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachid_Ghanmouni', 'summary': 'Rachid Ghanmouni ( born 10 April 1978 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . He was born in Rich , Rachidia . He finished thirteenth in the marathon race at the 2003 World Championships in a personal best time of 2:10:56 hours . He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games , but did not finish . He finished 27th at the 2003 World Half Marathon Championships and 34th at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships . His personal best times are 2:09:11 in the marathon , achieved in April 2006 in the Paris Marathon ; and 1:01:36 hours in the half marathon , achieved in April 2003 in Safi . In October 2006 he was to be tested for doping in Formiguères , but fled from the site . He was subject to a two-year suspension in January 2008 , and after he lost a legal battle the suspension was upheld . The suspension expired in March 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evading doping control', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruqaya Al-Ghasra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruqaya_Al-Ghasra', 'summary': "Ruqaya Al-Ghasra ( Arabic : رقية الغسرة ; born September 6 , 1982 ) , is a Bahraini athlete . She was one of the first women to represent Bahrain at the Olympic Games , by taking part in the women 's 100 metres sprint at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . ( Bahraini women had , however , taken part in the Paralympics as early as 1984 . ) She won medals at the 2006 Asian Games and went on to run at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . She announced her international retirement in 2009 . It was revealed in July 2010 that Al-Ghasra had failed an out of competition doping test and she was banned from competing for two years ( between 17 September 2009 and 16 September 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrain', 'summary': "Bahrain ( /bɑːˈreɪn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : البحرين al-Baḥrayn Arabic pronunciation : [ al baħrajn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn ) , is a sovereign state in the Persian Gulf . The island nation comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mi ) King Fahd Causeway . According to the most recent 2010 census , Bahrain 's population is over 1.2 million , of which around half are non-nationals . At 780 square kilometres ( 300 sq mi ) in size , it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . The capital and largest city is Manama . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam , in 628 AD . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , it declared independence ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epitestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epitestosterone', 'summary': 'Epitestosterone , or isotestosterone , also known as 17α-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17α-ol-3-one , is an endogenous steroid and an epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone . It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) and a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor . Structurally , epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon , C17 . Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone ; a 1993 study found that around 50% of epitestosterone production in human males can be ascribed to the testis , although the exact pathway of its formation is still the subject of research . It has been shown to accumulate in mammary cyst fluid and in the prostate . Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males ; however , by adulthood , most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ratio ) of about 1:1 .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Gherasim ( Alina Tecuţa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Gherasim', 'summary': 'Camelia Alina Gherasim ( née Tecuţă , born November 10 , 1971 in Galaţi ) is a Romanian long-distance runner . Gherasim competed in the marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She has won a number of road races including the 1996 Paris Marathon , the 2005 Monaco Marathon ( 2:43:44 ) , and the 2006 California International Marathon ( 2:34:23 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroid', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bouchra Ghezielle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bouchra_Ghezielle', 'summary': 'Bouchra Ghézielle , née Ben Thami ( Arabic : بُشرا غزال ; born 19 May 1979 ) , is a Moroccan-French track and field athlete , now competing for France . She competes mainly on the 1500 m distance but also on 800 m and 3000 m distances . Born in Khemisset , she competed at the 2004 Olympic Games for Morocco . She won the bronze medals at the 1998 African Championships , the 1998 World Junior Championships and the 2005 World Championships , and finished fourth at the 2005 World Athletics Final . In 2008 , she was found guilty of rh-EPO doping . The sample was delivered on 9 February 2008 in an out-of-competition test in Franconville . She received a suspension from May 2008 to May 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patricia Girard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Girard', 'summary': 'Patricia Girard ( also Girard-Léno , born 8 April 1968 in Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe , ) is a French athlete who competed mainly in the 100m hurdles .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primobolan ( anabolic steroid )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primobolan', 'summary': 'Metenolone acetate , or methenolone acetate , sold under the brand names Primobolan and Nibal , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . It is taken by mouth . Although it was widely used in the past , the drug has mostly been discontinued and hence is now mostly no longer available . A related drug , metenolone enanthate , is given by injection into muscle . Side effects of metenolone acetate include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone enanthate is a metenolone ester and a prodrug of metenolone in the body . Metenolone acetate was introduced for medical use in 1961 . In addition to its medical use , metenolone acetate is used to improve physique and performance . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . It remains marketed for medical use only in a few countries , such as Japan and Moldova .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Glover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Glover', 'summary': 'Sandra Glover ( née Cummings ; born December 30 , 1968 in Palestine , Texas ) is an African American former track and field athlete who competed in the 400-meter hurdles . She was a medalist in that event at the World Championships in Athletics in 2003 ( silver ) and 2005 ( bronze ) . She also represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She was the national champion at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships for four consecutive years from 1999 to 2002 . She had five victories on the IAAF Golden League circuit during her career . She failed a doping test for wakefulness drug Modafinil in 2003 , receiving a public warning and disqualification of her performance . She holds the American masters record for the over-35 category , with her performance of 53.32 seconds at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . Glover attended the University of Houston and competed for the Houston Cougars track team .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modafinil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modafinil', 'summary': 'Modafinil , sold under the brand name Provigil among others , is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer , the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include headache , anxiety , trouble sleeping , and nausea . Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , Stevens-Johnson syndrome , misuse , and hallucinations . It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe . The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems . It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia , significant hypertension , or left ventricular hypertrophy . How it works is not entirely clear . One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle . Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance .'}]}, {'value': 'Disqualification and public warning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geronimo Goeloe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geronimo_Goeloe', 'summary': 'Geronimo Goeloe ( born 18 November 1981 ) is a sprinter , specializing in the 100 and 200 metres . He competed for the Netherlands Antilles until the dissolution of that country and now represents Aruba . He also holds the current national record , with a time of 10.42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands Antilles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles', 'summary': 'The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch : Nederlandse Antillen , pronounced [ ˌneːdərlɑntsə ʔɑnˈtɪlə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; Papiamentu : Antia Hulandes ) was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea . The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles . The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies , and was dissolved in 2010 . The Dutch colony of Surinam , although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America , did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954 . All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today , although the legal status of each differs . As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean , regardless of their legal status .'}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Goller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Goller', 'summary': 'Thomas Goller ( born 28 October 1977 in Dohna , Bezirk Dresden ) is a retired German hurdler . He was banned from competing for two years for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boldenone , SARMs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boldenone', 'summary': 'Boldenone ( developmental code name RU-18761 ) , is a naturally occurring anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) and the 1 ( 2 ) -dehydrogenated analogue of testosterone . Boldenone itself has never been marketed ; as a pharmaceutical drug , it is used as boldenone undecylenate , the undecylenate ester .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SARMs', 'summary': 'Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands . ( The name follows the terminology currently used for similar molecules targeting the estrogen receptor , Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators , such as tamoxifen . ) They are intended to have the same kind of effects as androgenic drugs but be much more selective in their action , allowing them to be used for more uses than the relatively limited legitimate uses of anabolic steroids .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_6', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."}
| null | null |
How many countries border the home country of Thomas Goller ?
|
9
|
041befb527cb6b84
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colby_College_alumni', 'title': 'List of Colby College alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jack Levine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Levine', 'summary': 'Jack Levine ( January 3 , 1915 - November 8 , 2010 ) was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker best known for his satires on modern life , political corruption , and biblical narratives .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon W. Bowie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_W._Bowie', 'summary': "Gordon W. Bowie ( May 31 , 1944 - January 5 , 2012 ) , bass trombonist , composer and conductor , was director of the Montgomery Village Community Band in Montgomery County , Maryland . He was bass trombonist for the Virginia Grand Military Band , Legacy Brass and other DC area ensembles . In addition , for the 1999-2000 school year he served as band and orchestra director for St. Stephens and St. Agnes Schools in Alexandria , Virginia . Dr. Bowie was for many years Principal and Bass Trombonist of the Bangor Symphony Orchestra , a post which he left in September , 1997 , to relocate to the Washington , DC , area . In his position with the Bangor Symphony , he garnered more than thirty years ' orchestral experience under four music directors and numerous guest conductors , playing the standard orchestral repertoire . For the twelve years from 1985 through 1997 he was also Conductor of the Bangor Band , a semi-professional New England Town Band said to be the second oldest continuous community band in the nation . One hundred-thirty-eight years old in the summer of 1997 , the Bangor Band under Dr. Bowie performed year around with a mixed repertoire including band classics , overtures and transcriptions as well as popular tunes , movies and show music , patriotic music and Dixieland . A specialty of the Bangor Band under Dr. Bowie was the music of R.B . Hall , Maine 's own march composer who was a contemporary of John Philip Sousa . Dr. Bowie earned a BA ( Music ) from Colby College , MMED ( Winds and Percussion ) from the University of Colorado , and Ph.D. ( Music ) from the University of Maine , where the subject of his dissertation was R.B . Hall and the Community Bands of Maine . He taught music and bands at all levels , elementary through college , including seven years at Colby College in Waterville , Maine , where he was band director ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocco Landesman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocco_Landesman', 'summary': 'Rocco Landesman ( born July 20 , 1947 ) is a long-time Broadway theatre producer . He served as chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) from August 2009 to December 2012 . The NEA is a public agency of the Federal Government with an annual budget ( $ 155 million for 2009 ) that is directed into grants to support excellence in the arts , bring arts to all Americans and provide leadership in arts education . He is part owner of Jujamcyn Theaters , but he was a passive owner while serving in Washington . Landesman was born and raised in St. Louis , Missouri , studied at Colby College and then the University of Wisconsin , Madison ( BA English Literature 1969 ) , and the Yale School of Drama ( MFA Dramatic Literature and Criticism 1972 , DFA 1976 ) . At the Yale School of Drama he became a protégé and friend of Robert Brustein . At the completion of his course work he stayed at Yale for four years as an Assistant Professor . While at Yale , Landesman got to know novelist Jerzy Kosinski and he worked with Kosinski on two of his novels , Being There and The Devil Tree . Landesman was involved as an editor , helping Kosinski , not a native speaker of English , with his English syntax and writing . While at Yale Landesman was also involved in managing a private mutual fund and a racehorse he had bought . In 1977 he left to focus more time on his private investment fund , which he ran for many years . He also got involved in Broadway theater and he was heavily involved in the genesis and development of Big River ( 1985 Tony , Best Musical ) , a musical based on Huckleberry Finn .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts', 'summary': 'The National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence . It was created by an act of the U.S. Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government . The NEA has its offices in Washington , D.C . It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995 , as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': "Kathy O'Dell", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kathy_O'Dell", 'summary': "Kathy Rosalyn O'Dell ( born 1950 ) is an art historian , theorist , curator , arts advocate , author , and special assistant to the Dean for Arts Partnerships at the University of Maryland Baltimore County . She is known for art theories , especially for contextualizing violence in performance art within social contracts and psychoanalytic theories ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'art historian , theorist , curator , arts advocate , author', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tim O'Brien ( musician )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tim_O'Brien_(musician)", 'summary': "Tim O'Brien ( born March 16 , 1954 ) is an American country and bluegrass musician . In addition to singing , he plays guitar , fiddle , mandolin , banjo , bouzouki and mandocello . He has released more than ten studio albums , in addition to charting a duet with Kathy Mattea entitled The Battle Hymn of Love , a No . 9 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in 1990 . In November 2013 he was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'ex-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country and bluegrass musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Silverman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Silverman', 'summary': 'Tom Silverman is an American entertainment executive . He is most notable for founding the pioneering hip-hop and electro-funk music label , Tommy Boy Records , now known as Tommy Boy Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of hip-hop record label Tommy Boy Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Boy_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Tommy Boy Entertainment is an American independent record label and multimedia brand founded in 1981 by Tom Silverman . The label is credited with launching the music careers of Queen Latifah , Afrika Bambaataa , Digital Underground , De La Soul , House of Pain , and Naughty By Nature . Tommy Boy is also credited with introducing genres such as EDM , Latin freestyle , and Latin hip hop to mainstream audiences in America .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Levering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Levering', 'summary': 'Arthur Levering ( born March 6 , 1953 ) is an American composer of contemporary classical music . He lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA . Levering has received commissions from the Boston Modern Orchestra Project , Boston Musica Viva , the Dinosaur Annex Music Ensemble , the New Juilliard Ensemble , the Rascher Saxophone Quartet , and Sequitur , among others .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Composer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln Peirce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Peirce', 'summary': 'Lincoln Peirce ( born October 23 , 1963 ) ( pronounced purse ) is an American cartoonist , best known as the creator of the successful Big Nate comic strip , and the Big Nate novels . He was the storywriter for animations that appear on Cartoon Network , and Nickelodeon .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartoonist and creator of the comic strip Big Nate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Nate', 'summary': 'Big Nate is an American comic strip written and illustrated by Lincoln Peirce . Originally launched on January 7 , 1991 , the comic has since inspired book collections and theatrical performances . On February 19 , 2020 , it was announced that it would receive an animated adaptation that will air on Nickelodeon .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bush', 'summary': 'William Hall Bush ( born October 13 , 1971 ) is an American former radio and current television host , and a member of the Bush family , which includes two former U.S. presidents and other political figures . After appearing as a correspondent on Access Hollywood from 2001 to 2004 , Bush became a primary anchor of the program in 2004 . Bush also hosted The Billy Bush Show , a nationally syndicated talk and music radio show that aired from 2008 to 2014 . He departed Access Hollywood in 2016 after being named a co-host in the third hour of Today . In October 2016 , during the presidential election , he became the subject of controversy when the 2005 Access Hollywood recording surfaced of him and presidential candidate Donald Trump having a lewd conversation . Due to this incident , Bush was fired from Today .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Host of Access Hollywood , former host of Let 's Make a Deal and The Billy Bush Show", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Access_Hollywood', 'summary': 'Access Hollywood , formerly known as Access from 2017 to 2019 , is an American weekday television entertainment news program that premiered on September 9 , 1996 . It covers events and celebrities in the entertainment industry . It was created by former Entertainment Tonight executive producer Jim Van Messel , and is currently executive produced by Maureen FitzPatrick and directed by Richard Plotkin . In previous years , Doug Dougherty , Christopher A. Berry and Kim Anastasia directed the program . Access Hollywood primarily focuses on news in the music , television , and film industries .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Let's_Make_a_Deal", 'summary': "Let 's Make a Deal ( also known as LMAD ) a television game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world . The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall , the latter serving as its host for nearly 30 years . The format of Let 's Make a Deal involves selected members of the studio audience , referred to as traders , making deals with the host . In most cases , a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item . The program 's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made . The trader thus does not know if he or she is getting something of greater value or a prize that is referred to as a zonk , an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader . Let 's Make a Deal is also known for audience members who dress up in outrageous or crazy costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader . The most recent edition of Let 's Make a Deal has been airing on CBS since October 5 , 2009 , when it took over the spot on the network 's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera Guiding Light . Wayne Brady is the host of the current series , with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer/assistant . Tiffany Coyne is the current model , joining in 2010 , with musician Cat Gray in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Daisey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Daisey', 'summary': 'Mike Daisey ( born January 21 , 1976 ) is an American monologist , author , and actor . His monologue The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs , about the labor conditions under which Apple devices are made , was used as the basis for a widely shared episode of the radio program This American Life , but the episode was later retracted for its factual inaccuracy after it was discovered that Daisey had lied about his experiences .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monologuist , solo performer and author', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Arts and entertainment', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Colby_College_Alumni_2', 'intro': "This list of Colby College alumni includes graduates, non-graduate former students, current students, and honorary degree recipients of Colby College. Founded in 1813, Colby's class of 2013 was the college's 200th, making a total of more than 25,000 living alumni."}
| null | null |
What class is the director of the Montgomery Village Community Band in Montgomery County , Maryland from ?
|
1965
|
041d2029d9365960
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'North Macedonia at the Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blagoja Vidinić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blagoja_Vidinić', 'summary': 'Blagoje Vidinić ( Macedonian : Благоја Видиниќ , Serbian : Благоје Видинић ; 11 June 1934 - 29 December 2006 ) was a Macedonian football coach , player , and Olympic participant of Serbian origin . Born in Skopje , he played his club football for FK Vardar , Radnički Beograd and OFK Beograd in Yugoslavia , and then with FC Sion of Switzerland . In 1967 , he moved to the USA to join the Los Angeles Toros of the National Professional Soccer League , making 20 appearances that season . He started the 1968 season with the relocated successor team San Diego Toros in the newly formed NASL , before moving to St. Louis Stars . He played for Yugoslavia as a goalkeeper in the 1956 and 1960 Olympics , winning silver in the former and gold in the latter . He also played in the 1960 UEFA European Football Championship when Yugoslavia finished second . After retiring from playing , he became a coach , and managed two African teams in the FIFA World Cup : Morocco in 1970 and Zaire in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '1956 Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1956 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia from 22 November to 8 December 1956 , with the exception of the equestrian events , which were held in Stockholm , Sweden in June 1956 . These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania , as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America . Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics . Due to the Southern Hemisphere 's seasons being different from those in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1956 Games did not take place at the usual time of year , because of the need to hold the events during the warmer weather of the host 's spring/summer ( which corresponds to the Northern Hemisphere 's autumn/winter ) . The Olympic equestrian events could not be held in Melbourne due to Australia 's strict quarantine regulations , so they were held in Stockholm five months earlier . This was the second time that the Olympics were not held entirely in one country , the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics , which were held in Antwerp , Belgium , with some events taking place in Ostend , Belgium and Amsterdam , Netherlands . Despite uncertainties and various complications encountered during the preparations , the 1956 Games went ahead in Melbourne as planned and turned out to be a success . The enduring tradition of national teams parading as one during the closing ceremony was started at these Olympics . Several teams boycotted the Games in protest of the IOC 's rejection to suspend the USSR after their invasion of Hungary . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The association football tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics was won by the Soviet Union .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blagoja Vidinić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blagoja_Vidinić', 'summary': 'Blagoje Vidinić ( Macedonian : Благоја Видиниќ , Serbian : Благоје Видинић ; 11 June 1934 - 29 December 2006 ) was a Macedonian football coach , player , and Olympic participant of Serbian origin . Born in Skopje , he played his club football for FK Vardar , Radnički Beograd and OFK Beograd in Yugoslavia , and then with FC Sion of Switzerland . In 1967 , he moved to the USA to join the Los Angeles Toros of the National Professional Soccer League , making 20 appearances that season . He started the 1968 season with the relocated successor team San Diego Toros in the newly formed NASL , before moving to St. Louis Stars . He played for Yugoslavia as a goalkeeper in the 1956 and 1960 Olympics , winning silver in the former and gold in the latter . He also played in the 1960 UEFA European Football Championship when Yugoslavia finished second . After retiring from playing , he became a coach , and managed two African teams in the FIFA World Cup : Morocco in 1970 and Zaire in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '1960 Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The football tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics was held from 26 August to 10 September in 1960 throughout Italy . The tournament features 16 men 's national teams from four continental confederations . The 16 teams are drawn into four groups of four and each group plays a round-robin tournament . At the end of the group stage , the first-ranked teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals , and culminating with the gold medal match in Rome on September 10 , 1960 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blagoja Georgievski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blagoja_Georgievski', 'summary': 'Blagoja Georgievski ( Macedonian : Благоја Георгиевски ; 15 October 1950 - 29 January 2020 ) was a Macedonian professional basketball player and coach . He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally .'}]}, {'value': '1976 Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1976 Summer Olympics , officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad ( French : Les XXIes olympiques d'été ) , was an international multi-sport event in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1976 , and the first Olympic Games held in Canada . Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12 , 1970 , at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam , over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles . It was the first and , so far , only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada . Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010 , respectively . Twenty-nine countries , mostly African , boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) refused to ban New Zealand , after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations ' calls for a sporting embargo . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball events at the 1976 Summer Olympics was the ninth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place from July 18 to July 27 at the Centre Étienne Desmarteau and the Montreal Forum in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Women 's basketball was introduced to the Olympic program for the first time at this Games . The United States won the gold against Yugoslavia in the men 's tournament , while the Soviet Union won the gold medal against the United States in the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ace Rusevski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ace_Rusevski', 'summary': 'Ace Rusevski ( born November 30 , 1956 , in Kumanovo ) is a retired Macedonian boxer , who represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . There he won the bronze medal in the lightweight division ( - 60 kg ) after being defeated in the semifinals by eventual gold medalist Howard Davis Jr. of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '1976 Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1976 Summer Olympics , officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad ( French : Les XXIes olympiques d'été ) , was an international multi-sport event in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1976 , and the first Olympic Games held in Canada . Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12 , 1970 , at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam , over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles . It was the first and , so far , only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada . Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010 , respectively . Twenty-nine countries , mostly African , boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) refused to ban New Zealand , after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations ' calls for a sporting embargo . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'There were eleven boxing events at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The competition was held from 18 to 31 July with the participation of 266 fighters from 54 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's lightweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Sejdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Sejdi', 'summary': 'Shaban Sejdiu ( Albanian : Shaban Sejdiu , Serbo-Croatian : Шабан Сејдиу ; born 6 May 1959 in Skopje ) is a former Yugoslav freestyle wrestler . Sejdiu was born in Bllace , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Shaban Sejdiu , as part of the Skopje Wrestling Club , was trained by notable coaches Risto Takov , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Tërstena , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Sejdiu competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics , in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics , and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . He received bronze medals in both the Moscow and Los Angeles Olympics . Sejdiu also competed in the 1977 World Wrestling Championships and 1981 Skopje , and received silver medals in both . Soviet wrestler and Olympic and Worlds gold medalist , Saypulla Absaidov , stopped him in both finals of the Moscow Olympics and the 1981 World Wrestling Championships . His daughter , Altuna Sejdiu is a successful singer in the Albanian speaking world .'}]}, {'value': '1980 Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by twenty events ( all - men 's individual ) . They were split into two disciplines ( ten events each ) : Freestyle and Greco-Roman . All events were held in the Wrestling hall of the Sports Complex of the Central Sports Club of the Army ( north-western part of Moscow ) between 20 and 31 July ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle lightweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Trstena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Trstena', 'summary': 'Shaban Tërstena ( Albanian : Shaban Tërstena , Macedonian : Шабан Трстена , Serbo-Croatian : Šaban Trstena ) ( born 1 January 1965 ) , is a Macedonian Albanian former freestyle wrestler . Tërstena was born in Skopje , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Growing up in Čair , Tërstena joined the Liria Wrestling Club and was trained by notable coaches Mentaz Allajbegu and Hajrush Sinani , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Sejdiu , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Tërstena won the gold medal at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles and also won the silver medal at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 . Tërstena is currently the youngest to win any wrestling gold at the Olympics , being 19 years of age at the Los Angeles Olympics . In the 1984 European Championships , Tërstena won gold beating the then World Champion Valentin Yordanov . Tërstena would then win silver in 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , and the bronze in 1982 and 1988 . In the 1982 World Wrestling Championships , Tërstena reached bronze . During the three times he competed in the Mediterranean or Balkan Games , he won gold in all three . He has been pronounced the Best Macedonian athlete many times and once , in 1984 the best athlete of Yugoslavia . In 2000 he has been also pronounced the best Albanian athlete of the last century . He has won 715 matches out of 741 fights .'}]}, {'value': '1984 Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle flyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redzep Redzepovski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redzep_Redzepovski', 'summary': "Redžep Redžepovski ( Macedonian : Реџеп Реџеповски ; born 14 December 1962 ) is a retired Macedonian flyweight boxer , who won silver medal for Yugoslavia in the flyweight division ( < 51 kg ) at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . In the final he was defeated by Steve McCrory of the United States . During the preliminary rounds of the 1984 Olympics , Redžepovski scored a controversial win over Australia 's Jeff Fenech , a future World Champion in three weight divisions . Fenech was initially given the decision , but after intervention by the Olympic Boxing Committee and a total recount , the decision was reversed with Redžepovski being awarded the win . Many of the other boxers and those in the press felt that Fenech had been unfairly robbed of a chance to win an Olympic medal and most boxing writers noted how political amateur boxing was , especially at the Olympic Games . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1984 Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place in the Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California , United States . The boxing schedule began on July 29 and ended on August 11 . Twelve boxing events were contested with the participation of 354 fighters from 81 countries . A Soviet-led boycott resulted in the withdrawals of the Soviet Union , Cuba , East Germany , Bulgaria and other Eastern Bloc nations from boxing competitions . At the 1980 Summer Olympics , that was impacted by an American-led boycott , Cuban boxers won 10 medals , with 6 of them being gold , and had again been expected to do well . However , the nation withdrew from the games following the announcement of the Soviet boycott . Teófilo Stevenson , who was going to try for his fourth Olympic gold medal before the boycott was officially announced , had previously defeated Tyrell Biggs twice ( one by knockout ) and Hermenegildo Báez had previously defeated Henry Tillman . Soviet Alexander Yagubkin defeated both Biggs and Tillman during the USA-USSR duals . Cuban and Soviet boxers , however , were more seasoned than their American counterparts . While US athletes typically turned pro after the Olympics , while still in their early twenties , Cubans and the Soviets were not allowed to do so and stayed on in the amateurs , participating in multiple Olympic cycles . Journalist George Vecsey remarked after the conclusion of the games that Despite all the flag-waving euphoria in the United States over all those medals in Los Angeles , the Summer Games were a made-in-Disneyland reproduction of the Games because there were no Soviet runners , no Cuban boxers , no East German swimmers . Soviet runners and East German swimmers decades later were revealed to have been part of their respective nations ' state-sponsored doping schemes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's flyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aziz Salihu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aziz_Salihu', 'summary': 'Aziz Salihu ( born 1 May 1954 in Pristina , Kosovo ) is a retired Super heavyweight boxer of Kosovar Albanian descent . He represented Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California , and won the bronze medal in the super heavyweight division ( > 91 kg ) , after a loss in the semifinals at the hands of Tyrell Biggs of the United States . Salihu also competed at the 1980 ( Moscow ) and 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , where he was eliminated in the quarterfinals .'}]}, {'value': '1984 Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place in the Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California , United States . The boxing schedule began on July 29 and ended on August 11 . Twelve boxing events were contested with the participation of 354 fighters from 81 countries . A Soviet-led boycott resulted in the withdrawals of the Soviet Union , Cuba , East Germany , Bulgaria and other Eastern Bloc nations from boxing competitions . At the 1980 Summer Olympics , that was impacted by an American-led boycott , Cuban boxers won 10 medals , with 6 of them being gold , and had again been expected to do well . However , the nation withdrew from the games following the announcement of the Soviet boycott . Teófilo Stevenson , who was going to try for his fourth Olympic gold medal before the boycott was officially announced , had previously defeated Tyrell Biggs twice ( one by knockout ) and Hermenegildo Báez had previously defeated Henry Tillman . Soviet Alexander Yagubkin defeated both Biggs and Tillman during the USA-USSR duals . Cuban and Soviet boxers , however , were more seasoned than their American counterparts . While US athletes typically turned pro after the Olympics , while still in their early twenties , Cubans and the Soviets were not allowed to do so and stayed on in the amateurs , participating in multiple Olympic cycles . Journalist George Vecsey remarked after the conclusion of the games that Despite all the flag-waving euphoria in the United States over all those medals in Los Angeles , the Summer Games were a made-in-Disneyland reproduction of the Games because there were no Soviet runners , no Cuban boxers , no East German swimmers . Soviet runners and East German swimmers decades later were revealed to have been part of their respective nations ' state-sponsored doping schemes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's super heavyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milko Đurovski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milko_Đurovski', 'summary': "Milko Djurovski ( Macedonian : Милко Ѓуровски , also romanized as Milko Gjurovski , Serbo-Croatian : Milko Đurovski / Милко Ђуровски ; born 26 January 1963 ) is a Macedonian former footballer and the current manager of NK Veržej . He was regarded as one of the most talented Yugoslav players of his generation . Djurovski started out at Red Star Belgrade , making his senior debut in 1979 , aged 16 . He spent a total of seven seasons in their first team , winning two national championships ( 1981 and 1984 ) and two national cups ( 1982 and 1985 ) . In the summer of 1986 , Djurovski made a surprising and controversial move to Red Star 's bitter rivals Partizan . He stayed for four years at Stadion JNA , including an inactive season because of his compulsory military service . Some of his most memorable performances with the Crno-beli include a 1989-90 European Cup Winners ' Cup tie against Groningen , which eventually secured him a transfer to the Dutch club in 1990 . In his later years , Djurovski went on to play for several Slovenian clubs . Internationally , Djurovski represented both Yugoslavia and Macedonia . He earned six caps for Yugoslavia between 1984 and 1985 , scoring two goals . After the dissolution of the former country , Djurovski briefly played for his native Macedonia , making three appearances in 1994 . He had previously won the bronze medal for Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '1984 Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The association football ( soccer ) tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics started on July 29 and ended on August 11 . It was the first Olympic soccer competition in which professionals were allowed . Until then , the amateur-only rule had heavily favored socialist countries from Eastern Europe whose players were professionals in all but name . However , as agreed with FIFA to preserve the primacy of the World Cup , the Olympic competition was restricted to players with no more than five A caps at tournament start , regardless of age . The soccer tournament was held in four venues :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Sejdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Sejdi', 'summary': 'Shaban Sejdiu ( Albanian : Shaban Sejdiu , Serbo-Croatian : Шабан Сејдиу ; born 6 May 1959 in Skopje ) is a former Yugoslav freestyle wrestler . Sejdiu was born in Bllace , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Shaban Sejdiu , as part of the Skopje Wrestling Club , was trained by notable coaches Risto Takov , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Tërstena , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Sejdiu competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics , in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics , and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . He received bronze medals in both the Moscow and Los Angeles Olympics . Sejdiu also competed in the 1977 World Wrestling Championships and 1981 Skopje , and received silver medals in both . Soviet wrestler and Olympic and Worlds gold medalist , Saypulla Absaidov , stopped him in both finals of the Moscow Olympics and the 1981 World Wrestling Championships . His daughter , Altuna Sejdiu is a successful singer in the Albanian speaking world .'}]}, {'value': '1984 Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics , 20 wrestling events were contested . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines . Competition took place at the arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle welterweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stojna Vangelovska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stojna_Vangelovska', 'summary': 'Stojna Vangelovska ( Macedonian : Стојна Вангеловска , born 5 February 1964 ) is a Macedonian and former Yugoslav female professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics was the twelfth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place at the Jamsil Gymnasium in Seoul , South Korea from 17 September to 30 September 1988 . The United States won the gold medal in the women 's competition , thus repeating their performance from the 1984 tournament . In the men 's tournament , the Soviet Union took home their second gold medal in the team 's history for this event . This was the last Olympic basketball tournament where NBA players were not allowed to participate , although professionals from other leagues were allowed to compete , since players from other leagues were still considered amateurs . These were also the last Olympic basketball tournaments where the Soviets fielded a team , as the Soviet Union broke up prior to the 1992 Summer Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Trstena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Trstena', 'summary': 'Shaban Tërstena ( Albanian : Shaban Tërstena , Macedonian : Шабан Трстена , Serbo-Croatian : Šaban Trstena ) ( born 1 January 1965 ) , is a Macedonian Albanian former freestyle wrestler . Tërstena was born in Skopje , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Growing up in Čair , Tërstena joined the Liria Wrestling Club and was trained by notable coaches Mentaz Allajbegu and Hajrush Sinani , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Sejdiu , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Tërstena won the gold medal at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles and also won the silver medal at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 . Tërstena is currently the youngest to win any wrestling gold at the Olympics , being 19 years of age at the Los Angeles Olympics . In the 1984 European Championships , Tërstena won gold beating the then World Champion Valentin Yordanov . Tërstena would then win silver in 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , and the bronze in 1982 and 1988 . In the 1982 World Wrestling Championships , Tërstena reached bronze . During the three times he competed in the Mediterranean or Balkan Games , he won gold in all three . He has been pronounced the Best Macedonian athlete many times and once , in 1984 the best athlete of Yugoslavia . In 2000 he has been also pronounced the best Albanian athlete of the last century . He has won 715 matches out of 741 fights .'}]}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , 20 wrestling events were contested , for all men only . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_freestyle_52_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's Freestyle 52 kg at the 1988 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Sangmu Gymnasium , Seongnam ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of medalists', 'section_text': "Only one athlete representing North Macedonia since 1996 has won an Olympic medal . Medal Name Games Sport Event Bronze Magomed Ibragimov 2000 Sydney Wrestling Men 's freestyle 85 kg Several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( a constituent country of the former SFR Yugoslavia ) have also won Olympic medals , competing for Yugoslavia . [ 1 ]", 'uid': 'Macedonia_at_the_Olympics_1', 'intro': 'North Macedonia first competed as an independent nation at the Olympic Games at the 1996 Summer Olympics, then as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and has participated in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Previously, until 1988, Macedonian athletes competed for Yugoslavia, and in 1992 as Independent Olympic Participants. The provisional appellation of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was used until 2018, in the context of the Macedonia naming dispute.'}
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What year was the female basketball player born ?
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5 February 1964
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041edbbf01eece19
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhavi_(actress)', 'title': 'Madhavi (actress)', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Role', 'Cast', 'Direction'], 'data': [{'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thoorpu Padamara', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narasimha Raju , Mohan Babu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narasimha_Raju_(Telugu_actor)', 'summary': 'Narasimha Raju or Narasimharaju is a Telugu and Tamil film and television actor . He was known as Andhra Kamal Haasan . He rose to the heights of stardom with his movies , Needaleni Adadi , Turpu Padamara , Kanyakumari , Idekkadi Nyayam and Jaganmohini . He was considered the folk hero of the generation next to that of N. T. Rama Rao and Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao . He made his debut as an actor in 1974 with the film Needa Leni Aadadi of Navashakthi Films banner by Parvathaneni Gangadhara Rao . It is also debut film for actress Prabha . The film ran for a hundred days and was commercially successful . He started getting offers from the others . The film Jaganmohini ( 1978 ) directed by B. Vittalacharya became a blockbuster . Later , he acted in the films like Gandhrava Kanya , Mantradandam , Mohini Sapatham , all directed by Vittalacharya . He also worked with other directors as a folklore hero in films like Triloka Sundari ( 1980 ) directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao . He acted in about 100 films in two decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mohan_Babu', 'summary': 'Mohan Babu ( born Manchu Bhakthavatsalam on 19 March 1950 ) is an Indian film actor , director , and producer , known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema . An alumnus of the Madras Film Institute , Mohan Babu has acted in more than five hundred feature films in lead , supporting and a variety of roles . In 1995 , he received Filmfare Best Actor Award for his work in the multi-starrer Pedarayudu , which also starred Rajinikanth in a pivotal role . In 2007 , he received the CineMAA Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in Yamadonga . Mohan Babu was honored at the University of California , Berkeley for his contribution to the field of cinema and education . He is the co-owner of production companies such as Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures , 24 Frames Factory and Manchu Entertainment . In 2016 , he garnered the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award - South . In 2017 , he received the Special Appreciation Award for completing forty years in cinema at the 6th South Indian International Movie Awards . A former Physical Education Instructor , Mohan Babu is a noted educationalist , and operates Sri Vidya Niketan Educational Institutions , and is the founder of Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust . In the year 2007 , he received the Padma Shri for his contribution to the field of Arts and education . He is a former Member of Parliament - Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh after being elected in the year 1995 . He was also elected a Deputy into the International Parliament for Safety and Peace , an intergovernmental organization based in Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Dasari Narayana Rao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dasari_Narayana_Rao', 'summary': 'Dasari Narayana Rao ( 4 May 1947 - 30 May 2017 ) was an Indian film director , producer , screenwriter , dialogue writer , actor , lyricist , and politician known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema , Television , and Bollywood . He has directed more than one hundred and fifty feature films in a variety of genres . His works emphasize social injustice , corruption and gender discrimination . Rao has received two National Film Awards , nine state Nandi Awards including the Raghupathi Venkaiah Award , and four Filmfare Awards South including the lifetime Achievement . During his career he has also acted in Telugu , Tamil , and Kannada languages . Rao gained national recognition for directing Hindi films such as , Swarg Narak , Jyoti Bane Jwala , Zakhmi Sher , Sarfarosh , Wafadaar , Prem Tapasya , Pyaasa Sawan , Aaj Ka M.L.A . Ram Avtar , and Asha Jyoti . Rao holds Limca World Record for directing the most number of films . He directed works such as Tandra Paparayudu ( 1986 ) , and Surigaadu ( 1992 ) which were screened at International Film Festival of India in the panorama section , and Kante Koothurne Kanu ( 1998 ) which received the National Film Award Special Mention Feature Film . In 1983 , he directed Meghasandesam screened at the Indian panorama , Tashkent Film Festival , and Moscow film festival . The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amara Deepam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amara_Deepam_(1977_film)', 'summary': 'Amara Deepam ( transl . The Eternal Lamp ) is a 1977 Telugu drama film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao . The film stars Krishnam Raju , Jayasudha and Murali Mohan in the lead roles . The film is a remake of the Tamil film Dheepam ( 1977 ) , starring Sivaji Ganesan , which itself was a remake of the Malayalam film Theekkanal . Krishnam Raju received the Filmfare Best Actor Award ( Telugu ) and Nandi Award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhavi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krishnam Raju , Jayasudha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krishnam_Raju', 'summary': 'Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju is an Indian actor and politician . He is known for his works in Telugu language films and is widely known as Rebel Star for his rebellious acting style . He is also the winner of the inaugural Nandi Award for Best Actor . Krishnam Raju has starred in more than 183 feature films in his career . He made his film debut with the 1966 Chilaka Gorinka produced and directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma . Krishnam Raju has garnered five Filmfare Awards South and three state Nandi Awards . Krishnam Raju is also an active politician . Krishnam Raju acted in several blockbuster hit films such as Jeevana Tarangalu ( 1973 ) , Krishnaveni ( 1974 ) , Bhakta Kannappa ( 1976 ) , Amaradeepam ( 1977 ) , Sati Savitri ( 1978 ) , Katakataala Rudraiah ( 1978 ) , Mana Voori Pandavulu ( 1978 ) , Rangoon Rowdy ( 1979 ) , Shri Vinayaka Vijayamu ( 1979 ) , Sita Ramulu ( 1980 ) , Taxi Driver ( 1981 ) , Trishulam ( 1982 ) , Dharmaatmudu ( 1983 ) , Bobbili Brahmanna ( 1984 ) , Tandra Paprayudu ( 1986 ) , Marana Sasanam ( 1987 ) , Vishwanatha Nayakudu ( 1987 ) , Antima Theerpu ( 1988 ) , Bava Bavamaridi ( 1993 ) , Palnati Pourusham ( 1994 ) . After the late 1990s , he became active in politics . He joined Bharatiya Janata Party and was elected to the 12th and 13th Lok Sabha from Kakinada and Narasapur constituencies . He served as a Minister of State for Ministry of External Affairs in the Third Vajpayee Ministry from 1999 to 2004 . On 24 March 2009 he joined Praja Rajyam Party founded by Chiranjeevi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jayasudha', 'summary': 'Jayasudha Kapoor ( born Sujatha Nidudavolu ) is an Indian film actress predominantly appears in Telugu cinema . She was also a former MLA for the Congress in Secunderabad . She has a son Nitin Kapoor ( Hiremath ) who has been adopted by somasekhar Hiremath and Mala Hiremath from Karnataka . She has also worked in Tamil , Malayalam , Hindi and Kannada films . She has received seven state Nandi Awards of Andra Pradesh , and seven Filmfare Awards South .'}]}, {'value': 'K.Raghavendra Rao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.Raghavendra_Rao', 'summary': 'K. Raghavendra Rao ( born Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao on 30 Sep 1930 ) is an Indian film director , producer , screenwriter and choreographer , known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema and a few Hindi and Kannada films . He has garnered eight state Nandi Awards , the IIFA Award , the SIIMA Award , five Filmfare Awards South and two CineMAA Awards . In a film career spanning more than five decades , Rao has directed more than a hundred feature films , of which around ninety were box office hits , across multiple genres such as romantic comedy , fantasy , melodrama , action thriller , biographical and romance films . Rao received the state Nandi Award for Best Director for his works such as Bobbili Brahmanna ( 1984 ) , and Pelli Sandadi ( 1996 ) . He garnered the Filmfare Award for Best Director - Telugu for the drama film Prema Lekhalu ( 1977 ) , the super natural fantasy film , Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari ( 1990 ) , and the romance film Allari Priyudu ( 1993 ) . Rao is known for his works in hagiographical films such as Annamayya ( 1997 ) , which won two National Film Awards , and was also showcased at the 1998 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section . Rao also received the Nandi Award for Best Direction , the Filmfare Award for Best Direction for his work in the film . His other hagiographic works such as Sri Manjunatha ( 2001 ) , Sri Ramadasu ( 2006 ) , Shirdi Sai ( 2012 ) and Om Namo Venkatesaya ( 2017 ) , received several state honors . His mainstream works such as the 1987 Social problem film Agni Putrudu , and the 1988 action thriller Aakhari Poratam , were screened at the 11th and 12th International Film Festival of India respectively in the mainstream section . In 1992 , he directed the melodrama Gharana Mogudu , premiered at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section , which became the first Telugu film to gross over ₹ 10 crore at the box office . Next , he directed the instant hit Allari Priyudu , which was also premiered at the 1994 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maro Charitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maro_Charitra', 'summary': 'Maro Charitra ( transl . Another History ) is a 1978 Telugu-language Indian romantic tragedy film written and directed by K. Balachander . It stars Kamal Haasan and Saritha in the lead with Madhavi appearing in prominent roles . The film deals with cross-cultural romance between a Tamil boy and a Telugu girl . Upon release , it was commercially successful and remains a cult classic . Owing to its success in Andhra Pradesh , the film was released in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka without being dubbed into the respective languages . This film dubbed in Malayalam as Thirakal Ezhuthiya Kavitha . This movie ran 700 days . Balachander won a Best Director at the Southern Filmfare Awards in 1979 . Later in 1981 , Balachander remade the film in Hindi as Ek Duuje Ke Liye with Kamal Haasan reprising his role . Saritha , the female lead , was , however , replaced by Punjabi actress Rati Agnihotri . The Hindi remake became a success as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandhya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamal Haasan , Saritha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamal_Haasan', 'summary': "Kamal Haasan ( born 7 November 1954 ) is an Indian film actor , dancer , film director , screenwriter , producer , playback singer , lyricist and politician who works primarily in Tamil cinema and has also worked in Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Hindi and Bengali films . Haasan has won awards including three National Film Awards for Best Actor and 19 Filmfare Awards and nine International Awards . His production company , Raaj Kamal Films International , has produced several of his films . He started his career as a child artist in the 1960 Tamil language film Kalathur Kannamma , for which he won the President 's Gold Medal . He met director Vaaranam Vijay who is frequently credited with shaping Haasan 's acting skills . His breakthrough as a lead actor came in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal , directed by K.Balachander , in which he played a rebellious youth who falls in love with an older woman . He won his first National Film Award for his portrayal of a guileless school teacher who cares for a woman who suffers from retrograde amnesia in Moondram Pirai ( 1983 ) . He was noted for his performances in Mani Ratnam 's Nayakan ( 1987 ) and S. Shankar 's vigilante film Indian ( 1996 ) , which saw him playing dual roles of a father and a son . Since then he has appeared in films including Hey Ram ( 2000 ) , Virumaandi ( 2004 ) , Vishwaroopam ( 2013 ) which were his own productions and Dasavathaaram ( 2008 ) in which he played ten roles . Haasan was awarded the Kalaimamani award in 1984 the Padma Shri in 1990 , the Padma Bhushan in 2014 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( Chevalier ) in 2016 . Haasan was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at 15th Mumbai International Film Festival in 2013 . On February 21 , 2018 , Haasan formally launched his political party , Makkal Needhi Maiam ( lit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saritha', 'summary': 'Saritha is a South Indian actress who has acted in more than 250 films in Tamil , Malayalam , Kannada and Telugu languages . She was one of the popular and critically acclaimed lead actresses during the 1980s . She also appeared in a television serial , Selvi . She is also credited as a dubbing artist . She has dubbed her voice for Tamil and Telugu movies for actresses like Nagma , Vijayashanti , Tabu , Sushmita Sen , Ramya Krishnan and Soundarya in 1990s . She has dubbed in Kannada and Malayalam movies , too . She is a recipient of several state awards from Tamil , Telugu and Kannada , six Filmfare Awards and six Nandi Awards including a Special Jury Award for the film kannan Saritha received Tamil Nadu State Film Awards four times , Karnataka State Film Awards once and many Film fans association awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Balachander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kailasam_Balachander', 'summary': "Kailasam Balachander ( 9 July 1930 - 23 December 2014 ) was an Indian filmmaker and playwright who worked mainly in the Tamil film industry . He was well known for his distinct film-making style , and the Indian film industry knew him as a master of unconventional themes and hard-hitting contemporary subject matter . Balachander 's films are well known for their portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters . Popularly referred to as Iyakkunar Sigaram ( lit . the director who scaled the peak ) , his films are usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes . He started his film career in 1964 as a screenwriter and graduated to a director with Neerkumizhi ( 1965 ) . In a career that spanned 50 years , he had contributed to nearly 100 feature films either as a screenwriter or director , thus becoming one of the most prolific filmmakers in the country . Known among his colleagues as a tough task master , he was credited with having nurtured numerous actors , notably Nagesh , Sujatha , Kamal Haasan , Rajinikanth , Chiranjeevi , Jayaprada , Sridevi , Jayasudha , Saritha , Renuka , Nassar , Prakash Raj , Ramesh Aravind and Vivek . In his film career , Balachander had won nine National Film Awards and 13 Filmfare Awards . He was honored with the Padma Shri ( 1987 ) , India 's fourth highest civilian award , and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . He also made films under his production house , Kavithalaya Productions . Apart from Tamil , he made films in other languages such as Telugu , Kannada and Hindi ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pranam Khareedu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pranam_Khareedu', 'summary': 'Pranam Khareedu ( English title : Cost of Life ) is a 1978 Telugu film . It starred Jayasudha , Rao Gopal Rao , Chandra Mohan , Chiranjeevi , Reshma Roy , and Madhavi in a guest appearance . The film released on 22 September 1978 . The film is based on a play written by C. S. Rao ( writer ) . It is the debut film for character actor Kota Srinivasa Rao . Chiranjeevi started his film career with Punadhirallu . However , his first released film was Pranam Khareedu .'}]}, {'value': 'Venkatalakshmi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiranjeevi , Rao Gopal Rao , Jayasudha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rao_Gopal_Rao', 'summary': 'Rao Gopal Rao ( born Raavu Gopala Rao ) ( 14 January 1937 - 13 August 1994 ) was an Indian film character actor , and producer , known for his works predominantly in the Telugu cinema , and Telugu theatre . In a film career spanning more than forty years , Rao starred in more than four hundred feature films in a variety of characters . Rao was known for his gruesome portrayals of lead antagonist roles with a touch of humor . Rao was presented with Kala Prapoorna in 1990 by Andhra University and was honored with Natavirat and Chittoru Nagayya Award in 1987 . Rao was known for his villainous roles in works such as Muthyala Muggu ( 1975 ) , Bhakta Kannappa ( 1976 ) , Gorantadiipam ( 1978 ) , Manavoori Pandavulu ( 1978 ) , Kaliyuga Ravanasurudu ( 1980 ) , Tyagayya ( 1981 ) , Ooriki Monagadu ( 1981 ) , Gudachari No.1 ( 1983 ) , Abhilasha ( 1983 ) , Khaidi ( 1983 ) , Challenge ( 1984 ) , Jaakii ( 1985 ) , Bullet ( 1985 ) , Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu ( 1989 ) , Lorry Driver ( 1990 ) , Kondaveeti Donga ( 1990 ) , and Gang Leader ( 1991 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jayasudha', 'summary': 'Jayasudha Kapoor ( born Sujatha Nidudavolu ) is an Indian film actress predominantly appears in Telugu cinema . She was also a former MLA for the Congress in Secunderabad . She has a son Nitin Kapoor ( Hiremath ) who has been adopted by somasekhar Hiremath and Mala Hiremath from Karnataka . She has also worked in Tamil , Malayalam , Hindi and Kannada films . She has received seven state Nandi Awards of Andra Pradesh , and seven Filmfare Awards South .'}]}, {'value': 'K. Vasu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tayaramma Bangarayya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tayaramma_Bangarayya', 'summary': 'Tayaramma Bangarayya is a 1979 Telugu language film starring Sowcar Janaki as Tayaramma and Kaikala Satyanarayana as Bangarayya . Chiranjeevi played a very small role in the movie . The film was remade in Tamil as Sathya Sundharam with Sivaji Ganesan in the lead role and in Hindi as Shrimaan Shrimati with Sanjeev Kumar as the lead .'}]}, {'value': 'Aruna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiranjeevi , Kaikala Satyanarayana , Sowcar Janaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kaikala_Satyanarayana', 'summary': 'Kaikala Satyanarayana is a former TDP parliamentarian , film actor , producer and director in Telugu cinema . He was the jury member for South Region II at the 59th National Film Awards . He is the recipient of the 2011 Raghupathi Venkaiah Award and 2017 Filmfare Award , both of which awarded him for lifetime achievement in Telugu cinema .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sowcar_Janaki', 'summary': 'Sankaramanchi Janaki ( born 12 December 1931 ) , popularly known as Sowcar Janaki , is a south-Indian actress who has acted in over 387 Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Hindi and Malayalam films . She also performed on stage in over 300 shows and was a radio artist during her earlier years . Her career as film actress began only after her marriage . She became a popular actress with hits in various languages between 1949 and 1975 as the lead heroine such as Shavukaru ( Telugu ) , Valayapathy , Rojulu Marayi ( Telugu ) , then in Tamil , such as Naan Kanda Sorgam , Kaviya Thalavi , Bhagya Lakshmi , Pallum Pazhamum , Paar Magale Paar , Thayikku Thalaimagan , Kumudham , Panam Paadithavan , Puthiya Paravai , Bama Vijayam , Oli Villaku , Ethir Neechal , Maanavan , Uyardha Manidhan , Nimarundhu Nil , Thunaivan , Needhi , Kaliyuga Kannan and Iru Kodugal ( Tamil ) , with Kannada films such as Devakaanika , Saaku Magalu , Sadarame , Thayige Thakka Maga and then with her Malayalam debut Schoolmaster ( 1964 ) and with a film in Hindi - Teen Bahuraniyan . She worked with famous directors such as Dada Mirasee and K. Balachandar . She moved to supporting roles after 1975 and her performances in Cinema Paithiyam , Thee , Thillu Mullu , Vetri Vizha and Kaanche were widely appreciated . She served as jury member for the National Indian Films awards committee and as chair person for state Telugu Films awards committee . She made her debut at the age of 18 , after her marriage , in 1949 with the film Shavukaru . After this , she essayed wide variety of roles for next 70 years . The only other actors to have had such long careers in the field of acting in India were Dev Anand , Pran , Ashok Kumar and Kamini Kaushal However , by 2016 , her career span has overtaken most of the actors and she remains the actress with the longest career span . She was the most comfortable on being paired with Sreekanth , Gemini Ganeshan and Shivaji Ganeshan repeatedly in Tamil films . She quoted in an interview on her pairing with Sivaji Ganesan , He would compliment me in public using superlatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Kommineni Seshagiri Rao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kommineni_Seshagiri_Rao', 'summary': 'Kommineni Seshagiri Rao was a Telugu film director . He was the brother of the music director Chakravarthy . He was born in Ponnekallu village , near Tadikonda in Guntur district , Andhra Pradesh , India .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kukka Katuku Cheppu Debba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kukka_Katuku_Cheppu_Debba', 'summary': 'Kukka Katuku Cheppu Debba is a 1979 Telugu film starring Chiranjeevi and Madhavi in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Parvati', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiranjeevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}]}, {'value': 'E. Ramki Sharma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kothala Raayudu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kothala_Raayudu', 'summary': 'Kothala Raayudu is a Telugu film starring Chiranjeevi .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiranjeevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}]}, {'value': 'K. Vasu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mande Gundelu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rani', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edi papam Edi Punyam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aruna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oka Challani Ratri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nirmala', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthuleni Vintha Katha', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narasimharaju , Manju Bhargavi , Jayanthi , Srividya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narasimharaju_(Telugu_actor)', 'summary': 'Narasimha Raju or Narasimharaju is a Telugu and Tamil film and television actor . He was known as Andhra Kamal Haasan . He rose to the heights of stardom with his movies , Needaleni Adadi , Turpu Padamara , Kanyakumari , Idekkadi Nyayam and Jaganmohini . He was considered the folk hero of the generation next to that of N. T. Rama Rao and Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao . He made his debut as an actor in 1974 with the film Needa Leni Aadadi of Navashakthi Films banner by Parvathaneni Gangadhara Rao . It is also debut film for actress Prabha . The film ran for a hundred days and was commercially successful . He started getting offers from the others . The film Jaganmohini ( 1978 ) directed by B. Vittalacharya became a blockbuster . Later , he acted in the films like Gandhrava Kanya , Mantradandam , Mohini Sapatham , all directed by Vittalacharya . He also worked with other directors as a folklore hero in films like Triloka Sundari ( 1980 ) directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao . He acted in about 100 films in two decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manju_Bhargavi', 'summary': 'Manju Bhargavi ( born 1955 ) is an actress and dancer , best known for her performance in the Telugu blockbuster film Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) and Nayakudu Vinayakudu ( 1980 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jayanthi_(actress)', 'summary': "Kamala Kumari ( born 6 January 1945 ) , known by her mononymous stage name Jayanthi , is an Indian actress known for her work in Kannada cinema . She is noted for her contributions to different genres of films from the 1960s , 1970s and early 1980s . She has appeared in over 500 films , including films in the Kannada , Telugu , Tamil , Malayalam , Hindi and Marathi languages . She has received two Karnataka State Film Awards for Best Actress , the President 's Medal for Best Actress and two Filmfare Awards for Best Actress . She has been cited as Kannada cinema 's most bold and beautiful actress by various media outlets , a title for which she has received substantial publicity . The Kannada film industry has honored her with the title Abhinaya Sharadhe , ( Goddess Sharada in acting ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Srividya', 'summary': "Srividya , also known as Sreevidya , was an Indian film actress best known for her work predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil films with few Telugu , Kannada and Hindi films for 40 years.She acted in more than 800 films in her film career . In the latter part of her career , she concentrated on Malayalam films . In addition to acting , she occasionally worked as a playback singer as well . She was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions.She used her own voice for dubbing in all her movies in all languages . Srividya 's personal life was full of tragedies . In 2006 , she died of spine cancer , aged 53 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohan Das', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaliyuga Mahabharatam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narasimha Raju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narasimharaju_(Telugu_actor)', 'summary': 'Narasimha Raju or Narasimharaju is a Telugu and Tamil film and television actor . He was known as Andhra Kamal Haasan . He rose to the heights of stardom with his movies , Needaleni Adadi , Turpu Padamara , Kanyakumari , Idekkadi Nyayam and Jaganmohini . He was considered the folk hero of the generation next to that of N. T. Rama Rao and Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao . He made his debut as an actor in 1974 with the film Needa Leni Aadadi of Navashakthi Films banner by Parvathaneni Gangadhara Rao . It is also debut film for actress Prabha . The film ran for a hundred days and was commercially successful . He started getting offers from the others . The film Jaganmohini ( 1978 ) directed by B. Vittalacharya became a blockbuster . Later , he acted in the films like Gandhrava Kanya , Mantradandam , Mohini Sapatham , all directed by Vittalacharya . He also worked with other directors as a folklore hero in films like Triloka Sundari ( 1980 ) directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao . He acted in about 100 films in two decades .'}]}, {'value': 'Hanuman Prasad', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agni Sanskaram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agni_Sanskaram', 'summary': 'Agni Samskaram is a Telugu film starring Chiranjeevi , Kavitha and Subhashini .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiranjeevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}]}, {'value': 'J. P. Prabhakar Sharma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mudumulla Bandham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajendra Prasad , Sarath Babu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad', 'summary': 'Rajendra Prasad ( 3 December 1884 - 28 February 1963 ) was the first President of India , in office from 1950 to 1962 . He was an Indian political leader and lawyer by training . Prasad joined the Indian National Congress during the Indian Independence Movement and became a major leader from the region of Bihar . A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi , Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 and the Quit India movement of 1942 . After the 1946 elections , Prasad served as Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government . Upon independence in 1947 , Prasad was elected as President of the Constituent Assembly of India , which prepared the Constitution of India and served as its provisional parliament . When India became a republic in 1950 , Prasad was elected its first president by the Constituent Assembly . Following the general election of 1951 , he was elected president by the electoral college of the first Parliament of India and its state legislatures . As president , Prasad established a tradition of non-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer , and retired from Congress party politics . Although a ceremonial head of state , Prasad encouraged the development of education in India and advised the Nehru government on several occasions . In 1957 , Prasad was re-elected to the presidency , becoming the only president to serve two full terms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarath_Babu', 'summary': 'Sathyam Babu Dixithulu , known by his stage name Sarath Babu , is an Indian film actor , known for his works in Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi . He has acted in more than 200 films , most of them in a supporting role . He has acted in more than 100 films in Tamil and 80 in Telugu , 20 in Kannada and a few in Malayalam and Hindi . He entered the film industry in 1973 through a Telugu film and later became popular through the Tamil film Nizhal Nijamagiradhu directed by K. Balachander . He has received eight state Nandi Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Muthyala Subbaiah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muthyala_Subbaiah', 'summary': 'Muthyala Subbaiah is a Telugu film director . He has directed 51 films . Known for his movies with heavy dose of human emotions , he is sometimes referred as Sentiment Subbaiah . He was active in the 1990s . He is currently leading a retired life .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triloka Sundari', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narasimha Raju , Deepa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narasimharaju_(Telugu_actor)', 'summary': 'Narasimha Raju or Narasimharaju is a Telugu and Tamil film and television actor . He was known as Andhra Kamal Haasan . He rose to the heights of stardom with his movies , Needaleni Adadi , Turpu Padamara , Kanyakumari , Idekkadi Nyayam and Jaganmohini . He was considered the folk hero of the generation next to that of N. T. Rama Rao and Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao . He made his debut as an actor in 1974 with the film Needa Leni Aadadi of Navashakthi Films banner by Parvathaneni Gangadhara Rao . It is also debut film for actress Prabha . The film ran for a hundred days and was commercially successful . He started getting offers from the others . The film Jaganmohini ( 1978 ) directed by B. Vittalacharya became a blockbuster . Later , he acted in the films like Gandhrava Kanya , Mantradandam , Mohini Sapatham , all directed by Vittalacharya . He also worked with other directors as a folklore hero in films like Triloka Sundari ( 1980 ) directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao . He acted in about 100 films in two decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unni_Mary', 'summary': 'Unni Mary ( born 12 March 1962 ) is an Indian film actress who works mainly in Malayalam films . She has also worked in Telugu , Tamil and Kannada films . She acted under the screen name Deepa in Tamil and Kannada .'}]}, {'value': 'Singeetham Srinivasa Rao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singeetham_Srinivasa_Rao', 'summary': "Singeetam Srinivasa Rao ( born 21 September 1931 ) is an Indian film director , producer , screenwriter , composer , singer , lyricist and actor , known for his works in Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi films , across multiple genres . The octogenarian is widely regarded as one of the versatile directors of India . He is credited with having revolutionised the South Indian cinema with experimental films . He has garnered two National Film Awards , seven state Nandi Awards , three Filmfare Awards South , and three Karnataka State Film Awards . In 2010 , Rao headed the Jury of the Indian Panorama at the 8th Chennai International Film Festival . In 2011 , Rao received the Life Achievement Award from the Film Federation of India at the 4th Global Film Festival . Rao was also the Guest of honor alongside Barrie Osbourne at the Media and Entertainment Business Conclave 2012 hosted by FICCI and FFI . In 2012 , Rao served as one of the selection committee members for the Sundance Institute 's screenwriters lab . The 2003 animation film , Son of Aladdin had 1100 shots and 125 characters . The film won Special Mention in the Competition section at the 2003 International Childrens Film Festival Hyderabad , and was subsequently premiered at the 37th International Film Festival of India . The 2008 animation film Ghatothkach , was premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in the Critics ' Week section , and was also premiered to special mention at the Grand Finale - Children 's Film Festival 2014 of the 44th International Film Festival of India . Rao served as the executive director for the 1970 Kannada film , Samskara which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film , and Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaaralabbai', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muralimohan , Kaikala Satyanarayana , Prabhakar Reddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muralimohan', 'summary': "Murali Mohan Maganti ( born 24 June 1940 ) is an Indian film actor , producer , politician and business executive from Telugu cinema . In 1973 , Murali Mohan debuted in Jagame Maya , produced by Atluri Poornachandra Rao . He gained recognition with the 1974 film Tirupati , directed by Dasari Narayana Rao . He has acted in over 350 feature films . He has served in various positions in the National Film Development Corporation ( NFDC ) and the Andhra Pradesh Film Development Corporation . He was the Honorary President of the Telugu Movie Artists Association until the elections in 2015 . In 1980 he formed his own film production company , Jayabheri Arts , with his brother Kishore . His first film as producer was Varala Abbay , directed by Raja Chandra . This was Murali Mohan 's 100th film . The company produced 25 films , which include the blockbuster film Athadu . He is the Chairman of the construction company Jayabheri Group . He has also been active in politics for the Telugu Desam Party ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kaikala_Satyanarayana', 'summary': 'Kaikala Satyanarayana is a former TDP parliamentarian , film actor , producer and director in Telugu cinema . He was the jury member for South Region II at the 59th National Film Awards . He is the recipient of the 2011 Raghupathi Venkaiah Award and 2017 Filmfare Award , both of which awarded him for lifetime achievement in Telugu cinema .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prabhakar_Reddy', 'summary': 'Mandadi Prabhakar Reddy ( 1935-1997 ) was an Indian film character actor , known for his works in Telugu cinema . He acted in over 472 films over three decades . He wrote stories for several acclaimed films , including Karthika Deepam . The Dr. M Prabhakara Reddy Chalana Chitra Karmika Chitrapuri in Manikonda , Hyderabad , is named in his honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajachandra', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chettaniki Kallu Levu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rekha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'chiranjeevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ooriki Ichina Maata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ooriki_Ichina_Maata', 'summary': 'Oorukichchina Maata is a 1981 Telugu drama film written and directed by M. Balaiah starring Chiranjeevi and Betha Sudhakar .'}]}, {'value': 'Rupa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiranjeevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiranjeevi', 'summary': "Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad ( born 22 August 1955 ) , better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi , is an Indian film actor and politician . He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India from 27 October 2012 to 15 May 2014 . Prior to politics , Chiranjeevi had attended the Madras Film Institute and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema in addition to Tamil , Kannada , and Hindi films . He made his acting debut in 1978 with Punadhirallu . However , Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office . Known for his breakdancing skills , Chiranjeevi starred in over 150 feature films . In 1987 , he starred in Swayamkrushi which was dubbed into Russian and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival . Chiranjeevi won the 1988 Indian Express Best Actor Award and the state Nandi Award for Best Actor awards for his performance in the film . In the same year , Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards . In 1988 , he co-produced Rudraveena which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . Chiranjeevi 's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu , directed by K. Raghavendra Rao , is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹10 crore at the box office . The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section ."}]}, {'value': 'M. Balaiah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._Balaiah', 'summary': 'Mannava Balaiah ( or Balayya ) is an actor , writer , director and producer in Telugu cinema . He acted in 300 films . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amavasya Chandrudu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amavasya_Chandrudu', 'summary': "Raja Paarvai ( transl . The Royal Gaze ) is a 1981 Tamil-language Indian romance film directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao . The story was written by Kamal Haasan , for whom the film was his 100th as an actor , and first as producer . The score and soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja . The film was simultaneously made and released as Amavasya Chandrudu ( transl . Moon on a new moon day ) in Telugu . Despite being a box office failure , the film received critical acclaim , and Haasan 's performance won him the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamal Hasan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamal_Hasan', 'summary': "Kamal Haasan ( born 7 November 1954 ) is an Indian film actor , dancer , film director , screenwriter , producer , playback singer , lyricist and politician who works primarily in Tamil cinema and has also worked in Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Hindi and Bengali films . Haasan has won awards including three National Film Awards for Best Actor and 19 Filmfare Awards and nine International Awards . His production company , Raaj Kamal Films International , has produced several of his films . He started his career as a child artist in the 1960 Tamil language film Kalathur Kannamma , for which he won the President 's Gold Medal . He met director Vaaranam Vijay who is frequently credited with shaping Haasan 's acting skills . His breakthrough as a lead actor came in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal , directed by K.Balachander , in which he played a rebellious youth who falls in love with an older woman . He won his first National Film Award for his portrayal of a guileless school teacher who cares for a woman who suffers from retrograde amnesia in Moondram Pirai ( 1983 ) . He was noted for his performances in Mani Ratnam 's Nayakan ( 1987 ) and S. Shankar 's vigilante film Indian ( 1996 ) , which saw him playing dual roles of a father and a son . Since then he has appeared in films including Hey Ram ( 2000 ) , Virumaandi ( 2004 ) , Vishwaroopam ( 2013 ) which were his own productions and Dasavathaaram ( 2008 ) in which he played ten roles . Haasan was awarded the Kalaimamani award in 1984 the Padma Shri in 1990 , the Padma Bhushan in 2014 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( Chevalier ) in 2016 . Haasan was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at 15th Mumbai International Film Festival in 2013 . On February 21 , 2018 , Haasan formally launched his political party , Makkal Needhi Maiam ( lit ."}]}, {'value': 'Singeetam Srinivasa Rao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao', 'summary': "Singeetam Srinivasa Rao ( born 21 September 1931 ) is an Indian film director , producer , screenwriter , composer , singer , lyricist and actor , known for his works in Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi films , across multiple genres . The octogenarian is widely regarded as one of the versatile directors of India . He is credited with having revolutionised the South Indian cinema with experimental films . He has garnered two National Film Awards , seven state Nandi Awards , three Filmfare Awards South , and three Karnataka State Film Awards . In 2010 , Rao headed the Jury of the Indian Panorama at the 8th Chennai International Film Festival . In 2011 , Rao received the Life Achievement Award from the Film Federation of India at the 4th Global Film Festival . Rao was also the Guest of honor alongside Barrie Osbourne at the Media and Entertainment Business Conclave 2012 hosted by FICCI and FFI . In 2012 , Rao served as one of the selection committee members for the Sundance Institute 's screenwriters lab . The 2003 animation film , Son of Aladdin had 1100 shots and 125 characters . The film won Special Mention in the Competition section at the 2003 International Childrens Film Festival Hyderabad , and was subsequently premiered at the 37th International Film Festival of India . The 2008 animation film Ghatothkach , was premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in the Critics ' Week section , and was also premiered to special mention at the Grand Finale - Children 's Film Festival 2014 of the 44th International Film Festival of India . Rao served as the executive director for the 1970 Kannada film , Samskara which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film , and Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Selected filmography -- Telugu', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Madhavi_(actress)_0', 'intro': 'Madhavi is an Indian film actress known for her works in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi and Oriya cinema. In a career spanning seventeen years, she has acted in around three hundred films. She was one of the top actresses from 1976 to 1996 in Telugu & Tamil films.'}
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What was the Tamil title of the remake of the 1979 film in which Madhavi played Aruna ?
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Sathya Sundharam
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041f5a9f575df39d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dock_applications', 'title': 'List of dock applications', 'header': ['Dock application', 'Platform ( s )', 'Software license', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'OS X Dock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS_X_Dock', 'summary': "The Dock is a prominent feature of the graphical user interface of macOS . It is used to launch applications and to switch between running applications . The Dock is also a prominent feature of macOS 's predecessor NeXTSTEP and OpenStep operating systems . The earliest known implementations of a dock are found in operating systems such as RISC OS and NeXTSTEP . iOS has its own version of the Dock for iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad . Apple applied for a US patent for the design of the Dock in 1999 and was granted the patent in October 2008 , nearly a decade later . Any application can be dragged and dropped onto the Dock to add it to the dock , and any application can be dragged from the dock to remove it , except for Finder and Trash , which are permanent fixtures as the leftmost and rightmost items ( or highest and lowest items if the Dock is vertically oriented ) , respectively . Part of the macOS Core Services , Dock.app is located at /System/Library/CoreServices/ ."}]}, {'value': 'OS X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'The standard dock bundled with OS X', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DragThing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DragThing', 'summary': 'DragThing is a shareware Dock application for Mac OS X . Intended for organization and as an application switcher , DragThing allows for multiple docks with user-specified settings such as color , texture and shape . Dock contents can be organized into tabs and paying the shareware fee enables the user to assign a keyboard shortcut to any dock item . DragThing has won many awards , and in 2010 MacWorld gave it 4.5 mice , highlighting its utility for users who preferred using the mouse over keyboard-oriented launchers such as LaunchBar or QuickSilver .'}]}, {'value': 'OS X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Shareware Dock replacement for OS X with many features', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appetizer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appetizer_(software)', 'summary': "Appetizer is an open source dock for Windows 2000 , XP , Vista and 7 , which allows organizing the user 's shortcuts and applications . It can be customized via skins and plugins and is available in 25 languages . Various other features are available including support for keyboard shortcuts , custom icons and tray icon support . Appetizer also features a function to automatically launch certain applications when it starts . Appetizer started as a PortableApps.com application . As such it is designed to be portable and can be installed on a USB drive or other portable device . If the standard PortableApps.com folder structure is detected on the drive , Appetizer will automatically import the user 's shortcuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Open Source', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_Source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': 'Customizable dock with support for plugins and skins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ObjectDock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ObjectDock', 'summary': 'ObjectDock is a dock similar to that in the Aqua GUI . It is distributed by Stardock for Windows 2000 , Server 2003 , XP , Vista and 7 , and comes in Free and Plus versions .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary ( Freeware and Shareware )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Freeware', 'summary': "Freeware is software , most often proprietary , that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user . There is no agreed-upon set of rights , license , or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously ; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers . For instance , modification , redistribution by third parties , and reverse engineering without the author 's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others . Unlike with free and open-source software , which are also often distributed free of charge , the source code for freeware is typically not made available . Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by , for example , encouraging sales of a more capable version , as in the freemium and shareware business models ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shareware', 'summary': 'Shareware is a type of proprietary software which is initially provided free of charge to users , who are allowed and encouraged to make and share copies of the program . Shareware is often offered as a download from a website or on a compact disc included with a magazine . [ citation needed ] Shareware differs from open-source software , in which the source code is available for anyone to inspect and alter ; and freeware , which is software distributed at no cost to the user but without source code being made available . There are many types of shareware , and while they may not require an initial up-front payment , many are intended to generate revenue in one way or another . Some limit use to personal non-commercial purposes only , with purchase of a license required for use in a business enterprise . The software itself may be limited in functionality or be time-limited , or it may remind the user that payment would be appreciated .'}]}, {'value': 'Copy of the OS X dock for Windows offered in both Freeware and Shareware forms . Support for docklets ( plugins )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeware', 'summary': "Freeware is software , most often proprietary , that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user . There is no agreed-upon set of rights , license , or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously ; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers . For instance , modification , redistribution by third parties , and reverse engineering without the author 's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others . Unlike with free and open-source software , which are also often distributed free of charge , the source code for freeware is typically not made available . Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by , for example , encouraging sales of a more capable version , as in the freemium and shareware business models ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shareware', 'summary': 'Shareware is a type of proprietary software which is initially provided free of charge to users , who are allowed and encouraged to make and share copies of the program . Shareware is often offered as a download from a website or on a compact disc included with a magazine . [ citation needed ] Shareware differs from open-source software , in which the source code is available for anyone to inspect and alter ; and freeware , which is software distributed at no cost to the user but without source code being made available . There are many types of shareware , and while they may not require an initial up-front payment , many are intended to generate revenue in one way or another . Some limit use to personal non-commercial purposes only , with purchase of a license required for use in a business enterprise . The software itself may be limited in functionality or be time-limited , or it may remind the user that payment would be appreciated .'}]}, {'value': 'RocketDock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RocketDock', 'summary': "RocketDock is an application launcher developed by PolyVector and Skunkie of Punk Labs , working with artist Zachary Denton , for Windows that provides a dock similar to that of the Mac OS X Aqua GUI . It is freely available under a Creative Commons license and is distributed by Punk Labs ( previously called Punk Software ) . RocketDock is able to show live updates of minimized windows as in Mac OS X , and in Windows Vista it can show live thumbnail updates on the taskbar . It is compatible with MobyDock , ObjectDock , RK Launcher , and Y ' z Dock skins , and is compatible with and borrows from Stardock ObjectDock 's publicly published Docklet API . The Rocketdock gallery had a thriving community where users could upload and share skins , icons , docklets , wallpapers and other customisation resources . However , Punklabs closed the Rocketdock gallery ( RocketDock.com ) on 6 August 2018 , allowing only RocketDock itself to remain available to download from PunkLabs.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Copy of the OS X dock for Windows . Support for docklets ( plugins )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SliderDock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SliderDock', 'summary': "SliderDock is a freeware application launcher for the Windows OS . Unlike other similar docking programs , SliderDock uses a wheel-like interface to organize icons . When the user scrolls with the mouse wheel , the icons rotate towards a fixed point so the user can access a specific icon . Once an application is launched , SliderDock hides itself in the background so as to take up less space on the desktop . SliderDock was created with space in mind , and attempts to use the least amount of RAM it can when it 's not currently on-screen . Like many other docks , it can also be customized with skins and icons from other docks ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Open Source', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_Source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': '3D wheel shaped application launcher which focus on rotation to access an application without moving the mouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avant Window Navigator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avant_Window_Navigator', 'summary': "Avant Window Navigator ( abbreviated AWN or Awn ) is a dock-like bar for Linux , which sits on an edge of a user 's screen and tracks open windows . Instead of representing open windows as buttons or segments on a bar , it uses large icons on a translucent background to increase readability and add visual appeal . The program was created by Neil J. Patel . Both the appearance and functionality of Avant Window Navigator may be customized , and plugins and applets are available , such as to display the progress of a download in Mozilla Firefox or to control a music player like Rhythmbox . The plugins use the D-Bus IPC system , and applets can be written in C , Python or Vala . A sister project , AWN Extras , is a collection of community-contributed applets and plugins . Releases are usually kept in sync with AWN . One of the major requirements to run older versions of Avant Window Navigator is a compositing window manager . At least version 0.4.0-2 in the Debian repos has either Metacity , xcompmgr , Compiz , xfwm4 , KWin or Mutter as a dependency . Therefore , the user was required to install a compositor , which could tax performance on low-end systems . Some alternatives were to use a lightweight desktop environment such as Xfce , which has a compositing manager since version 4.2.0 , or to enable compositing in Metacity when using GNOME . However , support for non-composited environments is available in version 0.4.0 ."}]}, {'value': 'Unix-like', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unix-like', 'summary': "A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Open Source', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_Source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': 'Copy of the OS X dock for Unix-like systems . Support for docklets ( plugins )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME Do', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNOME_Do', 'summary': 'GNOME Do ( often referred to as Do ) is a free and open-source application launcher for Linux originally created by David Siegel , and currently maintained by Alex Launi . Like other application launchers , it allows searching for applications and files , but it also allows specifying actions to perform on search results . GNOME Do allows for quick finding of miscellaneous artifacts of GNOME environment ( applications , Evolution and Pidgin contacts , Firefox bookmarks , Rhythmbox artists and albums , and so on ) and execute the basic actions on them ( launch , open , email , chat , play , etc. ) . While it is designed primarily for the GNOME desktop , it works in other desktop environments , such as KDE . GNOME Do was inspired by Quicksilver for Mac OS X , and GNOME Launch Box .'}]}, {'value': 'Unix-like', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unix-like', 'summary': "A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Open Source', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_Source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': 'Application launcher , with Dock option . Support for docklets ( plugins )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gDesklets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GDesklets', 'summary': 'The small programs that run inside gDesklets are called desklets and are small Python applets loaded into the gDesklets daemon . There are many gDesklets available from the gDesklets home page . Some of them include :'}]}, {'value': 'Unix-like', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unix-like', 'summary': "A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Open Source', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_Source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': 'GNOME program which provides support for desktop widgets . Support for docklets ( plugins )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNOME', 'summary': 'GNOME ( / ( ɡ ) noʊm/ ) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems . GNOME was originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment , but the acronym was dropped because it no longer reflected the vision of the GNOME project . GNOME is part of the GNU Project and developed by The GNOME Project which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors , the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat . It is an international project that aims to develop software frameworks for the development of software , to program end-user applications based on these frameworks , and to coordinate efforts for internationalization and localization and accessibility of that software . GNOME 3 is the default desktop environment on many major Linux distributions including Fedora , Debian , Ubuntu , SUSE Linux Enterprise ( exclusively ) , Red Hat Enterprise Linux , CentOS , Oracle Linux , SteamOS , Tails , Kali Linux and Endless OS , as well as Solaris , a major Unix operating system ; and provided as an official edition by Manjaro ; also the continued fork of the last GNOME 2 release that goes under the name MATE is default on many Linux distros that targets low usage of system resources .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Desktop_widgets', 'summary': "A software widget is a relatively simple and easy-to-use software application or component made for one or more different software platforms . A desk accessory or applet is an example of a simple , stand-alone user interface , in contrast with a more complex application such as a spreadsheet or word processor . These widgets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that do n't monopolize the user 's attention . On the other hand , graphical control elements ( GUI widgets ) are examples of reusable modular components that are used together to build a more complex application , allowing programmers to build user interfaces by combining simple , smaller ."}]}, {'value': 'Docky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Docky', 'summary': 'GNOME Do ( often referred to as Do ) is a free and open-source application launcher for Linux originally created by David Siegel , and currently maintained by Alex Launi . Like other application launchers , it allows searching for applications and files , but it also allows specifying actions to perform on search results . GNOME Do allows for quick finding of miscellaneous artifacts of GNOME environment ( applications , Evolution and Pidgin contacts , Firefox bookmarks , Rhythmbox artists and albums , and so on ) and execute the basic actions on them ( launch , open , email , chat , play , etc. ) . While it is designed primarily for the GNOME desktop , it works in other desktop environments , such as KDE . GNOME Do was inspired by Quicksilver for Mac OS X , and GNOME Launch Box .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Open Source', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_Source', 'summary': 'Open source products include permission to use the source code , design documents , or content of the product . It most commonly refers to the open-source model , in which open-source software or other products are released under an open-source license as part of the open-source-software movement . Use of the term originated with software , but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration .'}]}, {'value': 'Copy of the OS X dock for Unix-like systems . Support for docklets ( plugins )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of dock applications .', 'uid': 'List_of_dock_applications_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of dock applications.'}
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What is the Dock application with the notes company whose largest corporate contributor is Red Hat ?
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gDesklets
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041fcde43eefb52a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_Cup_(hurling)', 'title': 'Walsh Cup (hurling)', 'header': ['Year', 'Winners', 'Score', 'Runners-up', 'Score', 'Venue'], 'data': [{'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '0-17 ( 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '1-12 ( 15 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': 'W/O', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laois_GAA', 'summary': 'The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Laois ) or Laois GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Scr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '1-08 ( 11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '0-08 ( 08 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '2-10 ( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laois_GAA', 'summary': 'The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Laois ) or Laois GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '0-09 ( 09 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '1-13 ( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '1-12 ( 15 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '2-11 ( 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '2-10 ( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.C.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCD_GAA', 'summary': "UCD GAA or University College Dublin Gaelic Athletic Association club is a Dublin based Gaelic games club in University College Dublin . The UCD hurling club was founded in 1900 and boasted the motto 's Ad Astra and Cothrom Féinne . The first team was an amalgamation of students from UCD and Cecilia St . Although UCD had been playing Gaelic football unofficially since 1900 , the official club history began in the season of 1911/1912 . The football club competes in the Sigerson Cup and Higher Education Leagues as well as in the Dublin Senior Football Championship and the O'Byrne Cup . The hurling club competes in the Fitzgibbon Cup and Higher Education Leagues and occasionally in the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship and the Walsh Cup . The camogie club competes in the Ashbourne Cup . The ladies Gaelic football team competes in the O'Connor Cup . Former Dublin great Brian Mullins is the director of sport at UCD . Ger Brennan & Josh Warde are currently in charge of all Gaelic games on the UCD campus ."}]}, {'value': '2-16 ( 22 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '0-05 ( 05 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2005 Walsh Cup was a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster and Ulster . 8 teams competed : 5 Leinster counties , 2 Ulster counties and one third-level college . Lower-level teams competed in the 2005 Kehoe Cup . Kilkenny won their first Cup in thirteen years .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '1-13 ( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '0-10 ( 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2006 Walsh Cup was a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster and Ulster . 9 teams competed : 6 Leinster counties , 2 Ulster counties and one third-level college . Lower-level teams competed in the 2006 Kehoe Cup . Kilkenny won .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '1-18 ( 21 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '1-12 ( 15 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2007 Walsh Cup was a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster and Ulster . 9 teams competed : 6 Leinster counties , 2 Ulster counties and one third-level college . Lower-level teams competed in the 2007 Kehoe Cup . Kilkenny won .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '1-13 ( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '0-10 ( 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2008 Walsh Cup was a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster GAA and two teams from Ulster GAA . The competition differs from the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship as it also features further education colleges and it also featured two teams from Ulster . The first four losers of the competition entered the Walsh Shield . Antrim won their first and ( so far ) only Walsh Cup , while Laois won the Walsh Shield .'}]}, {'value': 'Antrim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antrim_GAA', 'summary': 'The Antrim County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Aontroma ) or Antrim GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Antrim . The county board is also responsible for the Antrim inter-county teams .'}]}, {'value': '3-09 ( 18 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Offaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offaly_GAA', 'summary': 'The Offaly County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Uíbh Fhailí ) or Offaly GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Offaly . Separate county boards are also responsible for the Offaly inter-county teams .'}]}, {'value': '2-07 ( 13 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casement Park , Belfast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casement_Park', 'summary': 'Casement Park ( Irish : Páirc Mhic Asmaint ) is the principal Gaelic games stadium in Belfast , Northern Ireland , and serves as the home ground of the Antrim football and hurling teams . It is located in Andersonstown Road in the west of the city , and named after the republican revolutionary Sir Roger Casement ( 1864-1916 ) . As of 2015 [ update ] it had an official capacity of 32,282 , with safety certification for 31,661 , including 6,962 seated . It is currently closed and in a state of dereliction , with redevelopment plans pending now for several years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2009 Walsh Cup was a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster GAA , a team from Connacht GAA and a team from Ulster GAA . The competition differs from the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship as it also features further education colleges and the winning team does not progress to another tournament at All-Ireland level . The first four losers of the competition entered the Walsh Shield .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '2-17 ( 23 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': '1-18 ( 21 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freshford , Co. Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freshford,_County_Kilkenny', 'summary': 'Freshford ( Irish : Achadh Úr , meaning fresh field ) is a village and former town in the barony of Crannagh , County Kilkenny , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Kilkenny', 'summary': 'County Kilkenny ( Irish : Contae Chill Chainnigh ) is a county in Ireland . It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region . It is named after the city of Kilkenny . Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county . As of the 2016 census the population of the county was 99,232 . The county was based on the historic Gaelic kingdom of Ossory ( Osraighe ) , which was co-terminus with the Diocese of Ossory .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2010 Walsh Cup is a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster GAA , a team from Connacht GAA and a team from Ulster GAA . The competition differs from the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship as it also features further education colleges from both Leinster and Connacht and the winning team does not progress to another tournament at All-Ireland level . The four losers of the preliminary round and the quarter finals enter the Walsh Shield .'}]}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': '1-22 ( 25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '1-15 ( 18 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parnell Park , Donnycarney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parnell_Park', 'summary': "Parnell Park is a GAA stadium in Donnycarney , Dublin , Ireland with a capacity of 13,499 . It is the home of the Dublin GAA hurling , football , camogie and ladies ' football teams at all levels of competition . The ground is used by Dublin 's inter-county teams mainly during home National Hurling League & All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship games and as a training ground , with most National Football League and All-Ireland Senior Football Championship games played in Croke Park . However , Dublin county championships and other competitions also take place in Parnell Park every year . Parnell Park also serves as the headquarters of the Dublin County Board ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donnycarney', 'summary': "Donnycarney ( Irish : Domhnach Cearna ) is a Northside suburb in the city of Dublin , Ireland , in the jurisdiction of Dublin City Council . It is mostly residential , around 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) from the centre of Dublin . Dublin GAA 's home stadium , Parnell Park is located here ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2011 Walsh Cup was a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster GAA , a team from Connacht GAA and a team from Ulster GAA . The competition differs from the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship as it also features further education colleges from both Leinster and Connacht and the winning team does not progress to another tournament at All-Ireland level . The four losers of the first round enter the Walsh Shield . The winners of the Walsh Cup were Dublin , who defeated Kilkenny in the final , and the winners of the Walsh Shield were Offaly , who defeated Carlow in a replay , following the abandonment on the initial fixture in extra time .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '2-17 ( 23 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '2-13 ( 19 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parnell Park , Donnycarney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parnell_Park', 'summary': "Parnell Park is a GAA stadium in Donnycarney , Dublin , Ireland with a capacity of 13,499 . It is the home of the Dublin GAA hurling , football , camogie and ladies ' football teams at all levels of competition . The ground is used by Dublin 's inter-county teams mainly during home National Hurling League & All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship games and as a training ground , with most National Football League and All-Ireland Senior Football Championship games played in Croke Park . However , Dublin county championships and other competitions also take place in Parnell Park every year . Parnell Park also serves as the headquarters of the Dublin County Board ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donnycarney', 'summary': "Donnycarney ( Irish : Domhnach Cearna ) is a Northside suburb in the city of Dublin , Ireland , in the jurisdiction of Dublin City Council . It is mostly residential , around 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) from the centre of Dublin . Dublin GAA 's home stadium , Parnell Park is located here ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2012 Walsh Cup is a hurling competition played by the teams of Leinster GAA and a team from Connacht GAA . The competition differs from the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship as it also features further education colleges from both Leinster and Connacht and the winning team does not progress to another tournament at All-Ireland level . The four losers of the first round enter the Walsh Shield . Kilkenny won the Final in Pearse Stadium defeating Galway by 2-20 to 1-14 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '2-20 ( 26 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': '1-14 ( 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pearse Stadium , Salthill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearse_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pearse Stadium ( Irish : Páirc an Phiarsaigh ) is the principal GAA stadium in County Galway , Ireland . The Galway GAA Gaelic football and hurling teams use the stadium for their home games . The stadium , amongst others in the province of Connacht , is also used for games in the Connacht Senior Football Championship'}, {'url': '/wiki/Salthill', 'summary': 'Salthill ( Irish : Bóthar na Trá ) is a seaside area in the City of Galway in the west of Ireland . Lying within the townland of Lenaboy ( an Léana Buí ) , it attracts many tourists all year round . There is a 2 km long promenade , locally known as the Prom , overlooking Galway Bay with bars , restaurants and hotels .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2013 Bord na Móna Walsh Cup was the 51st staging of the Walsh Cup since its establishment in 1954 . The draw for the 2013 fixtures took place on 8 November 2012 . The competition began on 20 January 2013 and ended on 10 February 2013 . Kilkenny were the defending champions . Dublin won the cup for the second time in three years .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '1-19 ( 22 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '0-16 ( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enniscorthy , Co. Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enniscorthy', 'summary': "Enniscorthy ( Irish : Inis Córthaidh ) is the second-largest town in County Wexford , Ireland . At the 2016 census , the population of the town and environs increased 11,381.The town is twinned with Gimont , France . The Placenames Database of Ireland sheds no light on the origins of the town 's name . It may refer either to the Island of Corthaidh or the Island of Rocks . With a history going back to 465 , Enniscorthy is one of the longest continuously-occupied sites in Ireland . [ citation needed ] The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns is located in the town ."}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Wexford', 'summary': 'County Wexford ( Irish : Contae Loch Garman ) is a county in Ireland . It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region . Named after the town of Wexford , it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella ( Uí Ceinnsealaigh ) , whose capital was Ferns . Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county . The population of the county was 149,722 at the 2016 census .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2014 Bord na Móna Walsh Cup was the 52nd staging of the Walsh Cup since its establishment in 1954 . Kilkenny beat Dublin by 0-24 to 1-7 to claim their 19th Walsh cup title .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '0-24 ( 24 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '1-17 ( 20 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croke Park , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croke_Park', 'summary': 'Croke Park ( Irish : Páirc an Chrócaigh , IPA : [ ˈpaːɾʲc ən̪ˠ ˈxɾˠoːkˠə ] ) is a Gaelic games stadium located in Dublin , Ireland . Named after Archbishop Thomas Croke , it is sometimes called Croker by GAA fans and locals . It serves as both the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . Since 1891 the site has been used by the GAA to host Gaelic sports , including the annual All-Ireland basketball tournament with jdl in Gaelic football and hurling . A major expansion and redevelopment of the stadium ran from 1991-2005 , raising capacity to its current 82,300 spectators . This makes Croke Park the third-largest stadium in Europe , and the largest not usually used for association football . Other events held at the stadium include the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics , and numerous musical concerts . In 2012 , Irish pop vocal group Westlife sold out the stadium in record-breaking time : less than 5 minutes . From 2007-10 , Croke Park hosted home matches of the Ireland national rugby union team and the Republic of Ireland national football team , while their new Aviva Stadium was constructed . This use of Croke Park for non-Gaelic sports was controversial and required temporary changes to GAA rules . In June 2012 , the stadium hosted the closing ceremony of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress during which Pope Benedict XVI gave an address over video link .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2015 Bord na Móna Walsh Cup was the 53rd staging of the Walsh Cup since its establishment in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': '1-22 ( 25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '1-20 ( 23 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croke Park , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croke_Park', 'summary': 'Croke Park ( Irish : Páirc an Chrócaigh , IPA : [ ˈpaːɾʲc ən̪ˠ ˈxɾˠoːkˠə ] ) is a Gaelic games stadium located in Dublin , Ireland . Named after Archbishop Thomas Croke , it is sometimes called Croker by GAA fans and locals . It serves as both the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . Since 1891 the site has been used by the GAA to host Gaelic sports , including the annual All-Ireland basketball tournament with jdl in Gaelic football and hurling . A major expansion and redevelopment of the stadium ran from 1991-2005 , raising capacity to its current 82,300 spectators . This makes Croke Park the third-largest stadium in Europe , and the largest not usually used for association football . Other events held at the stadium include the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics , and numerous musical concerts . In 2012 , Irish pop vocal group Westlife sold out the stadium in record-breaking time : less than 5 minutes . From 2007-10 , Croke Park hosted home matches of the Ireland national rugby union team and the Republic of Ireland national football team , while their new Aviva Stadium was constructed . This use of Croke Park for non-Gaelic sports was controversial and required temporary changes to GAA rules . In June 2012 , the stadium hosted the closing ceremony of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress during which Pope Benedict XVI gave an address over video link .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2016 Bord na Móna Walsh Cup was the 54th staging of the Walsh Cup since its establishment in 1954 . Dublin were the winners .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': '1-22 ( 25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '1-12 ( 15 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croke Park , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croke_Park', 'summary': 'Croke Park ( Irish : Páirc an Chrócaigh , IPA : [ ˈpaːɾʲc ən̪ˠ ˈxɾˠoːkˠə ] ) is a Gaelic games stadium located in Dublin , Ireland . Named after Archbishop Thomas Croke , it is sometimes called Croker by GAA fans and locals . It serves as both the principal stadium and headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . Since 1891 the site has been used by the GAA to host Gaelic sports , including the annual All-Ireland basketball tournament with jdl in Gaelic football and hurling . A major expansion and redevelopment of the stadium ran from 1991-2005 , raising capacity to its current 82,300 spectators . This makes Croke Park the third-largest stadium in Europe , and the largest not usually used for association football . Other events held at the stadium include the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics , and numerous musical concerts . In 2012 , Irish pop vocal group Westlife sold out the stadium in record-breaking time : less than 5 minutes . From 2007-10 , Croke Park hosted home matches of the Ireland national rugby union team and the Republic of Ireland national football team , while their new Aviva Stadium was constructed . This use of Croke Park for non-Gaelic sports was controversial and required temporary changes to GAA rules . In June 2012 , the stadium hosted the closing ceremony of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress during which Pope Benedict XVI gave an address over video link .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Walsh_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2017 Bord na Móna Walsh Cup was the 55th staging of the Walsh Cup since its establishment in 1954 . Kilkenny won their 20th title after a 0-20 to 0-18 win against Galway in the final on 5 February .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '0-20 ( 20 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': '0-18 ( 18 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nowlan Park , Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nowlan_Park', 'summary': 'Nowlan Park is the principal Gaelic Athletic Association stadium in Kilkenny , Ireland . Named after James Nowlan ( the longest serving President of the GAA ) , the stadium hosts major hurling matches and is home to the Kilkenny hurling team . The stadium consists of the following stands .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny', 'summary': "Kilkenny ( Irish : Cill Chainnigh , meaning church of Cainnech ) is the county town of County Kilkenny in the province of Leinster , Ireland . It is built on both banks of the River Nore . The 2016 census gave the total population of Kilkenny as 26,512 . Kilkenny is a tourist destination , and its environs include historic buildings such as Kilkenny Castle , St. Canice 's Cathedral and round tower , Rothe House , Shee Alms House , Black Abbey , St. Mary 's Cathedral , Kilkenny Town Hall , St. Francis Abbey , Grace 's Castle , and St. John 's Priory . Kilkenny is also known for its craft and design workshops , the Watergate Theatre , public gardens and museums . Annual events include Kilkenny Arts Festival , the Cat Laughs comedy festival and music at the Kilkenny Roots Festival . Kilkenny began with an early sixth century ecclesiastical foundation within the kingdom of Ossory . Following the Norman invasion of Ireland , Kilkenny Castle and a series of walls were built to protect the burghers of what became a Norman merchant town . William Marshall , Lord of Leinster , gave Kilkenny a charter as a town in 1207 . By the late thirteenth century Kilkenny was under Hiberno-Norman control . The Statutes of Kilkenny passed at Kilkenny in 1367 , aimed to curb the decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland . In 1609 , King James I of England granted Kilkenny a Royal Charter , giving it the status of a city ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Finals Listed By Year', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Walsh_Cup_(hurling)_2', 'intro': "The Walsh Cup (Irish: Corn Bhreatnach) is an annual hurling competition staged in Ireland by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) since 1954. Contested by the top county teams from the provinces of Leinster, Ulster and Connacht, the tournament consists of a round-robin group stage, followed by a knockout stage. Sponsored by Bord na Móna, it is therefore officially known as the Bord na Móna Walsh Cup. Prior to 2018, third-level colleges also competed. The Walsh Cup is part of a series of GAA tournaments known as The Bord na Móna Leinster GAA Series, along with the Kehoe Cup (second-tier hurling teams) and the O'Byrne Cup (Gaelic football). The money generated by these competitions helps address hardship suffered by players and ordinary members of the GAA in Leinster. This scheme is the only one of its kind offered by a provincial GAA council. Apart from this, the competitions provide an opportunity for the county teams to prepare for the upcoming National Hurling League. Seven teams currently participate in the Walsh Cup, most of which are from the province of Leinster. The tournament has been won at least once by nine different teams, six of which have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Kilkenny, who have won the competition 19 times."}
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What is the year of the winners whose fans are known as `` Boys in Blue '' ?
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2003
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042018b0c82d09cd
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_sauropodomorph_tracks', 'title': 'List of stratigraphic units with sauropodomorph tracks', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Calcari Grigi di Noriglio Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcari_Grigi_di_Noriglio_Formation', 'summary': 'The Calcari Grigi di Noriglio Formation is a geological formation in Italy , dating to roughly between 200 and 190 million years ago and covering the Hettangian to Sinemurian stages of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era.Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolomia Principale Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolomia_Principale_Formation', 'summary': 'Main Dolomite ( German : Hauptdolomit , Italian : Dolomia Principale ) is a lithostratigraphic unit in the Alps of Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durrestein Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durrestein_Formation', 'summary': 'The Durrestein Formation is a Carnian geologic formation in Italy . Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McCoy Brook Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McCoy_Brook_Formation', 'summary': 'The McCoy Brook Formation is a geological formation dating to roughly between 200 and 190 million years ago and covering the Hettangian to Sinemurian stages . The McCoy Brook Formation is found in outcrops around the Bay of Fundy , Nova Scotia .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moenave Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moenave_Formation', 'summary': 'The Moenave Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation , in the Glen Canyon Group . It is found in Utah and Arizona . The Moenave was deposited on an erosion surface on the Chinle Formation following an early Jurassic uplift and unconformity that represents about ten million years of missing sedimentation . Periodic incursions of shallow seas from the north during the Jurassic flooded parts of Wyoming , Montana , and a northeast-southwest trending trough on the Utah/Idaho border . The Moenave was deposited in a variety of river , lake , and flood-plain environments . The oldest beds of this formation belong to the Dinosaur Canyon Member , a reddish , slope-forming rock layer with thin beds of siltstone that are interbedded with mudstone and fine sandstone . The Dinosaur Canyon , with a local thickness of 140 to 375 feet ( 43 to 114 m ) , was probably laid down in slow-moving streams , ponds and large lakes . Evidence for this is in cross-bedding of the sediments and large numbers of fish fossils . The upper member of the Moenave is the pale reddish-brown with a thickness of 75 to 150 feet ( 23 to 46 m ) and cliff-forming Springdale Sandstone . It was deposited in swifter , larger , and more voluminous streams than the older Dinosaur Canyon Member . Fossils of large sturgeon-like freshwater fish have been found in the beds of the Springdale Sandstone . The next member in the Moenave Formation is the thin-bedded Whitmore Point , which is made of mudstone and shale .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montemarcello Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montemarcello_Formation', 'summary': 'The Montemarcello Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in Italy . Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portezuelo Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portezuelo_Formation', 'summary': 'The Portezuelo Formation is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous ( Late Turonian to Early Coniacian ) age , outcropping in the Mendoza , Río Negro and Neuquén provinces of Argentina . It is the fourth-oldest formation in the Neuquén Group and the older of the two formations in the Río Neuquén Subgroup . Formerly , that subgroup was treated as a formation , and the Portezuelo Formation was known as the Portezuelo Member .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Formation', 'summary': 'The Portland Formation is a geological formation in the northeastern United States . It dates back to the Early Jurassic period . The formation consists mainly of sandstone laid down by a series of lakes ( in the older half of the formation ) and the floodplain of a river ( in the younger half ) . The sedimentary rock layers representing the entire Portland Formation are over 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) thick and were formed over about 4 million years of time , from the Hettangian age ( lower half ) to the late Hettangian and Sinemurian ages ( upper half ) .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redonda Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redonda_Formation', 'summary': 'The Redonda Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation . Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Point Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Point_Formation', 'summary': 'The Rock Point Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico and Utah . It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period . The famous Whitaker quarry of Ghost Ranch , New Mexico is believed to belong to the Rock Point Formation . This quarry has also been referred to as the Coelophysis quarry due to preserving a large number of specimens of the early theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotzo Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotzo_Formation', 'summary': 'The Rotzo Formation is a geological formation in Italy , dating to roughly between 189 and 183 million years ago and covering the Pliensbachian stage of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era . Has been traditionally classified as a Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Formation , but a large and detailed dataset of isotopic 13C and 87Sr/86Sr data , estimated the Rotzo Formation to span only over the whole Pliensbachian . Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation . This formation was deposited within a tropical lagoon environment which was protected by oolitic shoals and bars from the open deep sea located to the east ( Belluno Basin ) and towards the west ( Lombardia Basin ) . It is characterized by a rich paleontological content . It is notable mostly thanks to its great amount of big aberrant bivalves , among which is the genus Lithiotis , described in the second half of the nineteenth century . The unusual shape of Lithiotis and Cochlearites shells , extremely elongated and narrow , characterized by a spoon-like body space placed in a high position , rarely preserved , seems to suggest their adaptation to soft and muddy bottoms with a high sedimentation rate . The Bellori outcrop displays about 20 m of limestones with intercalated clays and marls rich in organic matter and sometimés fossil wood ( coal ) and amber . The limestones are well stratified , with beds 10 cm to more than one metre thick , whereas the clayey levels range between 3 and 40 cm in thickness .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheep Pen Sandstone Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheep_Pen_Sandstone_Formation', 'summary': 'The Sheep Pen Sandstone Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in the United States . Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sloan Canyon Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sloan_Canyon_Formation', 'summary': 'The Sloan Canyon Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation . Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Description', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Prosauropods', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_sauropodomorph_tracks_0', 'intro': 'List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations'}
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What is the formation whose location has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures ?
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Durrestein Formation
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0421368b383af5d6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuthirakani', 'title': 'Samuthirakani', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Language', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unnai Charanadaindhen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unnai_Charanadaindhen', 'summary': "Unnai Charanadaindhen is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Samuthirakani , featuring Venkat Prabhu , S. P. B. Charan and Meera Vasudevan in lead roles . Samuthirakani 's directorial debut , it was produced by Charan 's Capital Film Works and features a soundtrack composed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam . Although the film was made on a small budget and fetched critical acclaim upon release , also winning two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , Charan has said that it was not a profitable venture . Samuthirakani later directed the Telugu remake Naalo ( 2004 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_language', 'summary': 'Tamil ( /ˈtæmɪl/ ; தமிழ் Tamiḻ [ t̪amiɻ ] , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka , and by the Tamil diaspora , Sri Lankan Moors , Chindians , and Douglas . Tamil is an official language in three countries : India , Sri Lanka and Singapore . In India , it is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry . Furthermore , Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English , Malay and Mandarin . Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world . A. K. Ramanujan described it as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past . The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world . A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years . The earliest period of Tamil literature , Sangam literature , is dated from ca . 300 BC - AD 300 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Story_Writer', 'summary': 'The Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Storywriter is given by the state government as part of its annual Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for Tamil ( Kollywood ) films .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neranja Manasu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neranja_Manasu', 'summary': 'Neranja Manasu is a 2004 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani . It stars Vijayakanth and Susan in lead roles . The film score is composed by Karthik Raja , while cinematography is by V. Prathap and editing handled by Anil Malnad . The film opened to negative reviews and ended as a failure at the box office .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naalo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telugu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remake of Unnai Charanadaindhen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unnai_Charanadaindhen', 'summary': "Unnai Charanadaindhen is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Samuthirakani , featuring Venkat Prabhu , S. P. B. Charan and Meera Vasudevan in lead roles . Samuthirakani 's directorial debut , it was produced by Charan 's Capital Film Works and features a soundtrack composed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam . Although the film was made on a small budget and fetched critical acclaim upon release , also winning two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , Charan has said that it was not a profitable venture . Samuthirakani later directed the Telugu remake Naalo ( 2004 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadodigal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadodigal', 'summary': 'Naadodigal ( English : Nomads ) is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani and produced by S. Michael Rayappan under banner of Global Infotainment . The film stars Sasikumar along with Chennai 600028 fame Vijay Vasanth and Kalloori fame Bharani in lead roles , with newcomers Ananya , Abhinaya and Malaysia - based Shanthini Deva enacting the lead female roles and Ganja Karuppu playing a pivotal role , providing comical relief . The plot focuses on a trio who attempt to unite their friend with his lover against the wishes of all families involved , and at heavy cost to themselves , only to realize that the lovers separate after a short while . Cinematography was handled by S. R. Kathir , songs composed and score by Sundar C Babu , editing done by A. L. Ramesh , stunt co originated by Dhilip Subbarayan , dance choreography Dinesh , produced designed by R. K. Vijay Murugan and lyrics written by Vaali , Na . Muthukumar , Kabilan and Yugabharathi . The film released in June 2009 , garnering highly positive reviews . The film was a sleeper hit .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijay Award for Favourite Director Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Director - Tamil Nominated , Vijay Award for Best Director Nominated , Vijay Award for Best Story , Screenplay Writer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijay_Award_for_Favourite_Director', 'summary': 'The Vijay Award for Favorite Director is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil ( Kollywood ) films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Director_–_Tamil', 'summary': 'The Filmfare Best Director Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards South for Tamil ( Kollywood ) films . The awards were extended to Best Director in 1972 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vijay_Award_for_Best_Director', 'summary': 'The Vijay for Best Director is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil ( Kollywood ) films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vijay_Award_for_Best_Story,_Screenplay_Writer', 'summary': 'The Vijay for Best Story , Screenplay Writer is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil ( Kollywood ) films .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shambo Shiva Shambo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shambo_Shiva_Shambo', 'summary': "Sambo Siva Sambo is a 2010 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Samuthirakani . It stars Ravi Teja , Allari Naresh , Siva Balaji , Priyamani , Abhinaya , and Surya Teja in the lead roles . This film is a remake of the director 's 2009 film Naadodigal . The film released on 14 January 2010 to mixed responses from critics . Despite mixed reviews , the film performed well as the audience gave a thumbs up and was declared a box office hit by Box Office India . The film was later dubbed in Hindi as Mera Krodh in 2012 . It was remade in Bengali as Run starring Rahul , Priyanka . The film was remade in Hindi as Rangrezz directed by Priyadarshan starring Jackky Bhagnani , Priya Anand , Rajpal Yadav , Vijay Verma and Amitosh Nagpal in the lead roles . The film was remade in Kannada Hudugaru and in Malayalm as Ithu Nammude Katha ."}]}, {'value': 'Telugu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telugu_language', 'summary': "Telugu ( English : /ˈtɛlʊɡuː/ ; తెలుగు [ teluɡu ] ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of Puducherry ( Yanam ) by the Telugu people . It stands alongside Hindi and English as one of the few languages with primary official language status in more than one Indian state . Telugu is also a linguistic minority in the states of Orissa , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , Chattisgarh , Jarkandh and Maharashtra . It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the country 's government . Telugu ranks 4th among the languages with the highest number of native speakers in India , with 6.7 percent at the 2011 census , and fifteenth in the Ethnologue list of most widely-spoken languages worldwide . It is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family , and one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India . It is also the fastest growing language in the United States , where there is a large Telugu-speaking community . Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in the Telugu language ."}]}, {'value': 'Remake of Nadodigal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadodigal', 'summary': 'Naadodigal ( English : Nomads ) is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani and produced by S. Michael Rayappan under banner of Global Infotainment . The film stars Sasikumar along with Chennai 600028 fame Vijay Vasanth and Kalloori fame Bharani in lead roles , with newcomers Ananya , Abhinaya and Malaysia - based Shanthini Deva enacting the lead female roles and Ganja Karuppu playing a pivotal role , providing comical relief . The plot focuses on a trio who attempt to unite their friend with his lover against the wishes of all families involved , and at heavy cost to themselves , only to realize that the lovers separate after a short while . Cinematography was handled by S. R. Kathir , songs composed and score by Sundar C Babu , editing done by A. L. Ramesh , stunt co originated by Dhilip Subbarayan , dance choreography Dinesh , produced designed by R. K. Vijay Murugan and lyrics written by Vaali , Na . Muthukumar , Kabilan and Yugabharathi . The film released in June 2009 , garnering highly positive reviews . The film was a sleeper hit .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poraali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poraali', 'summary': 'Poraali ( Tamil : போராளி ; English : The Warrior ) is a 2011 Indian Tamil action thriller film written and directed by Samuthirakani , starring M. Sasikumar in the lead role . The film , also featuring Telugu actors Allari Naresh and Swati Reddy alongside Niveda Thomas , Vasundhara , Soori and Ganja Karuppu in pivotal roles , released on 1 December 2011 . Poraali illustrates an astute fighter who can take on a large , greedy group . The film was dubbed in Telugu as Sangharshana and remade in Kannada as Yaare Koogadali .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijay Award for Best Dialogue Writer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6th_Vijay_Awards', 'summary': 'The 6th Vijay Awards ceremony honoring the best of Tamil film industry in 2011 was held on June 16 , 2012 ath the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium in Chennai . The event was hosted by Gopinath and Sivakarthikeyan .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yaare Koogadali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaare_Koogadali', 'summary': "Yaare Koogadali ( Kannada : ಯಾರೇ ಕೂಗಾಡಲಿ ) is a 2012 Kannada action comedy thriller film written and directed by Samuthirakani , starring Puneeth Rajkumar , Yogesh and Bhavana in the lead roles . Parvathamma Rajkumar and Raghavendra Rajkumar are producing the film under for Poornima Enterprises . The film is a remake of Samuthirakani 's Tamil film Poraali ( 2011 ) . Movie Completes 50-days run 49 centre in Karnataka ."}]}, {'value': 'Kannada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kannada', 'summary': 'Kannada ( /ˈkɑːnədə , ˈkæn-/ ; ಕನ್ನಡ , [ ˈkɐnnɐɖaː ] ) , also known as Kanarese , is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by people of Karnataka in southwestern India , and by significant linguistic minorities in the states of Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Telangana , Kerala and abroad . The language has roughly 44 million native speakers , who are called Kannadigas . Kannada is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-Kannada speakers in Karnataka , which adds up to 56 million speakers . It is one of the scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka . The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script , which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script . Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia , and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty and during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Dynasty . Kannada has an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years . Kannada literature has been presented with 8 Jnanapith awards , the most for any Dravidian language and the second highest for any Indian language . Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts , appointed by the ministry of culture , the government of India designated Kannada a classical language of India . In July 2011 , a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language .'}]}, {'value': 'Remake of Poraali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poraali', 'summary': 'Poraali ( Tamil : போராளி ; English : The Warrior ) is a 2011 Indian Tamil action thriller film written and directed by Samuthirakani , starring M. Sasikumar in the lead role . The film , also featuring Telugu actors Allari Naresh and Swati Reddy alongside Niveda Thomas , Vasundhara , Soori and Ganja Karuppu in pivotal roles , released on 1 December 2011 . Poraali illustrates an astute fighter who can take on a large , greedy group . The film was dubbed in Telugu as Sangharshana and remade in Kannada as Yaare Koogadali .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nimirndhu Nil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nimirndhu_Nil', 'summary': "Nimirndhu Nil ( transl . Stand upright ) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani featuring Jayam Ravi and Amala Paul in the lead roles . It was produced by KS Sreenivasan 's Vaasan Visual Ventures . The film 's soundtrack and background score were composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar . Ravi played a revolutionist for a social cause . The film , which was simultaneously made in Telugu as Janda Pai Kapiraju ( dubbed into Hindi as Lion - The King in 2015 ) with Nani in place of Jayam Ravi , released on 8 March 2014 and received mostly positive reviews . The film was also dubbed into Hindi as Daring Mard in 2014 and later into Telugu as Pourudu in 2018 despite the simultaneously shot Telugu version ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janda Pai Kapiraju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janda_Pai_Kapiraju', 'summary': "Janda Pai Kapiraju ( English : Lord Hanuman on the Flag ) is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language political action film written and directed by Samuthirakani featuring Nani and Amala Paul in the lead roles . The film 's soundtrack and background score were composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar . The film was simultaneously made in Tamil as Nimirndhu Nil with Jayam Ravi . While the Tamil version with Jayam Ravi released in 2014 , the Telugu version released on 21 March 2015 . Nani played a double role in his career for the first time . Despite its Tamil version , Telugu film was dubbed and released in Tamil as Velan Ettuthikkum in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Telugu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simultaneously made as Nimirndhu Nil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nimirndhu_Nil', 'summary': "Nimirndhu Nil ( transl . Stand upright ) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani featuring Jayam Ravi and Amala Paul in the lead roles . It was produced by KS Sreenivasan 's Vaasan Visual Ventures . The film 's soundtrack and background score were composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar . Ravi played a revolutionist for a social cause . The film , which was simultaneously made in Telugu as Janda Pai Kapiraju ( dubbed into Hindi as Lion - The King in 2015 ) with Nani in place of Jayam Ravi , released on 8 March 2014 and received mostly positive reviews . The film was also dubbed into Hindi as Daring Mard in 2014 and later into Telugu as Pourudu in 2018 despite the simultaneously shot Telugu version ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appa_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'Appa ( English : Father ) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language independent drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani and is produced by Sasikumar who also plays a guest appearance . The film is a spin-off to the 2012 film Saattai and features Samuthirakani and Thambi Ramaiah reprising their roles from the previous film , while Namo Narayanan , Vignesh and Nasath play supporting roles . Featuring music composed by Ilaiyaraaja , the film began production in late 2015 and continued till March 2016 . The film was released on 1 July 2016 . The film was remade in Malayalam as Aakashamittayi ( 2017 ) with Jayaram playing the main lead .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thondan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thondan_(2017_film)', 'summary': 'Thondan ( transl . Votary ) is a 2017 Indian Tamil vigilante drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani . The film features Samuthirakani himself in the lead role , with Vikranth , Sunaina , Arthana Binu , Gouri Nair , and Namo Narayana amongst others in pivotal roles . The music is composed by Justin Prabhakaran with editing by A. L. Ramesh . The venture began production in December 2016 and had a theatrical release on 26 May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aakashamittayee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aakashamittayee', 'summary': 'Akashamittayee is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film co-directed by Samuthirakani and M. Padmakumar . Written by Samuthirakani , it is a remake of his 2016 Tamil film Appa directed by Samuthirakani . The film stars Jayaram , Kalabhavan Shajohn , Iniya , and Sarayu in the lead roles . It was released in Kerala on 21 October 2017 . The movie nicely captures the area around Hindustan Newsprint Limited ( HNL ) , located at Velloor in Kottayam District in Kerala .'}]}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malayalam', 'summary': 'Malayalam ( /ˌmələˈjɑːləm/ ; Malayalam : മലയാളം , Malayāḷam ? [ mələjaːɭəm ] ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district ) by the Malayali people . It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India spoken by nearly 2.88% of Indians . Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé ) and is spoken by 37 million people worldwide . Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states ; with significant number of speakers in the Nilgiris , Kanyakumari , and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu , and Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka . Due to Malayali expatriates in the Persian Gulf , the language is also widely spoken in Gulf countries . The origin of Malayalam remains a matter of dispute among scholars . One view holds that Malayalam and modern Tamil are offshoots of Middle Tamil and separated from it sometime after the c. 7th century AD . A second view argues for the development of the two languages out of Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Tamil-Malayalam in the prehistoric era . Designated a Classical Language in India in 2013 , it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan in the 16th century . The oldest documents written purely in Malayalam and still surviving are the Vazhappalli Copper plates from 832 AD and Tharisapalli Copper plates from 849 AD . The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu alphabet , and later the Kolezhuttu , which derived from it .'}]}, {'value': 'Remake of Appa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appa_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'Appa ( English : Father ) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language independent drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani and is produced by Sasikumar who also plays a guest appearance . The film is a spin-off to the 2012 film Saattai and features Samuthirakani and Thambi Ramaiah reprising their roles from the previous film , while Namo Narayanan , Vignesh and Nasath play supporting roles . Featuring music composed by Ilaiyaraaja , the film began production in late 2015 and continued till March 2016 . The film was released on 1 July 2016 . The film was remade in Malayalam as Aakashamittayi ( 2017 ) with Jayaram playing the main lead .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naadodigal 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naadodigal_2', 'summary': 'Naadodigal 2 ( transl . Nomads 2 ) is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani and produced by S Nandagopal under the banner of Madras Enterprises . It stars Sasikumar and Anjali and Subhashini kannan . The film released on 31 January 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitna_(film)', 'summary': 'Kitna is an upcoming Indian Tamil drama film written and directed by Samuthirakani . The film will be simultaneously made in Telugu , Malayalam , and Kannada . While Dhansika plays the lead role in all four languages , each version has different cast members , with Samuthirakani and Mahima Nambiar playing pivotal roles in the Tamil and Malayalam versions .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Malayalam Telugu Kannada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delayed', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- As director', 'section_text': 'Films', 'uid': 'Samuthirakani_0', 'intro': 'P. Samuthirakani (born 26 April 1973) is an Indian film actor and director who predominantly works in the Tamil film industry besides appearing in a number of Malayalam and Telugu films. He worked as an assistant to director K Balachander. His 2009 directorial Naadodigal was a runaway hit, which was later remade in three languages. He has acted in several films as well and is best known for his performances in Subramaniapuram, Easan (both directed by M Sasikumar), Saattai and Oppam. He won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2016 for Visaranai.'}
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What was the production company of Samuthirakani 's 2003 movie ?
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Charan 's Capital Film Works
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